Law Enforcement in Japan - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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9/25/2014 Law enforcement in Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan 1

Japanese Police logo

Aichi Prefecture Toyota Crown police carin the parking lot in the Expo 2005 Aichi

Japan Before the South Korean pavilion.

Law enforcement in JapanFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Law enforcement in Japanis provided by the Prefectural Police under

the oversight of the National Police Agency or NPA. The NPA is

headed bythe National Public Safety Commission thus ensuring that

Japan's police are an apolitical body and free of direct central

government executive control. They are checked by an independentudiciary and monitoredby a free and active press.

Contents

1 History

2 National Organization

2.1 National Public Safety Commission

2.1.1 National Police Agency

2.1.1.1 Police Administration

Bureau2.1.1.2 Criminal Investigation

Bureau

2.1.1.3 Traffic Bureau

2.1.1.4 Security Bureau

2.1.1.5 Regional Public Safety

Bureaus

2.1.1.6 Police Communications

Divisions

2.1.1.7 Imperial Guard

3 Strength

4 Local organization

4.1 Prefectural Police

4.1.1 Kban

5 Riot police

6 Special police
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6.1 Special judicial police officials (

)

6.1.1 Cabinet Office

6.1.2 Ministry of Justice

6.1.3 Ministry of Health, Labour and

Welfare

6.1.4 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries

6.1.5 Ministry of Economy, Trade and

Industry

6.1.6 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,

Transport and Tourism

6.1.6.1 Coast Guard Officer (

)

6.1.7 Ministry of Defense

6.2 Officials working for public safety, except

for Special judicial police officials

6.2.1 The National Diet

6.2.2 Ministry of Justice

6.2.2.1 Public security intelligence

officer ()

6.2.3 Ministry of Finance

6.2.4 Ministry of Health, Labour and

Welfare

6.2.5 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries

6.3 Tables

7 Special operations

8 Rank

9 Uniform

10 Conditions of service

11 Transportation

11.1 Ground

11.2 Aviation

11.3 Watercraft

12 Police-community relations


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13 Historical secret police organizations

14 See also

15 References

16 External links

History

The Japanese government established a European-style civil police system in 1874, under the centralized

control of the Police Bureau within the Home Ministry, to put down internal disturbances and maintain

order during the Meiji Restoration. By the 1880s, the police had developed into a nationwide instrument of

government control, providing support for local leaders and enforcing public morality. They acted as

general civil administrators, implementing official policies and thereby facilitating unification and

modernization. In rural areas especially, the police had great authority and were accorded the same mixture

of fear and respect as the village head. Their increasing involvement in political affairs was one of the

foundations of the authoritarian state in Japan in the first half of the twentieth century.

The centralized police system steadily acquired responsibilities, until it controlled almost all aspects of

daily life, including fire prevention and mediation of labor disputes. The system regulated public health,

business, factories, and construction, and it issued permits and licenses. The Peace Preservation Law of

1925 gave police the authority to arrest people for "wrong thoughts". Special Higher Police (Tokko) were

created to regulate the content of motion pictures, political meetings, and election campaigns. The Imperia

Japanese Army's military police (Kempeitai) and the Imperial Japanese Navy's Tokeitai, operating under

their respective services and the justice and home ministries aided the civilian police in limiting proscribed

political activity. After the Manchurian Incident of 1931, military police assumed greater authority, leading

to friction with their civilian counterparts. After 1937 police directed business activities for the war effort,

mobilized labor, and controlled transportation.

After Japan's surrender in 1945, occupation authorities retained the prewar police structure until a new

system was implemented and the Diet passed the 1947 Police Law. Contrary to Japanese proposals for a

strong, centralized force to deal with postwar unrest, the police system was decentralized. About 1,600

independent municipal forces were established in cities, towns, and villages with 5,000 inhabitants or more

and a National Rural Police was organized by prefecture. Civilian control was to be ensured by placing the

police under the jurisdiction of public safety commissions controlled by the National Public Safety

Commission in the Office of the Prime Minister. The Home Ministry was abolished and replaced by the

less powerful Ministry of Home Affairs, and the police were stripped of their responsibility for fire

protection, public health, and other administrative duties.

