Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report - Meteo.lv€¦ · Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report 1990 - 2012 Submitted under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

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LATVIA’S

INFORMATIVE

INVENTORY

REPORT 1990 - 2012

Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report | 2014

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Data sheet

Title:

Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report 1990 - 2012

Submitted under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

Date:

15th March 2014

Authors:

Ieva Sīle, Aiva Puļķe, Līga Rubene, Intars Cakars, Lauris Siņics

Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre

Gaidis Klāvs

Institute of Physical Energetics

Laima Bērziņa

Latvia University of Agriculture

Andis Lazdiņš

Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”

Editing:

Vita Ratniece


Jānis Pļavinskis

Ministry of the Environmental Protection and Regional Development

Department of Environmental Protection

Cover photo:

Normunds Rustanovičs

Contact:

Ieva Sīle


Maskavas 165, Riga, LV 1019, Latvia

E-mail: [email protected]


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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................16

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON EMISSION INVENTORIES ........................................................... 16

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR INVENTORY PREPARATION ......................... 16

1.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS OF INVENTORY PREPARATION ...................................................... 17

1.4 DESCRIPTION OF KEY SOURCE CATEGORIES ............................................................................. 17

1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL ............................................................................ 19

1.6 GENERAL UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION ................................................................................... 19

1.7 GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLETENESS ........................................................................ 20

2. AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION TRENDS ........................................................................22

2.1. OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................... 22

2.2. MAIN POLLUTANTS (NOX, NMVOC, SOX, NH3, CO) ............................................................. 22

2.3. PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5, PM10, TSP) .......................................................................... 23

2.4. HEAVY METALS (PB, CD, HG, AS, CR, CU, NI, SE, ZN) ........................................................... 23

2.5. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (DIOX, PAHS, PCB, HCB) .................................................. 25

3. ENERGY SECTOR (NFR 1) ........................................................................................28

3.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................... 28

3.1.1 Quantitative overview ...................................................................................... 28

3.1.2 Description ...................................................................................................... 33

3.2 STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION (NFR 1A1, 1A2, 1A4) ......................................................... 33

3.2.1 Sector overview ............................................................................................... 33 3.2.1.1 Source category description .................................................................................................................... 33 3.2.1.2 Key sources .............................................................................................................................................. 34 3.2.1.3 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 36

3.2.2 Energy Industries (NFR 1A1) ...................................................................... 38 3.2.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 38 3.2.2.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 38 3.2.2.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 38 3.2.2.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 39 3.2.2.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 39 3.2.2.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 41 3.2.2.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.2.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.2.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 42

3.2.3 Manufacturing Industries and Construction (NFR 1A2) .............................. 42 3.2.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 42 3.2.3.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 43 3.2.3.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 44 3.2.3.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 44 3.2.3.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 44 3.2.3.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 46 3.2.3.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 46 3.2.3.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 47 3.2.3.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 47

3.2.4 Other sectors (NFR 1A4) ........................................................................... 47 3.2.4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 47 3.2.4.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 47 3.2.4.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 48 3.2.4.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.4.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 49 3.2.4.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 50 3.2.4.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 51


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3.2.4.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 52 3.2.4.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 52

3.3 TRANSPORT (NFR 1A3, NFR 1A5) .................................................................................... 52

3.3.1 Sector overview ............................................................................................... 52 3.3.1.1 Source category description .................................................................................................................... 52 3.3.1.2 Key sources .............................................................................................................................................. 54 3.3.1.3 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 54

3.3.2 Civil aviation (NFR 1A3a) ................................................................................. 55 3.3.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 55 3.3.2.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 56 3.3.2.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 56 3.3.2.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 56 3.3.2.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 56 3.3.2.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 57 3.3.2.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 57 3.3.2.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 57 3.3.2.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 57

3.3.3. Road transport (NFR 1A3b) ............................................................................. 57 3.3.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 57 3.3.3.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 57 3.3.3.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 58 3.3.3.4 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 59 3.3.3.5 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 63 3.3.3.6 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 64 3.3.3.7 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 64 3.3.3.8 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 64

3.3.4 Railway (NFR 1A3c) .......................................................................................... 64 3.3.4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 64 3.3.4.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 64 3.3.4.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 65 3.3.4.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 65 3.3.4.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 65 3.3.4.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 66 3.3.4.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 66 3.3.4.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 66 3.3.4.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 66

3.3.5 Navigation (NFR 1A3d) .............................................................................. 66 3.3.5.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 66 3.3.5.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 67 3.3.5.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 67 3.3.5.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 67 3.3.5.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 67 3.3.5.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 68 3.3.5.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 68 3.3.5.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 68 3.3.5.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 68

3.3.6 Off-road mobile machinery (NFR 1A2f ii, 1A4a ii, 1A4c ii, 1A4c iii, 1A5b) ....... 68 3.3.6.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 68 3.3.6.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 69 3.3.6.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 69 3.3.6.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 69 3.3.6.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 69 3.3.6.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 70 3.3.6.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 70 3.3.6.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 70 3.3.6.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 70

3.4 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS (NFR 1.B) .......................................................................................... 70

3.4.1 Overview ................................................................................................... 70

3.4.2 Trends in emissions .................................................................................. 71

3.4.3 Methods .................................................................................................... 71


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3.4.4 Emission factors ........................................................................................ 72

3.4.5 Activity data .............................................................................................. 72

3.4.6 Uncertainties ............................................................................................. 73

3.4.7 QA/QC and verification ............................................................................. 74

3.4.8 Recalculations ........................................................................................... 74

3.4.9 Planned improvements .............................................................................. 74

3.5 INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS .................................................................................................. 74

5.5.1 Overview ................................................................................................... 74

5.5.2 Trends in emissions .................................................................................. 74

5.5.3 Emission factors ........................................................................................ 74

5.5.4 Activity data .............................................................................................. 75

4. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (NFR 2) .............................................................................77

4.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................... 77

4.1.1 Overview of sector ........................................................................................... 77

4.1.2 Key sources ..................................................................................................... 78

4.1.3 Trends in emissions ........................................................................................ 78

4.2 MINERAL PRODUCTS (NFR 2A) .......................................................................................... 80

4.2.1 Source category description ............................................................................ 80 4.2.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 80 4.2.1.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 80

4.2.2 Cement clinker production (NFR 2 A 1) ..................................................... 81 4.2.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 81 4.2.2.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 81 4.2.2.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 82 4.2.2.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 82 4.2.2.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 83 4.2.2.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 84 4.2.2.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 84 4.2.2.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 84 4.2.2.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 84

4.2.3 Lime production (NFR 2 A 2) ..................................................................... 84 4.2.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 84 4.2.3.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 84 4.2.3.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 85 4.2.3.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 85 4.2.3.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 85 4.2.3.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 86 4.2.3.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 86 4.2.3.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 86 4.2.3.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 86

4.2.4 Asphalt roofing and Road paving with asphalt (NFR 2 A 5, 2 A 6) .................... 86 4.2.4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 86 4.2.4.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 87 4.2.4.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 87 4.2.4.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 87 4.2.4.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 88 4.2.4.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 89 4.2.4.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 89 4.2.4.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 89 4.2.4.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 90

4.2.5 Other mineral products (NFR 2 A 7 d) .............................................................. 90 4.2.5.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 90 4.2.5.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................................................................. 90 4.2.5.3 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 91 4.2.5.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................................................................... 91


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4.2.5.5 Activity data ............................................................................................................................................ 91 4.2.5.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................................................................... 92 4.2.5.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................................................................... 92 4.2.5.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................................................................... 92 4.2.5.9 Planned improvements ........................................................................................................................... 92

4.3 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (NFR 2 B) ......................................................................................... 93

4.3.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 93


4.3.3 Methods .......................................................................................................... 93

4.3.4 Emission factors .............................................................................................. 93

4.3.5 Activity data .................................................................................................... 93

4.3.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................... 94

4.3.7 QA/QC and verification ................................................................................... 94

4.3.8 Recalculations ................................................................................................. 94

4.3.9 Planned improvements .................................................................................... 94

4.4 METAL PRODUCTION (NFR 2 C) ......................................................................................... 94

4.4.1 Source category description ............................................................................ 94


4.4.3 Methods .......................................................................................................... 95


4.4.5 Activity data .................................................................................................... 95

4.4.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................... 96


4.4.8 Recalculations ................................................................................................. 96


4.5 OTHER PRODUCTION (NFR 2 D) ........................................................................................ 97

4.5.1 Source category description ............................................................................ 97


4.5.3 Methods .......................................................................................................... 98


4.5.5 Activity data .................................................................................................... 98

4.5.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................... 99


4.5.8 Recalculations ................................................................................................. 99


5. SOLVENT AND OTHER PRODUCT USE (NRF 3) ....................................................... 100

5.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 100

5.1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 100

5.1.2 Key sources ................................................................................................... 101

5.1.3 Trends in emissions ...................................................................................... 101

5.2 PAINT APPLICATION (NFR 3 A), DEGREASING AND DRY CLEANING (NFR 3 B), OTHER – PRINTING, DOMESTIC

SOLVENTS USE AND OTHER PRODUCT USE (NFR 3 D 1, 3 D 2, 3 D 3) .......................................... 102

5.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................. 102

5.2.2 Trends in emissions ................................................................................ 102

5.2.3 Methods .................................................................................................. 103

5.2.4 Emission factors ...................................................................................... 103

5.2.5 Activity data ............................................................................................ 103


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5.2.6 Uncertainties ........................................................................................... 104

5.2.7 QA/QC and verification ........................................................................... 104

5.2.8 Recalculations ......................................................................................... 104

5.2.9 Planned improvements ............................................................................ 105

5.4 CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURE AND PROCESSING (NFR 3 C) ......................................... 105

5.4.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 105


5.4.3 Methods ........................................................................................................ 105

5.4.4 Emission factors ............................................................................................ 105

5.4.5 Activity data .................................................................................................. 105

5.4.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................. 106

5.4.7 QA/QC and verification ................................................................................. 106

5.4.8 Recalculations ............................................................................................... 106

5.4.9 Planned improvements .................................................................................. 106

6. AGRICULTURE (NFR 4) ......................................................................................... 107

6.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 107

6.1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 107

6.1.2 Key sources ................................................................................................... 107


6.2 MANURE MANAGEMENT (NFR 4.B) ................................................................................... 109

6.2.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 109


6.2.3 Methods ........................................................................................................ 110

6.2.4 Emissions factors .......................................................................................... 110

6.2.5 Activity data .................................................................................................. 112

6.2.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................. 114


6.2.8 Recalculations ............................................................................................... 114


6.3 AGRICULTURAL SOILS (NFR 4.D) ...................................................................................... 114

6.3.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 114


6.3.3 Methods ........................................................................................................ 115


6.3.5 Activity data .................................................................................................. 116

6.3.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................. 116


6.3.8 Recalculations ............................................................................................... 116


6.4 PM EMISSION FROM STABLES (NFR 4.B) ............................................................................. 117

6.4.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 117


6.4.3 Methods ........................................................................................................ 117


6.4.5 Activity data .................................................................................................. 118

6.4.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................. 118


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6.4.8 Recalculations ............................................................................................... 118


6.5 OTHER (NFR 4G) ......................................................................................................... 118

6.5.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 118


6.5.3 Methods ........................................................................................................ 118


6.5.5 Activity data .................................................................................................. 119

6.4.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................. 119


6.4.8 Recalculations ............................................................................................... 119


7. LAND-USE, LAND-USE CHANGES AND FORESTRY (NFR 7A) ................................... 120

7.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 120

7.2 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES ............................................................................................... 120

8. WASTE (NFR 6) .................................................................................................... 123

8.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................... 123

8.1.1 Overview of sector .................................................................................. 123

8.1.2 Key sources ............................................................................................. 124


8.2 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ................................................................................................... 125

8.2.1 Source category description .......................................................................... 125


8.2.3 Methods ........................................................................................................ 126

8.2.4 Emission factors ........................................................................................... 127

8.2.5 Activity data .................................................................................................. 127

8.2.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................. 127


8.2.8 Recalculations ............................................................................................... 127


8.3 WASTE WATER HANDLING ............................................................................................... 128


8.3.2 Methods and emission factors ....................................................................... 128

8.3.2 Activity data .................................................................................................. 128

8.2.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................. 129


8.2.8 Recalculations ............................................................................................... 129


8.4 WASTE INCINERATION ..................................................................................................... 130


8.4.2 Emission trends ............................................................................................. 130

8.2.3 Methods ........................................................................................................ 130

8.2.4 Emission factors ........................................................................................... 131

8.2.5 Activity data .................................................................................................. 132

8.2.6 Uncertainties ................................................................................................. 133


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8.2.8 Recalculations ............................................................................................... 133


9. RECALCULATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS ............................................................... 134

9.1 RECALCULATIONS .......................................................................................................... 134

9.2 PLANNED IMPROVEMENTS ................................................................................................ 136

10. PROJECTIONS ...................................................................................................... 137

11. SUBMISSION OF LATVIAN FIVE YEARLY GRIDDED EMISSIONS DATA ........................ 139

12. REFERENCES........................................................................................................ 142

ANNEX 1 .................................................................................................................... 144

ANNEX 2 .................................................................................................................... 154

ANNEX 3 .................................................................................................................... 158

ANNEX 4 .................................................................................................................... 160

ANNEX 5 .................................................................................................................... 169


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Uncertainty assessment for main pollutants ....................................................................... 20

Table 1.2 Sources not estimated (NE) ................................................................................................ 20

Table 1.3 Sources included elsewhere (IE) ......................................................................................... 21

Table 3.1 Consumption of energy resources in Latvia (TJ), ................................................................. 28

Table 3.2 Electricity and heat production and consumption in Latvia (TJ) ........................................... 30

Table 3.3 Heat production and consumption in Latvia (TJ) ................................................................. 31

Table 3.4 Source categories and methods for Stationary fuel combustion sectors .............................. 33

Table 3.5 Reported emissions in Stationary fuel combustion sectors in 2012 ..................................... 34

Table 3.6 Trends in emissions from Stationary combustion sectors between 1990 and 2012 ............. 36

Table 3.7 Trends in emissions from 1A1 Energy Industries sector between 1990 and 2012 ............... 38

Table 3.8 Trends in emissions from 1A2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction sector between 1990

and 2012 ......................................................................................................................................... 43

Table 3.9 Trends in emissions from 1A4 Other sectors between 1990 and 2012 ............................... 47

Table 3.10 Source categories and methods for Transport sector ........................................................ 53

Table 3.11 Reported emissions in Transport sector in 2012 .............................................................. 53

Table 3.12 Trends in emissions from Transport sector between 1990 and 2012 ................................ 55

Table 3.13 Trends and emissions in Civil aviation ............................................................................. 56

Table 3.14 Emission factors used in the calculation of emissions from Civil aviation (Gg/PJ) .............. 56

Table 3.15 Trends and emissions in Road transport .......................................................................... 57

Table 3.16 Recalculations for Road transport .................................................................................... 64

Table 3.17 Impact of recalculations to emissions in road transport, current submission versus 2013 year

submission, % ................................................................................................................................... 64

Table 3.18 Trends and emissions in Railway ..................................................................................... 64

Table 3.19 Emission factors used for emissions calculation from Railway .......................................... 65

Table 3.20 Emission factors used in the calculation of Particulate Matters emissions from Railway ..... 65

Table 3.21 SO2 emission factors for Diesel oil used in the calculation of SO2 emissions from Railway . 65

Table 3.22 Trends and emissions in Navigation ................................................................................. 67

Table 3.23 Emission factors used in the calculation of emissions from navigation ............................. 67

Table 3.24 Trends and emissions in off-roads .................................................................................. 69

Table 3.24 Fugitive emissions in 1990-2012 (Gg) ............................................................................. 71

Table 3.25 NMVOC emission factors (g/kg) ....................................................................................... 72

Table 3.26 PM emission factors (g/tonne) ......................................................................................... 72

Table 3.27 Activity data used for NMVOC emission calculation in 1990-2001 (PJ) .............................. 72

Table 3.28 Activity data used for particulate matters emissions calculation in 1990–2012 (Gg) .......... 72

Table 3.29 Activity data used determining NMVOC emissions from gas leakage 1990–2012 .............. 73

Table 3.29 Trends and emissions in International Aviation and Navigation ........................................ 74

Table 3.30 Emission factors to calculate emissions from International Aviation .................................. 75

Table 3.31 Emission factors to calculate emissions from International Navigation .............................. 75

Table 3.32 Emission factors for Particulate Matters for international navigation ................................. 75

Table 3.33 SO2 emission factors used for Diesel oil in the SO2 calculation of emissions for International

Bunkers ............................................................................................................................................ 75

Table 3.34 SO2 Emission factors used for RFO in the SO2 calculation of emissions for International Bunkers

........................................................................................................................................................ 75

Table 3.35 Energy consumption in International Transport (TJ) .......................................................... 75

Table 4.1 Source categories and methods for Industrial Processes sector .......................................... 77

Table 4.2 Reported emissions in Industrial Processes sector in 2012 ................................................. 77

Table 4.3 Change in emissions from Industrial Processes sector between 1990 and 2012 (%)............. 78

Table 4.4 Emissions from Mineral Products in 1990-2012 ................................................................. 80


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Table 4.5 Emissions from Cement clinker production in 1990-2012.................................................. 81

Table 4.6 EFs for cement clinker production (Gg/Gg) ........................................................................ 83

Table 4.7 Cement production activity data in 1990–2012 (Gg) ........................................................... 83

Table 4.8 Emissions from Lime production in 2000-2012 ................................................................. 84

Table 4.9 Emission factors for lime production in 1990–2012 (Gg/Gg) .............................................. 85

Table 4.10 Emissions from Asphalt roofing and Road paving in 1990 -2012 ..................................... 87

Table 4.11 Emission factors for asphalt roofing and road paving in 1990–2012 ................................. 87

Table 4.12 Activity data for road paving with asphalt and asphalt roofing production ........................ 88

Table 4.13 Recalculations done in 2A5 and 2A6 sectors .................................................................... 89

Table 4.14 Emissions from Other mineral products in 1990 -2012 .................................................... 90

Table 4.15 Emission factors for glass production in 1990–2012 ........................................................ 91

Table 4.16 Activity data for raw materials use in glass production in 1990-2012 .............................. 92

Table 4.17 Particulate matters emissions from Chemical Industry in 2008-2012 ............................... 93

Table 4.18 Activity data of phosphate fertilizers in 2008-2012 (Gg) .................................................. 93

Table 4.19 Emissions from Metal Production in 1990-2012 .............................................................. 94

Table 4.20 Emission factors for Iron and Steel production in 1990–2012 ........................................... 95

Table 4.21 Emissions from Iron and Steel production in 1990-2011 after recalculation ..................... 96

Table 4.22 Emissions from Pulp and Paper (2.D.1) and Food and Drink (2.D.2) production sectors in

1990-2012 (Gg) ............................................................................................................................... 97

Table 4.23 NMVOC emission factors for food and drink industries .................................................... 98

Table 4.24 Activity data of 2.D.1 Pulp and Paper and 2.D.2 Food and Drink production sectors in 1990-

2012 ................................................................................................................................................ 99

Table 5.1 Trends in NMVOC emissions from Solvent and Other Product use sector .......................... 102

Table 5.2 NMVOC emissions from Paint Application (NRF 3.A), Degreasing and Dry Cleaning (NRF 3.B)

and Other Product Use (NRF 3.D) sectors in 1990–2012 (Gg) ........................................................... 103

Table 5.3 Activity data for Paint Application (NRF 3.A), Degreasing and Dry Cleaning (NRF 3.B) and Other

(NRF 3.D) in 2005-2012 (Gg) .......................................................................................................... 103

Table 5.4 The number of population is used as activity data under NRF 3.A, 3.B and 3.D for years 1990-

2005 .............................................................................................................................................. 104

Table 5.5 Emissions from Chemical Products, Manufacture and Processing (NRF 3.C) sector in 1990–2012

(Gg) ................................................................................................................................................ 105

Table 6.1 Source categories and methods for Agriculture sector ...................................................... 107

Table 6.2 Reported emissions in Agriculture sector in 2012 ............................................................ 107

Table 6.3 Trends in emissions from Agriculture sector between 1990 and 2012 .............................. 108

Table 6.4 Trends in emissions from Manure management between 1990 and 2012 ........................ 110

Table 6.5 Average N excretions per head of animal ......................................................................... 111

Table 6.6 N excretion for swine in average ...................................................................................... 111

Table 6.7 Average ammonia emission factors* (kg) ......................................................................... 112

Table 6.8 Number of livestock for 1990 – 2012 in the end of the year (thousand heads) .................. 113

Table 6.9 Emissions from fertilizers use and crop production and agricultural soils in 1990-2011 (Gg)

...................................................................................................................................................... 114

Table 6.10 PM and TSP Emission factors ......................................................................................... 117

Table 6.11 Emissions from grassland burning in 1993-2012 .......................................................... 118

Table 6.12 Default emission factors for emission calculation related burning of last year’s grass ..... 119

Table 7.1 Emissions from on – site burning in the forest ................................................................. 120

Table 7.2 Emission ratios for open burning of forests ..................................................................... 121

Table 7.3 PAH emission factors and ratios for burning .................................................................... 121

Table 8.1 Generated wastes in Latvia .............................................................................................. 123

Table 8.2 Source categories and methods for Waste sector .............................................................. 123

Table 8.3 Reported emissions in Waste sector in 2012 .................................................................... 123

Table 8.4 Change in emissions from Wastes sector between 1990 and 2012 (%) .............................. 124


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Table 8.5 Disposed waste amounts and Landfill gas volume in Latvia .............................................. 127

Table 8.6 NMVOC and ammonia emissions from Waste water handling ............................................ 128

Table 8.7 Activity data and emission factors for calculation of NH3 and NMVOC emission from Waste

Water Handling sector .................................................................................................................... 128

Table 8.8 Activity data type and value example ............................................................................... 128

Table 8.9 Activity data and result of emission (NH3 and NMVOC) calculations from Waste Water Handling

sector 1990-2012 .......................................................................................................................... 129

Table 8.10 Uncertainties for Waste Water handling sector................................................................ 129

Table 8.11 Emission factors for waste incineration .......................................................................... 131

Table 8.12 Emission factors from cremation ................................................................................... 131

Table 8.13 Incinerated wastes in Latvia ........................................................................................... 132

Table 8.14 Burned bodies in Riga crematorium ............................................................................... 132


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Key categories in 1990 ..................................................................................................... 18

Figure 1.2 Key categories in 2012 ..................................................................................................... 18

Figure 2.1 SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3 emissions in 1990-2012 (Gg) ................................................ 22

Figure 2.2 Emissions of particulate matter in 2000-2012 (Gg) ........................................................... 23

Figure 2.3 Emissions of heavy metals in 1990-2012 (Mg) .................................................................. 24

Figure 2.4 Lead emissions in 1990-2012 (Mg) .................................................................................. 24

Figure 2.5 PAH emissions in 1990-2012 (Mg) ................................................................................... 25

Figure 2.6 Emissions of HCB and PCB in 1990-2012 (kg) ................................................................... 26

Figure 2.7 Emissions of DIOX in 1990-2012 (g I-Teq) ....................................................................... 27

Figure 3.1 Distribution of emissions in Stationary combustion by subsectors in 2012 (%) ................... 35

Figure 3.2 Fuel consumption in 1.A.1 Energy Industries in 1990-2012 (PJ) ........................................ 40

Figure 3.3 Fuel consumption in 1.A.1.a sector and average temperature in Latvia (2000-2012) (PJ).... 41

Figure 3.4 Fuel consumption in 1.A.2 Manufacturing industries and construction in 1990–2012 (PJ) .. 45

Figure 3.5 Fuel consumption in 1.A.4 Other sectors in 1990–2012 (PJ) .............................................. 49

Figure 3.6 Fuel consumption in 1.A.4.b and average temperature in Latvia (2003-2012) ................... 50

Figure 3.7 Distribution of emissions in Transport sector by subsectors in 2012 (%) ............................ 54

Figure 3.8 Fuel consumption in Transport sector in 2011 and 2012 (TJ) ............................................ 54

Figure 3.9 Fuel consumption in Civil aviation (TJ) .............................................................................. 57

Figure 3.10 Development of fuel consumption in Road transport (TJ) ................................................. 59

Figure 3.11 Distribution of passenger cars fleet by sub-classes ........................................................ 60

Figure 3.12 Distribution of gasoline passenger cars fleet by layers .................................................... 61

Figure 3.13 Distribution of diesel oil passenger cars fleet by layers ................................................... 61

Figure 3.14 Distribution of light duty vehicles fleet by sub-classes .................................................... 62

Figure 3.15 Distribution of light duty vehicles fleet by layers ............................................................. 62

Figure 3.16 Distribution of heavy duty vehicles fleet by sub-classes .................................................. 63

Figure 3.17 Distribution of heavy duty vehicles fleet by layers ........................................................... 63

Figure 3.18 Fuel consumption in Railway transport (TJ) ..................................................................... 66

Figure 3.19 Development of gasoline and diesel oil fuel consumption in navigation ........................... 68

Figure 3.20 Fuel fuel consumption in off-roads (PJ) ........................................................................... 70

Figure 4.1 Emissions from Industrial Processes sector by subsectors in 2012 .................................... 78

Figure 4.2 Lime production activity data in 1990–2012 (Gg) .............................................................. 86

Figure 4.3 NMVOC emissions from glass fibre production in 1990–2012 (Gg) .................................... 91

Figure 4.4 Steel production activity data in 1990–2012 (kt) ............................................................... 96

Figure 5.1 NMVOC emissions from Solvent and Other Product Use sector in 1990-2012 .................. 100

Figure 5.2 Distribution of NMVOC emissions in Solvent and Other Product Use Sector for 2012 (Gg) 101

Figure 6.1 Distribution of emissions in Agriculture sector by subsectors in 2012 (%) ........................ 108

Figure 6.2 Ammonia emissions from Manure Management in 2012 ................................................. 109

Figure 6.3 Used nitrogen (kt) ......................................................................................................... 115

Figure 6.4 Area covered by crops, thsd.ha ....................................................................................... 116

Figure 6.5 PM emissions in 2000 – 2012 (Gg) .................................................................................. 117

Figure 6.6 Area of last years grass .................................................................................................. 119

Figure 7.1 Harvesting residues and residues left for incineration (1000 tons) .................................. 122

Figure 8.1 Distribution of emissions in Waste sector by subsectors in 2012 (%) ................................ 124

Figure 8.2 Disposed waste amounts in Latvia (Gg) ........................................................................... 126

Figure 8.3 NMVOC emissions from Solid waste disposal (kt) ............................................................ 126


15

Abbreviations

CEPMEIP/TNO - Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories,

Projections of “Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek”.

CORINAIR- The Core Inventory of Air Emissions in Europe

CSB – Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia

EDR – Emission Data Report

EMEP – Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation od the Long Range Transmission of Air

Pollutants in Europe

EMEP/CORINAIR – Atmospheric emission inventory guidebook, Co-operative Programme for Monitoring

and Evaluation on the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe, The Core Inventory of Air

Emmisions in Europe;

EMEP/EEA 2009 - The EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook;

FEWE – Polish Foundation for Energy Efficiency;

GHG – Greenhouse Gases

IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPCC 1996 – Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse gas Inventories (1997)

IPCC GPG 2000 – IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty management in national Greenhouse Gas

Inventories (2000)

IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003 – IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry

(2003)

IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention Control

LEGMC – Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre

LULUCF – Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry

MEPRD - Ministry of the Environmental Protection and Regional Development

MoT - Ministry of Transport

NCV – Net calorific value

NFR - Nomenclature For Reporting

OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

REBs – Regional Environmental Boards

RTSD – Road Traffic Safety Department

SFS – State Forest Service

UN – United Nations;

UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Pollutants:

As – arsenic Cr – chromium

Cd – cadmium Cu – copper

CO – carbon monoxide Hg – mercury

HM – heavy metals SO2 – sulphur dioxide

NH3 – ammonia Ni – nickel

NMVOC – non-methane volatile organic

compounds

NO2 – nitrogen dioxide

Se – Selenium

NOx – nitrogen oxides Pb – lead

DIOX – dioxins TSP – total suspended particulates

PM2.5 – particulate matter, particle size smaller

than 2.5 µm

PM10 - particulate matter, particle size smaller

than 10 µm

POP – persistent organic pollutants Zn – zinc

PAHs – polyaromatic hydrocarbons HCB – hexachlorobenzene


16

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON EMISSION INVENTORIES

The Republic of Latvia has ratified the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

(Geneva, 1979) by Resolution Nr. 63 of 7 July 1994 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia. Later

on Latvia has signed following Protocols of Convention:

The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs);

The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals;

The 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level

Ozone.

