Launching the New Nation Why did the original thirteen colonies revolt from England? Key Terms/ Definitions/ Understandings (Test Guide) PEOPLE George Washington Presidency Precedent Cabinet Thomas Jefferson Democratic Republican Party Political Beliefs Political Career Alexander Hamilton Federalist Party Political Beliefs Political Career Henry Knox Edmund Randolph Samuel Osgood Events/ Documents Judiciary Act of 1789 Articles of Confederation Constitution Declaration of Independence Whiskey Rebellion Preamble of the Constitution Washingtons Farewell Address The Great Compromise Federalism Government: Three Branches of Govt Requirements to participate Duties of each branch Size of each branch Length of service for each branch RECAP of Previous Events 1775 1783 America defeats Great Britain July 4 th, 1776 Declaration of Independence, War for IndependenceDeclaration of Independence, 1777 Articles of Confederation written October 19 th, 1781 Last battle Yorktown, VA, Cornwallis surrenders to Washington Sept 3, 1783 Treaty of Paris = US INDEPENDENCE! Let Freedom Ring What are the major ideas of the Declaration of Independence? Now What? Following the success (barely) of the Revolutionary War, what problems do you think faced the new nation? Articles of Confederationneeds to go! 1.No Unity : States united in a firm league of friendship 2.Congress only branch (no Pres. / no courts) 3.Each state had only one vote in Congress 4.Congress lacked power to tax (huge debts & no way to raise $) 5.9/13 states to make laws & 13/13 to change AoC (never happened) 6.No standard currency 7.No regulation of trade Adam Smith Laissez faire government the government should avoid regulating the economy and operate in a hands-off fashion Got two bits? Independence Hall Birth of the Constitution A convention is held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to try correct some of the problems with the Articles of Confederation Deemed An assembly of demi-gods by T. Jefferson 55 total Delegates included Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Washington, Madison, Decide to scrap the document and start fresh Goals of the New Constitution 1.Establishment of 3 new branches of government 2.Checks and balances between branches 3.Creation of a National Bank 4.Paper Currency, backed by gold/ silver 5.Protective Tariff on foreign goods to help boost US industry A republic, madamif you can keep it. On the final day of debate, Benjamin Franklin was approached by a woman who was curious about what was happening during the Constitutional Convention. She asked him: Well Doctor, what have we got? The Plans Virginia Plan (James Madison) 3 branches of power (legislative, executive, judicial) House of Reps & Senate Congress would have power to veto any state law Strong President, term was 7 yrs, no reelection Pres. commanded armed forces and manage foreign relations Appoint all executive and judicial officers, approved by Senate New Jersey Plan (William Patterson) Wanted small changes to Articles Favored by smaller states Just 1 House Executive committee, no singular president States always had more power than national government SLAVERY & ECONOMIC COMPROMISES 1. 3/5 Compromise = All free persons would be counted toward a states population, while All other persons would be counted as 3/5 of a person (Made void with the 13 th Amendment) SLAVERY & ECONOMIC COMPRMISES 2. Commerce Compromise = Congress could not tax any exports from the states SLAVERY & ECONOMIC COMPRMISES 3. Slave Trade Compromise = Congress could not interfere or regulate the importation of slaves for at least 20 years (1808) SLAVERY & ECONOMIC COMPRMISES 4. Fugitive Slave Law = No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due (Escaped slaves must be returned to their masters, even if they flee to another state.) THE FINAL COMPROMISE Q: What would prevent this new government from becoming what we just revolted against? BILL OF RIGHTS added to guarantee personal freedoms (religion, speech, press, property rights, and rights for people accused of a crime). BOR = Amendments 1-10 The Grand Experiment U.S. starts over with the Constitution 1.Stronger central government 2.Three Branches: Legislative, Executive, & Judicial 3.Federalism: powers shared between state & federal governments 4.The Great Compromise: Congress = two houses (bicameral) A.Senate = 2 per state B.House of Representatives = # of reps based on population 5.Congress granted many new powers Supported by the FEDERALISTS. The Preamble Six main functions To form a more perfect UnionProvide for the common defense (national defense, standing army, militia) Establish justicePromote the General Welfare Insure domestic tranquility (establish enforcement of law aka police) Secure blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterior (govern not only for now but the future) Article 1: Legislative HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (depends on states population) SENATE (2 per state) Qualifications/ Terms: 25 years old Resident of state for 7 years 2 year terms Qualifications/ Terms: 30 years old Resident of state for 9 years 6 year terms Roles/ Duties/ Powers: -Serve on committees -****CREATE LAWS**** -Introduce bills -Impeach (fire) officials -1 vote per representative -Declare war -Regulate foreign and interstate trade Article 2: Executive Qualifications/ Terms: Natural born citizen, lived in US for 14 years 35 years old 2 terms (4 years each) Roles/ Duties/ Powers: -Propose laws -Veto (cancel out legislation) -Serves as Commander in Chief of armed forces -Negotiates foreign treaties -Appoints federal judges, ambassadors an other high officials -Grants pardons to federal offenders Article 3: Judicial Qualifications/ Terms: Life term, president elects Roles/ Duties/ Powers: -Interprets (figures out the meaning) laws -**Declares laws unconstitutional (can cancel out laws)** -Declare Executive Actions unconstitutional Fear from the other sidethe Anti- Federalists 1.President would become a king.the new government would be too powerful and deny freedoms to the people. (We just fought a war against this.) 2.Feared monarchy. (power in the hands of the few and not many) Not enough power for the states. 