When most of the occupation forces were transferred to Korea in 195051, the 75,000 strong National

Police Reserve was formed to back up the ordinary police during civil disturbances, and pressure mounted

for a centralized system more compatible with Japanese political preferences. The 1947 Police Law was

amended in 1951 to allow the municipal police of smaller communities to merge with the National Rural

Police. Most chose this arrangement, and by 1954 only about 400 cities, towns, and villages still had their

own police forces. Under the 1954 amended Police Law, a final restructuring created an even more

centralized system in which local forces were organized by prefectures under a National Police Agency.
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The revised Police Law of 1954, still in effect in the 1990s, preserves some strong points of the postwar

system, particularly measures ensuring civilian control and political neutrality, while allowing for increase

centralization. The National Public Safety Commission system has been retained. State responsibility for

maintaining public order has been clarified to include coordination of national and local efforts;

centralization of police information, communications, and record keeping facilities; and national standards

for training, uniforms, pay, rank, and promotion. Rural and municipal forces were abolished and integrated

into prefectural forces, which handled basic police matters. Officials and inspectors in various ministries

and agencies continue to exercise special police functions assigned to them in the 1947 Police Law.

National Organization

National Public Safety Commission

The mission of the National Public Safety Commission is to guarantee the neutrality of the police by

insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in police

administration. The commission's primary function is to supervise the National Police Agency, and it has

the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers. The commission consists of a chairman, who

holds the rank of minister of state, and five members appointed by the prime minister with the consent ofboth houses of the Diet. The commission operates independently of the cabinet, but liaison and coordinatio

with it are facilitated by the chairman's being a member of that body.

National Police Agency

As the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police Agency determines

general standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons.[1]In a nationa

emergency or large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces. I

1989 the agency was composed of about 1,100 national civil servants, empowered to collect information

and to formulate and execute national policies. The agency is headed by a commissioner general who is

appointed by the National Public Safety Commission with the approval of the prime minister. [1]

The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations, planning, information,

finance, management, and procurement and distribution of police equipment, and five bureaus.

Police Administration Bureau

The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and unit

inspections.

Criminal Investigation Bureau

The Criminal Investigation Bureau is in charge of research statistics and the investigation of nationally

important and international cases. This bureau's Safety Department is responsible for crime prevention,

combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution control. In addition, the Criminal Investigation Bureau

surveys, formulates, and recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics. The

Communications Bureau supervises police communications systems.
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Japanese Police Patrol Nissan Caravan in

Osaka

There are also nine active field police squads 1st division: Homicide or unregistered weapons. 2nd division

Robbery or sex-related crimes. 3rd division: Controlled substances or organized crime. 4th division:

Burglary, kidnapping or blackmail. 5th division: Bombs or explosives. 6th and 8th division: Rapid reaction

units. 7th division: Financial crimes. 9th division: Cybercrimes. Two task-force-grouped centers include:

Forensic Science Center: Forensic Section (Criminalistics Office). Forensic Biology Office (Medical

Examiner Office). Fingerprint Office High-Technology Crime Prevention Center. Electronic surveillance

and monitoring center Information management office

Traffic Bureau

The Traffic Bureau licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety

laws, and regulates traffic. Intensive traffic safety and driver

education campaigns are run at both national and prefectural

levels. The bureau's Expressway Division addresses special

conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways.

Security Bureau

The Security Bureau formulates and supervises the execution of

security policies. It conducts research on equipment and tactics

for suppressing riots and oversees and coordinates activities of

the riot police. The Security Bureau is also responsible for

security intelligence on foreigners and radical political groups,

including investigation of violations of the Alien Registration

Law and administration of the Entry and Exit Control Law. The bureau also implements security policies

during national emergencies and natural disasters.

Regional Public Safety Bureaus

The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureaus, each responsible for a number of

prefectures. Each is headed by a Director and they are organized similar to the Central Office. They are

located in major cities of each geographic region. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and

Hokkaido Prefectural Police Headquarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of RPBs. Headed by a

Director General, each RPB exercises necessary control and supervision over and provides support service

to prefectural police within its jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA's Commissioner Genera

Attached to each Regional Police Bureaus is a Regional Police School which provides police personnel

with education and training required of staff officers as well as other necessary education and training.

Regional Police Bureaus locations:[2]

Tohoku - Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, and Fukushima Prefectures

Kinki - Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, and Wakayama Prefectures

Shikoku - Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, and Kochi Prefectures

Kanto - Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano, and

Shizuoka Prefectures
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Chubu - Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Gifu, Aichi, and Mie Prefectures

Kyushu - Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, and Okinawa

Prefectures

Chugoku - Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi Prefectures

Police Communications Divisions

Metropolitan Tokyo and the island of Hokkaid are excluded from the regional jurisdictions and are run

more autonomously than other local forces, in the case of Tokyo, because of its special urban situation, and

of Hokkaid, because of its distinctive geography. The National Police Agency maintains police

communications divisions in these two areas to handle any coordination needed between national and loca

forces.