According to the revised Guidelines for Reporting Emission Data under the Convention on

Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (ECE/EB.AIR/97, revised 27 January 2009) Party shall

annually submit an emission inventory to the secretariat.

This report is Latvia’s Annual Informative Inventory Report (IIR) submitted on 15 March 2014.

The report contains information on Latvia’s inventories for 1990 - 2012.

The annual emission inventory for Latvia is reported in the Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR09

dated 30.9.2009) format as requested in the revised Reporting Guidelines.

The issues addressed in this report are: Trends in emissions, description of each NFR category,

recalculations, planned improvements.

The latest recalculations in emission inventory were done for the time period from 1990 to

2011. These were done because of the change of activity data in all sectors.

This report is made based on resubmitted emission data on 15 March 2014. It contains

information on Latvia’s emission inventories for years from 1990 to 2012 for anthropogenic

emissions of NOx; CO; NMVOC; SOx; NH3; TSP; PM10; PM 2,5; Pb; Cd; Hg; PCBs; DIOX; PAHs;

HCB; As; Cr; Cu; Ni; Se and Zn.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR INVENTORY PREPARATION

Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report (IIR) is prepared by the state Ltd LEGMC cooperating with

other institutions. The purpose of the LEGMC is to collect and process environmental

information, to carry out environmental monitoring and inform the general public of the status

of the environment, to provide for the geological supervision and rational use of natural

recourses, to implement the state policies in geology, meteorology, climatology, hydrology,

and air quality and the impact of transboundary air pollution.

The experts at the LEGMC have created inventory in co-operation with following institutions

and using expert publications and evaluations:

The Ministry of the Environmental Protection and Regional Development;

Central Statistical Bureau;

Institute of Physical Energetics;

Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava";

http://www.ceip.at/fileadmin/inhalte/emep/reporting_2009/Rep_Guidelines_ECE_EB_AIR_97_e.pdf

http://www.ceip.at/reporting-instructions/annexes-to-the-reporting-guidelines/


17

Latvia University of Agriculture;

Ministry of Agriculture.

1.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS OF INVENTORY PREPARATION

The process of inventory compilation consists of inventory planning that includes decision

making of methodological and organisational issues and time frame of inventory preparation.

In the first stage specific responsibilities are defined and allocated. In the second stage, the

inventory preparation process, were collected activity data, emission factors and all relevant

information needed for finally estimating emissions.

Latvia’s emissions inventory is based on the IPCC 1996, IPCC GPG 2000, IPCC GPG LULUCF

2003, EMEP/EEA 2009 and EMEP/EEA 2013.

NFR format is used to prepare inventory for years 1990–2012. To calculate emissions,

supplemental locally developed database in Excel format was used for all sectors except Road

Transport. A special Computer Programme for Road Transportation (COPERT IV), which is

proposed to be used by EEA member countries for the compilation of CORINAIR emission

inventories, was used. Additional researches were made, based on needs of recalculation, to

compile data and investigate appropriate approach to fulfil Convention obligations.

Generally activity data has used from Central Statistical Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture,

different enterprises and other institutions.

The deadline for submitting to LEGMC activity data and its description for all institutions

involved in inventory process is 1st of November; only final data regarding fuel consumption

was received until 30th of November when CSB prepared Energy balances for EUROSTAT

according to additional agreement.

More detailed information on methodologies and activity data is given in the description of

the sectors in chapters 3-8.

1.4 DESCRIPTION OF KEY SOURCE CATEGORIES

The Key category analysis (KCA) for years 1990 and 2012 was done by LEGMC according to

EMEP/EEA 2013 Level assessment. According to EMEP/EEA 2013 Guidelines, key categories

are emission sources which contribute to 80% of the total national emissions. The KCA was

performed for each reported pollutant separately. The key categories for 1990 and 2012 are

shown in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2.


18

Figure 1.1 Key categories in 1990

In 1990, the main categories for pollutants’ emissions in Latvia were Energy – stationary

combustion (NFR 1A1, 1A2, 1A4) and fugitive emissions (1B), as well as Transport (NFR 1A3,

1A5) sectors. Public electricity and heat production (NFR 1A1a), Commercial/Institutional (NFR

1A4a i), Residential sector (NFR 1A4bi) and Road Transport sector (NFR 1A3b) were sectors

which produce greatest part of the emissions. The majority of NH3 emissions were produced

by Agriculture sector (NFR 4). NMVOC emissions are also produced by Industrial Processes

(NFR 2) and Solvent and other product use (NFR 3) sectors which can be considered as key

categories.

Figure 1.2 Key categories in 2012

As it can be seen in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2 above, the key sources have slightly changed in

2012, comparing with 1990. The main key source for the majority of pollutants have remained

1 A 4 a i1 A 4 a i

1 A 4 a i

1 A 4 a i

1 A 4 a i

1 A 4 a i

1 A 4 a i 1 A 4 a i1 A 4 a i

1 A 4 a i

1 A 3 b iii

1 A 3 b iii1 A 3 b iii

1 A 3 b i

1 A 3 b i

1 A 3 b i

1 A 3 b i 1 A 1 a

1 A 1 a

1 A 1 a

1 A 1 a

1 A 1 a

1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i1 A 3 c

1 A 2 e 1 A 2 e 1 A 4 c i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

3 D 3

3 D 22 D 2

1 B 2 a v 1 B 2 b 1 A 4 c ii 1 A 4 c ii

4 B 1 b

4 B 1 a

4 D 1 a

4 B 8 1 A 3 b ii

Other OtherOther Other Other Other Other

Other

OtherOther Other Other

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3 CO Pb Cd Hg PCDD PAHs HCB PCB

1 A 1 a1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a

1 A 1 a

1 A 2 e 1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i 1 A 2 f i1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i1 A 2 f i

1 A 3 b i

1 A 3 b i

1 A 3 b i

1 A 3 b i 1 A 3 b iii

1 A 3 c

1 A 3 c

1 A 4 a i

1 A 4 a i

1 A 4 a i

1 A 4 a i1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 c i 1 A 4 c i

2 A 1

2 A 6

2 A 62 C 1 2 C 1

3 A 13 C

3 D 2

3 D 3

4 B 1 a

4 B 1 b

4 B 8

4 D 1 a

4 D 1 a6 C a

Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other

OtherOther

OtherOther

OtherOther

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NO

x

NM

VO

C

SO2

NH

3

TSP

PM

10

PM

2.5 CO Pb

Cd

Hg

PC

DD

PA

H

HC

B

PC

B


19

– Residential sector (NFR 1A4b i). Also the Road transport (NFR 1A3b i) have remained as a key

category for CO and Pb emissions. Changes in main emission sources can be seen in HCB

emissions, where waste incineration constitutes 10.9%, SOx emissions, where 13.3% of

national emissions are produced in Industrial Processes – Cement production (NFR 2A1) sector,

as well as NMVOC, where 38.7% are produced in Solvent and other product use sector instead

of 18% in 1990. The main producers of particulate matter emissions are Energy and Industrial

processes sectors.

1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL

The following Quality control (QA/QC) activities were carried out in the inventory preparation

process:

Processing;

Handling,

Documentation;

Recalculations;

Cross – checking.

The inventory is archived each year and it is possible to regenerate information.

Quality Control (QC):

Quality Control (QC) is a system of routine technical activities, to measure and control the

quality of the inventory as it is being developed. The QC system is designed to:

Provide routine and consistent checks to ensure data correctness and completeness;

Identify and address errors and omissions;

Document and archive inventory material.

QC activities include general methods such as accuracy checks on data acquisition and

calculations and the use of approved standardized procedures for emission calculations,

measurements, estimating uncertainties, archiving information and reporting. These activities

are implemented by sector experts and national inventory compiler.

Before submitting data to CEIP/EEA NFR formats were checked with RepDab.

Quality assurance (QA)

Quality Assurance (QA) activities include a planned system of review procedures conducted by

personnel not directly involved in the inventory compilation/development process. In the

inventory preparation process, general quality control procedures have been applied. Some

specific quality control procedures related to check of activity data and emission factors were

carried out.

Before submitting IIR to CEIP/EEA, data were approved by The Ministry of the Environmental

Protection and Regional Development.

1.6 GENERAL UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION

The calculation of uncertainty estimates was made according to the Tier 1 method presented

by the IPCC GPG 2000. The Tier 1 method is based on emission estimates and uncertainty

coefficients for activity data and emission factors.

http://www.ceip.at/repdab-check-your-inventory/


20

Uncertainty coefficients have been assigned based on expert judgement or on default

uncertainty estimates according to IPCC GPG 2000, EMEP/EEA 2009 and EMEP/EEA 2013,

because there is a lack of the information about background data to make actual calculations.

For each source, the uncertainty for activity data and emission factors was estimated and given

in per cent. The uncertainty analysis was done for the all sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes,

Solvent and Other Product Use, Agriculture, LULUCF and Waste. Uncertainties were estimated

only for main pollutants - NOx, CO, NMVOC, SOx and NH3. However, it is planned to include

uncertainty assessment also for other pollutants.

Table 1.1 Uncertainty assessment for main pollutants

Overall uncertainty, % Trend uncertainty, %

NOx 63.53 38.95

NMVOC 90.9 84.2

SOx 72.93 12.51

NH3 89.17 24.68

CO 98.81 69.89

Complete set of reporting tables for main pollutants can be found in Annex 4.

1.7 GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLETENESS

All territory of Latvia is covered by the inventory. Emissions from large part of NFR tables have

been estimated. Where this is not the case, notation keys – NE (not estimated), IE (included

elsewhere), NA (not applicable) or NO (not occurred), are used.

NE (not estimated):

“NE” is used for existing emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases that

have not been estimated.

Table 1.2 Sources not estimated (NE)

NFR09 code Substance(s) Reason for not estimated

2 A 1 Cement production HMs no methodology available, NE

according to EMEP 2009

2 A 2 Lime production HMs no methodology available, NE

according to EMEP 2009

2 D 3 Wood processing NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3 no statistical data is available

6 C e Small scale waste

burning All pollutants no statistical data is available

6 A Solid waste disposal

on land NH3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, Hg no emisson factor is available

6 C d Cremation

NH3, PM2.5, PM10, Se, Zn, HCB, benzo(b) fluoranthene,

benzo(k) fluoranthene, Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene,

Total PAH 1-4

no emisson factor is available

6 C a Clinical waste

incineration (d) NH3, PM2.5, PM10, Se, Zn no emisson factor is available

6 C b Industrial waste

incineration (d) NH3, Se no emisson factor is available

IE (included elsewhere):

“IE” is used for emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases that have

been estimated but included elsewhere in the inventory instead of the expected source/sink

category.


21

Table 1.3 Sources included elsewhere (IE)

NFR09 code Substance(s) Included in NFR code

3 A 3 Other coating application

(Please specify the sources

included/excluded in the notes

column to the right)

NMVOC 3 A 1 Decorative coating application

3 A 2 Industrial coating

application NMVOC 3 A 1 Decorative coating application

4B13; 4B9c; 49b NH3 4B9a

6 C a Clinical waste incineration

(d)

benzo(a) pyrene, benzo(b)

fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene,

Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene

Total PAH 1-4

6 C b Industrial waste

incineration (d)

benzo(a) pyrene, benzo(b)

fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene,

Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene

Total PAH 1-4

1 A 3 b ii Road transport: Light

duty vehicles PCDDs, PAHs

1 A 3 b i Road transport: Passenger

cars

1 A 3 b iii Road transport:

Heavy duty vehicles PCDDs, PAHs


cars

1 A 3 b iv Road transport:

Mopeds & motorcycles PCDDs, PAHs


cars

NA (not applicable):

“NA” is used for activities in a given source/sink category that do not produce emissions or

emissions are negligible.

C (confidential):

“C” is used for emissions that could lead to the disclosure of confidential information classified

in the national legislation if reported at the most disaggregated level. In this case a minimum

of aggregation is required to protect business information.

The completeness is estimated taking into account the usage of notation key NE relation this

number to total amount of the subcategories. Completeness is checked for all emissions.


22

2. AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION TRENDS

2.1. OVERVIEW

The emission estimates of air pollutants in Latvia include following emissions: sulphur dioxide,

nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds, ammonia,

particulates (TSP, PM10, PM2.5), heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, chromium,

copper, nickel, vanadium, zinc), PAHs, PCBs and DIOX.

2.2. MAIN POLLUTANTS (NOX, NMVOC, SOX, NH3, CO)

Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic

compounds and ammonia emissions are shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3 emissions in 1990-2012 (Gg)

SO2

Since 1990 to 2012 the total SO2 emissions have decreased by 97.65%. The reduction is mainly

due to use of fuels with lower content of sulphur as well as fuel switching from solid and liquid

types of fuel to natural gas and biomass. The main source of emissions is Energy sector. In

2012, the sulphur dioxide emissions are 2.41 Gg, generally from the Energy sector.

NOx

The total NOx emissions have decreased by 58.16% from 1990 to 2012. Generally the reduction

is due to decrease of total fuel consumption that was caused by transformation of national

economy as well as energy efficiency and control measures and also solid fuels and heavy

liquid fuels replacement with natural gas and biomass fuels. In 2012, the total nitrogen oxides

emissions are 35.23 Gg, generated mainly in the Energy sector (including Transport sector).

NH3

The total ammonia emissions have decreased approximately by 60.14% from 1990 to 2012.

72% of NH3 emissions are produced from agricultural activities in 2012, and the remaining

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

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95

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12

Gg

NH3 NOx NMVOC SOx CO


23

producers of ammonia are Energy and Waste sectors. Since 2000, it is observed that total

ammonia emissions have slightly increased by 28% due to increasing use of nitrogen fertilizers

and some categories of livestock.

CO

The CO emission trend shows a decrease of emissions for period 1990 – 2012 by 57.77%.

Carbon monoxide emissions, total 160.71 Gg (2012), originates generally from the Energy

sector. Residential sector generates the biggest part of the total CO emissions – 71.03%.

NMVOC

The total emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds are 54.25 Gg in 2012 and

have decreased by 32.10% from 1990 to 2012. NMVOC emissions mainly are generated in

Solvents sector (Domestic solvent use including fungicides and Other product use) – 32% -,

and Energy sector (Residential stationary plants) – 31.31% in 2012.

2.3. PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5, PM10, TSP)

PM emissions are shown in the Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2 Emissions of particulate matter in 2000-2012 (Gg)

PM emissions have an increasing trend from 2000 to 2012 (PM2.5 – 12.30%; PM10 – 22.30%, TSP

– 50.84%) and it is because of increased amount of used fuel. Almost all Particulate Matter

emissions are produced in Energy sector, especially Residential sector which is a key source

for particulate matter – PM2.5 is 74.38%, PM10 – 60.23% and TSP – 45.16% in year 2012

respectively. It is explained with large amounts of wood and wood wastes combusted in this

sector. An increase in emissions in 2004 can be explained with increased activities in Road

paving sector – in particular year VIA Baltica that connects the capitals of all Baltic States was

built.

2.4. HEAVY METALS (PB, CD, HG, AS, CR, CU, NI, SE, ZN)

Emissions of heavy metals are shown in the Figure 2.3.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Gg

PM2.5 PM10 TSP


24

Figure 2.3 Emissions of heavy metals in 1990-2012 (Mg)

Fluctuation of heavy metals emissions reflects changes in economical situation when country

had a transition from command economy to market economy. Since 2007, heavy metal

emissions have a decreasing trend with an exception of zinc and cadmium emissions that are

fluctuating. Most of zinc emissions are produced by combusting biomass and Zn emission

factor for biomass is higher than emission factors of other pollutants, therefore emissions of

zinc are remarkably high.

Figure 2.4 Lead emissions in 1990-2012 (Mg)

The most relevant changes in emissions of heavy metals can be seen in lead emissions (Figure

2.4). Comparing with year 1990 lead emissions have decreased by 96.18%. The most

significant decrease of lead emissions by 86.17% can be seen on year 1999 which can be

explained with changes in international legislation which prohibited to use liquid fuels with

high lead content. In 2012, the main source of lead was 1 A 3 b i – Road transport: Passenger

cars with 34.42% of total emissions.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

19

90

19

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92

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12

Mg

(Zn

, Cu

, Ni)

Mg

Cr Cd Hg As Se Zn Cu Ni

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

19

90

19

91

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Mg


25

2.5. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (DIOX, PAHS, PCB, HCB)

PAH

The PAHs emissions are shown in the Figure 2.5. The PCB and HCB emissions are shown in the

Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.5 PAH emissions in 1990-2012 (Mg)

As it can be seen from Figure 2.5, since 1999 total PAH emissions slightly differ from

summarized benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and indeno(1,2,3-

cd)pyrene emissions. It is because of unavailability of segregated emission factors for each

pollutant for industrial waste incineration (consumed in Manufacturing and Construction

Industries for energy purposes), where emission factor only for total PAHs emissions can be

found. The difference in 1999-2012 is 0.1-2.6% between total PAHs and sum of particular

pollutants.

PAH emissions have decreased in 1990–2012 by 27.2%, although the trend in the time series

could be considered as stable with fluctuations in the beginning of 90-ties and in the recent

years which can be explained with changes in national economy and also weather conditions

which influenced the consumption of particular fuels. 81.45% from PAHs in 2012 are generated

in 1 A 4 b Residential sector and mainly in solid biomass combustion processes. It has to be

noted that PAHs emissions from solid biomass combustion in 1 A 4 b sector are estimated

using default Tier1 methodology and Tier1 emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2013. Amount of

solid biomass combusted in different types of combustion installation types are not available

yet. The PAHs emissions reported in Submission 2014 is assumed as potentially overestimated

as in the latest years more efficient small combustion installations are used in the households.

It is planned to use Tier 2 method and emission factors for next inventories as some studies

will be carried out. In 2014 a research on obtaining detailed data on households has been

started.

In 2012, 7.83% of PAHs emissions are reported as generated in on-site slash burning in the

forests (sector 7A). These emissions are potentially overestimated as there is no precise

information on burned amounts therefore the expert's assumption is used.

0

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4

6

8

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12

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0

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199

9

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0

200

1

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200

3

200

4

200

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9

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0

201

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201

2

Mg

Total 1-4 benzo(a) pyrene benzo(b) fluoranthene benzo(k) fluoranthene Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene


26

Figure 2.6 Emissions of HCB and PCB in 1990-2012 (kg)

HCB emissions have increased by 81.04% from 1990-2012. Emissions have slightly increased

because of an increasing use of wood and wood wastes consumption in stationary fuel

combustion sector. HCB emissions from stationary fuel combustion are estimated only from

solid fuels – coal and coke, and solid biomass combustion activities. 41.45% from HCB

emissions in 2012 are generated in 1 A 4 b Residential sector and mainly in solid biomass

combustion processes. As default Tier1 methodology and Tier1 emission factors from

EMEP/EEA 2013 are used in HCB emissions estimation the emissions are also potentially

overestimated. For detailed emissions estimation fuel combustion divided in used combustion

technology is needed so that Tier2 emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2013 would be possible

to use. In 2014 a research on obtaining detailed data on households has been started.

PCB emissions had decreased in 1990-2012 by 85.94%. In 2012, almost all PCB emissions are

produced in Energy sector, mainly in Manufacturing and Construction Industries (55.61% in

2012).

DIOX

The DIOX emissions from 1990-2012 is shown in Figure 2.7.

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

19

90

19

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07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

Kg

HCB PCBs


27

Figure 2.7 Emissions of DIOX in 1990-2012 (g I-Teq)

DIOX emissions have a fluctuating trend and it is connected with biomass combustion

processes. Approximately 95% emissions from all DIOX emissions are generated in the Energy

sector, but the biggest part from Energy sector emissions is generated in the Residential sector

(71.34% from total 2012 emissions).

Dioxins emission increase in 1990-1991 is explained with crisis in national economy when

country went through a total restructuring – consumption of imported liquid and solid fuels

decreased but consumption of solid biomass as in-country type of fuel increased.

Emission fluctuation in 1996-2000 is explained with fuel consumption decrease due to crisis

in neighbourhood Russian Federation and fluctuations of emissions from waste sector –

cremation. However, in year 2001 the consumption of solid fuels grew due to less use of liquid

fuels and use of biomass instead.

DIOX emission decrease in 2004-2005 can be explained with relatively high temperatures in

winter when there less biomass used, but emissions’ increase in 2008-2009 by 12.28% can

be explained with the increase of solid biomass consumption due to relatively low average

temperature in winter. Since 2010, DIOX emissions are increasing, mainly due to high

temperatures in winter. The DIOX emissions increase is affected by the same reasons as in the

beginning of 90ties – the crisis in national economy and the implemented measures to

decrease the financial problems in country – the increase of VAT and other taxes, increase of

prices, decrease of purchasing capacity of population. Also the global fuel market problems

that caused increase of fuel price and the implementation of EU ETS were some of the reasons

why companies switched their activities to in-country type of fuel use.

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

19

90

19

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g I-

Teq


28

3. ENERGY SECTOR (NFR 1)

3.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW

3.1.1 Quantitative overview

Both the imported (natural gas, liquid gas, oil and oil products, coal) and local fuels (wood,

peat, hydro resources) are used in the Energy sector in Latvia (Table 3.1). Mainly the imported

fuels (natural gas and heavy oil) are used in heat generation. Smaller boiler houses burn local

fuel and coal as well.

Table 3.1 Consumption of energy resources in Latvia (TJ)1,2

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Energy

consumption 304961 173149 147462 172269 180376 183961 176182 170724 184574 169039 170827

Shale oil 79 2440 157 118 118 79 39 39 79 39

Liquefied

petroleum

gas

3689 1548 2140 2550 2687 2414 2186 2003 2103 2414 3279

Gasoline and

aviation

gasoline

26796 18128 14831 15126 16753 18299 16672 13941 12667 11926 10146

Jet kerosene 3067 1166 1123 2463 2852 3414 4105 4297 4926 4925 5012

Other

kerosene 648 432 43

Diesel oil

(including

gasoil)

43000 17166 20693 32887 36371 41343 39133 36500 38994 35268 35182

Residual fuel

oil 63092 36134 9460 3167 2152 1624 1096 1421 1069 735 568

White spirits 84 84 126 126 126 84 84 42 40 42 42

Lubricants 1633 963 879 1088 1088 1088 1047 628 586 795 922

Bitumen 1633 712 2009 2512 3098 3349 3600 2218 1967 2930 2888

Paraffin

waxes 126 335 251 251 209 293 461 293 251

Petroleum

coke 429 627 132 165 627 0

Other liquids 2637 712 2553 209 1088 963 795 711 1005

Used oils 879 848 263 234 263 117 95 88 58

Liquid fuels,

total 147158 77124 56423 61897 67474 73313 69269 62375 64579 59495 58387

Coal 26098 7172 2761 3146 3409 4248 4248 3409 4378 4509 3645

Peat 3286 3838 2452 80 70 90 90 30 100 40 30

Peat

briquettes 867 403 31 1 1 6 6 3 4

1 CSB. Annual Eurostat Energy Questionnaire, 2013

2http://data.csb.gov.lv/Menu.aspx?selection=vide__Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati__Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika&tablelist=true&px_language=en&px_db=vide&rxid=cdcb978c-22b0-416a-aacc-aa650d3e2ce0

http://data.csb.gov.lv/Menu.aspx?selection=vide__Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati__Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika&tablelist=true&px_language=en&px_db=vide&rxid=cdcb978c-22b0-416a-aacc-aa650d3e2ce0

http://data.csb.gov.lv/Menu.aspx?selection=vide__Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati__Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika&tablelist=true&px_language=en&px_db=vide&rxid=cdcb978c-22b0-416a-aacc-aa650d3e2ce0


29

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Coke 290 211 290 188 161 107 134 134 80 80 161

Oil shale 28

Solid fuels,

total 30569 11624 5534 3414 3640 4446 4473 3579 4564 4632 3840

Natural gas 99653 42279 45635 56852 58892 56922 55814 51381 61313 54034 50806

Wood and

wood

products:

27581 42102 39695 49396 49748 48706 46018 52591 51354 46901 52503

firewood 34351 34257 33808 32696 36354 33993 29741 31665

wood

remains 8421 8102 7011 6129 7687 7829 8008 7922

wood chips 6134 6934 7361 6667 8112 8596 8221 9911

wood

briquettes 221 221 238 238 204 374 343 548

wood pellets 270 234 288 288 234 562 588 2457

Charcoal 60 30 45 60 60 60 60 59

Bioethanol 43 0 1 108 350 318 279

Biodiesel 107 60 73 82 73 808 749 659

Landfill gas 251 259 271 290 323 331 349 347

Other biogas 7 91 497 1731

Sewage

sludge gas 20 44 118 100 79 80 120 119 104 109

Straws 0 11 16 14 29 60 43 38

Biomass,

total 27581 42122 39739 49932 50251 49190 46545 53311 53173 49021 55725

Used tires 131 174 119 90 81 21 107 424

Municipal

wastes 57 838 1433 1756

Other fuels,

total 0 0 131 174 119 90 81 78 945 1857 2069

The use of natural gas as a primary energy resource has grown increasingly since middle of

the nineties. The largest consumers of natural gas are combined heat and power plant, and

heat generation enterprises as well as industrial enterprises.

Oil products have an important place in the Latvian energy resource market; their market share

is about 30.63% in 2012, including heavy fuel – residual fuel oil and shale oil, with about 0.32%

of total energy consumption. The residual fuel oil consumption has a significant decrease - in

1990 it was 20.81% from total fuel consumption, but in 2012 it is 0.30%. The significant

decrease of heavy oil share in energy balance is explained with implementation of the EU

Directive 1999/32/EC prescribing that sulphur content of heavy oil must not exceed 1%. The

biggest part from liquid fuel consumption contributes to gasoline and diesel oil with

approximately 78% from total liquid fuel consumption where gasoline is mostly consumed in

transport sector and only a small part is used in off-roads. Diesel oil consumption divides by

combusted in transport sector – 73.9%, and combusted in stationary combustion installations

– 26.1% from total diesel oil consumption.


30

Total share of solid fuels in national market is quite low – approximately 2.01%. The solid fuel

consumption in last years is stable although the consumption had decreased by 87.07% since

1990. From 2009 to 2011 solid fuel consumption had increased by 29.42% that is mainly

explained with an increase of coal consumption, but in year 2011-2012 there can be seen a

decrease in emissions by 17.09% due to reduced use of coal.

Natural gas consumption has a stable place in total fuel consumption where natural gas

consumption is 32.86% in 1990 and 26.66% in 2012. Natural gas consumption has decreased

by 49.02% in 1990-2012. Recent years until 2011 the consumption of natural gas has an

increasing trend – from 2009 to 2010 even by 19.33%, but in 2010-2012 there can be seen a

decrease of natural gas by 17.14%.

Biomass fuels are wood and wood products, straw, charcoal and biofuels. In the total fuel

consumption the share of firewood and other wood products is quite substantial and has

reached its peak point 27.8% in 2010 by the side of 1990 when firewood consumption was

only about 9.1% from total energy consumption. However, in 2010-2011 the consumption of

wood and wood products dropped but in 2011-2012 it increased reaching 27.55% of all fuels

consumed.

In latest years liquid and gaseous biofuels are becoming more popular and from 0.056% in

2005 to 2012 their consumption has reached 0.49%. In latest years also such biomass fuels

as straws are used, and it has an increasing tendency with fluctuations, especially in year 2011,

which can mainly be explained with warm winter.

There are also used tires and municipal wastes used as fuel in the latest years, and the most

significant increase can be observed in year 2011 – comparing with year 2010 the consumption

of other fuels has increased by 96.51% and reached 1.10% from total share. However, in year

2012 the increase of other fuels consumed was not as rapid as in previous year, and the

increase in other fuels’ use in 2011-2012 was 11.42%, and the share of total fuel amount

consumed was 1.22% in 2012.

Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) and combined heat and power plants (CHP) produce part of

the electrical power, while part is imported (Table 3.2, Table 3.3). Volume of electricity

generation directly depends on the through-flow of the river Daugava. Also the import of

electricity from Russia, Estonia and Lithuania has a quite substantial role in the electricity

supply.