3.The President could use the army to become a dictator. The Foundation Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Constitution Bill of Rights + Amendments Building the Federal Government Many problems and issues for the newly founded USA 1. Large amount of national debt - $52 million (today: close to $1 Billion) 2. No military or navy 3. Weak economy : farm economy The Rising Sun Chair Washingtons Personal Life Married Martha Curtis, who was the wealthiest landowner in Virginia due to the death of her rich first husband Washington dabbled in farming, fishing, and even whiskey distilling at his plantation in Mt. Vernon. Although he supported an end to slaverysomedayWashington owned slaves, himself. Electing a President 1789, electoral college elects George Washington as President of the US 2 nd place = Vice President John Adams Establishes the foundation for the executive branch of the government Forms his Cabinet Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Secretary of War Henry Knox Attorney General Edmund Randolph Washingtons Cabinet If you SWAT the P the AS will JacK our HOe. S tate T homas J efferson W H K A E R T A H P S O Secretary of the State Thomas Jefferson What type of person should be the Secretary of State? Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton Q: How great a role should the Fed. Govt. have in the economy? Attorney General Edmund Randolph Q: What would you expect the Attorney Generals roles to be? Heads modern day Justice Department Postmaster General Samuel Osgood Q: What problems did the Post Office face? Hamilton vs Jefferson Why would Washington put two complete opposite thinkers in his cabinet? Mo $, Mo Problems: HAMILTONS PLAN Repay War Debt Establish foreign credit Sale of govt bonds Assumption Bill = Fed. Govt. pay off states debts in exchange for new capital in South (Wash. D.C.) National Bank Taxes Hold & transfer $ safely Make rules for other banks Branch banks Uniform currency Protective tariff (good for U.S. businesses) Revenue through taxes (surplus $) Excise Tax = tax on production or sale of goods (Whiskey Rebellion) Hamiltons Plan to Pay off Debt ACTIONRESULTLASTING LEGACY Pay foreign debt and interest in full Restore national creditEstablish US as credible and trustworthy Fed. govt takes on all state debt Bring stability to country; stimulate economy Unified country Create natl bank and natl currency Help govt regulate economy and commerce; generate income through loans Created model on which todays Federal Reserve System is based What does loose versus strict construction mean? Hamilton favors loose construction (relied on implied powers to enact laws) Jefferson favored strict (limit the federal government powers to granted by the Constitution) The Whiskey Act Part of Hamiltons plan needed to find another way to create income for the US to pay back debt EXCISE TAX tax on a products manufacture, sale and distribution Whiskey at the time was the most popular distilled beverage Hamilton is successful in pushing through Congress the first tax on a domestic product (whiskey) Tarring and feathers Whiskey Rebellion Small frontier farmers were highly against it, tarred and feathered tax collectors Large uprisings in Western Pennsylvania Hamilton sees this as an opportunity to show the power of the new government Hamilton leads 12,000 militia men west and puts down insurrection Growing divide in government Jefferson was skeptical that these riots were happening Rising group of political clubs known as Democratic Societies Formed to oppose Federalists, also termed the Anti- Federalists Washington was quoted saying the most diabolical attempt to destroy the best fabric of human government and happiness Judiciary Act of 1789 Constitution calls for 1 Supreme Court and several smaller ones James Madison, helps pass Judiciary Act of 1789 establishes a judiciary, or system of courts Made up of 13 federal district courts, one for each state, 3 circuit courts & 1 Supreme Court (6 members) Established Supreme Law of the Land Foreign Policy 1789, French Revolution had begun Federalists and Anti Federalists (Democratic Republicans) divided over the events 1793, GB and France were back at war Both American parties decided to remain neutral, still too weak Too dependent on GB trade (much of US revenue was from GB) France and GB Washington issues a proclamation of American neutrality Jays Treaty Chief Justice John Jay is sent to GB and Spain to negotiate a deal Establishes a precedent in staying out of European affairs Continued that policy until WWI Washington leaves office 1796, Washington issues three very important warnings in his final public communication! Washingtons Warnings 1. Danger of forming political parties! 2. Do not accumulate government debt! 3. Do not form permanent alliances with foreign countries The precedent is set! Set precedents as the 1 st president Developed cabinet system State Thomas Jefferson Treasury Hamilton War Knox Attorney General Randolph 2 Terms in office (4 years a term) Class Activity Pick a side. Wealthy or Average Citizen runs the country? State over federal govt or vice versa? Federalists (Hamilton) VS Democratic Republicans (Jefferson) Federalists US should have this type of govt wealthy landowners control US (few)/federal govt) Class who should control most of the government wealthy (few) Excise Tariff good, reduce foreign goods National bank good, investors and govt working together Loose interpretation of Constitution (loose construction) Type of economy states should pass debt to federal govt to strengthen fed govt Part of country who supported North Nation to help in war GB Foreign Country support GB Upper class support Democratic Republicans US should have this type of govt average farmers/ citizens should run the government (states) Class who should control most of the government farmers/ citizens (many) Excise Tariff bad, hurts southern economy Natl bank Bad, creates an alliance between investors & government Strict Interpretation of Constitution (strict construction) Type of economy States should contain their own debt and not establish a national bank Part of country who supported South Nation to help in war France Foreign Country support France Middle/ Lower class support Did we listen to Washington? How might Washington have been correct to issue these warnings?