Imperial Guard

See article: Imperial Guard (Japan)

In 1947 the Imperial Police Headquarters (Kg-Keisatsu Honbu) was created under thecontrol of the Home Ministry from the Imperial Household Ministry. It came under the aegis of the

National Police Agency of Japan in 1957. It provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and

other members of the Imperial Family of Japan, as well as protection of imperial properties, including the

Tokyo Imperial Palace, Kyoto Imperial Palace, Katsura Imperial Villa, Shugakuin Imperial Villa (both in

Kyoto), Shosoin Imperial Repository in Nara and the imperial villas as Hayama, Kanagawa and Nasu,

Tochigi.

Strength

As of 2010, the total strength reached approximately 291,475 personnel.[2]The NPA total is about 7,709

with 1,969 police officers, 901 Imperial guards and 4,839 civilians.[2]The Prefectural police total is about

283,766 with 255,156 police officers and 28,610 civilians.[2]

Nationwide, there are about 14,900 female police officers and about 11,800 female civilians.[2]

Local organization

There are some 289,000 police officers nationwide, about 97 percent of whom were affiliated with local

police forces. Local forces include:[2]

forty-three prefectural (ken) police forces;

Tokyo Metropolitan (to) police force, in Tokyo;

two urban prefectural (fu) police forces, in Osaka and Kyoto; and

one district (d) police force, in Hokkaid.
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Tokyo Metropolitan Police Office in

Kasumigaseki

Officer providing assistance at a

police station in Hiroshima, near

Hondori

These forces have limited authority to initiate police actions. Their

most important activities are regulated by the National Police

Agency, which provides funds for equipment, salaries, riot control,

escort, and natural disaster duties, and for internal security and

multiple jurisdiction cases. National police statutes and regulations

establish the strength and rank allocations of all local personnel and

the locations of local police stations. Prefectural police finance and

control the patrol officer on the beat, traffic control, criminal

investigations, and other daily operations.

Prefectural Police

Each prefectural police headquarters contains administrative

divisions corresponding to those of the bureaus of the National Police Agency. Headquarters are staffed by

specialists in basic police functions and administration and are commanded by an officer appointed by the

local office of the National Public Safety Commission. Most arrests and investigations are performed by

prefectural police officials (and, in large jurisdictions, by police assigned to substations), who are assigned

to one or more central locations within the prefecture. Experienced officers are organized into functional

bureaus and handle all but the most ordinary problems in their fields.

Kban

Kbans are substations near major transportation hubs and shopping

areas and in residential districts. They form the first line of police

response to the public. The Koban system is composed of about

6500 police boxes (Koban) and about 7600 residential police boxes

(Chuzaisho).[3]Koban are staffed by a relatively small number of

police officers (usually 3-5 officers); a Chuzaisho is usually staffedby a single officer. About 20 percent of the total police force's

officers are assigned to koban. Staffed by officers working in eight-

hour shifts, they serve as a base for foot patrols and usually have

both sleeping and eating facilities for officers on duty but not on

watch. In rural areas, residential offices usually are staffed by one

police officer who resides in adjacent family quarters. These officers

endeavor to become a part of the community, and their families

often aid in performing official tasks.

Vigilance at the Koban and Chuzaisho is maintained by standing watch in front or sitting watch inside,enabling police officers to respond immediately to any incident. While keeping a constant watch, they

perform a myriad of routine tasks, such as receiving crime reports from citizens, handling lost and found

articles, counseling citizens in trouble and giving directions.

Outside their Koban and Chuzaisho, police officers patrol their beats either on foot, by bicycle or by car.

While on patrol, they gain a precise knowledge of the topography and terrain of the area, question

suspicious-looking persons, provide traffic guidance and enforcement, instruct juveniles, rescue the injured

warn citizens of imminent dangers and protect lost children and those under the influence or intoxicated.
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Japanese riot police in Hibiya.

Radio-equipped patrol cars are deployed at each PPH, police station, Koban and Chuzaisho. Police officer

use them for routine patrol and rapid response. These cars remain in constant radio contact with their polic

station and the communications command center of the PPH. When an emergency is reported, this rapid

response capability plays a major role in the quick resolution of such incidents.[4]

Officers assigned to koban have intimate knowledge of their jurisdictions. One of their primary tasks is to

conduct twice-yearly house-by-house residential surveys of homes in their areas, at which time the head of

the household at each address fills out a residence information card detailing the names, ages, occupations

business addresses, and vehicle registration numbers of household occupants and the names of relatives

living elsewhere. Police take special note of names of the aged or those living alone who might need speci

attention in an emergency. They conduct surveys of local businesses and record employee names and

addresses, in addition to such data as which establishments stay open late and which employees might be

expected to work late. Participation in the survey is voluntary, and most citizens cooperate, but an

increasing segment of the population has come to regard the surveys as invasions of privacy.