Table 3.2 Electricity and heat production and consumption in Latvia (TJ)3

Electricity

Production Own use and

losses Import Export

Final consumption

NFR 1A2 NFR 1A3 NFR 1A4 TOTAL

1990 16186 6883 25700 12798 11484 918 17550 29952

1991 11790 6682 15217 7 10807 785 17255 28847

1992 9076 5645 14688 7 8316 745 13777 22838

1993 10350 6102 9619 612 5440 688 10904 17032

1994 11898 6681 9533 2988 5076 670 10102 15848

3 http://data.csb.gov.lv/DATABASE/vide/Ikgadējie%20statistikas%20dati/Enerģētika/Enerģētika.asp

http://data.csb.gov.lv/DATABASE/vide/Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati/Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika/Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika.asp


31

Electricity

Production Own use and

losses Import Export

Final consumption

NFR 1A2 NFR 1A3 NFR 1A4 TOTAL

1995 10573 6372 9529 1408 5130 677 10267 16074

1996 6700 7989 12377 760 4975 641 9266 14882

1997 10634 7694 6566 4 5519 634 8935 15088

1998 15545 6559 3290 1382 5296 612 10310 16218

1999 9932 5774 9349 2311 5130 554 10375 16059

2000 10163 5202 7589 1159 5159 547 10411 16117

2001 10210 5688 8424 1645 5562 623 10314 16499

2002 8906 5188 10217 1764 5494 518 11563 17575

2003 8330 5065 9616 137 5778 490 12456 18724

2004 11369 4975 9839 2290 5882 500 13072 19454

2005 12139 4767 10278 2545 6120 533 13972 20625

2006 9878 4522 10116 1087 6332 540 15242 22114

2007 10030 4194 17870 7070 6538 504 16740 23782

2008 11405 4198 16715 7643 6066 497 17298 23861

2009 12625 4032 15333 9378 5421 436 16114 21971

2010 12848 4626 14303 11160 5724 453 16197 22374

2011 10649 4137 14432 9950 6012 446 15829 22287

2012 13756 3639 17766 11678 7175 464 17015 24654

Table 3.3 Heat production and consumption in Latvia (TJ) 4

Heat

Production Own use and losses Final consumption

NFR 1A2 NFR 1A4 TOTAL

1990 99439 15171 32929 51339 84268

1991 96120 16096 33394 46630 80024

1992 75442 10953 22632 41857 64489

1993 54846 9954 7154 37738 44892

1994 46822 7330 1998 37494 39492

1995 46112 8215 1969 35928 37897

1996 47137 8838 2046 36253 38299

1997 45721 8317 1976 35428 37404

1998 42872 8950 1940 31982 33922

1999 36191 8115 1162 26914 28076

2000 31867 6815 659 24393 25052

2001 33937 7038 641 26258 26899

2002 33048 6541 630 25877 26507

2003 33516 6409 626 26481 27107

2004 31093 6174 608 24311 24919

2005 31144 5886 684 24574 25258

2006 30056 5454 634 23968 24602

2007 28685 4911 554 23220 23774

2008 26402 4010 356 22036 22392

4 http://data.csb.gov.lv/DATABASE/vide/Ikgadējie%20statistikas%20dati/Enerģētika/Enerģētika.asp

http://data.csb.gov.lv/DATABASE/vide/Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati/Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika/Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika.asp


32

Heat

Production Own use and losses Final consumption

NFR 1A2 NFR 1A4 TOTAL

2009 26308 4099 298 21911 22209

2010 28662 4590 387 23685 24072

2011 25000 4104 268 20628 20896

2012 26857 4464 259 22134 22393

Types of fuels used for combustion in Latvia:

Liquid fuels are mainly imported from Latvia’s neighbour countries – Lithuania, Belarus,

Russian Federation, Norway and others and consist of:

shale oil;

liquefied petroleum gas;

motor gasoline and aviation gasoline;

kerosene type jet fuel;

other kerosene;

gasoline type jet fuel;

motor diesel oil and heating gas oil;

residual fuel oil;

other liquids:

used oils,

pyrolysis resin,

petroleum coke.

Solid fuels consist of coal and coke imported from Commonwealth of Independent States

(countries of former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and local fuels – peat and peat

briquettes that are mainly produced inside country but not imported;

Gaseous fuels (natural gas) are 100% imported from Russian Federation;

Biomass fuels:

solid biomass – wood and other wood products, charcoal, straw, is mainly produced

and used inside of the country,

methane obtained from biogas that is 100% produced inside of the country – landfill

gas that is used since 2002 when first landfill started to collect and combust biogas

with energy recovery, and sludge gas that is combusted with energy recovery since

1993 in one sewage purification plant, and also other biogases from anaerobic

fermentation,

liquid biofuels – biogasoline and biodiesel, that are mainly imported from Latvia’s

neighbourhood countries.

Other fuels are municipal wastes and industrial wastes – used tires, collected by and

combusted in cement production plant in Latvia.


33

3.1.2 Description

Emissions from fuel combustion comprise all in-country fuel combustion, including point

sources, transport and other fuel combustion. Emissions from fuel combustion in the Energy

sector are divided into following subcategories:

1.A.1 Energy Industries;

1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction;

1.A.3 Transport – covers emissions from road transport, civil aviation, railways and

domestic navigation, as well as emissions from off-road machinery (NFR 1A2f ii, 1A4a

ii, 1A4b ii, 1A4c ii, 1A4c iii);

1.A.4 Other Sectors (Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Agriculture/Forestry/

Fisheries);

1.A.5 Other (Not elsewhere specified) – covers emissions from military machinery;

1.B Fugitive emissions from solid fuels, natural gas and oil.

3.2 STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION (NFR 1A1, 1A2, 1A4)

3.2.1 Sector overview

3.2.1.1 Source category description

This chapter includes stationary combustion plants and autoproducers plants.

1A1 Energy industries sectors include emissions from fuel combustion in point sources in

energy production including emissions from off–road. 1A1 sector also includes the emissions

from on-site use of fuel in the energy production facilities and emissions from manufacturing

of solid fuels (peat briquettes plant) – these emissions are reported under 1A1c Manufacture

of solid fuels and other energy industries sector. There is no petroleum refining in Latvia.

1A2 sector includes the emissions from on-site use of fuel in the industrial production

facilities (autoproducers) – these emissions are reported under particular sub-sectors of 1A2

according to IPCC 1996.

Under 1.A.2 f Other sector emissions from following industrial sectors are reported:

Non-Metallic Minerals

Transport Equipment

Machinery

Mining and Quarrying

Wood and Wood Products

Construction

Textiles and Leather

Non-specified (Industry)

Table 3.4 Source categories and methods for Stationary fuel combustion sectors

NFR code Description Method AD EF

1 A 1 a Public electricity and heat production Tier 1 NS5, PS6 D7, PS

5 National statistics

6 Plant specific (AD – data obtained from plant)

7 Default EF from EMEP/EEA 2013


34


1 A 1 c Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries Tier 1 NS D

1 A 2 a Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction:

Iron and steel

Tier 1 NS D

1 A 2 b Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction:

Non-ferrous metals

Tier 1 NS D

1 A 2 c Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction:

Chemicals

Tier 1 NS D

1 A 2 d Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction:

Pulp, Paper and Print

Tier 1 NS D

1 A 2 e Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction:

Food processing, beverages and tobacco

Tier 1 NS D

1 A 2 f i Stationary combustion in manufacturing industries and construction:

Other

Tier 1 NS, PS D

1 A 4 a i Commercial/Institutional Tier 1 NS, PS D

1 A 4 b i Residential Tier 1 NS D

1 A 4 c i Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing Tier 1 NS D

Table 3.5 Reported emissions in Stationary fuel combustion sectors in 2012

NFR code Emissions

1 A 1 a NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, dioxins, benzo(a)pyrene,

benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, total PAHs, HCB, PCB

1 A 1 b NO

1 A 1 c NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, dioxins, benzo(a)pyrene,


1 A 2 a NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, dioxins, benzo(a)pyrene,


1 A 2 b NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, dioxins, benzo(a)pyrene,


1 A 2 c

NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, dioxins,

benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, total PAHs,

HCB, PCB

1 A 2 d



HCB, PCB

1 A 2 e



HCB, PCB

1 A 2 f i



HCB, PCB

1 A 4 a i



HCB, PCB

1 A 4 b i



HCB, PCB

1 A 4 c i



HCB, PCB

3.2.1.2 Key sources

Stationary fuel combustion is a key source for SOx, NMVOC, CO, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, Hg, Cd, As,

Ni, Se, Zn, PCDDs, PAHs, PCBs and HCB emissions (Figure 3.1).


35

Stationary combustion is the most important source for NMVOCs, CO, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, Hg,

Dioxins, PAHs and HCBs emissions.

Figure 3.1 Distribution of emissions in Stationary combustion by subsectors in 2012 (%)

NOx emissions generated in stationary fuel combustion sectors are 36.97% from total

emissions in 2012. The largest part – 8.04% of total NOx emissions are generated in 1A2f i

Other manufacturing industries and Construction sector, as well as in 1A4b i Residential sector

with 7.43% of total emissions.

SOx emissions from stationary fuel combustion were 68.46% from total SOx emissions in 2012,

and 1 A 2 sector was the most important with 31.24%. The SOx emissions from stationary fuel

combustion have lost the importance because of constant decrease of sulphur containing

fuels.

Stationary fuel combustion generated 43.04% NMVOC emissions of the total Latvia’s NMVOC

emissions in 2012 with residential sector as the most important with 31.31%. The most

important source for NMVOC emissions from stationary fuel combustion is solid biomass

combustion.

The largest part of NH3 emissions in stationary fuel combustion are produced in residential

sector – in 2012 there are produced 10.24% of total NH3 emissions. According to EMEP/EEA

2013, there are no emission factors for NH3 emission estimation in 1A1 sector, therefore

notation key NE in particular sector was used.

In 2012 stationary fuel combustion sectors accounted 80.95% of the total Latvia’s CO

emissions. Residential plants were the largest emission source accounting for 71.03% of total

Latvia’s CO emissions.

Stationary fuel combustion generated 88.42% of total Latvia’s PM2.5 emissions, 71.94% of the

Latvia’s total PM10 emissions and 54.02% of the Latvia’s total TSP emissions in 2012. Mainly

particulate matters are generated in biomass combustion.

In 2012 stationary fuel combustion accounted 96.11% of the Latvia’s total mercury emissions.

Mercury emissions from stationary fuel combustion are mainly emitted in solid fuels and

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NO

x

NM

VO

C

SOx

NH

3

PM

2.5

PM

10

TSP

CO Pb

Cd

Hg

As Cr

Cu Ni

Se Zn

Dio

x

PA

Hs

HC

B

PC

Bs

1 A 1 Energy Industries 1 A 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 1 A 4 Other sectors


36

biomass fuel combustion. Cadmium emissions from stationary fuel combustion account

97.92% from total emissions, and residential sector is the biggest producer of cadmium

emissions in stationary fuel combustion sector with 57.10% from total Cd emissions.

Stationary fuel combustion is main producer of POPs emissions – PCDDs, PAHs, HCB and PCBs.

For Submission 2014, HCB emissions only from solid fuels and solid biomass combustion were

estimated therefore residential sector is the largest sector of HCB emissions with 41.45% of

total stationary fuel combustion emissions. Solid biomass combustion is the main source of

PAHs emissions in 2012 therefore residential and other manufacturing industries are the

biggest emitters of PAHs emissions with 81.45% and 7.83% respectively. Stationary fuel

combustion is a key source with 94.17% for the PCDDs emissions where solid biomass and

solid fuels are the main emitters for the particular emissions.

3.2.1.3 Trends in emissions

Table 3.6 Trends in emissions from Stationary combustion sectors between 19908 and 2012

Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in 1990

-2012, %

NOx

Gg

46.14 23.48 15.08 14.44 14.25 12.56 13.03 -71.77

NMVOC 21.57 23.70 20.63 24.62 24.57 21.89 23.53 9.06

SOx 96.45 47.27 14.21 4.95 2.90 2.32 1.65 -98.29

NH3 1.66 2.51 2.28 2.72 2.71 2.41 2.63 58.11

PM2.5 NR NR 23.31 27.11 26.61 23.18 24.76 6.25

PM10 NR NR 24.04 27.93 27.44 23.91 25.55 6.27

TSP NR NR 25.39 29.47 28.94 25.22 26.95 6.13

CO 139.98 143.28 124.91 145.56 142.66 123.97 130.09 -7.07

Pb

Mg

4.32 2.14 1.49 1.75 1.91 1.83 1.86 -57.07

Cd 0.45 0.58 0.50 0.60 0.62 0.56 0.62 37.19

Hg 0.27 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 -70.17

As 0.31 0.19 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 -70.02

Cr 1.09 1.13 0.95 1.12 1.16 1.07 1.17 7.44

Cu 0.87 0.52 0.38 0.44 0.48 0.45 0.48 -44.49

Ni 8.76 5.34 1.53 0.74 0.40 0.36 0.33 -96.27

Se 0.37 0.28 0.17 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 -85.14

Zn 23.51 25.01 20.67 24.88 25.67 23.47 25.80 9.74

Dioxins g I-Teq 26.18 27.86 26.27 30.86 29.34 29.90 30.01 14.61

benzo(a) pyrene

Mg

4.89 4.42 3.72 4.35 4.26 3.70 3.82 -22.00

benzo(b)

fluoranthene 5.66 4.45 3.57 4.22 4.19 3.67 3.74 -34.00

benzo(k)

fluoranthene 2.20 1.69 1.35 1.59 1.58 1.38 1.40 -36.16

Indeno (1,2,3-cd)

pyrene 2.54 2.48 2.14 2.48 2.42 2.09 2.17 -14.71

Total PAHs 15.29 13.03 10.87 12.78 12.52 11.15 11.38 -25.62

HCB kg

0.19 0.25 0.23 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.30 58.81

PCBs 4.27 1.09 0.48 0.56 0.72 0.74 0.59 -86.12

The majority of total emissions from stationary fuel combustion has decreased in 1990-2012,

except for NMVOC, NH3, Cr, Zn, dioxins and HCB emissions. An increase in particular

emissions is directly related with the increased use of biomass in 1990-2012.

8 For PMs the base year is 2000 instead of 1990


37

SOx had the biggest decrease in time period 1990–2012 by 98.29% (Table 3.6) and in 2011-

2012 SOx emissions have decreased by 28.76%. The emission decrease is explained with fuel

switch from heavy liquid fuels and solid fuels to natural gas and biomass use to cut the

increased costs of these fuels and to meet the commitments of EU ETS. The decrease of SOx

emissions from Energy industries sector in latest years is explained with the methodology

change when emissions were taken from national database “2-AIR” for 2005-2012 where all

air polluters have to report their emission data.

There is also a remarkable decrease in NOx emissions by 71.77%, that can be explained with

change in fuel types – solid fuels widely used previously were changed to biomass that has

lower NOx emission factor, therefore the emissions decreased.

NMVOC and NH3 emissions, however, have increased by 9.06% and 58.11% in 1990-2012,

accordingly, which is mainly because of increased use of biomass, especially in case of NH3

emissions which currently are calculated only from biomass burning processes in 1A2 and 1A4

sectors.

Particulate matter emissions constantly increased in 2000-2012 in total that is explained with

an increase of wood and wood products consumption in residential, commercial and

institutional combustion plants. Since 2005 particulate matters emissions have decreased due

to the decrease of total fuel consumption as well as with increase of natural gas consumption

in commercial and institutional buildings instead of wood and wood products consumption.

In 2008-2009 the particulate matters’ emissions again increased by little less than 12% due

to sharp increase of solid biomass consumption influenced by development of EU ETS sector

as well as by economical crisis that resulted in higher taxes (and total price) of other imported

types of fuels – diesel oil, natural gas, coal, that were introduced by the government to increase

total income in national economy. In 2011-2012 particulate matter emissions slightly

increased due to increase of biomass consumption.

The majority of heavy metal emissions have decreased by 44.49%–96.27% in 1990-2012.

Decrease of heavy metal emissions is explained with a decrease of total fuel consumption in

early 90-ties due to economical crisis in country. In the latest years heavy metal emissions

decreased due to fuel switch from heavy liquid and solid fuels to natural gas and biomass

consumption where heavy metal emissions are negligible, except for zinc that has the highest

emission factor of all heavy metals. All emissions in 2011-2012 have increased with an

exception of Ni emissions. It is also explained with the increase of solid biomass share in total

stationary combusted fuel consumption amount.

PAH emissions have decreased by 25.62% (total PAHs) in 1990-2012, HCB emissions increased

by 58.81% and PCDDs emissions increased by 14.61% in 1990-2012 that is explained with

sharp increase of solid biomass consumption. The decrease of PCBs emissions by 86.12% is

explained with solid fuels consumption decrease – solid fuels have significantly higher

emission factor than solid biomass therefore the decrease of first mentioned has a bigger

effect.


38

3.2.2 Energy Industries (NFR 1A1)

3.2.2.1 Overview

1A1 Energy industries sector include emissions from fuel combustion in point sources in

energy production including emissions from off–road. Fuel consumption in autoproducer

combustion installations is excluded from this sector and included in particular sectors of 1A2,

1A4a and 1A4c sectors according to IPCC 1996.

Emissions from combustion installations with NACE 2 codes 35.11 and 35.30 are reported in

1A1a sector. There are no direct electricity production only plants in Latvia. There are no

petroleum reifneries in Latvia. 1A1 sector also includes the emissions from on-site use of fuel

in the energy production facilities and emissions from manufacturing of solid fuels (peat

briquettes and charcoal production plants) – these emissions are reported under 1A1c

Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries sector.


Table 3.7 Trends in emissions from 1A1 Energy Industries sector between 19909 and 2012

Year Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

NOx

Gg

10.72 6.34 4.42 4.07 3.50 3.10 3.03 -71.78

NMVOC 0.22 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.14 -37.28

SOx 36.99 23.12 7.14 2.16 0.78 0.36 0.35 -99.05

PM2.5 NR NR 0.56 0.69 0.80 0.75 0.88 56.94

PM10 NR NR 0.68 0.80 0.93 0.87 1.03 50.49

TSP NR NR 0.81 0.90 1.03 0.97 1.14 40.86

CO 2.60 1.39 1.56 1.76 2.04 1.90 1.90 -26.93

Pb

Mg

0.25 0.18 0.14 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.14 -45.05

Cd 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -78.31

Hg 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -63.39

Diox g I-Teq 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.26 0.31 0.29 0.34 84.89

PAHs Mg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 387.20

HCB kg

0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 -5.79

PCB 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 1339.92

Almost all emissions from 1A1 sector have decreased in 1990-2012 with an exception of PAHs

and dioxins, as well as PCB emissions that can mainly be explained with decrease of liquid and

solid fuels consumption and increased use of biomass consumption in 1A1 sector.

NOx and SOx emissions for 1.A.1 sector are taken from national database “2-AIR” where all

polluters and combustors report their emission data therefore in the emission measuring the

best available technique is taken into account. Lasting decrease of emissions is explained with

high standards of physical characterization of fuels and fuel switching to the fuels with lower

costs and emissions – natural gas and biomass.

3.2.2.3 Methods

Tier 1 method was used to calculate emissions from the stationary fuel combustion.

Calculation of all emissions from fuel combustion is done with Excel databases developed by

experts from LEGMC.



39

The general method for preparing inventory data was used:

qBEFEm

where:

Em – total emissions (Gg)

EF – emission factor (t/TJ)

Bq – amount of fuel in thermal units (TJ)

For NFR 1A1a sector NOx and SOx emission data of 2005-2012 from combined heat and power

plants as well as heat production only plants are taken from database “2-AIR” where

enterprises that do any pollution activity and have A, B or C category pollution permits report

their emission data.

3.2.2.4 Emission factors

The main source for emission factors is EMEP/EEA 2013 (emission factors used for Energy

sector are presented in Annex I, Table 1).

SOx emissions factors were calculated by formula taken from IPCC Guidelines and were

calculated by national expert considering physical characterizations of types of fuels used in

Latvia and national and international legislation. Percentage amount of sulphur content in used

fuels is taken from national database “2-AIR” where polluters report the sulphur content data

for certain types of fuels (Annex I, Table 2).

Emission factors for SOx are calculated by using following equation.

100

100

100

10010

1

1002 6 nr

Q

s

where:

EF – emission Factor (kg/TJ)

2 – SO2 / S (kg/kg)

s – sulphur content in fuel (%)

r – retention of sulphur in ash (%)

Q – net calorific value (TJ/kt)

106 – (unit) conversion factor

n – efficiency of abatement technology and/or reduction efficiency (%).

The default emission factors used in emission estimations were taken from EMEP/EEA 2013

(Annex I). Emission factors for sludge gas were equalled to natural gas emission factors due

to unavailability of particular emission factors for sludge gas. Emission factors for biodiesel

were equalled to diesel emission factor.

3.2.2.5 Activity data

Mainly emissions from fuel combustion are calculated using fuel consumption data from the

CSB prepared within Annual questionnaires for 1990-2012 sent to EUROSTAT. In the

EUROSTAT tables fuel consumption mainly is in natural units (kt, millions m3) therefore net

calorific values provided by CSB are used to calculate fuel consumption into terajoules, except

for natural gas where NCVs are taken from the natural gas company as noted previously. Data

on fuel consumption in 1A1 sector are presented in Annex 5.

The CSB data collection system is based on detailed compulsory survey 2-EK (annual). Form

2-EK “Survey on acquisition and consumption of energy resources” is collected from about


40

5000 enterprises and organizations (with all kind of economic activity) that are included in the

lists of suppliers of statistical information.

Approximately 5000 respondents – all enterprises of the local governments regardless their

number of employed and other enterprises employing 80 and more persons – were surveyed.

Enterprises and organizations employing less than 80 persons were surveyed by the random

sampling and afterwards the acquired results were extrapolated. 2–EK represents the basic

tool for creating energy balances at a country level.

In Figure 3.2 Fuel consumption in 1.A.1 Energy Industries in 1990-2012 (PJ) there can be seen

fuel consumption by fuel types in 1990-2012. The largest amounts of fuel types consumed

are gaseous fuels in the whole time series and liquid fuels in the beginning of 1990-ties. The

amounts of biomass consumed are slightly increasing, while the amounts of solid fuels are

decreasing.

Figure 3.2 Fuel consumption in 1.A.1 Energy Industries in 1990-2012 (PJ)

The biggest decrease in time period 1990–2012 for the two sub-sectors of 1.A.1 Energy

industries sector was for liquid fuel due to significant decrease of fuel consumption in 1.A.1.a

subsector by 98.36%. It is explained with fuel switching processes when liquid fuels were

switched to other more low-cost fuels. Also stronger legislation contributed fuel switch to the

type of fuels with lower level of emissions. It also explains why consumption of solid fuels

decreased. However, in the latest years consumption of solid fuels have increased that is

explained with the increase of coal consumption in 1.A.1.a subsector by 400% in 2006-2012.

The increase of solid fuel consumption was promoted by increase of oil price in world when

coal combustion became cheaper than combustion of residual fuel oil and diesel oil.

Consumption of biomass fuel has increased by 1787.17% in 1990–2012. Solid biomass has

lower costs therefore liquid and solid fuels replaced with biomass and natural gas.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

19

90

19

91

19

92

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97

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99

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00

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03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

PJ

Liquid Fuels Solid Fuels Gaseous Fuels Biomass


41

Figure 3.3 Fuel consumption in 1.A.1.a sector and average temperature in Latvia (2000-

2012) (PJ)

As it can be seen in Figure 3.3, the fuel consumption in 1.A.1.a sector is related with the

average temperature in heating season (assumed that October-April are average months of

heating season) with an exception of years 2006 where the correlation is not observed which

can be explained with a decrease of central heating supply consumers when they switched to

individual heating supply. Years 2006-2008 had quite high average temperature therefore the

fuel consumption for combined heat plants and heat plants for heat production decreased as

there wasn’t any need of high heat production amount but in 2009-2010 the average

temperature was lower and the use of fuel consumption increased. However in year 2011 the

fuel consumption decreased because of a relatively warm winter, and in year 2012 the

consumption of fuel continued to decrease despite the fall of average temperature.

3.2.2.6 Uncertainties

Uncertainty in activity data of fuel combustion in 1.A.1 sector is ±2% in 2012. CSB gives

approximately 2% statistical sample error for statistical data. According to CSB, as data are

obtained using information given by respondents, this number is a variation coefficient which

characterizes selection of respondents. Total variation coefficient for energy balance is within

2-3%. In Latvia all fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal) are imported and import and export

statistics are fairly accurate.

Uncertainty of activity data for solid biomass combustion was assigned as 15% because

biomass activity data were collected by CSB with questionnaires sent by enterprises consumed

biomass. Also, according to IPCC 2000, pg. 2.41, there is more uncertainty for biomass and

traditional fuels, that was a reason for higher uncertainty than for other fuel types. Uncertainty

of biogas stationary combusted in enterprises covered by 1.A.1 Energy Industries sector was

assumed rather low – 2% because the combusted fuel amount is obtained directly from

wastewater treatment plant that has precise measurement equipment for accounting of

combusted fuel. Still the methane percentage amount in combusted sludge gas is given

approximately by the wastewater treatment plant that’s why final uncertainty of combusted

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

PJ

Energy consumption, PJ Average temperature


42

sludge gas is assumed as 20%. Total biomass fuel consumption uncertainty is assumed as 20%

taking into account uncertainties of solid biomass and biogas consumption.

Emission factor uncertainty is assumed as 50%.

3.2.2.7 QA/QC and verification

QA/QC check is performed with Tier 1 method from IPCC 2000 GPG. All findings were

documented by using check-lists and introduced in GHG inventory. All corrections are

archived.

There are several steps for activity data verification:

1) Activity data check at the data providing institution:

CSB has the internal QA/QC procedures based on mathematical model and analysis to

avoid logic mistakes.

2) Activity data checked at the institution responsible for the emission estimation and

reporting:

During the activity data input in emission estimation database done by sectoral expert

all the data changes are compared to previous inventory. The reasons of data changes

are explained.

After the data input in emission estimation database, the activity data is verified using

diagrams that is the best way to reflect all the illogical data fluctuations.

The activity data used in estimations is verified by CSB energy experts by checking the

data input reported in the IIR.

The emissions for CLRTAP emissions in the database are cross-checked with emissions

reported within UNFCCC convention to ascertain if these are equal.

3.2.2.8 Recalculations

Activity data were updated by CSB for wood consumption. Energy consumption less than 1 kt

was taken from Energy balance available on CSB on-line database. Slight changes in natural

gas GCV that influenced the amounts of gas consumed. Landfill gas previously reported in

1.A.1.a was allocated to 1.A.4.a sector. Other liquid fuels were split into waste oils petroleum

coke and other liquid fuels therefore the consumption changed divided by fuel types.

Emissions were recalculated as well due to updates in emission factors in EMEP/EEA 2013

guidebook.

3.2.2.9 Planned improvements

It is planned to use EU ETS data of consumed fuel.

3.2.3 Manufacturing Industries and Construction (NFR 1A2)

3.2.3.1 Overview

NFR 1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction sector include emissions from fuel

combustion in combustion installations for industrial production including emissions from

off–road. NRF 1A2 sector also includes the emissions from on-site use of fuel in the industrial


43

production facilities (autoproducers) – these emissions are reported under particular sub-

sectors of NFR 1A2 according to IPCC 1996.

Under NFR 1A2f Other sector emissions from following industrial sectors are reported:

Non-Metallic Minerals

Transport Equipment

Machinery


Wood and Wood Products

Construction


Other non-specified (Industry).


Table 3.8 Trends in emissions from 1A2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction sector

between 199010 and 2012

Year Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

NOx

Gg

16.61 9.40 4.79 3.49 3.82 3.16 3.50 -78.95

NMVOC 1.62 1.43 1.30 2.21 3.47 3.91 4.43 173.77

SOx 23.15 14.88 4.36 1.11 0.95 0.89 0.75 -96.75

NH3 0.02 0.09 0.10 0.20 0.36 0.41 0.48 1995.51

PM2.5 NR NR 0.59 0.97 1.66 1.87 2.11 260.74

PM10 NR NR 0.60 1.00 1.71 1.92 2.17 263.04

TSP NR NR 0.62 1.05 1.79 2.01 2.28 267.08

CO 4.41 3.50 2.78 4.81 7.94 8.91 9.93 125.20

Pb

Mg

0.23 0.18 0.15 0.31 0.54 0.64 0.68 197.98

Cd 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.13 0.15 0.17 1475.68

Hg 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 10.24

Diox g I-Teq 0.43 0.44 2.14 3.12 2.82 7.26 6.28 1350.40

PAHs Mg 0.25 0.21 0.27 0.49 0.71 1.06 1.05 316.35

HCB kg

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.10 2275.54

PCBs 0.27 0.14 0.09 0.19 0.33 0.40 0.40 48.89

As it can be seen in Table 3.8, the most of emissions with an exception of NOx and SOx have

increased in 1990-2012 which can be explained with increased amounts of solid fuels and

biomass comparing to 1990/

Emissions from 1A2 are increasing in the latest years with a fluctuating trend in the last years.

