!  Layers'defined'by'composition'

!  Crust'!  Thin,'rocky'outer'layer'of'Earth'

!  Either'oceanic'crust'or'continental'crust'

!  Oceanic'crust'is'7'km'thick'

! Mantle''

! 82%.of.the.Earth’s.volume.! Solid.rock.at.the.top,.liquid.at.the.bottom.

!  Core'! Composed.of.ironBnickel.alloy.

! Extreme.pressure.found.in.the.center.of.the.core.

!  Lithosphere.!  The.crust.and.uppermost.mantle.

!  Cool,.rigid.shell.!  100.km.thick.

!  Asthenosphere.!  Soft,.comparatively.weak.layer.!  Below.the.lithosphere.!  Rock.close.to.melting.

!  Outer.Core.! Liquid.layer.2260.km.thick.! Metallic.iron.generates.Earth’s.magnetic.field.

!  Inner.Core.! Solid.layer.having.a.radius.of.1220.km.

! High.temperatures.and.high.pressure.

! Nickel.mostly.

•  Vibration.of.Earth.produced.by.a.sudden.release.of.energy.

•  Movements.along.the.fault.line..

•  Focus.–.point.within.the.Earth.where.the.Earthquake.starts.

•  Epicenter.–.location.on.the.surface.of.Earth.directly.above.the.focus.

•  FaultB.associated.with.earthquake.activity.where.movement.has.occurred.

!  Release.of.builtBup.energy.!  Most.earthquakes.are.produced.by.the.rapid.release.of.elastic.energy.stored.in.rock.that.has.been.subjected.to.great.forces.

!  When.the.strength.of.the.rock.is.exceeded,.it.suddenly.breaks,.causing.vibration.of.an.earthquake.

!  Foreshock.–.small.quake.that.comes.before.a.major.earthquake.

!  Aftershock'–.small.quake.that.comes.after.a.major.earthquake.

!  Seismology.–.study.of.earthquake.waves.

!  Seismograph.–.instruments.that.record.earthquake.waves.

!  Seismograms.–.the.record.made.by.a.seismograph.

.

Surface''!  Seismic'waves'that'travel'along'Earth’s'outer'layer'

!  Move'up,'down,'and'side'to'side'

!  Most'destructive'earthquake'waves'

!  Last'to'arrive'at'the'seismograph'

•  P'waves''•  They.push.(compress).and.pull.(expand).rocks.in.the.direction.the.wave.

travels.•  Also.known.as.compression.waves.•  Can.travel.through.solid,.liquid,.and.gas.•  Fastest.waves.

• S waves • Shakes particles at right angles to their direction of travel • Also known as transverse waves • Can only travel through solids • Slower than P waves but faster than surface waves

The.difference.in.velocities.of.a.P.wave.and.S.wave.provides.a.way.to.locate.the.epicenter.!  Use.a.travelBtime.graph.!  Need.at.least.three.seismograph.station.data.

!  Two'different'types'of'measurements'to'describe'the'size'of'an'earthquake'

(intensity'and'magnitude)'!  Intensity'

''''A'measure'of'the'amount'of'earthquake'shaking'at'a'given'location'based'on'the'amount'of'damage'

!  Magnitude'

''''A'measure'of'the'size'of'seismic'waves'or'the'amount'of'energy'released'at'the'source'of'an'earthquake'

Richter'Scale'

!  Measures'the'magnitude'of'

an'earthquake'

!  Based'on'the'amplitude'of'

the'largest'seismic'wave'

!  10Pfold'system'(ex:''The'amount'of'shaking'for'a'5.0'earthquake'is'10'times'greater'than'the'shaking'produced'by'an'earthquake'of'4.0'on'the'Richter'Scale'.

.

Moment'Magnitude.!  More'precise'means'of'measuring'earthquakes'

!  Amount'of'displacement'that'occurs'

along'a'fault'zone'

!  Calculated'using'several'factors'!  Average'amount'of'movement'along'the'fault'

!  Area'of'the'surface'break'!  Strength'of'the'broken'rock'

!  Most'widely'used'measurement'for'earthquakes'because'it'is'the'only'magnitude'scale'that'estimates'the'energy'released'by'earthquakes'

!  Seismic.VibrationBDamage.to.building.depend.on.several.factors.!  Intensity.and.duration.of.

vibration.!  Nature.of.the.material.on.

which.the.structure.is.built.!  Design.of.the.structure.

!  Liquefaction.!  Stable.soil.turns.into.a.liquid.

that.is.not.able.to.support.buildings.or.other.structure.

!  Seismic&sea&waves&!  Triggered&by&an&earthquake&occurring&where&a&slab&of&the&ocean&floor&is&displaced&ver?cally&along&a&fault&

!  tsunami&videos&

!  Landslides.!  Sinking.of.the.ground.triggered.by.the.vibration..

!  Greatest.damage.to.structures.

!  Fires.!  Caused.by.ruptured.gas.lines.

!  Short.range..!  Methods.for.short.range.predictions.of.earthquakes.have.not.been.successful.

!  Long.range.!  Based.on.the.idea.that.earthquakes.are.repetitive.

!  Seismic.gap:..an.area.along.a.fault.where.there.has.not.been.any..earthquake.for.a.longBperiod.of.time.

!  h@p://www.sciencecourseware.com/eec/Earthquake/&

! Main&Ac?vi?es:&Time&travel&Graph&!  Recommended:&Tutorials&(top&right)&!  Tasks&–&use&different&tools&to&gather&and&record&in&journal&at&bo@om&of&screen&

!  Show&teacher&aMer&you&verify&your&answers&! Main&Ac?vi?es:&Epicenter&and&Magnitude&

! Magma.vs..Lava.

! Magma.–.molten.rock.with.Earth.!  Lava.–.molten.rock.on.Earth’s.surface.

! A mountain formed of lava and or pyroclastic material

!  Lava Flow ! Pahoehoe: lava

flow resembles the twisted braids in ropes

! Aa: lava flow that has a surface of rough, jagged blocks with dangerously sharp edges and spiny projections

!  Gases !  70% water vapor !  15% carbon dioxide !  5% nitrogen !  5% sulfur

!  Pyroclastic material !  Fragments ejected

during eruptions !  Varies in size from

very fine and volcanic ash to pieces that weigh several tons

!  Pyroclastic Flow ! Consist of hot gases,

glowing ash, and larger rock fragments racing down the steep slope

!  Lahar ! Mudflow that occurs

when volcanic debris becomes saturated with water and rapidly moves down steep volcanic slopes

•  The basic connections between plate tectonics and volcanism is that plate motion provide the mechanisms by which mantle rock melt to generate magma

•  Ring of Fire: area around the pacific ocean with extreme volcanic activity

•  Occurs within a plate, not plate boundary

•  Most intraplate volcanism occurs where a mass of hotter than normal mantle material called mantle plumes rise toward the surface

!  Small volcanic region a few hundred kilometers across within a plate

!  Ex: Hawaiian Island