Information elicited through the surveys is not centralized but is stored in each police box, where it is used

primarily as an aid to locating people. When a crime occurs or an investigation is under way, however,

these files are invaluable in establishing background data for a case. Specialists from district police station

spend considerable time culling through the usually poorly filed data maintained in the police boxes.

Riot police

Within their security divisions, each prefecture level police

department and the Tokyo police maintainKidotai, special riot

units. These units were formed after riots at the Imperial Palace in

1952, to respond quickly and effectively to large public

disturbances. They are also used in crowd control during festival

periods, at times of natural disaster, and to reinforce regular policewhen necessary. Full-time riot police can also be augmented by

regular police trained in riot duties. Currently, there are 10,000 in

the whole riot force.

In handling demonstrations and violent disturbances, riot units are

deployed en masse, military style. It is common practice for files of

riot police to line streets through which demonstrations pass. If

demonstrators grow disorderly or deviate from officially sanctioned

areas, riot police stand shoulder-to-shoulder, sometimes three and

four deep, to push with their hands to control the crowds. Individual

action is forbidden. Three-person units sometimes perform

reconnaissance duties, but more often operations are carried out by

squads of nine to eleven, platoons of twenty-seven to thirty-three,

and companies of eighty to one hundred. Front ranks are trained to

open to allow passage of special squads to rescue captured police or

to engage in tear gas assaults. Each person wears a radio with an earpiece to hear commands given

simultaneously to the formation.
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The riot police are committed to using disciplined, nonlethal force and do not carry firearms while engaged

in riot control duties. They are trained to take pride in their poise under stress. Demonstrators also are

usually restrained. Police brutality is rarely an issue. When excesses occur, the perpetrator is disciplined

and sometimes transferred from the force if considered unable to keep his temper.

Extensive experience in quelling violent disorders led to the development of special uniforms and

equipment for the riot police units. Riot dress consists of a field-type jacket, which covered several pieces

of body armor and includes a corselet hung from the waist, an aluminum plate down the spine, and shoulde

pads. Armored gauntlets cover the hands and forearms. Helmets have faceplates and flared padded skirtsdown the back to protect the neck. In case of violence, the front ranks carry 1.2-meter shields to protect

against stave and rocks and hold nets on high poles to catch flying objects. Specially designed equipment

includes water cannons, armored vans, and mobile tunnels for protected entry into seized buildings.

Because riot police duties require special group action, units are maintained in virtually self-sufficient

compounds and trained to work as a coordinated force. The overwhelming majority of officers are

bachelors who live in dormitories within riot police compounds. Training is constant and focuses on

physical conditioning, mock battles, and tactical problems. A military atmosphere prevailsdress codes,

behavior standards, and rank differentiations are more strictly adhered to than in the regular police. Esprit

de corps is inculcated with regular ceremonies and institutionalization of rituals such as applaudingpersonnel dispatched to or returning from assignments and formally welcoming senior officers to the mess

hall at all meals.

Riot duty is not popular because it entails special sacrifices and much boredom in between irregularly

spaced actions. Although many police are assigned riot duty, only a few are volunteers. For many

personnel, riot duty serves as a stepping stone because of its reputation and the opportunities it presents to

study for the advanced police examinations necessary for promotion. Because riot duties demands physica

fitnessthe armored uniform weighed 6.6 kilogramsmost personnel are young, often serving in the unit

after an initial assignment in a koban.

Special police

In addition to regular police officers, there are several thousand officials attached to various agencies who

perform special duties relating to public safety. They are responsible for such matters as forest preservation

narcotics control, fishery inspection, and enforcement of regulations on maritime, labor, and mine safety.

Special judicial police officials ()

Cabinet Office

Imperial guard ()

Ministry of Justice

Prison guard ()

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
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Narcotics agent ()

Labor Standards Inspector ()

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Authorized Fisheries Supervisor ()

Officers of Regional Forest Office, under Forestry Agency ()

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

()

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Coast Guard Officer ()

The largest and most important of these ministry-supervised public safety agencies is the Japan Coast

Guard, an external agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport that deals with crime in

coastal waters and maintains facilities for safeguarding navigation. The agency operates a fleet of patrol an

rescue craft in addition to a few aircraft used primarily for anti-smuggling patrols and rescue activities. In

1990 there were 2,846 incidents in and on the waters. In those incidents, 1,479 people drowned or were los

and 1,347 people were rescued.