The increase in 2000-ties were due to sharp development of nation economy and industry as

well as increase of demand of industrial production and improvement of well-being of

population. Increase of emissions are also caused by constant increase of solid fuels – coal,

and other fuels (used tires) consumption that mostly is combusted in mineral and steel

production industry. Decrease of emissions in 2007-2008 is influenced by the features of

national economy development when in-country industrial production already started to

decrease due to increase of costs of the production and dominance of imported products.

Crisis in national economy in the second half of 2008 also influenced a decrease of total



44

emissions. In year 2012 there can be seen an increase of all fuel types therefore the majority

of emissions have increased in 2011-2012.

3.2.3.3 Methods



experts from LEGMC.


qBEFEm

where:







SOx emissions factors were calculated by formula taken from IPCC Guidelines and were

calculated by national expert considering physical characterizations of types of fuels used in

Latvia and national and international legislation. Percentage amount of sulphur content in used

fuels is taken from national database “2-AIR” where polluters report the sulphur content data

for certain types of fuels (Annex I, Table 2).


100

100

100

10010

1

1002 6 nr

Q

s

where:


2 – SO2 / S (kg/kg)






The default emission factors used in estimation of emission were taken from EMEP/EEA 2013

(Annex I). Emission factors for biodiesel were equalled to diesel emission factor.

The municipal wastes consumption is reported in 1A2f, and the emission factors are taken

from Waste sector after In-depth review in 2013 where Energy expert suggested Latvia to use

emission factors from particular sector.


Emissions from NFR 1.A.2 sector are calculated using fuel consumption data from the CSB

prepared within Annual questionnaires for 1990-2012 sent to EUROSTAT. The data collection

system for 1.A.2 sector is the same as for 1.A.1 sector. Data on fuel consumption in 1.A.2

sector are presented in Annex V.


45

Autoproducers data prepared by CSP are taken into account calculating emissions from NFR

1.A.2 sector according to IPCC 1996.

Only gasoline combustion is reported as off-roads in 1.A.2 sector. It is sure that diesel oil is

also consumed as off-roads but for now it is not possible for CSB and LEGMC to divide the

consumption between fuel combusted stationary and filled in technological vehicles. Due to

that all diesel oil reported in the sector is estimated as combusted stationary.

Figure 3.4 Fuel consumption in 1.A.2 Manufacturing industries and construction in 1990–

2012 (PJ)

All fuel types with an exception of biomass fuels have decreased in 1990-2012 (Figure 3.4)

when liquid fuels had the biggest decrease in time period by 90.50%. It is explained with fuel

switching processes when liquid fuels were switched to other lower costing fuels. Also stronger

legislation contributed fuel switching to the type of fuels with lower level of emissions.

Decrease of natural gas reflects the total decrease of industrial production if comparing with

1990.

After the crisis in the beginning of 90-ties natural gas consumption steadily increased with

some small exceptions due to fuel switch processes and development of national economy.

The consumption of solid fuels (mainly coal) have been decreasing in 1990-2003 with an

exception of 1993-1994, mainly due to increased use of coal in Construction and Textiles and

Leather sectors. Solid fuels consumption rapidly were growing by 436.97% since 2003 until

2008 and decreased in 2009 by 29.71% due to crisis in national economy. However, starting

from 2009, the consumption of solid fuels has grown by 55.77% until year 2012. The increase

of solid fuel consumption was promoted by the increase of oil price overall the world when

coal combustion was cheaper than combustion of residual fuel oil and diesel oil. The increase

in Latvia is also explained with the development of mineral production sector – cement

production – where coal are consumed.

Consumption of biomass fuel has increased very significantly – by 1994.17% in 1990–2012

with some fluctuations in 2000-2008. Lower costs of solid and liquid biomass free and large

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

19

90

19

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20

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11

20

12

PJ

Liquid Fuels Solid Fuels Gaseous Fuels Biomass Other Fuels


46

availability of the fuel in-country as well as development of EU ETS were the main reason for

liquid and solid fuels replacement with biomass and natural gas.

Consumption of used tires (information collected from „CEMEX”, the only company which

combusts used tires) and municipal wastes in Mineral production (information taken from

„CEMEX”, the only company which combusts municipal waste for energy purposes) reported

as Other Fuels had increased in 1999-2012 by 5534.94% (2.032 PJ) and continue to increase

year by year. Comparing with 2011, the consumption of wastes has increased by 11.42% in

2012. The increase was influenced by a sharp increase of cement production that was caused

by increasing demand of construction materials and sharp development of construction sector.











traditional fuels, that was a reason for higher uncertainty than for other fuel types.

Uncertainty of other fuels consumption – municipal and industrial wastes used in mineral

production is assumed also low – 2% as the activity data is obtained from only one producer within

EU ETS therefore the data is verified by accredited verifier and Regional Environmental Board.

Emission factor uncertainty is assumed as 50%




archived.






reporting:



are explained.




47



The emissions for LRTAP emissions in the database are cross-checked with emissions



Other liquid fuels were split into waste oils, petroleum coke and other liquid fuels, therefore

changed their NCVs in the whole time series that influenced the consumption of fuels when

calculating consumption in kt to TJ. Natural gas - slight changes in GCV from 37.359 to 37.358

which slightly influenced the consumption of gas used in all subsectors. Slight changes in

1.A.2.a-1.A.2.e sectors generally due to addition of Energy balance data (less than 1 kt) for

several fuels, such as diesel oil and coal (mainly in 2010, 2011). In 1.A.2.f sector activity data

changes for LPG, coal, peat, diesel oil due to addition of Energy balance data. Corrections of

activity data for industrial wastes, where information was precised by the company which

consumes the specific fuel type. Consumed amounts of oil shale in 1990 were added.

Emissions from were recalculated as well due to updates in emission factors in EMEP/EEA 2013

guidebook.


It is planned to use EU ETS data for consumed fuel.

3.2.4 Other sectors (NFR 1A4)

3.2.4.1 Overview

NFR 1A4 Other Sectors include emissions from the small combustion of fuels in

Commercial/Institutional Residential sectors and Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries. Also

emissions from autoproducers are included in relevant sectors of NFR 1A4 as it is stated that

emissions have to be reported in sector they are produced.

Emissions from mobile machinery used in Commercial (NFR 1A4a ii), Residential (NFR 1A4b ii)

and Agriculture/Forestry (1A4c ii) and Fishery (1A4c iii) sectors are reported as off-road under

Transport chapter.


Table 3.9 Trends in emissions from 1A4 Other sectors between 199011 and 2012

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

NOx 18.81 7.73 5.87 6.88 6.93 6.30 6.50 -65.42

NMVOC 19.74 22.14 19.21 22.28 20.96 17.85 18.97 -3.92

SOx 36.30 9.27 2.72 1.68 1.17 1.06 0.54 -98.50

NH3 1.64 2.42 2.18 2.52 2.35 1.99 2.15 31.16

PM2.5 NR NR 22.16 25.45 24.16 20.57 21.76 -1.77

PM10 NR NR 22.76 26.13 24.80 21.12 22.34 -1.81

TSP NR NR 23.96 27.52 26.12 22.24 23.52 -1.82

CO 132.97 138.38 120.57 138.99 132.68 113.16 118.25 -11.07

Pb 3.84 1.78 1.21 1.33 1.25 1.08 1.03 -73.10



48

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

Cd 0.38 0.51 0.44 0.51 0.47 0.40 0.44 13.27

Hg 0.20 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 -83.54

Diox 25.57 27.25 23.91 27.49 26.22 22.35 23.39 -8.53

PAHs 15.04 12.83 10.60 12.29 11.80 10.09 10.32 -31.40

HCB 0.15 0.20 0.17 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.17 14.00

PCBs 4.00 0.95 0.38 0.35 0.36 0.32 0.17 -95.68

Almost all emissions have decreased in 1990-2012 1A4 Other Sectors that is explained with

changes and redistribution of structure of national economy as well as with significant

decrease of fuel consumption in the sector. Increase of emissions in 2008–2009 is explained

with development of national economy and well-being of population. But in years 2009-2010

there can be seen a decrease in emissions, which can be explained with consequences caused

by crisis. The emissions are also affected by weather conditions and increase of individual

heating supply consumers in 1A4b Residential sector. The increase of gaseous fuels

consumption, steady biomass fuel consumption and increase of peat consumption caused the

increase of all emissions with the exception of SOx and PCBs emissions. Also high costs of

liquid fuels and increase of natural gas prices in Latvia have caused the situation when

previously used fuels had switched to biomass.

3.2.4.3 Methods



experts from LEGMC.


qBEFEm

where:







SOx emissions factors were calculated by formula taken from IPCC 1996 and were calculated

by national expert considering physical characterizations of types of fuels used in Latvia and

national and international legislation. Percentage amount of sulphur content in used fuels is

taken from national database “2-AIR” where polluters report the sulphur content data for

certain types of fuels (Annex I, Table 2).


100

100

100

10010

1

1002 6 nr

Q

s

where:



49

2 – SO2 / S (kg/kg)






The default emission factors used in estimation of emission were taken from EMEP/EEA 2013

(Annex I). Emission factors for landfill gas were equalled to natural gas emission factors due

to unavailability of particular emission factors for sludge gas. Emission factors for biodiesel

were equalled to diesel emission factor.


Emissions from 1A4 sector werecalculated using fuel consumption data from the CSB prepared

within Annual questionnaires for 1990-2012 sent to EUROSTAT. The data collection system

for 1A4 sector is the same as for 1A1 and 1A2 sectors. Data for 1A4b sector were obtained by

CSB with household surveys done once in 5 years and using extrapolation for the years in

between.

Autoproducers data prepared by CSB were taken into account into the calculation of the

emissions from 1A4 sector according to IPCC 1996.

Only gasoline combustion is reported as off-roads in 1A4 sector. It is sure that diesel oil is

also consumed as off-roads but for now it is not possible for CSB and LEGMC to divide the

consumption between fuel combusted stationary and filled in technological vehicles. Due to

that all diesel oil reported in the sector is estimated as combusted stationary, with an

exception of Fisheries, where it is assumed that all diesel is consumed for off-road use.

Figure 3.5 Fuel consumption in 1.A.4 Other sectors in 1990–2012 (PJ)

The biggest decrease in 1990-2012 was for solid fuel consumption – 95.73% and liquid fuels

consumption – 71.79% (Figure 3.5). It is explained with fuel switching processes when solid

and liquid fuels were changed to other less costing fuels. Also stronger legislation contributed

fuel switching to the type of fuels with lower level of emissions.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

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95

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20

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20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

PJ

Liquid fuels Solid fuels Gaseous fuels Biomass


50

Since 1990 biomass as a fuel dominates in Other Sectors. The biggest part of solid biomass

consumption goes to Residential sector where biomass is the main fuel in small capacity

burning installations. Consumption of biomass fuel has increased substantially by 27.53% in

1990–2012 in Other Sectors.

Since 1997 gaseous fuel consumption is constantly increasing until 2007. These are types of

fuels with lower costs to whom liquid and solid fuels were switched. Fuel consumption increase

in Other Sectors is strongly linked to fuel consumption decrease in Energy industries when

central heating supply consumers switched to individual heating supply. In the latest years

fluctuations of gaseous fuel are observed. The consumption of gaseous fuel decreased by

12.50% in 2010-2011, and increased by 1.49% in 2011-2012.

Figure 3.6 Fuel consumption in 1.A.4.b and average temperature in Latvia (2003-2012)

As it can be seen in Figure 3.6, the fuel consumption in 1.A.4 sector is related with the average

temperature in heating season (assumed that October-April are average months of heating

season) with an exception of years 2005-2007 which can be explained with a decrease of

central heating supply consumers when they switched to individual heating supply. Years

2007-2008 had quite high average temperature therefore the amounts of fuel consumed

decreased. In years 2009-2010 the average temperature decreased significantly, but the fuel

consumption was less than expected due to negative effect of financial crisis. In year 2011 the

average temperature increased rapidly if compared with year 2010, and the amounts of fuel

consumed decreased by 12.65%. However, in year 2012 the temperature decreased again and

fuel consumption increased by 4.52% - less than expected due to extensive heat isolation of

residential buildings as well as increase of fuel price that forced people save fuel.






-4

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-2

-1

0

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4

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20

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70

80

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

PJ

1.A.4.a 1.A.4.b 1.A.4.c Average temperature


51






traditional fuels, that was a reason for higher uncertainty than for other fuel types. Uncertainty

of biogas stationary combusted in enterprises covered by 1.A.4.a Commercial / Institutional

sector was assumed rather low – 2% because the combusted fuel amount is obtained directly

from wastewater treatment plant that has precise measurement equipment for accounting of

combusted fuel. Still the methane percentage amount in combusted sludge gas is given

approximate by the wastewater treatment plant that’s why final uncertainty of combusted

sludge gas is assumed as 20%. Taking into account uncertainties of solid biomass and biogas

consumption total biomass fuel consumption uncertainty is assumed as 20%.



biomass. As fuel consumption in 1.A.4.b Residential sector is obtained only every 5 years using

questionnaire and data are extrapolated until the next survey, therefore the uncertainty of all

fuel consumption in residential sector is assumed 50%.

Emission factor uncertainty is assumed as 50% for 1A4a I and 1A4c I sectors, and 100% for

1A4b I sector.




archived.






reporting:



are explained.





The emissions for CLRTAP emissions in the database are cross-checked with emissions



52





which slightly influenced the consumption of gas used in all subsectors. Input mistake in coal

consumption (1.A.4.a; 2001), straw consumption and CO2 emissions (1.A.4.a; 2006-2010),

wood consumption (2008). Corrected activity data provided by CSB for coal (2011). Data from

Energy balance (less than 1 kt) added for LPG, RFO (2010, 2011). The consumption of jet fuel

was allocated from 1.A.5.b sector (1.A.4.c) for years 1995-2000. Diesel used for fishing was

changed from stationary to mobile offroad (boats) after experts assumption that all diesel

used could be considered as used for offroads.


guidebook.


It is planned to investigate amounts of fuel used for fishing (off-road purposes) with

collaboration with CSB.

More detailed activity data by technology types for Residential sector is planned to be obtained

as Residential sector is a key source. In 2014 a research on obtaining detailed data on

households has been started.

3.3 TRANSPORT (NFR 1A3, NFR 1A5)

3.3.1 Sector overview

3.3.1.1 Source category description

Transport sector is a major contributor to national NOx and Pb emissions in 2012. The sector

includes civil aviation, road transport, railways, domestic navigation and off-road transport as

well. Road Transport includes all transportation types of vehicles on roads: passenger cars,

light duty vehicles, buses, heavy-duty vehicles and motorcycles and mopeds. It does not cover

farm and forest tractors driving occasionally on the roads because these are included in “Other

sectors” as off–roads (NFR 1A2f ii, 1A4a ii, 1A4b ii, 1A4c ii). Railway Transport includes railway

transport operated by diesel locomotives. Civil Aviation includes helicopters, airplanes with

turbojet engine and airplanes with piston engines. Military aircrafts are included in Other (NFR

1A5b). Domestic Navigation compromises for miscellaneous vessels (tugs, barges, towboats,

icebreakers), recreational crafts and personal boats. However, emissions from fishing boats

are included in NFR 1A4c iii sector.

Table 3.10 shows the methods and source for activity data and emission factors used for

emission calculating in Transport sector. Table 3.11 shows list of pollutants which are

produced in Transport sector.


53

Table 3.10 Source categories and methods for Transport sector


1 A 3 a Civil aviation Tier 1, 2 NS12 D

1 A 3 b Road transport Tier 3 NS D

1 A 3 c Railways Tier 1 NS D

1 A 3 d Waterborne navigation Tier 1 NS D

1 A 3 e Pipeline compressors Tier 1 NS D

1 A 2 f ii Mobile Combustion in manufacturing industries and construction Tier 1 NS D

1 A 4 a ii Commercial/industrial land based mobile machinery Tier 1 NS D

1 A 4 b ii Residential: household and gardening land based machinery Tier 1 NS D

1 A 4 c ii Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: off-road vehicles and other machinery Tier 1 NS D

1 A 4 c iii National fishing Tier 1 NS D

1 A 5 b ii Military aviation, navigation Tier 1 NS D

Table 3.11 Reported emissions in Transport sector in 2012

NFR code Emissions

1 A 2 f ii NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, benzo(a)pyrene,

benzo(b)fluoranthene, Total PAHs

1 A 3 a ii (i) NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO

1 A 3 a i (i) NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO

1 A 3 b i NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, PM10, CO, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, diocines,

benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, total PAHs

1 A 3 b ii NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, PM10, CO, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn

1 A 3 b iii NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, PM10, CO, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn

1 A 3 b iv NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, PM10, CO, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn

1 A 3 b v NA, NE

1 A 3 b vi PM2.5, PM10, TSP

1 A 3 b vii PM2.5, PM10, TSP

1 A 3 c NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, benzo(a)pyrene,

benzo(b)fluoranthene, total PAHs

1 A 3 d i (ii) NA

1 A 3 d ii NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, benzo(a)pyrene,

benzo(b)fluoranthene, total PAHs

1 A 3 e IE

1 A 4 a ii NOx, NMVOC, NH3, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, benzo(a)pyrene,


1 A 4 b ii NOx, NMVOC, NH3, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, benzo(a)pyrene,


1 A 4 c ii NOx, NMVOC, NH3, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, benzo(a)pyrene,


1 A 5 b NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, dioxines, HCB,

PCB

12 National Statistics


54

3.3.1.2 Key sources

Figure 3.7 Distribution of emissions in Transport sector by subsectors in 2012 (%)

The biggest part of Transport emissions take up Road Transport, then follows Railways and

off-road emissions (Figure 3.7). The only exception is SOx emissions where railway is the main

source of emissions. Civil aviation and domestic navigation contribute a very small part of

transport emissions.


Figure 3.8 Fuel consumption in Transport sector in 2011 and 2012 (TJ)

In 2012, total fuel consumption in the transport sector, compared to 2011 level, has decreased

by 4 % points (Figure 3.8). In different subsectors various changes have taken place in 2012. In

domestic civil aviation the fuel consumption has increased 3 times, whereas in the road transport

it has decreased by 4.5 % points. In the railway the fuel consumption has increased by 5.7 %

points, but in domestic navigation it has decreased by 19% points. In total, road transport

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NO

x

NM

VO

C

Sox

NH

3

PM

2.5

PM

10

TSP

CO Pb

Cd

Hg

As Cr

Cu Ni

Se Zn

Dio

xin

es

PA

Hs

HC

B

PC

Bs

Aviation Road transport Railways Navigation Off-road

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

2011 2012 2011 2012

Liquid fuel Biomass

TJ

Aviation Road transport Railways Navigation Off-road


55

consumes about 91%, railway – about 8.9% and domestic civil aviation and domestic navigation

– the remaining share of fuel.

Diesel oil is the major fuel type in the transport sector and it constitutes 67.7 %, and is followed

by gasoline – 25.3 %, but LPG constitutes 4.8% and biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol) 2.1% of

the total fuel consumption in the transport sector. A share of biofuels has decreased from 2.3%

in year 2011 up to 2.1% in year 2012.

Table 3.12 Trends in emissions from Transport sector between 199013 and 2012

Pollutant Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in 1990-

2012, %

NOx Gg 34.15 23.63 22.82 23.66 18.67 16.99 16.36 -52.10

NMVOC Gg 27.39 16.70 12.38 8.23 4.79 4.46 4.30 -84.32

SOx Gg 1.29 0.81 0.51 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.30 -76.45

NH3 Gg 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.23 1430.47

PM2.5 Gg NR NR 0.90 1.28 0.99 0.82 0.81 -9.97

PM10 Gg NR NR 1.33 1.58 1.19 0.99 0.97 -27.07

TSP Gg NR NR 0.60 0.82 0.83 0.75 0.72 21.39

CO Gg 233.39 132.77 81.11 51.25 28.79 27.87 26.59 -88.61

Pb Mg 91.66 58.18 4.58 2.08 1.89 1.75 1.53 -98.33

Cd Mg 0.0108 0.0078 0.0080 0.0112 0.0121 0.0107 0.0101 -6.57

Hg Mg 0.0009 0.0010 0.0007 0.0007 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 -70.50

As Mg 0.0012 0.0013 0.0009 0.0009 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 -70.50

Cr Mg 0.16 0.12 0.13 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.16 1.87

Cu Mg 4.07 2.98 3.22 4.52 4.88 4.30 4.10 0.71

Ni Mg 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 -21.66

Se Mg 0.014 0.011 0.011 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 -16.89

Zn Mg 1.77 1.31 1.39 1.98 2.18 1.92 1.82 2.48

Dioxines g I-Teq 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 -0.80

PAHs Mg 0.052 0.034 0.038 0.059 0.072 0.061 0.058 11.53

HCB kg 0.0024 0.0026 0.0018 0.0018 0.0010 0.0010 0.0007 -70.50

PCBs kg 0.0011 0.0013 0.0008 0.0009 0.0005 0.0005 0.0003 -70.50

Generally the largest part of emissions have decreased in 1990-2012 (Table 3.12) with an

exception of NH3, CR, CU and PAHs. NH3 emissions are likely to increase due to the increasing

number of vehicles equipped with catalytic systems for combustion gas treatment. However,

the amounts of ammonia produced in Transport sector are very small, that the significant

increase in Transport sector has no impact on national total NH3 emissions.

3.3.2 Civil aviation (NFR 1A3a)

3.3.2.1 Overview

Civil aviation includes emissions both from national and international aviation LTO cycles. This

category does not include military aviation, and it is reported under 1A5b sector. In Latvia civil

aviation constitutes a small part of total emissions therefore it is not considered as a key

source. The aviation gasoline is mainly used by small-sized propeller planes but jet kerosene

is used by airplanes with turbo jets and turbo props engines.



56


Table 3.13 Trends and emissions in Civil aviation

Year NOx NMVOC SOx CO PM2.5 PM10 TSP

Gg

1990 0.51 0.05 0.05 0.26 NR NR NR

1995 0.18 0.02 0.02 0.09 NR NR NR

2000 0.19 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.00 NE

2005 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.20 0.00 0.00 NE

2010 0.28 0.02 0.03 0.40 0.00 0.00 NE

2011 0.30 0.02 0.03 0.43 0.00 0.00 NE

2012 0.28 0.02 0.03 0.41 0.00 0.00 NE

Change in 1990-

2012, % -44.61 -66.51 -48.23 54.03 IE 140.1 NE

Different trend tendencies during the time span 1990 - 2012 have to be noted for emissions

in civil aviation. Up to year 2005 mostly all emissions have declined due to decreasing of

activities in civil aviation (number of flights and fuel consumption). After year 2005 it is in

place a small increasing of emissions due to rather rapid development of international flights.

3.3.2.3 Methods

EMEP/CORINAIR 2009 Guidelines Tier 1 approaches have been applied. Tier 1 approach with

split in LTO and cruise cycles has been applied for jet kerosene emission calculation for time

period 2004-2012. Tier 1 approach has been applied for aviation gasoline emission

calculation.


Default emission factors for Civil aviation are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR methodology and

are presented in Table 3.14.

Table 3.14 Emission factors used in the calculation of emissions from Civil aviation (Gg/PJ)

NOx CO NMVOC SO2 PM

Aviation

petrol 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.023 10

Using Tier 1 approach for jet kerosene, emissions for LTO (landing/take off) and cruise are

calculated individually. Prior to the emission calculation, representative aircraft type was

chosen, for which the fuel consumption and emission data exist in the EMEP/CORINAIR

Guidebook (2009).


The data about fuel consumption in aviation is derived from the CSB. CSB has started to collect

data as of year 2006 (Figure 3.9). For the time period 1990 – 2005 and for aviation gasoline

consumption the data is used from the study (FEI, 200414). For 2004 onwards, the air flight

statistics is provided by the Riga International Airport.

14 “Research on fuel consumption by domestic aviation and private boats in domestic navigation”


57

Figure 3.9 Fuel consumption in Civil aviation (TJ)


Uncertainty in activity data of fuel consumption for time period 2006 – 2012 is ±2% in 2012.

CSB gives approximately 2% statistical sample error for statistical data. For the rest of time

period uncertainty in activity data of fuel consumption is ±20%.


Assessment of trends have been performed.


No recalculations have been carried out.


No improvements are planned for the next Submission.

.3.3. Road transport (NFR 1A3b)

3.3.3.1 Overview

Road transport is producing the greatest part of emissions in Transport sector (Figure 3.7). In

the source category there are passenger cars, light and heavy duty vehicles as well as mopeds

and motorcycles. In the source category emissions also from Gasoline evaporation,

Automobile road abrasion and Automobile tyre and brake wear are calculated.


Table 3.15 Trends and emissions in Road transport

NOx NMVOC SOx NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd PCDD/

PCDF PAHs

Gg Mg g I-Teq Mg

1990 24.22 22.18 0.36 0.01 NR NR NR 188.55 82.86 0.01 0.48 0.04

1995 17.82 16.00 0.28 0.04 NR NR NR 129.38 57.72 0.01 0.48 0.03

2000 18.27 11.47 0.29 0.08 0.77 0.97 0.45 74.92 4.54 0.01 0.48 0.03

0

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TJ

Gasoline Jet kerosine


58

NOx NMVOC SOx NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd PCDD/

PCDF PAHs

2005 18.41 7.10 0.09 0.25 1.13 1.42 0.65 43.28 2.03 0.01 0.47 0.05

2010 14.22 3.77 0.02 0.27 0.86 1.05 0.69 21.28 1.85 0.01 0.48 0.07

2011 12.14 3.21 0.02 0.26 0.68 0.84 0.60 18.36 1.70 0.01 0.48 0.05

2012 11.87 3.12 0.02 0.23 0.67 0.83 0.58 17.85 1.48 0.01 0.47 0.05

Change in

1990-

2012, %

-50.99 -85.94 -95.72 1581.2 -12.36 -14.32 27.02 -90.53 -98.21 4.58 -0.23 36.22

In the road transport all main emissions have decreased in time period 1990 – 2012 with an

exception of NH3. NH3 emissions are likely to increase due to the increasing number of vehicles

equipped with catalytic systems for combustion gas treatment. The main reason for decrease

of emissions is steady improvement of cars‘technologies.

When analyzing the development of emissions in road transport in 2012 following trends could

be mentioned:

NOx and SOx emissions have decreased comparing with year 2011 by 2.3% and 6,4%

points corresponding. The main reason is decreasing of fuel consumption, however NOx

emission reduction is partly due to increasing share of EURO3 and EURO 4 and EURO 5

class cars;

If the main driving forces in decreasing of NOx emissions in road transport is penetration

of new technologies (EURO3, EURO4 and EURO5 classes) in total stock of cars, then

improvement of fuel quality is the main factor in decreasing SOx emissions in road

transport;

NMVOC emissions have decreased by 2.7 % points compare with year 2011 mainly due

to decrease of gasoline consumption;

The main sources of NOx emissions are heavy duty vehicles (HDV) 58.7 % followed by

passenger cars 32.0 %;

The main sources of NMVOC emissions are passenger cars 72 % and HDV 15 %.

The main sources of SOx emissions are passenger cars 57 % and HDV 23 %.

3.3.3.3 Methods

Emission calculation from Road transport is performed using the “Computer Programme to

calculate Emissions from Road Transportation” (COPERT IV), which is proposed to be used by

EEA member countries for the compilation of CORINAIR emission inventories. COPERT IV

methodologies can be applied for the calculation of traffic emission estimates at a relatively

high aggregation level. Calculation of emissions is based on fuel consumption of road vehicles

and of average mileage of vehicles and the fixed emission factors. Road traffic vehicles use

five different fuels – gasoline, diesel oil, liquid petroleum gases (LPG), natural gas and biofuel.

Before emission calculation COPERT IV model was calibrated to be consistent with actual sold

fuel (energy statistics). Deviation between fuel consumption in COPERT model and statistics is

less than 0.11%. Thus we can say that all emission calculation is based on actual sold fuel.

Corresponding to the COPERT IV fleet classification, all vehicles in the Latvia fleet are grouped

into vehicle classes, subclasses and layers. The layer classification is a further division of


59

vehicle sub-classes into groups of vehicles with the same average fuel consumption and

emission factors, according to EU emission legislation levels.

In COPERT IV, fuel consumption and emission simulation can be made for operationally hot

engines, taking into account gradually tighten emission standards and emission degradation

due to catalyst wear. Furthermore, the emission effects of cold-start and evaporation are

simulated. Estimation of evaporative emissions of hydrocarbons and the inclusion of cold start

emission effects are dealt with in the Latvian inventory by using LEGMC meteorological input

data for ambient temperature variations during months; the distribution of evaporate

emissions in the driving modes are used default by COPERT IV model. Trip-speed dependent

basis factors for fuel consumption and emissions are implemented. The fuel consumption and

emission factors used in the Latvia inventory come from the COPERT IV model.


As a basis for model input information, CSB data have been used considering the actual fuel

consumption calibration with statistical fuel consumption, Road Traffic Safety Directorate

(RTSD) collected and published data have been used considering stock of road transport in

Latvia. Total mileage data for passenger cars, light duty trucks, heavy duty trucks and buses

produced by the RTSD is used for the years 1996-2012 and can be seen on Annex 2.

Figure 3.10 Development of fuel consumption in Road transport (TJ)

As seen in Figure 3.10, the fuel consumption has essentially changed in the time period 1990

– 2012. The gasoline consumption from the highest consumption in 1990 has decreased till

1999, reaching the lowest consumption and after six year stabilisation the increase was seen

in 2006 and 2007. Consumption of gasoline had decreased in 2012 by 15 % compare with

year 2011. Whereas the diesel fuel consumption starting from 1997 has increased all the time

till 2007. While it decreased in 2008 and 2009. Diesel fuel consumption has decreased in 2012

0

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10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

0

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LPG Natural gas Biomass Gasoline Diesel oil

TJ (L

PG

, nat

ura

l gas

, b

iom

ass

)

TJ

(g

aso

lin

a, d

iese

l o

il)


60

by 2 % compare with year 2011. It was in place substantial LPG consumption increasing in year

2011 and 2012 in road transport.

Figure 3.11 Distribution of passenger cars fleet by sub-classes

Analysing the development of the passenger car fleet in the time period 1990 – 2012, following

features can be noted (Figure 3.11, Figure 3.12, Figure 3.13):

Cars with a gasoline engine of a capacity > 2.0l constitute the major part;

Cars with a gasoline engine of a capacity < 1.4l during the whole period have small

changes and its constitute approximately 8% in year 2012;

As of 2000, the number of cars with diesel engines, both, < 2.0l and > 2.0l, grow rapidly

and its share is 42.7% from the total number of passenger cars in 2012;

As of 2005, in the car fleet with a gasoline engine, the number of EURO 3 and EURO 4

cars grow rapidly. In 2012 a share of EURO 3 and EURO 4 and EURO 5 cars constitute

33%;

As of 2005, in the car fleet with a diesel engine, the number of EURO 3 and EURO 4 cars

grow rapidly. In 2012 a share of EURO 3 and EURO 4 and EURO 5 cars constitute 46%.

0

100

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Gasoline <1,4 l Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l Gasoline >2,0 l Diesel <2,0 l Diesel >2,0 l LPG

TH

SD


61

Figure 3.12 Distribution of gasoline passenger cars fleet by layers

Figure 3.13 Distribution of diesel oil passenger cars fleet by layers

Analysing the development of LDV fleet in the following time period, major features can be

noted as follows:

As of 1996, the number of cars with a gasoline engine decreases;

As of 2000, the number of cars with a diesel engine rapidly increases. In 2012 a share

of diesel cars is 91.5% ;

As of 2002, the number of EURO 3 and EIRO 4 cars rapidly increases. In 2012 a share of

EIRO 3 and EIRO 4 and EURO 5 cars constitute 48.5%.

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PC Euro 5

PC Euro 4

PC Euro 3

PC Euro 2

PC Euro 1

ECE 15/04

ECE 15/03

ECE 15/02

ECE 15/00-01

PRE ECE

TH

SD

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Conventional PC Euro 1 PC Euro 2 PC Euro 3 PC Euro 4 PC Euro 5

TH

SD


62

Figure 3.14 Distribution of light duty vehicles fleet by sub-classes

Figure 3.15 Distribution of light duty vehicles fleet by layers

The vehicle numbers per HDV sub-classes and layers are presented in the following figures.

Analysing the development of HDV fleet in the following time period, major features can be

noted as follows:

As of 1999, the number of cars with a gasoline engine rapidly decreases. A share of

gasoline cars has decreased from 33% to 5 % corresponding years 2000 and 2012;

As of 1999, the number HDV cars with tonnage 14-34 t and a diesel engine starts to

increase;

As of 2000, average age reduction of cars takes place gradually. In 2012 a share of EURO 3

and EURO 4 and EURO 5 cars constitute 45.6%..

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63

Figure 3.16 Distribution of heavy duty vehicles fleet by sub-classes

Figure 3.17 Distribution of heavy duty vehicles fleet by layers

Starting from the year 2011 emission for gasoline evaporation has been calculated according

to the COPERT IV model method. Calculation of PM emissions has been performed taking into

account emissions from road abrasion, tyres and brakes.


Taking into account that CSB gives approximately 2% statistical sample error for statistical

data, uncertainty in activity data of fuel consumption is ±2%.To ensure time series consistency

any recalculation related with model version updating is realized for all time period. Linear

interpolation has been implemented only for cases when activity data fluctuation does not take

place.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

LPG > 3,5t Gasoline > 3,5t Diesel, Rigit <=7,5t

Diesel, Rigit 7,5-12t Diesel, Rigit 12-14t Diesel, Rigit 14-34t

Diesel, Articulated 14-34t

TH

SD

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12


TH

SD


64




Table 3.16 Recalculations for Road transport

Sub-category Recalculation Improvements

Road transport

All emissions for

year 2010-2011

have been

recalculated

Recalculations have been done due to corrected fuel consumption data

(year 2011) by CSB. Recalculations have been done due to improvement

of activity data. Improvements comprise more precise split of passenger

cars, LDV and HDV by subgroups (depending on engine volume) and

layers (EURO classes) and mileage. It is recalculated emissions of road

transport for year 2010 and 2011. Recalculation affected all emissions.

Table 3.17 Impact of recalculations to emissions in road transport, current submission

versus 2013 year submission, %

2010 2011

NOx -11 -22

NMVOC 19 13

SOx -0.4 -10.8

NH3 9 14

PM 2.5 -15 -30

PM 10 -23 -36



3.3.4 Railway (NFR 1A3c)

3.3.4.1 Overview

The source category 1A3c Railways includes emissions from all diesel-powered rail transport

in Latvia. The railway transport accomplishes approximately 50% (2012) of freight transport in

Latvia and the transit transport traffic is dominant.


Table 3.18 Trends and emissions in Railway

NOx NMVOC SOx NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Cd PAHs

Gg Mg

1990 6.69 0.79 0.68 0.001 NR NR NR 1.81 0.00 0.01

1995 3.01 0.35 0.30 0.001 NR NR NR 0.81 0.00 0.01

2000 2.57 0.30 0.06 0.000 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.70 0.00 0.01

2005 3.25 0.38 0.06 0.001 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.88 0.00 0.01

2010 2.61 0.31 0.13 0.000 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.71 0.00 0.01

2011 3.07 0.36 0.16 0.001 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.83 0.00 0.01

2012 3.13 0.37 0.16 0.001 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.85 0.00 0.01

Change in 1990-

2012, % -53.25 -53.25 -76.62 -54.60 21.55 21.55 21.55 -53.25 -53.25 -60.65

When analysing the development of emissions trends in railway, following features could be

noted:

Due to the decreasing of diesel oil consumption by approximately 53 % points in railway

in time period 1990 – 2012 all emissions have been decreased by 53 – 76 % points;


65

In time span 2000 – 2012 it is in place diesel fuel consumption increasing in railway by

21.5 % points. It is a reason for PM and TSP emission increasing by 21.55 % points;

Due to the increase of fuel consumption in railway all emissions have been increased by

approximately 1-3 % points in year 2012 comparing with year 2011.

3.3.4.3 Methods

When calculating emissions from railway, Tier 1 method has been applied.


Default emission factors for Railway (Table 3.19) are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR methodology.

The emission factors for Particulate Matters are taken from CEPMEIP/TNO database (Table

3.10). The SO2 emissions factors are used consistent with sulphur content in diesel oil by years

(Table 3.21).

Table 3.19 Emission factors used for emissions calculation from Railway

Pollutant Unit Diesel oil

NOX

Gg/PJ

0.932

CO 0.252

NMVOC 0.109

NH3 0.000165

Cd

Mg/PJ

0.00024

Cr 0.00118

Cu 0.04001

Ni 0.00165

Se 0.00024

Zn 0.02353

benzo(a)pyrene 0.000706

benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.0011767

Table 3.20 Emission factors used in the calculation of Particulate Matters emissions from

Railway

PM2.5 PM10 TSP

Gg/PJ

Diesel oil 0.03224 0.03389 0.03577

Table 3.21 SO2 emission factors for Diesel oil used in the calculation of SO2 emissions from

Railway

Sulphur content NCV EF (Gg/PJ)

1990-1998 0.2 42.49 0.0941

1999-2003 0.05 42.49 0.0235

2004-2013 0.035 42.49 0.0165


Information about fuel consumption from CSB as a basis for emission calculation have been

used. In 2009 and 2010, transported freight along the railway and therefore the diesel

consumption has a slightly decreased, compared to 2008 level. Fuel consumption has

increased by approximately 6.7% points in 2012 compare with year 2011.


66

Figure 3.18 Fuel consumption in Railway transport (TJ)


Uncertainty in activity data of fuel consumption is ±2% in 2012. CSB gives approximately 2%

statistical sample error for statistical data.







3.3.5 Navigation (NFR 1A3d)

3.3.5.1 Overview

Although Latvia has several ports, domestic navigation that providing transport of freight or

passengers among local ports is not developed. Major activities in ports deal with international

freight transport. In domestic navigation, the emissions are calculated for miscellaneous

vessels (tugs, barges, towboats, icebreakers), recreational crafts and personal boats

In 2012, the diesel oil consumption decreased by approximately 23.6 % points compared to

2011 level. Number of services for international freight in harbours mostly affects the changes

in the fuel consumption.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

TJ

Diesel oi l Biofuel


67


Table 3.22 Trends and emissions in Navigation

NOx NMVOC SOx NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Cd PAHs

Gg Mg

1990 0.02 0.011 0.0003 0.000002 NR NR NR 0.03 0.000000003 0.00003

1995 0.01 0.012 0.0002 0.000001 NR NR NR 0.04 0.000000002 0.00002

2000 0.01 0.014 0.0002 0.000001 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.05 0.000000002 0.00002

2005 0.01 0.017 0.0001 0.000001 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.05 0.000000002 0.00002

2010 0.55 0.032 0.0071 0.000048 0.0104 0.0111 0.0111 0.09 0.000000071 0.00056

2011 0.39 0.030 0.0051 0.000034 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.09 0.000000051 0.00040

2012 0.32 0.030 0.0041 0.000027 0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 0.09 0.000000040 0.00033

Change in

1990-

2012, %

1376.57 169.88 1351.18 1409.79 -94.94 -50.22 -50.22 156.17 1143.39 1175.26

Analysing the development of the emission trends in domestic navigation, following features

can be noted:

Due to remarkable increasing in fuel consumption in time period 1990 – 2012 (more

than 10 times) all emissions have been increased by several times;

In year 2012 NOx and SOx emissions have decreased by 19,4 % points comparing with

year 2011 due to fuel consumption decreasing by approximately 23.6 %. NMVOC

emissions have been decreased by 10.3 % points but PM 2.5 and PM 10 emissions by

17.8 % points.

3.3.5.3 Methods

When calculating emissions from navigation, Tier 1 method has been applied.


Default EFs (Table 3.23) for navigation is used (EMEP/CORINAIR 2009):

Table 3.23 Emission factors used in the calculation of emissions from navigation

NOx CO NMVOC NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP

Gg/PJ

Diesel oil 1.84749 0.17416 0.06589 0.00016 0.03295 0.0353 0.0353

Gasoline (from 2003) 0.214 13.05505 4.12875 0.00016 0.21611 0.21611 0.21611

Gasoline (1990-2002) 0.2138 13.0549 4.12702 0.00016 0.21611 0.21611 0.21611

EFs for gasoline are different due to varying NCV. The SO2 emissions factors are used

consistent with sulphur content in diesel oil and gasoline.


The data about diesel oil consumption and gasoline consumption in domestic navigation are

derived from the CSB. CSB have started to collect data about diesel oil consumption and

gasoline consumption in domestic navigation respectively from year 2006 and 2010. For the

time period 1990 – 2005 and 1990 – 2009 correspondingly for diesel oil and gasoline

consumption data evaluation method from the study (“Evaluation of fuel consumption for


68

domestic aviation and navigation” (FEI15, 2004) is used. Development of the fuel consumption

in navigation is presented in figure below (Figure 3.19).

Figure 3.19 Development of gasoline and diesel oil fuel consumption in navigation


Uncertainty in activity data of fuel consumption for time period 2006 – 2012 is ±2% in 2012.

CSB gives approximately 2% statistical sample error for statistical data. For the rest of time

period uncertainty in activity data of fuel consumption is ±20%.







3.3.6 Off-road mobile machinery (NFR 1A2f ii, 1A4a ii, 1A4c ii, 1A4c iii, 1A5b)

3.3.6.1 Overview

Under the NFR 1A2f ii, 1A4a ii, 1A4b ii, 1A4c ii there are reported emissions from gasoline

use. It is assumed that all gasoline is consumed for off-road purposes in Manufacturing

industries and Construction, Commercial, Residential and Agriculture and Forestry sectors.

Under the NFR 1A4c iii Fishing sector it is assumed that all diesel is consumed for fishing

boats.

15 “Research on fuel consumption by domestic aviation and private boats in domestic navigation”

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

TJ

Diesel oi l Gasol ine


69

Under the NFR 1A5b Other Mobile sources emissions from liquid fuels – aviation gasoline,

diesel oil and jet kerosene, used in military aircrafts and ships are reported. These emissions

appear since 1996.


Table 3.24 Trends and emissions in off-roads

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Changes in

1990-2012, %

NOx 2.70 2.61 1.77 1.70 0.84 0.93 0.61 -77.45

NMVOC 4.36 0.31 0.58 0.72 0.65 0.84 0.76 -82.64

SOx 0.20 0.20 0.13 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.02 -91.10

NH3 0.00022 0.00001 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00004 0.00004 -82.76

PM2.5 NR NR 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 -46.65

PM10 NR NR 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 -47.83

TSP NR NR 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 -47.83

CO 42.73 2.44 5.29 6.75 6.29 8.14 7.38 -82.73

Pb 8.80 0.46 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.05 -99.42

Cd 0.00030 0.00033 0.00022 0.00021 0.00010 0.00011 0.00007 -76.68

Hg 0.00090 0.00099 0.00066 0.00063 0.00030 0.00033 0.00021 -76.67

PCDD/

PCDF

(dioxines/

furanes)

0.0039 0.0043 0.0029 0.0027 0.0013 0.0014 0.0009 -76.67

Total 1-4 0.000005 0.000000 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 -82.76

HCB 0.0024 0.0026 0.0018 0.0017 0.0008 0.0009 0.0006 -76.67

PCBs 0.0011 0.0013 0.0008 0.0008 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 -76.67

As it can be seen from Table 3.25 above, the emissions have decreased in 1990-2012 due to

decreased of fuel consumed.

3.3.6.3 Methods

When calculating emissions from off-roads, Tier 1 method has been applied.


Emission factors are taken from EMEP/EEA 2013. A complete table with all emission factors

and references can be found on Annex I.


The data about diesel oil consumption and gasoline consumption in off-roads are derived

from the CSB (Figure 3.20).


70

Figure 3.20 Fuel fuel consumption in off-roads (PJ)


Uncertainty for activity data is assumed as 20% . Uncertainty for emission factors are assumed

as 100%.




Recalculations have been done for all subsectors due to change of emission factors.




3.4 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS (NFR 1.B)

3.4.1 Overview

Under fugitive emissions from fuels Latvia reports following categories:

1.B.1.a Other fugitive emissions from solid fuels include fugitive particulate matters

emissions from coal transportation and storage;

1.B.2 Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas include NOx and CO emissions from

category 1.B.2.b ii Transmission/Distribution; 1.B.2.b iii Other Leakage (in residential and

commercial sectors) and 1.B.2.d Other – underground storage;

1.B.2 Fugitive emission from oil and natural gas includes NMVOC emissions from

category 1.B.2.a Oil storage.

There are no oil refineries in Latvia; therefore NMVOC emissions from gasoline distribution

were only calculated for the time period 1990–2001. For the years 1990–1999 it was

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035

0.040

0.045

0.050

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

PJ

(JET

FU

EL)

PJ

Gasoline Diesel oil Jet fuel


71

impossible to acquire precise data on fuel storage technologies (vapour filters, vapour storage,

etc.), therefore experts’ opinion was taken into consideration. Experts concluded that most of

the fuel was stored incorrectly until 2000, when most fuel storage facilities had fuel vapour

storage, but not vapour filters and pumps. For 2002–2012 fugitive NMVOC emission from oil

products storage and distribution in oil terminals and pump stations was taken from statistical

database “2-AIR” where operators have to report fugitive NMVOC emissions from activities

with oil products.

Fugitive particulate matters emissions in 2000-2012 from the operations of solid fuels – coal

and coke, transportation via railways and storage and handling, are estimated (Table 3.25).

3.4.2 Trends in emissions

Table 3.25 Fugitive emissions in 1990-2012 (Gg)

NMVOC PM2.5 PM10 TSP

1990 5.9448 NR NR NR

1995 4.3890 NR NR NR

2000 3.1288 0.0006 0.0063 0.0158

2005 2.4564 0.0008 0.0075 0.0188

2010 1.3978 0.0010 0.0102 0.0254

2011 1.0658 0.0010 0.0105 0.0261

2012 1.2578 0.0009 0.0086 0.0215

Change in

1990-2012, % -78.84 36.48 36.48 36.48

NMVOC emissions are constantly decreasing due to improvements in natural gas transporting

system, as well as in gas stations. However, particulate matter emissions have increased if

compared to 2000 due to increase of imported amounts of coal and coke.

3.4.3 Methods

LEGMC receives data about emissions from the natural gas holding company “Latvijas Gāze”,

which calculates emissions by itself. Methodological material will be available on the next

submission.

Emissions were calculated from:

End user internal gas provision systems;

Distribution systems;

Gas transport pipeline systems;

Underground gas storage facility (in Inčukalns);

EMEP/CORINAIR methodology is used to estimate fugitive NMVOC emissions from operations

with gasoline in 1990–2001. For time period 2002–2012 NMVOC emission data are taken from

operator’s reported in database “2-AIR” so this is bottom-up reporting.

Particulate matters emissions are estimated by using the simple methodology multiplying

activity data with emission factor.


72

3.4.4 Emission factors

NMVOC emission factor for emission from gasoline transportation and storage estimation in

1990–2000 were taken from the local expert research and is based on the expert’s judgment.

Emission factor for 2000-2001 is taken from EMEP/CORINAIR as default emission factor for

gasoline distribution.

Table 3.26 NMVOC emission factors (g/kg)

1990-

1999

2000-

2001

4.9 3.93

Emission factors for particulate matters emission estimation are taken from TNO/CEPMEIP

database.

Table 3.27 PM emission factors (g/tonne)

Coal Coke

TSP 150 110

PM10 60 44

PM2.5 6 4.4

3.4.5 Activity data

Activity data for NMVOC emission calculation was used from CSB Energy Balance. Activity data

for 2002–2011 isn’t obtained because final emission data was taken from operator’s reports

to database “2-AIR”. This emission data is reported by the petrol stations and oil terminals

and verified by Regional Environment State Bureau. Mostly these emissions are obtained by

using measurement or estimated using mass balance method.

Table 3.28 Activity data used for NMVOC emission calculation in 1990-2001 (PJ)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Gasoline 26.75 22.75 21.65 21.03 20.11 18.13 17.91 16.46 15.4 14.87 14.83 15.53

Table 3.29 Activity data used for particulate matters emissions calculation in 1990–2012

(Gg)

Coal Coke

1990 917 11

1991 795 4

1992 663 5

1993 599 8

1994 425 10

1995 252 8

1996 239 8

1997 196 12

1998 146 11

1999 126 12

2000 97 11

2001 127 11

2002 102 10

2003 101 6


73

Coal Coke

2004 98 7

2005 120 7

2006 130 6

2007 162 4

2008 162 5

2009 130 5

2010 167 3

2011 172 3

2012 139 6

Table 3.30 Activity data used determining NMVOC emissions from gas leakage 1990–2012

Year Natural gas,

millions m3

1990 0.2848

1991 0.2743

1992 0.2501

1993 0.2392

1994 0.2337

1995 0.2276

1996 0.2193

1997 0.2047

1998 0.1964

1999 0.1873

2000 0.1733

2001 0.1681

2002 0.1755

2003 0.1370

2004 0.1356

2005 0.1532

2006 0.1099

2007 0.1128

2008 0.1158

2009 0.1094

2010 0.1054

2011 0.0634

2012 0.0819

3.4.6 Uncertainties

Activity data for fugitive emissions for 1990–2001 from operations with gasoline were taken

from CSB and uncertainty was assumed as very low for about 2% as statistical frame mistake.

Reported NMVOC emissions for 2002-2012 from operations with oil products are assumed as

50% because emission data are taken from database “2-AIR” where enterprises report their

emission data. Operators mostly estimate NMVOC emissions by using mass balance method

or emissions are measured. Environment State Bureau checks and verifies all reports.

Uncertainty for particulate matter from coal handling is assumed as 50% for activity data and

100% for emission factor.

The level of uncertainty was determined by the representative of only natural gas distributig

company „Latvijas Gāze”. The uncertainty of CH4, CO2 and NMVOC emissions from natural gas

leakages in gas distribution and transmission systems, as well as in gas storage facility is


74

assigned as quite low – 10%, as emissions were measured and estimated by only enterprise

operated with natural gas in Latvia – “Latvijas Gāze” by methodology developed for enterprise.

3.4.7 QA/QC and verification

NMVOC emissions reported for 2002-2012 are taken from national database “2-Air”. The data

input by companies’ is verified and approved by Regional Environmental Boards.

3.4.8 Recalculations

There have been recalculated NMVOC emissions from operations with gasoline in 2007-2012

due to updates in data base. For the first time NMVOC emissions from gas leakage were

calculated.

3.4.9 Planned improvements

It is planned to investigate the oil flow in the country to ascertain if there are additional NMVOC

sources.

3.5 INTERNATIONAL BUNKERS

5.5.1 Overview

International bunkers cover International Aviation and Navigation according to the IPCC GPG

2000. Emissions from International Aviation and Navigation are not included into national total

emissions.


Table 3.31 Trends and emissions in International Aviation and Navigation

NOx NMVOC SOx NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO

Gg

1990 38.30 1.41 20.41 0.11 NR NR NR 3.60

1995 12.20 0.45 7.08 0.04 NR NR NR 1.15

2000 0.72 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.08

2005 21.07 0.80 9.92 0.06 1.10 1.21 1.21 1.95

2010 21.34 0.74 5.86 0.00 1.16 1.28 1.26 1.99

2011 18.27 0.64 4.59 0.00 0.92 1.02 1.00 1.70

2012 20.40 0.71 5.05 0.00 1.02 1.12 1.10 1.90

Change in 1990-

2012, % -46.75 -49.63 -75.26 -98.43 8993.21 9245.33 9100.00 -47.22

94.49% and 98.26% of international emissions corresponding NOx and SO2 contributed

Navigation in year 2012. Emissions from marine activities have fluctuations, due to economical

activity in ports. While emissions from aviation are stable and in last five years there can see

very steadily increasing.


Default emission factors for International Aviation and Navigation are taken from

EMEP/CORINAIR methodology and are presented in Table 3.32 and Table 3.33. The emission

factors for Particulate Matters for International Navigation are taken from CEPMEIP/TNO

database (Table 3.34).


75

Table 3.32 Emission factors to calculate emissions from International Aviation

Fuel type Emissions factors, Gg/PJ

NOX CO NMVOC SO2

Jet fuel 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.023

Table 3.33 Emission factors to calculate emissions from International Navigation

Fuel

type

NOX CO NMVOC NH3 Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn

Gg/PJ Mg/PJ

Diesel

oil 1 0.25 0.11 0.0038 0.0024 0.00024 0.0012 0.0012 0.0009 0.0012 0.0016 0.0047 0.0118

RFO 1.6 0.5 0.11 0.0062 0.0049 0.00074 0.0005 0.0123 0.0049 0.0123 0.7389 0.0099 0.0222

Table 3.34 Emission factors for Particulate Matters for international navigation

Fuel type Emissions factors, Gg/PJ

PM10 PM2.5 TSP

Diesel oil 0.035 0.033 0.035

RFO 0.1527 0.1379 0.1527

The SO2 emissions factors are used consistent with sulphur content in diesel oil (Table 3.35,

Table 3.36).

Table 3.35 SO2 emission factors used for Diesel oil in the SO2 calculation of emissions for

International Bunkers

Fuel

content NCV

EF

(Gg/PJ)

1990-2007 0.2 42.49 0.094

1999-2003 0.1 42.49 0.0471

Table 3.36 SO2 Emission factors used for RFO in the SO2 calculation of emissions for

International Bunkers

RFO Fuel

content NCV

EF

(Gg/PJ)

1990-2006 2.8 40.6 1.352

2007-2012 1.5 40.6 0.7241

5.5.4 Activity data

Fuel consumption for emission calculation is obtained from CSB (Table 3.37). To provide the

consistent allocation of fuel consumption between domestic and international mode in the

navigation and aviation, CSB each month collects and summarises the information which is

submitted by enterprises which perform fuel bunkering. For this purpose the particular

statistical report format is elaborated in which the enterprises have to fill in the data regarding

amount of fuel sold respectively in domestic and international navigation and aviation

Table 3.37 Energy consumption in International Transport (TJ)

Aviation Navigation

Jet

Kerosene

Diesel Oil RFO

1990 3067.2 5013.8 14737.8

1991 4147.2 807.3 5075

1992 1166.4 637.4 6820.8


76

Aviation Navigation

Jet

Kerosene

Diesel Oil RFO

1993 1166.4 1402.2 7429.8

1994 1080 2974.3 8688.4

1995 1080 1104.7 5156.2

1996 1382.4 934.8 3126.2

1997 1382.4 849.8 2111.2

1998 1252.8 552.4 81.2

1999 1252.8 424.9 0

2000 1123.2 339.9 0

2001 1123.2 4249 3938.2

2002 1166.4 3611.7 4993.8

2003 1685.2 3101.8 4750.2

2004 2031 3186.8 5278

2005 2463 3824.1 7064.4

2006 2765 2761.9 5481

2007 3371 2506.9 4953.2

2008 4062 1912.1 6699

2009 4278 2591.9 8850.8

2010 4907 2932 7592

2011 4926 3171 5806

2012 4984 3697 6374


77

4. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (NFR 2)

4.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW

4.1.1 Overview of sector

Source category and methods

Sources of emissions from Industrial Processes are:

Mineral products (NFR 2.A);

Chemical industry (NFR 2.B);

Metal production (NFR 2.C);

Other Production (NFR 2.D).

There are no emissions reported from the Other (NFR 2.G) sector in Latvia.

Table 4.1 Source categories and methods for Industrial Processes sector


2 A 1 Cement production Tier 2 PS D

2 A 2 Lime production Tier 2 PS D

2 A 5 Asphalt roofing Tier 1 NS D

2 A 6 Road paving with asphalt Tier 1 NS D

2 A 7 d Other Mineral products (Glass and Glass fibre production, Bricks and

Tiles)

Tier 1, 3 PS D, PS

2 B 5 a Other chemical industry (Production of phosphate fertilizers) Tier 1 PS D

2 C 1 Iron and steel production Tier 1 NS, PS D

2 D 1 Pulp and paper Tier 1 NS D

2 D 2 Food and drink Tier 1 NS D

Table 4.2 Reported emissions in Industrial Processes sector in 2012

NFR code Emissions

2 A 1 NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP

2 A 2 PM2.5, PM10, TSP

2 A 5 NMVOC, PM2.5, PM10,TSP, CO

2 A 6 NMVOC, PM2.5, PM10, TSP

2 A 7 d NMVOC, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn

2 B 5 a PM2.5, PM10, TSP

2 C 1 NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn

2 D 2 NMVOC


78

4.1.2 Key sources

Figure 4.1 Emissions from Industrial Processes sector by subsectors in 2012

There are two main categories in Industrial Processes sector – mineral production dominates

in NMVOC, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CO, Hg and Se emissions, but metal production dominates in NOx,

SO2, Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn emissions (Figure 4.1). Division of emission most likely

could be different because several emissions are not estimated due to lack of official

methodology and default or country specific emission factors.