()

Ministry of Defense

Military police officer ()

Officials working for public safety, except for Special judicial police officials

There are other officers having limited public safety functions.

The National Diet

Diet guard ()

Ministry of Justice

Immigration control officer ()

Immigration inspector ()

Public security intelligence officer ()
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They handle national security matters both inside and outside the country. Its activities are not generally

known to the public.

Public prosecutor ()

Public prosecutor's assistant officer ()

Ministry of Finance

Customs official ()

Officers of National Tax Agency ()

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare

Quarantine Officer ()

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Animal Quarantine Officers ()

Plant Protection Officer ()

Tables
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Officers working for public safety

Officerare Special judicial

police officials ()

can arrestsuspects with

arrest warrant

cancarry

firearms

Salaryschedulewhich isapplied

Imperial guard ()

Public SecurityService

Prison guard () Public SecurityService

Narcotics agent ()

AdministrativeService

Labor Standards

Inspector ()


Authorized Fisheries

Supervisor ()


Coast Guard Officer

()Public SecurityService

Military police officer

()

Officials ofMinistry ofDefense

Diet guard () ()

Immigration control

officer ()Public SecurityService

Immigration inspector()


Public securityintelligence officer (

)

Public SecurityService

Public prosecutor ()

PublicProsecutor

Public prosecutor'sassistant officer (

)

Public Security

Service

Customs official ()


cf.) Police officer (judicial police official)Public SecurityService

Special operations
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8E%E9%96%A2%E8%81%B7%E5%93%A1http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%9C%E5%AF%9F%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%9C%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%A9%E6%9F%BB%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E5%9B%BD%E8%AD%A6%E5%82%99%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%A6%96http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E5%9F%BA%E6%BA%96%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E8%96%AC%E5%8F%96%E7%B7%A0%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%91%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B%E5%AE%98http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E8%81%B7%E5%93%A1


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The National Police Agency has a counter-terrorist unit known as the Special Assault Team, operating

under police control.[5]

A small number of anti-riot-trained police officers had been trained to handle incidents that can not be dea

with by regular police and riot police officers, but can operate independently or with SAT cooperation.

These units include the Special Investigations Team of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, the Osaka Police's

Martial Arts Attack Team and the Chiba Police's Attack Response Team.

Rank

Police officers are divided into nine ranks:[6]

Commissioner General (Japanese: Keisatsu-ch Chkan): The Chief of National Polic

Agency. The rank outside. 1 capacity.

Superintendent General (Keishi-skan): The Chief of Metropolitan Police Department. 1

capacity.Superintendent Supervisor (Keishi-kan): Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy

Superintendent General, The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural Police

Headquarters, others. 38 capacity.

Chief Superintendent (Keishi-ch): The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.

Senior Superintendent (Keishi-sei): The Chief of Police Station(large). More than this rank,

all police officer join to National Police Agency.

Superintendent (Keishi): The Chief of Police Station(small or middle), The Vice Commanding

Officer of Police Station, Commander of Riot Unit.

Police Inspector or Captain (Keibu): Squad Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot

Company.

Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant (Keibu-ho):Squad Sub-Commander of Police

Station, Leader of Riot Platoon. National Police Officer 1st class's career start from this rank.

Police Sergeant (Junsa-buch):Field supervisor, Leader of Police box. National Police

Officer 2nd class's career start from this rank.

Senior Police Officer or Corporal (Junsa-ch): Honorary rank of Police Officer.

Police officer, old Patrolman (Junsa):Prefectural Police Officer's career start from this rank.

The NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position of the Japanese police.[7]His title is not a rank

but rather denotes his position as head of the NPA. On the other hand, the MPD Superintendent General

represents not only the highest rank in the system but also assignment as head of the Tokyo Metropolitan

Police Department.[7]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrolmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Police_Officerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Police_Inspectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_captainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(police)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senior_Superintendent&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Superintendenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_Supervisor&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superintendent_General&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_writing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissionerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Assault_Team


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Uniform

For much of the twentieth century up to the mid-1990s, police officers wore a formal work uniform

consisting of a tunic or Ike jacket with polished silver buttons, and trousers with a sewn in truncheon

pocket. No stab vest was worn and much less equipment was carried than is today. Following concerns

about the police uniforms safety it was suggested that the uniform should be changed.