Cement production sector is a key source category for NOx and SOx and emissions with 4.75%

and 10.84% respectively from total emissions in 2012.

Road Paving with Asphalt is a key source category for NMVOC emission with 31.65%, from

total NMVOC emissions. Road paving with asphalt is a key source category for TSP emissions

with 40.37% from total TSP emissions and 12.14% from total PM10 emissions and 2.05 % from

PM2.5 emissions in 2012.

Cement production is also a key source for PM10 emissions with 4.16% from total PM10

emissions.


Table 4.3 Change in emissions from Industrial Processes sector between 199016 and 2012

(%)

Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

NOx Gg 3.71 1.66 2.78 3.19 3.21 1.79 5.73 54.56

NMVOC Gg 3.79 2.06 2.28 2.54 1.66 1.46 24.54 548.22

SOx Gg 4.60 0.99 0.93 1.44 0.16 0.40 0.46 -90.09

PM2.5 Gg NR NR 0.49 0.82 1.46 1.69 1.97 298.24

PM10 Gg NR NR 1.68 3.78 4.09 5.63 6.23 271.67


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NO

x

NM

VO

C

SOx

PM

2.5

PM

10

TSP

CO Pb

Cd

Hg

As Cr

Cu Ni

Se Zn

2 A 1 2 A 2 2 A 5 2 A 6 2 A 7 d 2 B 5 a 2 C 1 2 D 2


79

Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

TSP Gg NR NR 6.08 15.59 12.53 19.11 20.68 240.24

CO Gg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 288.05

Pb Mg 0.24 0.10 0.16 0.20 0.19 0.08 6.05 2430.55

Cd Mg 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 2126.82

Hg Mg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -63.05

As Mg 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 -20.14

Cr Mg 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.38 3267.96

Cu Mg 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 55095.65

Ni Mg 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.07 147.46

Se Mg 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 -63.05

Zn Mg 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 8.37 40581.41

Data on emissions in the Industrial Processes sector are linked with the economic situation of

the country as well as availability of statistical data. The largest decrease in emissions occurred

between 1990 and 1993, when industry was going through a crisis.

It has to be noted that in the beginning of 90ties during the countrywide change in government

system and national economy statistics was not well kept. Therefore there is lack of statistical

data regarding industry during this time period or they are vague. The data extrapolation was

carried out for the sectors where possible although the extrapolation is almost impossible to

do due to different circumstances – changes and total restructuring of national economy when

industrial development wasn’t predictable and explainable.

Since year 2000 and after the crisis in national economy of Russian Federation in 1999-2000

with whom Latvia has strength economic relations, all emissions from Industrial Processes

sector have increased in 2000-2008. It is explained with sharp development of Latvian

industry when construction activities increased and industrial production of building materials

also increased.

Still at the end of 2008 and in 2009 the global financial crisis caused a crisis in Latvia’s national

economy when the industrial production has decreased quite significantly. The decrease

mainly is explained with the decrease of population welfare when lots of people lost their jobs,

benefits and pensions were decreased and taxes were increased therefore the purchase

capacity of population decreased remarkably. Due to that the building and construction sector

development decreased as well as companies also were charged with higher taxes. In 2010 all

emissions have increased with exception of SOx emissions that decreased by 95.95% and NOx

by 31.33 %. It is explained with changes from wet to dry technology of cement production in

the first half of 2010. The data of SOx and NOx are not representative because the new dry

process cement production technology began to work with full capacity only in July of 2010.

To reduce NOx emissions from cement production there is used SNCR (Selective Non-Catalytic

Reduction System) method. With the help of the system the flue gas NOx emissions reduction

percentage of 40...60 % is achievable, depending on the cement kiln type, fuel and NOx

content. Reducing agents such as urea and ammonia are injected to the hot flue gases. They

react with nitrogen monoxide and form nitrogen and water. In addition SNCR there are used

more than 50% of ecofuel which functions as blaze extinguisher in that way to reduce NOx

emission. Switched from wet to dry process cement production SO2 and NOx are measured

automatically in new technological plant and are considered as plant-specific data that are

available and are taken from national statistical database “2-AIR”.


80

In 2011 there are markably decresed NOx and heavy metal emissions from Industrial processes

sector averagely about 68.60% due to technological changes in Metal production plant.

Detailed explanation is on Chapter 4.4 Metal Production (NFR 2C). In 2012 there are made

recalculations with updated emission factors for heavy metals and particular metters in sector

2.C.1 and NMVOC, CO and particular metters in 2.A.5 and 2.A.6. Detailed descriptions are

provided under each subsector.

4.2 MINERAL PRODUCTS (NFR 2A)

4.2.1 Source category description

4.2.1.1 Overview

This chapter includes industrial production plants and emissions from production processes:

2.A.1 Cement Production – NOx, NMVOC, SOx, particulate matters and heavy metals

emissions;

2.A.2 Lime Production – particulate matters emissions;

2.A.5 Asphalt Roofing – CO, NMVOC and TSP emissions;

2.A.6 Road Paving with Asphalt – NMVOC and particulate matters emissions;

2.A.7.d Other Mineral products – particulate matters and heavy metals emissions from

glass production.


Table 4.4 Emissions from Mineral Products in 1990-2012

NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd Hg

1990 0.90 0.16 3.41 NR NR NR 0.0001 0.0741 0.0057 0.00013

1995 0.24 0.05 0.90 NR NR NR 0.0002 0.0173 0.0013 0.00003

2000 0.23 0.05 0.85 0.19 1.28 5.58 0.0004 0.0125 0.0010 0.00002

2005 0.36 0.10 1.35 0.48 3.34 15.04 0.0011 0.0385 0.0029 0.00007

2010 0.48 0.05 0.07 1.14 3.66 11.99 0.0009 0.0274 0.0021 0.00005

2011 0.93 0.07 0.37 1.59 5.49 18.94 0.0014 0.0274 0.0021 0.00005

2012 1.46 22.84 0.32 1.65 5.75 20.10 0.0016 0.0274 0.0021 0.00005

Change

from

1990 to

2012, %

62.27 14488.5 -90.57 752.20 350.89 260.25 2041.86 -63.05 -63.05 -63.05

Most emissions have increased in 1990-2012 mainly due to increase of industrial production

in Cement production and Road construction sectors with NMVOC and CO emissions that have

increased by 14488.5% and 2041.86% respectively that could be explained with development

of road construction sector and updated emission factors taken from EMEP/EEA 2013 (Table

4.4) Exeption is emissions from heavy metals that are decreased about 63.05% due to updated

emission factors taken from EMEP/EEA 2013. Due to increase of total amounts of cars and

development of transit transportation in country the necessity to improve road pavement

arose. Also the possibility to obtain financing from European Union funds increased the

possibility to improve the transport infrastructure. Also updated statistical data is used for

emission calculation when in previous submissions only amount of bitumen was used as

activity data but starting from year 2000 the amount of bitumen mixtures (asphalt, emulsions,

asphalt mastic etc) was used.


81

The emissions from Asphalt roofing and Road paving with asphalt sectors are constantly

increasing since the beginning of 90ties. Slight emission decrease in 1999-2000 is explained

with the change of percentage that is used to divide activity data used in roofing and road

paving. The sharp emission increase in 2003-2004 is explained with Latvia’s accession to EU

in the May of 2004 before and after what the road paving works were very active. In that

particular year VIA Baltica that connects the capitals of all Baltic States was built. According to

CSB one particular road contractor has quite large amount of bitumen mixtures imported and

used. That particular contractor was working on the VIA Baltica highway. In next years the road

paving activities decreased but not to the level of the years before 2004. Due to Latvia is

participant in EU since 2004 financial resources from EU projects are available for national

infrastructure projects.

Particulate matter emissions have increased in 2000-2012 by 260.25% for TSP to 752.20% for

PM2.5. Still the particulates have decreased by 13% to 45.59% in 2008-2009 due to decrease

of road construction activities. Decrease was caused by the crisis in national economy when

financial resources were transferred to and used in other sectors.

All heavy metals emissions have decreased by 63.1% as heavy metals are estimated only from

glass production processes so these emissions represent total decrease of glass production

sector. The emission levels haven’t changed in 2008-2012.

4.2.2 Cement clinker production (NFR 2 A 1)

4.2.2.1 Overview

Under this sector there are reported NOX, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10 and TSP emissions from

Cement production sector including emissions from cement and clinker production processes.


Table 4.5 Emissions from Cement clinker production in 199017-2012

NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP

1990 0.90 0.15 3.41 NR NR NR

1995 0.24 0.04 0.90 NR NR NR

2000 0.23 0.04 0.85 0.03 0.09 0.10

2005 0.36 0.06 1.35 0.05 0.14 0.16

2010 0.48 0.01 0.07 0.79 1.09 0.02

2011 0.93 0.01 0.37 1.04 1.42 0.03

2012 1.46 0.01 0.32 1.07 1.47 0.03

Change in

1990-2012, % 62.27 -92.66 -90.57 3464.57 1621.59 -71.86

All emissions except NMVOC increased in 2008-2009 when SO2 – by 1.95%. NOx emissions

increased quite sharp by 55.76% that is explained with the emission factor of NOx for new

production plant using dry process kiln that is 181.48% higher than in old production plant.

NMVOC emissions decreased by 61.22% that is also explained with the emission factor for new

production plant that is 95.65% lower than for the old production plant’s wet kiln process

technology.



82

Starting from 2010 fully dry process kiln is used in cement production. For 2009 both kiln

processes- dry and wet was used in cement production. Previously (1990 – 2009 partly) only

wet process kiln was used in cement production. Due to an increasing activity for cement

clinker production in 2010the amount of SOx emissions have remarkably decreased. From

year 2009 to 2010 SOx emissions are decreased about 95.95% due to changing technology of

cement clinker production from wet to dry process kiln. As resources there are used tyres and

lube oil which contains sulphur compounds, all necessary for producing clinker. NOx are

decreased about 31.34% but these data are not representative due to new technology started

to work with full capacity only in July on 2nd half of year 2010 and fully in 2011. In 2011 and

2012 there are increased emissions from 2.A.1 sector due to increasing of used activity data

in cement production comparing with previous years accordingly about 31.17% and 3.09%

respectively.

4.2.2.3 Methods

Tier2 approach was used to calculate NOx, NMVOC, SOx (from EMEP/CORINAIR 2007) and

particulate matters emissions (from EMEP/EEA 2013) from cement production taking into

account produced amount of clinker in wet and dry process kilns and technology based EFs.

In the middle of 2009 previously operating cement production plant was closed and the new

one was opened in different area. In the new facility dry process kiln is used instead of wet

process kiln used previously in the old production plant. Therefore particulate matter EFs was

updated and the corresponding EFs from EMEP/EEA 2013 for dry process kiln were used for

clinker produced in the new facility.

According to A category pollution permit there are total 36 dedusting equipments (filters)

installed in the cement production plant with total efficiency approximately 99%.18 These filters

mainly are designed to collect large coarse particles. Therefore total estimated TSP emissions

are decreased by 99% after the emission estimation using Tier2 EFs from EMEP/EEA 2013. The

BAT use is taken into account only starting 2009 for new facility where dry process kiln is used

because it is a newly established facility with recently installed BAT with strict control

technologies. Therefore TSP EF is estimated using following equation from EMEP/EEA 201319:

21 TierfiltersPM EFEF

where:

EFPM – TSP emission factor including BAT use (Gg/Gg)

ηfilters – abatement technologies efficiency – 99%

EFTier2 – Tier2 EMEP / EEA 2009 emission factor for TSP dry process kiln (Gg/Gg)


PM2.5 and PM10 EFs were used without abatement technologies reduction as there is no

information if BAT is used also for smaller particulates.

18 http://old.vpvb.gov.lv/ippc/atlauja/Aatl/Cemex_meiri.pdf (page 15)

19 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-a-mineral-products/2-a-1-cement-production/view (page 12)

http://old.vpvb.gov.lv/ippc/atlauja/Aatl/Cemex_meiri.pdf

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-a-mineral-products/2-a-1-cement-production/view



83

As the EFs for NOx, NMVOC and SOx are not available in EMEP/EEA 201320 (marked as “Not

Estimated”) the EFs from EMEP/CORINAIR 200721 were used as these emissions are emitted in

the production according to cement production plant. For Submission 2012 the EFs were

divided for wet process kiln used in the first half of 2009 and for dry process kiln used starting

with second half of 2009 and after .

Table 4.6 EFs for cement clinker production (Gg/Gg)

NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP

wet process kiln 0.00135 0.00023 0.0051 0.00018 0.00051 0.0006

dry process kiln 0.00245 0.00001 0.0051 0.00095 0.0013 0.000025


The produced clinker is not weighed in cement production plant but clinker production is

estimated from final cement type by multiplying it with cement/clinker ration according to

data taken from cement producer GHG report (Table 4.7).

Table 4.7 Cement production activity data in 1990–2012 (Gg)

Produced clinker Produced cement

1990 668.5 744.3

1991 617.6 720

1992 278 340

1993 30.8 114

1994 150 244

1995 175.7 204

1996 198 325

1997 201.7 246

1998 195.7 366

1999 263 301.32

2000 167.2 239.24

2001 203.2 248.54

2002 221 260.4

2003 241.1 295.21

2004 260 283.65

2005 265.4 361.08

2006 330.6 456.24

2007 338.3 522.41

2008 334.5 505.46

2009 340.99 227.46

2010 834.94 597.52

2011 1095.23 839.174

2012 1129.11 999.462

20http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-a-mineral-products/2-a-1-cement-production/view (pages 12-13)

21 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR5/B3311vs2.4.pdf/view (pages 12-13)



http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR5/B3311vs2.4.pdf/view


84


Uncertainty of cement production data is assumed as 10% as clinker production data is

estimated from final cement production data because produced clinker is not weighted

separately before the final cement mixture is produced.

Emission factor for 2.A.1 sector is estimated based on plant specific data of used limestone

characterizations so average uncertainty of 5% is assumed.

It has been concluded that up to 50 % of uncertainties may be assigned to the emission

estimates of most of the trace elements emitted from major point sources in Europe (Pacyna,

1994). Similar uncertainty can be assigned for emission estimates of these compounds from

cement production.







4.2.3 Lime production (NFR 2 A 2)

4.2.3.1 Overview

Under this sector PM2.5, PM10 and TSP emissions from lime production in Iron & Steel

production are reported as these emissions are estimated based on total produced quicklime

(CaO) data.

In iron & steel production facility lime necessary for steel smelting in open heart furnaces is

produced only from limestone in vertical shaft kiln.


Table 4.8 Emissions from Lime production in 2000-2012

PM2.5 PM10 TSP

Gg

1990 NR NR NR

1995 NR NR NR

2000 0.00553 0.02763 0.07105

2005 0.00061 0.00409 0.00817

2010 0.00052 0.00344 0.00688

2011 0.00003 0.00018 0.00036

2012 0.00003 0.00022 0.00044

Change in

2000-2012, % -99.40 -99.20 -99.38

As for most of Latvia’s economy sectors the emissions in 2008-2009 have decreased

significantly due to the economical crisis. In 2010, emissions have increased due to increasing

activity data of produced lime that are used for glass and metal production. There are

increased emissions from lime production due to overall increasing of activity in Industrial


85

processes. In 2011, emissions of produced lime that are used for metal production are

decreased due to changing technology of metal production as plant switched on steel

production in EAF (Electric arc furnace) only and operation of this plant was partially suspended

due to reconstruction in this year. In 2012 there are increased emissions of particulate matters

about 21.81% comparing with 2011 that is explained with overall increasing activity in this

sector and fact that Metal production plant works again with full capacity.

4.2.3.3 Methods

Tier2 approach was used also to estimate particular matters emissions from lime production

processes. Only particulate matter emissions were estimated from lime production. There are

three lime production plants where two of them are direct lime production plant where in one

lime is produced from dolomite and from other the lime is produced from limestone. Lime is

also produced in iron and steel plant where the lime is then directly used in steel production

process.


As all 3 lime production plants have A category pollution permits since 2005 the facilities must

have BAT installed and the emissions from the production processes have to be controlled.

Therefore controlled EFs from EMEP/EEA 2013 for particulate matters are used for time period

2005-2009. For time period 1990-2004 the uncontrolled EFs from EMEP/EEA 2013 are used

to estimate particulate matters emissions.

Following emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2013 to estimate particulate matters emissions are

used (Table 4.9).

Table 4.9 Emission factors for lime production in 1990–2012 (Gg/Gg)

PM2.5 PM10 TSP

Lime (total production) 1990-2005 0.0007 0.0035 0.009

Lime (total production) 2005-2012 0.00003 0.0002 0.0004


Activity data of produced lime in steel production company is taken from plant’s GHG reports

within ETS (Figure 4.2).

Unfortunately the data of produced lime in direct lime production plants is not available due

to confidentiality issue. These data are re-estimated backwards taking into account the

approximate percentage of the lime that is produced by using stated amount of raw materials.

The information of technology used in lime production is available:

in first facility lime is produced only from limestone and there are 3 shaft-type kilns

installed in facility;

in second facility lime is produced only from dolomite using shaft-type kilns;

in iron and steel production facility lime necessary for steel smelting in open heart

furnaces is produced only from limestone in vertical shaft kiln.


86

Figure 4.2 Lime production activity data in 1990–2012 (Gg)


Although according to IPCC GPG the uncertainty of non-marketed lime production data could

reach 100% and more it is assumed that the uncertainty of activity data for non-marketed

lime production data is 2.A.2 sector is assumed as 2% as only one plant specific data verified

by accredited verifier and approved by Regional Environmental Board is used.

As default emission factors for lime production from IPCC GPG 2000 as well as MRG are used

the uncertainty is assumed 50% due to unavailability of the plant specific data of produced

lime and due to the fact that this is default emission factor for quicklime production.







4.2.4 Asphalt roofing and Road paving with asphalt (NFR 2 A 5, 2 A 6)

4.2.4.1 Overview

In this sector NMVOC, particular metter and CO emissions from construction materials

production as well as road paving activities are reported.

According to CSB information the biggest part of NMVOC and other emissions occurs during

road paving with asphalt. Just small part of all bitumen mixtures are used in asphalt roofing

sector.

21

4.2

3

16

0.6

8

71

.61

29

.75

25

.08

19

.21

16

.40

10

.98

12

.31

8.1

8

7.8

9

6.7

9

6.7

6

5.6

8

5.5

2 20

.44

14

.12

15

.51

17

.28

9.5

8

17

.21

0.8

9

1.1

0

0

50

100

150

200

250

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

KT

Produced lime


87


Table 4.10 Emissions from Asphalt roofing and Road paving in 1990 -2012

NMVOC PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO

1990 0.002 NR NR NR 0.00007

1995 0.005 NR NR NR 0.00022

2000 0.012 0.16 1.16 5.41 0.00040

2005 0.032 0.43 3.19 14.87 0.00111

2010 0.026 0.34 2.57 11.96 0.00089

2011 0.041 0.55 4.06 18.90 0.00141

2012 0.043 0.58 4.34 20.22 0.00151

Change in 1990-2012, % 2770.39 274.13 274.13 274.13 1935.14

The emissions from these two particular sectors are constantly increasing since the beginning

of 90ties. Slight emission decrease in 1999-2000 is explained with the change of percentage

that is used to divide activity data used in roofing and road paving. The sharp emission

increase in 2003-2004 is explained with Latvia’s accession to EU in the May of 2004 before

and after what the road paving works were very active. As it is explained previous there are

tend to increase emissions from road paving and asphalt roofing activity in 2010. In 2011 and

2012 there are increased amount of activity data used for road paving and asphalt roofing

about 58.08% and 6.99% respectively.

4.2.4.3 Methods

EMEP/EEA 2013 Tier1 was used to estimate NMVOC emissions from the 2A5. Asphalt roofing

and 2A6 Road Paving with Asphalt. According to CSB the biggest part of bitumen mixtures

amount is used for road paving. Only a small part is used for roofing activities.

NMVOC emissions are estimated using simpler default methodology:

NMVOCbitumenNMVOC EFADE

where:

ENMVOC – NMVOC emissions (Gg)

ADbitumen – bitumen and bitumen mixtures used in 2A5 and 2A6 activities (Gg)

EFNMVOC –NMVOC emission factor (Gg/Gg)


Default CO and NMVOC emission factors are taken from EMEP/EEA 201322,23. Due to lack of

the technology use information Tier1 EFs were used (Table 4.11).

Table 4.11 Emission factors for asphalt roofing and road paving in 1990–2012

CO (Gg/Gg) NMVOC (Gg/Gg) PM2.5 (Gg/Gg) PM10 (Gg/Gg) TSP (Gg/Gg)

Asphalt Roofing 0.0000095 0.00013 0.00008 0.0004 0.0016

Road Paving with Asphalt NE 0.000016 0.0004 0.003 0.014

22 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-d-l-other-solvent/2-d-3-c-asphalt-roofing/view (page 7)

23 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-d-l-other-solvent/2-d-3-b-road-paving/view (page 8)

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-d-l-other-solvent/2-d-3-c-asphalt-roofing/view

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-d-l-other-solvent/2-d-3-c-asphalt-roofing/view

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-d-l-other-solvent/2-d-3-b-road-paving/view

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-d-l-other-solvent/2-d-3-b-road-paving/view


88


The activity data to calculate NMVOC emissions from road paving and asphalt roofing are

taken from the CSB (Table 4.12). For previous submissions the amount of bitumen was used

as activity data but starting with Submission 2012 the amount of bitumen mixtures was used

as activity data. According to CSB the bitumen mixtures includes:

Asphalt bitumen that usually consists of 60% or more of bitumen and solvent. Used for

highway paving;

Emulsion – or a solid asphalt, bitumen, pitch, tar suspensions in water that are used

especially in highway paving;

Asphalt mastic and other bitumen resins, and similar bituminous mixtures that include

minerals such as sand or asbestos;

Products that are sintered in blocks and that are repeatedly melted before use.

According to information from CSB the biggest part of bitumen mixtures is used for road

paving. According to IPCC 2006 typically 80-90% of bitumen is used for road paving

materials.24 Still as Latvia before the beginning of 90ties was part of former USSR and was

going through the economical transition phase, it was assumed that 80% is used for road

paving and remaining is used for asphalt roofing till 2000. After that the 90% amount was

used for road paving.

Table 4.12 Activity data for road paving with asphalt and asphalt roofing production

Amount of

bitumen mixtures

used (Gg)

% of asphalt

used for road

paving

% of asphalt

used for

roofing

Road Paving

With asphalt

(Gg)

Asphalt

roofing (Gg)

1990 39 80% 20% 31.2 7.8

1991 12.6 80% 20% 10.08 2.52

1992 2.1 80% 20% 1.68 0.42

1993 58.928 80% 20% 47.1424 11.7856

1994 125.625 80% 20% 100.5 25.125

1995 116.99 80% 20% 93.592 23.398

1996 214.811 80% 20% 171.8488 42.9622

1997 224.999 80% 20% 179.9992 44.9998

1998 225.533 80% 20% 180.4264 45.1066

1999 334.8106 80% 20% 267.8485 66.9621

2000 423.6426 90% 10% 381.2783 42.3643

2001 495.7003 90% 10% 446.1303 49.57

2002 558.4238 90% 10% 502.5814 55.8424

2003 625.6749 90% 10% 563.1074 62.5675

2004 3651.959 90% 10% 3286.763 365.1959

2005 1165.015 90% 10% 1048.514 116.5015

2006 1116.697 90% 10% 1005.027 111.6697

2007 1492.517 90% 10% 1343.265 149.2517

2008 1536.659 90% 10% 1382.993 153.6659

2009 838.4465 90% 10% 754.6019 83.8446

2010 937.1768 90% 10% 874.1842 97.1316

2011 1481.480 90% 10% 1333.332 148.148

2012 1426.4764 90% 10% 1426.4764 158.4974

24 http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_5_Ch5_Non_Energy_Products.pdf (page 5.14)

http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_5_Ch5_Non_Energy_Products.pdf


89

As mentioned before in 2004 the sharp increase of bitumen mixtures use was observed that

is explained with large amount of road paving works before Latvia’s accession to EU and after

that when EU financial instruments became available (Table 4.12).


Uncertainty of activity data for estimations of emissions from 2.A.5 Asphalt roofing sector and

2.A.6 Road Paving with Asphalt sector is assumed rather low as CSB data of used bitumen

mixtures are used and the percentage of IPCC 2006 is used to divide bitumen use for roofing

and paving activities. Still as it is not clearly known how much of the total bitumen is used for

asphalt paving and for asphalt roofing (bitumen use in construction sector) the uncertainty is

assumed as at least 20%.

The emission factors for 2.A.5 and 2.A.6 sectors are assumed as high as 70% because default

emission factors are used. The uncertainty of indirect emission factors for these two sectors

are taken from EMEP/EEA 2009 as Tier1 EFs is assumed as high as 50% due to the default

emission factors are used.




For submission 2014 there are made recalculations for NMVOC, particular matter and CO

emissions in all time series from 2A5 Asphalt roofing and 2A6 Road paving with asphalt

sectors according to updated emission factors taken from EPEM/EEA 2013.

Table 4.13 Recalculations done in 2A5 and 2A6 sectors

Total NMVOC

emissions after

recalculation (Gg)

Total CO

emissions after

recalculation (Gg)

Total PM2.5 emissions

after recalculation

(Gg)

Total PM10 emissions

after recalculation

(Gg)

Total TSP emissions

after recalculation (Gg)

2.A.5 2.A.6 2.A.5 2.A.6 2.A.5 2.A.6 2.A.5 2.A.6 2.A.5 2.A.6

1990 0.00101 0.00050 0.00007 NE NR NR NR NR NR NR

1991 0.00033 0.00016 0.00002 NE NR NR NR NR NR NR

1992 0.00005 0.00003 0.00000 NE NR NR NR NR NR NR

1993 0.00153 0.00075 0.00011 NE NR NR NR NR NR NR

1994 0.00327 0.00161 0.00024 NE NR NR NR NR NR NR

1995 0.00304 0.00150 0.00022 NE NR NR NR NR NR NR

1996 0.00559 0.00275 0.00041 NE NR NR NR NR NR NR

1997 0.00585 0.00288 0.00043 NE NR NR NR NR NR NR

1998 0.00586 0.00289 0.00043 NE NR NR NR NR NR NR

1999 0.00871 0.00429 0.00064 NE NR NR NR NR NR NR

2000 0.00551 0.00610 0.00040 NE 0.00339 0.15251 0.01695 1.14384 0.06778 5.33790

2001 0.00644 0.00714 0.00047 NE 0.00397 0.17845 0.01983 1.33839 0.07931 6.24582

2002 0.00726 0.00804 0.00053 NE 0.00447 0.20103 0.02234 1.50774 0.08935 7.03614

2003 0.00813 0.00901 0.00059 NE 0.00501 0.22524 0.02503 1.68932 0.10011 7.88350

2004 0.04748 0.05259 0.00347 NE 0.02922 1.31471 0.14608 9.86029 0.58431 46.01468

2005 0.01515 0.01678 0.00111 NE 0.00932 0.41941 0.04660 3.14554 0.18640 14.67919

2006 0.01452 0.01608 0.00106 NE 0.00893 0.40201 0.04467 3.01508 0.17867 14.07038

2007 0.01940 0.02149 0.00142 NE 0.01194 0.53731 0.05970 4.02980 0.23880 18.80571

2008 0.01998 0.02213 0.00146 NE 0.01229 0.55320 0.06147 4.14898 0.24587 19.36190

2009 0.01090 0.01207 0.00080 NE 0.00671 0.30184 0.03354 2.26381 0.13415 10.56443

2010 0.01218 0.01350 0.00089 NE 0.00750 0.33738 0.03749 2.53038 0.14995 11.80843

2011 0.01926 0.02133 0.00141 NE 0.01185 0.53333 0.05926 4.00000 0.23704 18.66665


90

Total NMVOC

emissions after

recalculation (Gg)

Total CO

emissions after

recalculation (Gg)

Total PM2.5 emissions

after recalculation

(Gg)

Total PM10 emissions

after recalculation

(Gg)

Total TSP emissions

after recalculation (Gg)

2.A.5 2.A.6 2.A.5 2.A.6 2.A.5 2.A.6 2.A.5 2.A.6 2.A.5 2.A.6

Difference

comparing

with

submission

2013 (%)

-2500% -99.90% -5% NE -100% -100% -100% -100% 0% -62.50%



4.2.5 Other mineral products (NFR 2 A 7 d)

4.2.5.1 Overview

In this sector particular metters and heavy metal emissions from use of additional raw

materials used in glass production plants – fluorspar, potash and whiterite (barium carbonate),

are reported, as well as NMVOC emissions from glass production and glass fibre production

reported by production facilities.