From the 1990s it was generally accepted that the police could patrol in "shirt-sleeve order" which meantthat they need not wear the jacket, as its widespread use was hampering in some situations. The NPA, in

agreement with the government and on the cooperation of the Prefecture Chiefs of Police, changed the

uniform from the business attire with no protection of the torso, to a uniform of button down shirt with

trousers, stab vest, duty belt, and jacket when needed.

Although there are minor variations in the styling, pattern and insignia, the police forces all wear very

similar uniforms. In general, these have taken their lead from the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, due to it bein

the largest police service in Japan. The base color is a dark blue or a frosted grey for summer wear.

Female officers' uniforms have gone through a great variety of styles, as they have tended to reflect the

women's fashions of the time. Tunic style, skirt length and headgear have varied by period and force. By th

late 1980s, the female working uniform was virtually identical to male, except for headgear and sometimes

neckwear.

Formal uniform comprises an open-necked tunic (with or without an attached belt, depending on the force

and rank of the Officer) and trousers or skirt, worn with a white or light blue shirt and black tie (usually

clip-on, so it cannot be used to strangle the wearer).

The normal working dress retains the shirt and trousers. In some forces short sleeved shirts may be worn

open-necked. Long sleeved shirts must always be worn with a tie, worn with or without a jersey or fleece.

a jersey, fleece or jacket is worn over a short sleeved shirt, then a tie must be worn.

Today, female officers almost never wear a skirt in working dress, and frequently wear trousers in formal

dress as well. Officers also frequently wear reflective waterproof jackets, which have replaced the old

greatcoats and cloaks traditionally worn in inclement weather. Most officers now wear stab vests, a type of

body armour, when on duty.

Basic headgear is a peaked cap for men, and a soft round bowler hat for women. Traffic officers wear whit

cap covers or caps.

Most Japanese police wear white gloves while they are on duty. Some also wear white pistol belts,

lanyards, helmets, boot laces or leggings.

Conditions of service

Education is highly stressed in police recruitment and promotion. Entrance to the force is determined by

examinations administered by each prefecture. Examinees are divided into two groups: upper-secondary-

school graduates and university graduates. Recruits underwent rigorous trainingone year for upper-

secondary school graduates and six months for university graduatesat the residential police academy

attached to the prefectural headquarters. On completion of basic training, most police officers are assigned
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowler_hathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_armourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab_vesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab_vesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_jackethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunic


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to local police boxes called Kobans. Promotion is achieved by examination and requires further course

work. In-service training provides mandatory continuing education in more than 100 fields. Police officers

with upper-secondary school diplomas are eligible to take the examination for sergeant after three years of

on-the-job experience. University graduates can take the examination after only one year. University

graduates are also eligible to take the examination for assistant police inspector, police inspector, and

superintendent after shorter periods than upper-secondary school graduates. There are usually five to fiftee

examinees for each opening.

About fifteen officers per year pass advanced civil service examinations and are admitted as senior officersOfficers are groomed for administrative positions, and, although some rise through the ranks to become

senior administrators, most such positions are held by specially recruited senior executives.

The police forces are subject to external oversight. Although officials of the National Public Safety

Commission generally defer to police decisions and rarely exercise their powers to check police actions or

operations, police are liable for civil and criminal prosecution, and the media actively publicizes police

misdeeds. The Human Rights Bureau of the Ministry of Justice solicits and investigates complaints against

public officials, including police, and prefectural legislatures could summon police chiefs for questioning.

Social sanctions and peer pressure also constrain police behavior. As in other occupational groups in Japan

police officers develop an allegiance to their own group and a reluctance to offend its principles.

Transportation

Ground

In Japan, there are about 40,000 police vehicles nationwide with the average patrol cruisers being Toyota

Crowns and Nissan Crews and similar large sedans, although small compact and micro cars are used by

rural police boxes and in city centers where they are much more maneuverable. Pursuit vehicles depend on

prefectures with the Honda NSX, Subaru Impreza, Subaru Legacy, Mitsubishi Lancer, Nissan Skyline,Mazda RX-7, and Nissan Fairlady Z are all used in various prefectures for highway patrols and pursuit use

With the exception of unmarked traffic enforcement vehicles, all Japanese police forces are painted and

marked in the same ways. Japanese police vehicles are painted black and white with the upper parts of the

vehicle painted white. Motorcycles are usually all white and riot control and rescue vehicles are painted a

steel blue.

Daihatsu Atrai Police

Kei van

Daihatsu Mira Police

Kei car

Mitsubishi Diamante

Police Car

Honda NSX Police Car
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_white_(slang)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_patrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Fairlady_Zhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_RX-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Skylinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Lancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Imprezahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_NSXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Crewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_chiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_examinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dbanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_NSXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Diamantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_Mirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_Atrai


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Mitsubishi GTO Police

Car

Nissan 350Z police car

Nissan Cedric Police

Car

Nissan Crew Police Car

Nissan Skyline GT-R

Police Car

Subaru Impreza WRX

STi Police Car

Subaru Legacy Police

Car

Suzuki Jimny Police

Jeep

Saitama prefecture

Toyota Crown Traffic

Police Car

Suzuki Address V125

Police Scooter

Suzuki Bandit (front)

and a Honda VFR750

(back)

Honda VFR800P
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_VFR800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_VFR750http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Bandithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suzuki_Address&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Jimnyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Impreza_WRX_STihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Skyline_GT-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Crewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cedrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_350Zhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_GTO


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Unmarked Mitsubishi

Delica Space Gear

Police Van

Unmarked Nissan

Bluebird Police Car

Unmarked Toyota Land

Cruiser Prado SUV

Toyota Land Cruiser

Kidotai (Riot Police)

Unit

Mitsubishi Fuso Fighter

Kidotai (Riot Police)

Unit

Isuzu Giga

Kidotai/Prisoner

Transport Unit

Two Isuzu Erga Mio

Buses in front of

Yasukuni Shrine with a

Uyoku noise truck

(Gaisensha) passing in

front

Security Police officer

in a Mercedes-Benz

S600 during escort duty

at the 34th G8 summit

in Tyako, Hokkaid.

Hino Ranger / Rescuetruck

Unimog / Multi-purpose disaster

management truck

Mitsubishi Fuso Canter/ NBC defense truck

Hino Ranger /Explosive processing

tools transportation

truck

Aviation

Helicopters are extensively used for traffic control surveillance, pursuit of suspects, rescue and disaster

relief. Total of 80 small and medium-sized helicopters are being operated in 47 prefectures nationwide.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_Rangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical,_biological,_radiological,_and_nuclearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Canterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_Rangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dyako,_Hokkaid%C5%8Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_G8_summithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W221http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Police_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu_Erga_Miohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu_Gigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Fighterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser_Pradohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Bluebirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Delica


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Tokyo Metropolitan

Police Department,

AgustaWestland EH101

Hokkaid Police,

Agusta A109E

Hokkaid Police, Bell

412EP

Osaka Police,

Eurocopter AS365 N2

Watercraft

Japanese police boats are deployed to major ports, remote islands and lakes, where they are used for water

patrol and control of illegal immigration, smuggling and poaching. Ranging from five to 23 meters long,

there are about 190 police boats nationwide.

Nagasaki Prefectural

Police

Hokkaido Police

Hygo Police

Police-community relations

Despite legal limits on police jurisdiction, many citizens retain their views of the police as authority figure

to whom they can turn for aid. The public often seeks police assistance to settle family quarrels, counsel

uveniles, and mediate minor disputes. Citizens regularly consult police for directions to hotels andresidencesan invaluable service in cities where streets are often unnamed and buildings are numbered in

the order in which they have been built rather than consecutively. Police are encouraged by their superiors

to view these tasks as answering the public's demands for service and as inspiring community confidence i

the police. Public attitudes toward the police are generally favorable, although a series of incidents of

forced confessions in the late 1980s raised some concern about police treatment of suspects held for pretria

detention.

Historical secret police organizations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_Dauphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_412http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department


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Wikimedia Commons has

media related toPolice of

Japan.

Tokko (Investigated and controlled political groups and ideologies deemed to be a threat to public

order)

Kempeitai (Military Police of the Imperial Japanese Army)

Tokeitai (Military Police of the Imperial Japanese Navy)

See also

Shinsengumi (a special police force of the late shogunate

period)

References

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of

Congress Country Studies.

1. ^ ab"Interpol Japan Page" (http://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Asia-South-Pacific/Japan). Interpol.

Retrieved 2012-02-15.

2. ^ abcdef"Public Safety Commission System and Police Activity Support"

(http://www.webcitation.org/65U795y3j). Japanese National Police Agency. Archived from the original

(http://www.npa.go.jp/hakusyo/h22/english/White_Paper_2010_8.pdf) on 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2012-02-15.