Table 4.14 Emissions from Other mineral products in 1990 -2012

NMVOC PM2.5 PM10 TSP Pb Cd Hg

1990 0.001 NR NR NR 0.074 0.006 0.00013

1995 0.002 NR NR NR 0.017 0.001 0.00003

2000 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.012 0.001 0.00002

2005 0.011 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.038 0.003 0.00007

2010 0.014 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.027 0.002 0.00005

2011 0.015 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.027 0.002 0.00005

2012 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.027 0.002 0.00005

Change in 1990-

2012, % 74.69 119.14 119.14 119.14 -63.05 -63.05 -63.05

NMVOC emissions for time period 1997-2012 were taken from national database “2-AIR”

where glass fibre production plant reported its emissions divided by NMVOC sub-type (Table

4.14). For time period 1990-1996 only butylacetate data is available from glass fibre

production company’s application for GHG permit within EU ETS. For year 2005 also glass

production company had reported its NMVOC emissions but since then glass production is not

operating therefore NMVOC emissions from glass production are reported only for 2005.


91

Figure 4.3 NMVOC emissions from glass fibre production in 1990–2012 (Gg)

Use of potash as well as NMVOC emissions from glass production stopped in 2005 when the

glass production plant ended its activity although the use of raw materials in last years of this

glass production plant increased sharply. Use of whiterite is occurring only in 2005-2007 in

glass production manufacturing plant but in 2008 and 2009 the plant has suspended it

activity. Since 2005 NMVOC emissions are still emitted but in smaller amounts from glass fibre

production.

4.2.5.3 Methods

The particulate matters and heavy metals EFs were taken from EMEP/EEA 2013 for Tier1

approach.

NMVOC emissions were taken from national database “2-AIR” where glass fibre production

plant has reported its NMVOC emissions therefore no EF was used.


Following emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2013 to estimate particulate matters emissions are

used (Table 4.15).

Table 4.15 Emission factors for glass production in 1990–2012

PM2.5 PM10 TSP Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn

Gg/Gg Mg/Mg

Glass production 0.00024 0.00027 0.0003 0.0017 0.00013 0.000003 0.00019 0.00023 0.000007 0.00049 0.0008 0.00037


Emissions from use of additional raw materials used in glass production plants – fluorspar,

potash and whiterite (barium carbonate) are used as activity data to estimate heavy metals and

particular matters from glass production plants (Table 4.16).

Emissions from Glass fibre production are estimated to taking into account NMVOC emissions

as activity data due to there is no data about used raw materials but plant report NMVOC

emissions.


92

Table 4.16 Activity data for raw materials use in glass production in 1990-2012

Use of

potash

(Gg)

Use of

fluorspar

(Gg)

Use of

barium

carbonate

(Gg)

Use of

butylacetate

(Gg)

1990 NO NO NO 0.0013

1991 NO NO NO 0.0018

1992 NO NO NO 0.0011

1993 NO 0.0217 NO 0.0021

1994 NO 0.0100 NO 0.0013

1995 NO 0.1158 NO 0.0016

1996 NO 0.1181 NO 0.0036

1997 NO 0.0328 NO NO

1998 NO 0.0743 NO NO

1999 NO 0.1074 NO NO

2000 NO 0.0840 NO NO

2001 0.0318 0.1520 NO NO

2002 0.1420 0.1580 NO NO

2003 0.1671 0.2160 NO NO

2004 0.1191 0.2460 NO NO

2005 0.0376 0.2652 0.0115 NO

2006 0.0198 0.2221 0.0209 NO

2007 0.0088 0.2013 0.0096 NO

2008 NO 0.2552 NO NO

2009 NO 0.4084 NO NO

2010 NO 0.6222 NO NO

2011 NO 0.5912 NO NO

2012 NO 0.6390 NO NO


The uncertainty of activity data for this sector is assumed as 2% as plant specific reported data

is used. Accredited verifiers and Latvia’s Regional Environmental Boards verify the activity data

reported in production plant’s annual GHG reports within ETS so the activity data is adequately

verified.

Emission factors for this sector are taken from glass production plant so the uncertainty could

be assumed as quite low. Still the estimation of the emission factors can’t be adequately

verified so the uncertainty is assumed as quite high – 70%.








93

4.3 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (NFR 2 B)

4.3.1 Overview

Although there are strong traditions of the chemical industry in Latvia there are nonchemical

industry production processes listed in IPCC GPG 2000 or EMEP/EEA 2013 that generate GHG

emissions.

The biggest part of chemical industry is medicine production and then small part of paints

and varnishes production.

Under this sector there are reported particular matter emissions from phosphate fertilizers.

All available data and emissions from chemical and pharmaceutical production are reported

and described under 3C Chemical products, manufacture and processing sector.


Particulate matters emissions from phosphate fertilizers were estimated and reported in 2B5

sector but only for year 2008-2012 as activity data for other years are not available (Table

4.17).

Table 4.17 Particulate matters emissions from Chemical Industry in 2008-2012

PM2.5 PM10 TSP

2008 1.29E-05 1.72E-05 2.15E-05

2009 0.000756 0.001008 0.00126

2010 0.000866 0.001155 0.001443

2011 0.002541 0.003387 0.004234

2012 0.000129 0.000172 0.000215

Trend in 2008-2012, % 900 900 900

4.3.3 Methods

Tier 1 method from EMEP/CORINAIR was used to calculate emissions from phosphate

fertilizers production. Calculation of all emissions is done with Excel databases developed by

experts from LEGMC.


Particulate matters emission factors from EMEP/EEA 2013 are used – 0.00018 Gg/Gg for PM2.5,

0.00024 Gg/Gg for PM10 and 0.0003 Gg/Gg for TSP emissions.

4.3.5 Activity data

Activity data obtained from enterprises and collected in Latvia’s Chemical Substances Registry

(Table 4.18).

Table 4.18 Activity data of phosphate fertilizers in 2008-2012 (Gg)

Used phosphate

fertilizers (Gg)

2008 0.072

2009 4.200

2010 4.811

2011 14.114


94

Used phosphate

fertilizers (Gg)

2012 0.715

4.3.6 Uncertainties

No specific issues for activity data and emission factors in Chemical industry.






No improvements have been planned.

4.4 METAL PRODUCTION (NFR 2 C)


Emissions from crude iron as input material in iron and steel production in open-heart

furnaces as well as crude iron used in electric arc furnaces are included in the inventory

according to IPCC GPG 2000 excluding scrap metal use in crude steel production. The indirect

GHG emission sources are also included under iron and steel production.


Emissions of NMVOC, CO, NOX and SOx gases as well as emissions of particulate matters, heavy

metals and dioxin are reported under 2.C.1 Iron and Steel production sector (Table 4.19).

Table 4.19 Emissions from Metal Production in 1990-2012

NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd

1990 2.805 0.248 0.088 NR NR NR 0.0006 0.165 0.000

1995 1.425 0.126 0.045 NR NR NR 0.0003 0.084 0.000

2000 2.551 0.225 0.080 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.0005 0.150 0.000

2005 2.827 0.249 0.089 0.333 0.443 0.554 0.0006 0.166 0.000

2010 2.730 0.241 0.086 0.321 0.428 0.535 0.0005 0.161 0.000

2011 0.855 0.075 0.027 0.101 0.134 0.168 0.0002 0.050 0.000

2012 4.266 0.376 0.134 0.502 0.669 0.836 0.0008 0.251 0.001

Change in

1990-2012,

%

52.08 52.08 52.08 67.19 67.19 67.19 52.08 52.08 52.05

The biggest decrease occurred in time period 1990–1991 due to crisis in Latvia’s national

economy. Crisis in late 90-ties caused by crisis in Russia’s economy is reflected in decrease

of emissions from Metal Production sector. Also final amount of steel products produced in

only metal industry facility decreased in latest years.

Main decrease of emission trend occurred in early 90ties that is explained with economical

situation in industry for this period. Since 1995 emissions were increasing due to increase of

metal production. Emissions also slightly decreased by 0.5% from 2004 to 2005 that is

explained with decrease of output of steel production that is affected by economical situation

and demand of products in national and international markets.


95

In 1990-2007 emissions have increased by 1.5% in 1990-2007 and again have decreased by

5% in 2007-2008 that is explained with economical crisis that already begun in the second

part of 2008. The emissions continued to decrease in 2008-2009 – by 16.97%.

Emissions in 2010 have increased comparing to 2009 with about 21.55 %. In 2011 there are

markably decresed all emissions from Metal production sector averagely about 68.60% due

to technological changes in Metal production plant when steel production process was stoped

half a year. There are planed to switched on Electric arc furnace only (EAF) in the future. In

2011 Metal production plant were made reconstructions as a result all produced amount of

steel in EAF and Open heart furnace (OHF) decrease about 75.11% and 68.67%.

In 2012 all emissions in Metal production sector are increased after plant reconstruction.

Comparing with base year in 2012 there are increased particular matter emissions about

67.18% and NOx, NMVOC, SOx and heavy metals about 52.07 %.

4.4.3 Methods

Tier1 method from EMEP/EEA 2013 was used to calculate emissions from steel production.

Calculation of all emissions is done with Excel databases developed by experts from LEGMC.


Emission factors for NOx, NMVOC and SOx emissions are taken from EMEP/CORINAIR 2007.

Carbon dioxide, particulate matters and heavy metals emission factors are taken from

EMEP/EEA 2013 for the Submission 2014. According to methodology for estimations of

emissions from processes in open-heart furnaces, where 95% of total steel production is

produced.

Table 4.20 Emission factors for Iron and Steel production in 1990–2012

NOx NMVOC SOx PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO

Gg/Gg

0.0051 0.00045 0.00016 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.000001

Pb Cd As Cr Cu Ni Zn

Mg/Mg

0.0003 0.0000008 0.00003 0.0000023 0.0000003 0.00001 0.00001

4.4.5 Activity data

Activity data were taken from the CSB of Latvia and enterprises. Activity data on production

and output by manufacturing companies are freely available until 1999. CSB gives only

restricted information on production and output of goods since 1999, the information being

classified as confidential. LEGMC has signed an agreement with CSB to get data of total

production of products from sectors from what data are confidential. Still as industrial

producers are participants in the EU ETS the GHG reports of these enterprises have to be freely

available.

The GHG reports of EU ETS operators are published on LEGMC home page. The data source of

the activity data is industrial producers and the confidentiality rules are no longer in force.

Latvia has simpler situation in activity data of 2C1 Metal Production because there is only one

steel producer and it participates in EU ETS and in International ETS. It is possible to obtain


96

more accurate and complete activity data and emission factors from enterprise that are

involved in the emission trading system (Figure 4.4)

Figure 4.4 Steel production activity data in 1990–2012 (kt)

4.4.6 Uncertainties

Only one enterprise operates in iron and steel industry category in Latvia and this facility

reports data of production and raw materials used in production processes. Still used raw

materials data divided by technological processes aren’t available and are estimated by using

approximate percentage. So the uncertainty of activity data of iron and steel industry is

assumed 25%.

Uncertainty of emission factors taken from EMEP/EEA 2013 methodologies is assigned as 20

% so it is apposite for open-heart furnaces – technology mainly used in facility operated in

iron and steel industry in Latvia.




For submission 2014 there are made recalculations for all heavy metals in all time series from

2C1 Iron and steel production according to updated emission factors taken from EMEP/EEA

2013.

Table 4.21 Emissions from Iron and Steel production in 1990-2011 after recalculation

Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn

1990 0.16500 0.00044 NO 0.01650 0.00127 0.00017 0.00550 NO 0.00446

1991 0.11205 0.00030 NO 0.01120 0.00086 0.00011 0.00373 NO 0.00303

1992 0.07375 0.00020 NO 0.00738 0.00057 0.00007 0.00246 NO 0.00199

1993 0.09012 0.00024 NO 0.00901 0.00069 0.00009 0.00300 NO 0.00243

1994 0.09959 0.00027 NO 0.00996 0.00076 0.00010 0.00332 NO 0.00269

1995 0.08380 0.00022 NO 0.00838 0.00064 0.00008 0.00279 NO 0.00226

1996 0.08795 0.00023 NO 0.00880 0.00067 0.00009 0.00293 NO 0.00237

1997 0.13936 0.00037 NO 0.01394 0.00107 0.00014 0.00465 NO 0.00376

55

0.0

0

37

3.4

9

24

5.8

3

30

0.3

9

33

1.9

6

27

9.3

3

29

3.1

7

46

4.5

3

47

0.8

4

48

3.7

4

50

0.2

9

50

2.2

8

50

7.1

9

54

7.3

5

55

6.9

7

55

4.3

5

55

4.5

5

55

8.1

6

53

0.4

6

44

0.4

6 53

5.3

0

16

7.6

2

83

6.4

3

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

KT


97

Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn

1998 0.14125 0.00038 NO 0.01413 0.00108 0.00014 0.00471 NO 0.00381

1999 0.14512 0.00039 NO 0.01451 0.00111 0.00015 0.00484 NO 0.00392

2000 0.15009 0.00040 NO 0.01501 0.00115 0.00015 0.00500 NO 0.00405

2001 0.15068 0.00040 NO 0.01507 0.00116 0.00015 0.00502 NO 0.00407

2002 0.15216 0.00041 NO 0.01522 0.00117 0.00015 0.00507 NO 0.00411

2003 0.16420 0.00044 NO 0.01642 0.00126 0.00016 0.00547 NO 0.00443

2004 0.16709 0.00045 NO 0.01671 0.00128 0.00017 0.00557 NO 0.00451

2005 0.16630 0.00044 NO 0.01663 0.00127 0.00017 0.00554 NO 0.00449

2006 0.16636 0.00044 NO 0.01664 0.00128 0.00017 0.00555 NO 0.00449

2007 0.16745 0.00045 NO 0.01674 0.00128 0.00017 0.00558 NO 0.00452

2008 0.15914 0.00042 NO 0.01591 0.00122 0.00016 0.00530 NO 0.00430

2009 0.13214 0.00035 NO 0.01321 0.00101 0.00013 0.00440 NO 0.00357

2010 0.16059 0.00043 NO 0.01606 0.00123 0.00016 0.00535 NO 0.00434

2011 0.05029 0.00013 NO 0.00503 0.00039 0.00005 0.00168 NO 0.00136

Difference

comparing

with

submission

2013 (%)

-95.83 -99.50 NO 50.00 -99.49 -99.90 -85.71 NO -99.92



4.5 OTHER PRODUCTION (NFR 2 D)


Other Production sub-sector includes indirect emissions from:

Pulp and Paper industry;

Food and drink industry.

Under this sector there was made research on pulp and paper sector as there are two producers

that are reporting activity data with the PRODCOM code 17.11.14.00.00- manufacture of pulp.

According to available information these two manufactures have changed their activity and

there are no information about raw materials that could be produced or imported.


Table 4.22 Emissions from Pulp and Paper (2.D.1) and Food and Drink (2.D.2) production sectors in

1990-2012 (Gg)

NMVOC SOx

1990 3.38 1.10

1995 1.89 0.05

2000 2.00 0.00

2005 2.19 0.00

2010 1.37 0.00

2011 1.32 0.00

2012 1.33 0.00

Change in emissions

in 1990-2012, %

-60.74 -100.00

The biggest fluctuations occurred in time period 1991–1993 due to changes in economical

situation in country (Table 4.22). Decrease of NMVOC emissions in time period 1999–2001 is

explained with economical crisis in neighbour country Russia with whom Latvia has stable


98

economical relations. For the years in time period 2002–2004 NMVOC emissions were stable.

NMVOC emissions have decreased by 29.3% in 2006-2007 that is explained with decrease of

produced spirits by 35.5%. The emissions in 2008-2009 have decreased by 5.99% that is

explained with the crisis in national economy that affected food and drink production industry

as purchasing capacity decreased due to decreased salaries, increased taxes etc. After going

through a crisis in 2009 emissions in 2010 are increased about 5.08%. In 2011 NMVOC

emissions are decreased about 4.06% comparing with 2010. In 2012 NMVOC emissions are

increased about 0.77% comparing 2011 that makes stable situation in this sector in last two

years.

SOx emissions are reported for time period 1990 – 1996 when pulp and paper industry were

closed due to facility closes. In latest years wood pulp and paper industry is developing again

still wood pulp is imported and not produced in country so SOx emissions that occurred in

pulp production processes are not emitted.

4.5.3 Methods

Tier 1 method from EMEP/CORINAIR was used to calculate emissions from Pulp and paper

production and Food and drink production sectors. NMVOC emissions from the food and drink

industry as well as SOx emissions from pulp and paper industry are calculated at the LEGMC.


The NMVOC emission factors (Table 4.23) are taken from the IPCC 1996 with exception of

NMVOC emission factor for spirits production. For Submission 2014, NMVOC emissions factor

from EMEP/CORINAIR that corresponds to other spirits was used. Central Statistical Bureau

provided aggregated statistical data where it can be seen that 95.5% of all spirits produced in

Latvia is produced from grains (sheer alcohol or spirits) and no brandy and whiskey is

produced in Latvia. That's why previously used emission factor as for Spirits (unspecified sort)

15 kg/hl (alcohol) was changed to emission factor as for Other Spirits 0.4 kg/hl (alcohol).

Table 4.23 NMVOC emission factors for food and drink industries

Production Emission factors

Wine 0.08 kg/hl

Beer 0.035 kg/hl

Spirits 0.4 kg/hl

Meet, fish, poultry 0.3 kg/t

Sugar 10 kg/t

Cakes, biscuits, breakfast cereals 1 kg/t

Bread 8 kg/t

Animal forage 1 kg/t

4.5.5 Activity data

Activity data for calculation of the NMVOC emissions from the food and drink industry is

obtained from the CSB. Activity data of pulp and paper sub-sector also were taken from CSB

(Table 4.24) LEGMC has signed an agreement with CSB to get data of total production of

products from sectors where data are confidential. Still for the 2007 data for the category –

wine production, was classified as confidential and not available for the LEGMC. That’s why

for this category 2006 year’s data was used also for years 2007-2012.


99

Table 4.24 Activity data of 2.D.1 Pulp and Paper and 2.D.2 Food and Drink production

sectors in 1990-2012

Pulp

and

Paper

Wine Beer Spirits

Meat,

fish,

poultry

Sugar

Cakes,

biscuits,

breakfast

cereals

Bread Animal

forage

Gg 1000 hl 1000 hl 1000 hl Gg Gg Gg Gg Gg

1990 36.6 19.9 87.4 324.5 569.3 31.0 54.8 314.0 200.0

1991 44.7 197.5 1295.3 330.0 490.4 35.0 39.2 293.0 200.0

1992 30.8 179.8 858.9 259.3 281.6 39.0 22.1 240.0 200.0

1993 4.7 87.7 545.9 217.4 154.0 26.0 15.8 177.4 245.4

1994 0.2 134.2 637.9 314.8 95.6 15.8 22.7 161.5 174.0

1995 1.5 159.2 652.8 341.5 82.8 29.3 24.4 145.4 214.4

1996 1.5 154.7 644.9 379.6 100.5 31.2 13.1 137.1 206.2

1997 NO 114.7 714.8 456.4 129.1 41.2 16.9 132.1 205.0

1998 NO 99.6 721.0 417.4 110.9 64.9 18.1 124.8 203.3

1999 NO C 953.2 C 166.9 C 20.8 121.5 144.5

2000 NO C 945.1 C 197.3 C 24.3 121.1 173.8

2001 NO C 996.6 C 244.6 C 24.4 123.1 184.9

2002 NO C 1199.2 C 262.9 C 29.0 122.6 201.3

2003 NO C 1336.6 C 264.4 C 37.3 124.0 201.4

2004 NO C 1313.1 C 262.5 C 43.6 119.3 211.8

2005 NO C 1293.3 C 243.8 C 53.6 116.3 248.6

2006 NO C 1383.0 C 288.4 C 45.0 107.3 244.2

2007 NO C 1414.3 C 286.0 NO 46.5 102.3 336.8

2008 NO C 1333.8 C 297.7 NO 38.5 100.7 307.3

2009 NO C 1292.4 C 253.5 NO 33.3 95.9 299.3

2010 NO C 1484.9 C 242.2 NO 37.5 89.9 405.8

2011 NO C 1626.6 C 261.5 NO 39.7 88.6 360.9

2012 NO C 1488.5 C 264.3 NO 44.5 91.4 348.2

4.5.6 Uncertainties

Uncertainty of activity data was assumed as 2% for 1990-2006 because statistical data from

CSB were used. For 2007-2008 the uncertainty is assumed higher – 10%, as no precise

information is available for wine production. NMVOC emission factors were assigned as 50%

because default emission factors taken from the IPCC 1996 were used.






No improvements are planned.


100

5. SOLVENT AND OTHER PRODUCT USE (NRF 3)

5.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW

5.1.1 Overview

This sector contains NMVOC emissions from subsectors:

Paint Application (NFR 3.A);

Degreasing and Dry Cleaning (NFR 3.B);

Chemical Products, Manufacture and Processing (NFR 3.C);

Other (NRF 3.D):

Printing (NFR 3.D.1);

Domestic Solvent Use (NFR 3.D.2);

Other Product Use (3.D.3).

Emissions in the Solvent and Other Product Use sector (Figure 5.1) are linked with the country-

wide changes in government system and national economy. From the 1990ties till 2004

statistics was not well kept therefore NMVOC emissions were calculated proportionately

assuming that base year for NMVOC emissions was year 200525 and taking into account the

number of inhabitants. For 2005-2012 the data from Chemical Register (CR) was used under

NRF 3.A, 3.B and 3.D for NMVOC emission calculation; NMVOC emission for NRF 3.C was

obtained from database “2-Air” for 2004-2012.

Figure 5.1 NMVOC emissions from Solvent and Other Product Use sector in 1990-2012

25 For NMVOC emissions under NRF 3.C base year was 2004

0

5

10

15

20

25

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

GG

3.D.3 Other productuse

3.D.2 Domesticsolvent use includingfungicides3.D.1 Printing

3.C Chemical products

3.B.1 Degreasing &Dry cleaning

3.A.3 Other coatingapplication

3.A.2 Industrialcoating application

3.A.1 Decorativecoating application


101

For years 2005-201226 country specific method was used to calculate NNMVOC emissions

under Solvent and Other Product Use subsectors. The average percentage content of NMVOC

in NMVOC containg product is used as NMVOC emission factor under Solvent and Other

Product Use subsectors except NRF 3.C where all NMVOC emissions data is obtained directly

from database “2-Air”.

5.1.2 Key sources

Solvent and Other Product Use sector covered over 40% from the total Latvia’s NMVOC

emissions in 2012. The largest share is for other product use – 52.9% (Figure 5.2). This

subsector includes emissions from application of underseal treatment and conservation of

vehicles, glues and adhesives, preservation of wood and other solvent use. Other are

respectively domestic solvent use 25.7%, decorative coating application and chemical products

8.3%, industrial coating application 2.7%, other coating application 2.1%, printing 0,1% and

degreasing 0,01%.

Figure 5.2 Distribution of NMVOC emissions in Solvent and Other Product Use Sector for

2012 (Gg)


Decrease in NMVOC emissions in the period 1990-2005 (Table 5.1) has occurred mostly due

to the industry going through a crisis. Between 2005 and 2008 the economic growth induced

the increasing usage of NMVOC containing products from application of underseal treatment

and conservation of vehicles, glues and adhesives, preservation of wood, domestic solvent use

and other.

26 For years 2004-2012 country specific method was used to calculate NNMVOC emissions under NRF

3.C

3A18.3%

3A22.7% 3A3

2.1%

3B0.0%3C

8.1%

3D10.1%

3D225.7%

3D352.9%


102

Table 5.1 Trends in NMVOC emissions from Solvent and Other Product use sector

Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in 1990-2012, %

NMVOC Gg 19.52 18.29 17.42 16.63 18.96 20.67 22.06 13.05

At the end of 2008 the world was struck by the economic crisis which also affected the Solvent

and Other Product Use sector in Latvia. There is an increase in trends of NMVOC emissions

from Solvent and Other Product Use in later years. Since 2010 in CFR 3 sector NMVOC

emissions have increased by 14%.

5.2 PAINT APPLICATION (NFR 3 A), DEGREASING AND DRY CLEANING (NFR 3 B), OTHER – PRINTING,

DOMESTIC SOLVENTS USE AND OTHER PRODUCT USE (NFR 3 D 1, 3 D 2, 3 D 3)

5.2.1 Overview

Paint Application (NRF 3.A) includes paints and varnishes from NRF 3.A.1 Decorative coating

application (paints for architectural application by construction enterprises and proffesional

painters as well as by private consumers), NRF 3.A.2 Industrial coating application (paint

application for manufacture automobiles, car repairing, coil coating, boat building, wood as

well as other industrial paint applications) and NRF 3.A.3 Other coating applications as

described by EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2009. Paint Application

constituted 13.4% of the total NMVOC emissions under Solvent and Other p roduct Use sector

in 2012.

Degreasing and Dry Cleaning (NRF 3.B) consists of two subsectors. Degreasing (NRF 3.B.1)

includes cleaning products from water-insoluble substances such as grease, fats, oils waxes

and tars. In this subsector a wide range of activities were covered according to EMEP/EEA air

pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2009. Dry Cleaning (NRF 3.B.2) constitutes a small

amount of whole NRF 3.B sector. NRF 3.B.2 is included in NRF 3.B.1due to the luck of statistics.

Other (NRF 3.D) was the biggest sub-category (78.8% or 17.4 Gg NMVOC) of total NMVOC

emissions in Solvent and Other Product Use in 2012. Other Product Use (NRF 3.D.3) produced

52.9% (11.7 Gg), Domestic Solvent Use (NRF 3.D.2) – 25.7% (5.7 Gg) and Printing (NRF 3.D.1)

– less than 1 % of these 17.4 Gg NMVOC.

To divide the NMVOC containing products by NRF 3.D subsectors EMEP/EEA air pollutant

emission inventory guidebook – 2009 was used. Printing (NRF 3.D.1) involved the use of inks,

cleaning solvents and organic dampeners. Domestic Solvent Use including fungicides (NRF

3.D.2) comprises NMVOC emissions from a number of product categories, for instance,

cosmetics & toiletries, household products, construction and car care products. Other Product

Use (NRF 3.D.3) includes emissions from application of underseal treatment and conservation

of vehicles, glues and adhesives, preservation of wood and other solvent use.


There is an increase in trends of NMVOC emissions under NRF 3.A, 3.B and 3.D in later years

mostly due to the economic welfare of the country (Table 5.2).


103

Table 5.2 NMVOC emissions from Paint Application (NRF 3.A), Degreasing and Dry Cleaning

(NRF 3.B) and Other Product Use (NRF 3.D) sectors in 1990–2012 (Gg)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

Paint

Application 4.02 3.77 3.59 3.39 2.36 2.58 2.90 -27.90

Degreasing 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.002 181.49

Printing 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.312 0.289 0.022 995.76

Domestic

solvent use 3.82 3.58 3.41 3.22 4.76 4.66 5.68 48.86

Other product

use 10.32 9.67 9.21 8.70 10.70 10.66 11.68 13.20

5.2.3 Methods

Country specific method was used to calculate NNMVOC emissions from NRF 3.A, 3.B and 3.D

subsectors. The average content of NMVOC in imported or produced chemical products

containing NMVOCs is calculated by arithmetic average and is presented in mass percentage.

NMVOC emissions (Gg) from Solvent and Other Product Use were calculated for the time series

1990-2012 using the equation below:

ENMVOC = EFNMVOC AD

where:

ENMVOC – non-methane volatile organic compounds emissions from solvents and other production use (Gg);

EFNMVOC – emission factor is assumed as the average percentage of a particular NMVOC in NMVOC containing product;

AD – activity data from Chemical Register, Gg.