3. ^"Japanese Community Police and Police Box System" (https://docs.google.com/viewer?

a=v&q=cache:a_SVfQkMwxAJ:www.npa.go.jp/english/seisaku1/JapaneseCommunityPolice.pdf+law+enforce

ent+in+japan&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShUMk9twxkka_3Ha1psZ7SeNuEeh8zLQjfXKEQGGUD

NCR4oVlNNNJst9fQnpQaX_MvUPKs1SCh42r72jVCfAZi9Xye_plNcysh1PZk2ZT4icIbpjEcyh_m3I1NpLky

iI_2-ut&sig=AHIEtbQgGIAXnL56-dKdJx46i0QIWNWS0w). Japanese National Police Agency. Retrieved

2012-02-15.

4. ^C.D. Alexander Evans (2011-05-11). "What Keeps the Japanese People Together"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20110519073040/http://www.dissentmagazine.org/atw.php?id=447). Dissent

Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.dissentmagazine.org/atw.php?id=447) on 2011-05-19.

Retrieved 2012-02-15.

5. ^"Chapter IV. Maintenance of Public Safety and Disaster Countermeasures"

(http://www.webcitation.org/5xSaWNCYB). Japanese National Police Agency. Archived from the original

(http://www.npa.go.jp/english/kokusai9/White_Paper_2009_7.pdf) on 2011-03-25. Retrieved 2011-03-25.

6. ^"Metropolitan Police Department Organization Chart" (http://www.webcitation.org/65U3tTSY3). Tokyo

Metropolitan Police. Archived from the original

(http://www.keishicho.metro.tokyo.jp/foreign/graph2011/01_sosiki.htm) on 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2012-02-15

7. ^ ab"Description of the Japanese Police Organization"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20110706161636/http://www.iej.uem.br/police.htm). Archived from the original

(http://www.iej.uem.br/police.htm) on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
http://www.iej.uem.br/police.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20110706161636/http://www.iej.uem.br/police.htmhttp://www.keishicho.metro.tokyo.jp/foreign/graph2011/01_sosiki.htmhttp://www.webcitation.org/65U3tTSY3http://www.npa.go.jp/english/kokusai9/White_Paper_2009_7.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)http://www.webcitation.org/5xSaWNCYBhttp://www.dissentmagazine.org/atw.php?id=447http://web.archive.org/web/20110519073040/http://www.dissentmagazine.org/atw.php?id=447https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:a_SVfQkMwxAJ:www.npa.go.jp/english/seisaku1/JapaneseCommunityPolice.pdf+law+enforcement+in+japan&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShUMk9twxkka_3Ha1psZ7SeNuEeh8zLQjfXKEQGGUDNCR4oVlNNNJst9fQnpQaX_MvUPKs1SCh42r72jVCfAZi9Xye_plNcysh1PZk2ZT4icIbpjEcyh_m3I1NpLky3eiI_2-ut&sig=AHIEtbQgGIAXnL56-dKdJx46i0QIWNWS0whttp://www.npa.go.jp/hakusyo/h22/english/White_Paper_2010_8.pdfhttp://www.webcitation.org/65U795y3jhttp://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Asia-South-Pacific/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_work_by_the_U.S._governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogunatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinsengumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokubetsukeibitai_(Navy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempeitaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsuhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Police_of_Japan


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Reference to Kidotai force: [1] (http://www.ncjrs.gov/app/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=16809)

Yoshino, Jun. (2004). "Law Enforcement in the Edo Period". In: Japan Echo, vol. 31 n. 3, June 2004

p. 59-62.

External links

NPA Official Site (http://www.npa.go.jp/index.htm) (Japanese)

NPA Official Site (http://www.npa.go.jp/english/index.htm) (English)

Imperial Guard Headquarters (http://www.npa.go.jp/kougu/toppage.htm)

Regional Bureaus

Kanto Regional Police Bureau (http://www.kanto.npa.go.jp/)

Chubu Regional Police Bureau (http://www.chubu.npa.go.jp/)

Kinki Regional Police Bureau (http://www.kinki.npa.go.jp/)

Chugoku Regional Police Bureau (http://www.chugoku.npa.go.jp/)

Shikoku Regional Police Bureau (http://www.shikoku.npa.go.jp/)

Kyushu Regional Police Bureau (http://www.kyushu-npa.go.jp/)

Police communications Bureaus

Hokkaido (http://www.police.pref.hokkaido.jp/english/eng.htm)

Tokyo (http://www.keishicho.metro.tokyo.jp/foreign/submenu.htm)

Kobans

Pictures (http://www.koban.fr/)

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