To obtain a comparable data in time series for years 1990-2004 NMVOC emissions were

calculated using the same methodology as for years 2005-2012. Assuming that base year for

NMVOC emissions is year 2005, NMVOC emissions for years 1990-2004 were calculated

proportionally, taking into account the number of inhabitants.


The average percentage content of NMVOC in NMVOC containg product is used as NMVOC

emission factor.

5.2.5 Activity data

From the 1990ties till 2004 statistics for NRF 3.A, 3.B and 3.D was not well kept due to the

country-wide changes in governmental system and national economy. For 2005-2012 all

activity data was obtained from the Chemical Register (CR) at State Ltd "Latvian Environment,

Geology and Meteorology Centre" (Table 5.3). In CR data of imported and produced amount

of chemical products containing NMVOCs is collected together with the percentage of a

particular NMVOC in imported or produced products.

Table 5.3 Activity data for Paint Application (NRF 3.A), Degreasing and Dry Cleaning (NRF

3.B) and Other (NRF 3.D) in 2005-2012 (Gg)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

3.A 11.68 17.06 24.60 13.66 23.18 20.13 16.98 21.32

3.B 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01


104

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

3.D.1 0.00 0.47 0.52 0.47 0.12 0.55 0.50 0.04

3.D.2 8.04 13.01 16.30 58.70 22.89 31.65 12.44 11.48

3.D.3 12.38 17.73 21.07 18.09 18.61 28.19 13.23 26.02

It is assumed that the NMVOC containing products imported in the country in a particular year

are utilized in the same year as the data of the actual use is not available or is confidential. In

CR information on a particular year, amount of produced and imported chemicals (ton), NACE

code, trade name, chemical name, CAS number and concentration (from … till %) is provided.

NMVOC emissions for years 1990-2004 were calculated proportionally, taking into account

the number of inhabitants provided by the Central Statistical Bureau (Table 5.4). Therefore

Implied emission factor (IEF) depends on the amount of NMVOC containing products in

particular year (activity data varies year to year).

Table 5.4 The number of population is used as activity data under NRF 3.A, 3.B and 3.D for

years 1990-2005

Year Population

1990 2 668 140

1991 2 658 161

1992 2 643 000

1993 2 585 675

1994 2 540 904

1995 2 500 580

1996 2 469 531

1997 2 444 912

1998 2 420 789

1999 2 399 248

2000 2 381 715

2001 2 353 384

2002 2 320 956

2003 2 299 390

2004 2 276 520

2005 2 249 724

5.2.6 Uncertainties

Uncertainty of available activity data under NRF 3.A, 3.B and 3.D subsector was ±2% in 2012.

Time series consistency was ensured by using one method for all time series.




For period 1990-2012 recalculations have been carried out under NRF 3.A, 3.B and 3.D mainly

due to two reasons. The first one is that the list of NMVOCs substance is supplemented,

therefore recalculations are carried out for all time series. The second reason is that the time

series consistency is performed using one method for all time series.


105


It is planned to obtain much more activity data from „Chemical Register” to ensure

completeness of the next submission. To achieve results it is necessary to supplement the list

of NMVOC substances.

5.4 CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURE AND PROCESSING (NFR 3 C)

5.4.1 Overview

This sector covers NMVOC emissions from the use of chemical products taking into account

many activities such as polyurethane and polystyrene foam processing, speciality organic

chemical industry, manufacture of paints, inks and glues, fat edible and non-edible oil

extraction and industrial application of adhesives as described by EMEP/EEA air pollutant

emission inventory guidebook – 2009.


Clearly visible fluctuations of NMVOC emissions can be observed in the NRF 3.C sector (Table

5.5) moustly due to the national economy.

Table 5.5 Emissions from Chemical Products, Manufacture and Processing (NRF 3.C) sector in

1990–2012 (Gg)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in 1990-2012, %

Chemical products 1.36 1.27 1.21 1.32 0.83 2.48 1.78 31.04

5.4.3 Methods

Country specific method was used to calculate NNMVOC emissions under NRF 3.C. For 2004-

2012 all NMVOC emissions data is obtained directly from database “2-Air”. The enterprises

have been reporting their produced NMVOC emissions dividing in a particular NMVOC.

To obtain a comparable data in time series for years 1990-2003 it was assumed that base

year for NMVOC emissions is year 2004, NMVOC emissions for years 1990-2003 were

calculated proportionally, taking into account the number of inhabitants.


All NMVOC emissions data is obtained directly from database “2-Air” at Ltd. Latvian

Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre therefore emission factors are not available.

5.4.5 Activity data

From the 1990ties till 2003 statistics for NRF 3.C also was not well kept due to the country-

wide changes in governmental system and national economy. For 2004-2012 all NMVOC

emissions data is obtained directly from database “2-Air” at State Ltd "Latvian Environment,

Geology and Meteorology Centre". “2-AIR” is database where enterprises (that do any pollution

activity and have category A, B, or C polluting activity) report their emissions data; it is

approximately 3000 enterprises in total every year. From these approximately 3000

enterprises data is used only from the enterprises that produced NMVOC emissions according

to EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2009. Activity data for time period

2004-2012 reported by enterprises is not available as these data is not required to be reported

and could be assumed as confidential.


106

NMVOC emissions for years 1990-2003 were calculated proportionally, taking into account

the number of inhabitants provided by the Central Statistical Bureau (Table 5.4). Therefore

Implied emission factor (IEF) depends on the amount of NMVOC containing products in

particular year (activity data varies year to year).

5.4.6 Uncertainties

Uncertainty of available activity data under NFR 3.C subsector was ±3% in 2012. Time series

consistency was ensured by using one method for all time series.




For period 1990-2012 recalculations have been carried out under NRF 3.C mainly for two

reasons. The first one is that the list of NACE code is supplemented therefore recalculations

are carried out for all time series. The second reason is that the time series consistency is

performed using one method for all time series.


It is planned to obtain much more activity data from „Air-2” to ensure completeness of the

next submission. To achieve results it is necessary to supplement the list of NACE code and

particular NMVOC emitted substances.


107

6. AGRICULTURE (NFR 4)

6.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW

6.1.1 Overview

Agriculture is one of the most important economic sectors. In Agriculture sector emissions

from following subsectors are calculated:

Manure management (NFR 4 B), which includes cattle, sheep, goats, horses, swine and

poultry;

Agricultural Soils (NFR 4 D), which includes Synthetic N-fertilizers;

PM emissions from Stables (NFR 4 B)

Other (4 G), which includes emissions from grassland burning.

In the Submission 2014, mainly NH3, PM, NOx, CO, DIOX and PAH emissions from Agricultural

sector are included.

Table 6.1 Source categories and methods for Agriculture sector

NFR code Longname Method EF AD

4 B Manure management Tier 1, 2 D, CS NS

4 D 1 a Synthetic N-fertilizers Tier 1 D NS

4 G Agriculture other(c) Tier 1 D NS

Table 6.2 Reported emissions in Agriculture sector in 2012

NFR code Emissions

4 B 1 a NH3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP

4 B 1 b NH3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP

4 B 3 NH3

4 B 4 NH3

4 B 6 NH3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP

4 B 8 NH3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP

4 B 9 a NH3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP

4 D 1 a NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, PM10

4 G NOx, CO, dioxins, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, total PAHs

6.1.2 Key sources

The Agricultural sector is responsible for the largest part of NH3 emissions – 91.34% in 2012.

The remaining part originates from Transport, Combustion in power plants and Waste water

handling.


108

Figure 6.1 Distribution of emissions in Agriculture sector by subsectors in 2012 (%)

In 2012, the main part of the ammonia emissions in Agriculture sector is related to Manure

Management –64.3% (9.88 Gg) and use of synthetic fertilizers - 35% (5.48 Gg). 75.3% (0.20

Gg) of PM2.5 originates from manure management, 69.9% (1.75 Gg) of PM10 originates from

crop production.


Table 6.3 Trends in emissions from Agriculture sector between 199027 and 2012

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Changes in

1990-2012, %

NOx 0.003 0.003 0.011 0.01 0.012 0.008 0.009 260

NMVOC 1.4 0.8 0.76 0.86 0.95 0.93 0.97 -30.68

NH3 44.72 14.73 11.5 13.42 14.86 14.68 15.36 -65.66

PM2.5 NR NR 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.27 13.81

PM10 NR NR 1.98 2.27 2.48 2.4 2.5 26.14

TSP NR NR 0.99 1.1 1.12 1.06 1.09 11

CO 0.039 0.037 0.16 0.144 0.177 0.115 0.133 256.18

PCDD/

PCDF 0.003 0.003 0.014 0.012 0.015 0.01 0.011 250

PAHs 0.011 0.01 0.045 0.04 0.05 0.032 0.037 257.69

Trend of ammonia emissions from Agriculture is shown in the Table 6.3.

The ammonia emissions from Agriculture have decreased by 65.66% over the period of 1990

– 2012. The general reason for this is economical crisis during 1991-1995, when significantly

were decreased number of livestock in farms as well as use of nitrogen fertilisers. In the latest


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NOx NMVOC NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Dioxins PAHs

Agriculture other

Synthetic N-fertilizers

Laying hens

Swine

Horses

Goats

Sheep

Cattle non-dairy

Cattle dairy


109

years it ispossible to observe an increased use of fertilizers due to increase of agriculture land

use and expanding of crop production.

The emissions of Particulate Matters (PM) is compiled for 2000 to 2012. In 2012, emissions

decreased if compared with 2011. PM emission amount depends on the number of produced

animals. The particle emission includes primary particles in the form of dust from stables. The

main types of stables: cattle, swine, poultry and horse stable are included in the inventory. In

2000-2012 PM emissions from stables have increased by 11-26% which can be explained with

theincrease in livestock.

Emissions from grassland burning were determined according to IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003. Such

activities in Latvia appear seasonally and emission amount depends on the burned area. Area

of grassland burning was taken from State Fire and Rescue Service – SFRS. As it can be seen

from, the emissions from grassland burning (NOx, CO, PCDD, PCDF, PAHs) have an increasing

trend in 1990-2012 which is related with no adequate system of penalties for the violation of

burning prohibition

6.2 MANURE MANAGEMENT (NFR 4.B)

6.2.1 Overview

In the NFR category 4.B are included NH3 emissions from Manure Management.

In Figure 6.2, is shown emissions from Manure Management distributed on different livestock

categories in 2011. It is seen that the majority of the emission is related to the cattle (66%),

swine (18%) and poultry (13%) production.

Figure 6.2 Ammonia emissions from Manure Management in 2012

In Figure 6.2, is shown emissions from Manure Management distributed on different livestock

categories in 2012. It can be seen that the majority of the emission is related to the cattle

(66%), swine (16%) and poultry (13%) production.

4 B 1 a Cattle dairy35.93%

4 B 1 b Cattle non-dairy

30.57%4 B 3 Sheep

2.02%

4 B 4 Goats0.30%

4 B 6 Horses1.01%

4 B 8 Swine16.40%

4 B 9 a Laying hens

13.77%


110


Table 6.4 Trends in emissions from Manure management between 1990 and 2012

NH3

Gg

1990 33.68

1995 13.76

2000 9.57

2005 9.98

2010 9.86

2011 9.66

2012 9.88

Change in 1990-2012, % -70.67

As seen in Table 6.4, emissions from agriculture noticeably decreased since the beginning of

90`s after Soviet system and large state, or collective farms collapsis. However, in recent years

there is possible to observe a slight increase of sown area, consumption of synthetics N-

fertilizers and livestock numbers. Latvian livestock industry has been influenced by historical

events and the changing world economic situation. Particularly significant changes in the

livestock industry began in 1992 after the restoration of Latvian independence when most of

big farms went into liquidation.

6.2.3 Methods

Emission calculation is based on EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook.

The emission is calculated as the sum of activities (ai) multiplied by the emission factor (EF)

for each activity.

iitotal EF a E

The emission estimates are calculated in Excel sheets.

6.2.4 Emissions factors

Data about annual N excretion per animal until 2004 (Table 6.5) obtained from national

studies.28 National expert made an account, based on a research, in which livestock manure

amount and nitrogen amount was analyzed over a long time period as well as different

available information (Annex 4).

Since 2005, annual N excretion per animal for emission calculation is corrected according to

results of newest studies on development of manure normative and livestock units carried out

by the State Ltd." Agrochemical Research Centre”. The corrected livestock units are given in

national regulations No. 33 Regarding Protection of Water and Soil from Pollution with Nitrates

28 Research during the Project „CORINAIR – Institutional strengthening of National Air Emissions Inventories in Latvia”, R. Sudārs. Nitrogen

Separation; GHG Emissions from Agriculture. Latvian State Institute of Agrarian Economics. Working papers 2(16)/2006; Melece L. Evaluation of Manure Management Systems for 1990 – 2003. 2005


111

Caused by Agricultural Activity but manure normative in home page of Ministry of Agriculture

of Latvia (www.zm.gov.lv).

The mass balance approach was used for estimating N excretion by farm livestock. It requires

information on both input (N intake) and output (N products) factors. N intake was calculated as feed

intake (kg of dry matter) x N content of the feed while Nproducts includes the N in live weight

gain, milk, etc.

According to information from previous national studies regarding average Nex for sheep and

goats (Table 6.5) in Latvia there was very low level of produced nitrogen (6 kg/animal/yr) in

difference from IPCC default (16 kg/animal/yr)29 nitrogen amount because:

basis of sheep and goats nutrition was rather poor as sheep and goats usually were

not fed additionally;

mainly local breed was used which is not very productive;

in general sheep and goats farming as a branch in Latvia was relatively weakly

developed.

Since Latvia accession to European Union in 2004 the increase in the number of animals is

seen for sheep and goats. The reason is increase of funding formed by EU budget and state

subsidies. Wherewith the technologies and quality of production were improved and the

capacity of realization of products was increased. The nitrogen extraction from those

categories of livestock has increased.

Table 6.5 Average N excretions per head of animal

Types of animals N, kg/year N, kg/year

till 2004 starting from 2005

Other cattle 50 50

Dairy cattle 71 70

Swine 10 10

Sheep, Goats* 6 13

Horse 46 48

Poultry 0.6 0.6

*value of Nex for Goats is assumed as for sheep

N excretion by swine remains 10 kg nitrogen per animal in a year that is low value compared

with IPCC default (20 kg/animal/yr). The newest studies show a big difference in N excretion

(4.5-19.4 kg/animal/yr) by different sub-categories of swine, but in average N excretion is

about 10 kg/animal/yr.

Table 6.6 N excretion for swine in average

Livestock Category Number N

of livestock in average excretion

2005-2008, thsd. kg/head/yr*

Piglets (7.0-30.0 kg) 91.7 4.5

Fattening pigs (30-100 kg) 157.8 10,2

Young breeding sow (80-180 kg) 15.3 15.6

29 Revised 1996 IPCC, Table 4-20, page 4.99.

http://www.zm.gov.lv/


112

Livestock Category Number N

of livestock in average excretion

2005-2008, thsd. kg/head/yr*

Breeding sows (180-240 kg) 35.7 19.4

Total 300.5

In average 9.7

*No. of production cycles/year: 6.4 for piglets, 3.2 for fattening pigs, 1,85 for young breeding sows, 2.35 for

breeding sows

There are some inconsistencies between statistical data and pig production practice in Latvia.

The Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia is collecting data on population of swine of such sub-

categories:

- piglets, live weight less than 20 kg (including sucking piglets);

- young pigs, live weight 20-50 kg;

- fattening pigs;

- young breeding sows;

- breeding sows.

Commercial pig production in Latvia mainly includes four or five phases, to take account of

changes in nutrient requirements with increasing age of the pig: piglets with live weight 7-30

kg, fattening pigs 30-100 kg or 7-100 kg, young breeding sows and breeding sows. Therefore

there are not researches data on N excretion by young pigs with live weight 20-50 kg. N

excretion for breeding sows is calculated taken into account N excretion by sucking piglets.

The average N excretion values for pigs in other European countries vary from 9.0 until 12.4

kg per animal per year (Witzke, H.P. & Oenema, O. Assessment of most promising measures.

Service contract „Integrated measures in agriculture to reduce ammonia emissions”. Alterra,

Wageningen, 31 May 2007).

The emission factor is based on Latvian conditions (Table 6.7). The NH3 emission is split up in

emission from stable, storage, application and grassing based on default values given in

EMEP/CORINAIR guidelines.

Table 6.7 Average ammonia emission factors* (kg)

Animal category 1990 - 2003 2004 Starting from 2005

Dairy cattle 22.09 21.84 21.53

Other cattle 13.45 13.23 13.23

Sheep 1.12 1.1 2.39

Goats 1.12 1.1 2.39

Horses 8.84 8.72 9.1

Swine 4.56 4.56 4.56

Poultry 0.28 0.28 0.28

*from research by local expert (2005)

6.2.5 Activity data

The number of cattle, sheep, horses, swine and goats were obtained from the Statistical

yearbooks of Latvia and Collections of statistical data “Agricultural farms of Latvia” and


113

“Agriculture of Latvia” (Table 6.8)30. Buffalo, camels and llamas, mules and donkeys do not

occur in Latvia.

Table 6.8 Number of livestock for 1990 – 2012 in the end of the year (thousand heads)

Year Dairy cattle Non - Dairy cattle Sheep Goats Horses Swine Poultry

1990 535.00 904.00 165.00 5.00 31.00 1401.00 10321.00

1991 531.00 852.00 184.00 6.00 30.00 1247.00 10395.00

1992 482.00 662.00 165.00 6.00 28.00 867.00 5438.00

1993 351.00 327.00 114.00 6.00 26.00 482.00 4124.00

1994 311.90 239.10 86.30 7.40 26.80 500.70 3700.00

1995 291.00 245.10 72.10 8.90 27.20 552.80 4198.00

1996 275.00 234.00 55.50 8.40 25.80 459.60 3790.70

1997 263.00 214.00 41.00 8.90 23.00 430.00 3551.00

1998 242.00 192.00 29.00 10.50 22.00 421.00 3209.00

1999 206.00 172.00 27.00 8.10 19.00 405.00 3237.00

2000 204.50 162.20 28.60 10.40 19.90 393.50 3104.60

2001 209.00 176.00 29.00 11.50 20.00 429.00 3621.00

2002 205.00 183.00 32.00 13.00 19.00 453.00 3882.00

2003 186.00 193.00 39.00 15.00 15.00 444.40 4003.00

2004 186.20 184.90 38.60 14.70 15.50 435.70 4049.50

2005 185.20 200.00 41.60 14.90 13.90 427.90 4092.30

2006 182.00 195.00 41.00 14.00 14.00 417.00 4488.00

2007 180.00 219.00 54.00 13.00 13.00 414.00 4757.00

2008 170.40 209.80 67.10 12.90 13.10 383.70 4620.50

2009 165.50 212.70 70.70 13.20 12.60 376.50 4828.90

2010 164.10 215.40 76.80 13.50 12.00 389.70 4948.70

2011 164.10 216.50 79.70 13.40 11.50 375.00 4417.90

2012 164.60 228.50 83.60 13.30 10.90 355.20 4910.90

The livestock industry has been influenced by historical events and the changing world

economic situation. Particularly significant changes in the livestock industry began in 1992

after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the restoration of Latvian independence. Since the

Soviet Union had a planned economy, when Latvia was incorporated, most of the output of

livestock products was carried out in other Soviet republics. Most farms which were a big dairy

cows, fattening cattle, pig and poultry farms, went into liquidation. Many industrial companies

ceased to operate, fell in purchasing power and demand for dairy products and meat and meat

products, as well as their exports to Russia and CIS countries. Russian crisis almost stopped

the export of livestock products. Reorientation of livestock product export to Western markets

was more difficult in terms of market saturation and because the Latvian products are not

necessarily in their requirements.

All the above conditions affect the Latvian farmers and they were forced to reduce the milk,

meat and egg production levels, and reduce and eliminate the herds. Consequently, livestock

numbers declined most rapidly in 1990 - 1994 in all sectors, except for goat farming, goat

rearing, not particularly widespread in Latvia. Starting with 1995 dairy cattle numbers

continued to decline. Beef cattle numbers continue to decline until 2001, which is due to the

fact that the Latvian mostly subsistence farmers held from 1 to 2 dairy cows. At the process

of the Soviet system farm liquidation even the sheep as engaged at the level of subsistence

30 Agriculture of Latvia. Collection of Statistical Data (2012) and www.csb.gov.lv

http://www.csb.gov.lv/


114

farms. Pig industry declined rapidly until 1996, but starting in 1997 the reduction is no longer

as sharp. In the case of stud-farms – after 1990 because of all the above-mentioned social

and economic changes stud-farms eliminating, the horses were sold, only the strongest stud-

farms continued to work. Poultry industry is related to the reduction of large poultry farms

dissolution in 1990 - 1993 years.

Starting with 2002 the number of animals has stabilized, but with 2004, according to Latvian

accession to the European Union, the increase in the number of animals is seen for beef cattle,

sheep and goat industries. The livestock sector has contributed to the development of

European Union agricultural subsidies and public sectors.

In 2008, there has been a reduction in dairy cows, compared with 2007, by 5.5%, which was

due to the low procurement prices of milk, and pig production has seen a reduction in the

number of animals compared to the year 2007 with the year 2008 by 7%, which is associated

with very high feed prices. In 2012, there have been quite small changes in animal numbers,

compared with 2011, however it is possible to observe the decrease of swine, horse and goats

numbers.

6.2.6 Uncertainties

Activity data uncertainty could be 2%. Emission factors may be uncertain to 50%.




Recalculations have been done due to use of methodology described in Emission Inventory

Guidebook 2013. Recalculations are done for NH3 emissions from synthetics N- fertilizers.


No improvements have been planned for the next inventory.

6.3 AGRICULTURAL SOILS (NFR 4.D)

6.3.1 Overview

Latvia reports under category 4.D ammonia and NMVOC emissions from use of synthetic

fertilisers as well as and PM emissions from crop production and agricultural soils (Table 6.9).


Table 6.9 Emissions from fertilizers use and crop production and agricultural soils in 1990-

2011 (Gg)

Year Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 Change in

1990-2012, %

NH3 Gg 13.14 1.15 2.3 4.09 2.02 2.16 -83.56

NMVO

C

Gg 7.80E-07 6.80E-08 1.40E-07 2.40E-07 3.50E-07 3.60E-07 -53.85

PM2.5 Gg/

ha

0.1 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 -30.00

PM10 Gg/

ha

2.54 1.45 1.37 1.56 1.72 1.7 -33.07


115

Emissions noticeably decreased since the beginning of 90`s after Soviet system and large

state, or collective farms collapsis, when after the restoration of Latvian independence most

of big collective farms went into liquidation and agricultural production were reduced.

However, PM emissions from crop production and agricultural soils are increasing since 2000,

that is explained with an increase of areas of crop and agricultural soils. If to compare NH3

emissions in 2011 and 2012, there are most evident increase of emission from synthetic N-

fertilizers use according to statistical information that consumption of synthetics fertilizers

were arise by 9% in 2012 comparing to 2011.

6.3.3 Methods

For emission calculation the IPCC 1996 methodology was used. NH3 emissions from fertilizers

is depending on consumption and type of fertilizers, but such detailed information isn’t

available and it is decided to use IPCC default assumption that 10% of the mass of used

fertilizers are NH3 emissions. However, for time period 2008-2012 calculation of NH3

emissions is done based on fertilizer type data, according to data availability. Activity data is

used according to information provided by CSB (Figure 6.3).

Figure 6.3 Used nitrogen (kt)

The Tier 1 approach for PM and NMVOC emissions from crop production and agricultural soils

uses the general equation:

E pollutant = AR area * EF pollutant

where:

E pollutant = amount of pollutant emitted (kg a-1),

AR area = area covered by crop (ha),

EF pollutant = EF of pollutant (kg ha-1 a-1).

The Tier 1 approach for NH3 emissions from crop production and agricultural soils uses the

equation:

13

1.4

11

2.4

66

39

.7

29

11

.5

14

.5

19

.4

19

.6

19 2

3 31

.6

27

.6 37

.4

35

.2 40

.9

42

.7

46

.1

47

.5 51

.9 59

.5

59

.8 65

.2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

kt


116

E pollutant = AR fertilizer applied * EF pollutant

where:

E pollutant = amount of pollutant emitted (kg a-1),

AR fertilizer applied = amount of N applied (kg a-1),

EF pollutant = EF of pollutant (kg kg-1).


The Tier 1 default NH3 EF 0.081 was used for NH3 calculations from inorganic N-fertilizers as

described in EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2013, Section 3.D Crop

production and agricultural soils, Table 3-1.

6.3.5 Activity data

Area covered by crops is taken from the CSB (Figure 6.4).

Figure 6.4 Area covered by crops, thsd.ha

The area of crops decreased by 31% from 1990-2012 therefore PM emissions decreased to by

the same % value.

6.3.6 Uncertainties






Guidebook 2013. Recalculations are done for PM from manure management and crop

production.


No improvements have been planned to be done in the next inventory.

1 6

27

.00

1 6

21

.20

1 5

72

.10

1 4

25

.60

1 1

94

.60

93

0.2

98

6.1

1 0

02

.80

98

3.4

91

2.3

88

1.1

86

9.8

87

7.7

85

1.1

89

9.2

99

9.6

1 1

22

.70

1 1

26

.20

1 1

11

.50

1 1

12

.00

11

02

.7

10

86

.7

11

22

.1

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

THSD

. HA


117

6.4 PM EMISSION FROM STABLES (NFR 4.B)

6.4.1 Overview

The particle emission includes primary particles in the form of dust from stables (Figure 6.5).

Three main types of stables, cattle, swine and poultry stable are included in this inventory.


Figure 6.5 PM emissions in 2000 – 2012 (Gg)

6.4.3 Methods

The Tier 1 default was used for PM calculations from animal husbandry as described in

EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2013, Section 3.B Manure management.

The emission is calculated as the sum of activities (a) multiplied by the emission factors (EF)

for each activity (Tier 1).

E = a x EF


The emission calculation is based on the factors EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook

2013. PM emission factors by type are shown in the Table 6.10.

Table 6.10 PM and TSP Emission factors

Animal category PM 2.5 PM 10 TSP

Dairy cattle 0.41 0.63 1.38

Non – Dairy cattle 0.14 0.22 0.47

Swine 0.07 0.38 0.83

Horse 0.14 0.22 0.48

Poultry 0.02 0.09 0.09

Inorganic N-fertilisers 0.06 1.56 NA

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

PM2.5 PM10 TSP PM2.5 PM10 TSP PM2.5 PM10 TSP PM2.5 PM10 TSP PM2.5 PM10 TSP

2000 2005 2010 2011 2012

GG

4 B 1 a Cattle Dairy 4 B 1 b Cattle Non-Dairy 4 B 6 Horses 4 B 8 Swine 4 B 9 Poultry


118

The Tier 1 default was used for PM calculations from animal husbandry’s described in

EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2013, Section 3.B Manure management.

6.4.5 Activity data

The number of animals is based on Statistics of Latvia and shown in the Table 6.8.

6.4.6 Uncertainties

Activity data uncertainty could be 2%.






No improvements are planned to carry out.

6.5 OTHER (NFR 4G)

6.5.1 Overview

Under category 4.G Other is included NOx, CO, DIOX and PAH emissions from grassland

burning. Such activities in Latvia appeared seasonally.


Table 6.11 Emissions from grassland burning in 1993-2012

Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

NOx Gg

0.0027 0.0025 0.0109 0.0097 0.0120 0.0078 0.0090 233.33

CO 0.0393 0.0372 0.1601 0.1435 0.1766 0.1146 0.1325 237.15

Dioxins g I-Teq 0.0033 0.0032 0.0136 0.0122 0.0150 0.0097 0.0112 239.39

benzo(a) pyrene

Mg

0.0048 0.0045 0.0195 0.0175 0.0216 0.0140 0.0162 237.50

benzo(b) fluoranthene 0.0029 0.0027 0.0117 0.0105 0.0129 0.0084 0.0097 234.48

benzo(k) fluoranthene 0.0014 0.0014 0.0059 0.0053 0.0065 0.0042 0.0048 242.86

Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene 0.0019 0.0018 0.0078 0.0070 0.0086 0.0056 0.0065 242.11

Total 1-4 0.0110 0.0104 0.0449 0.0403 0.0496 0.0322 0.0372 238.18

Emission amount is dependent from the burned area and is shown in the Table 6.11. It can

be seen that emissions have increased due to increase of areas burned.

6.5.3 Methods

Emissions regarding burning were determined according to IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003,

EMEP/CORINAIR and UNEP, Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin

and Furan Releases.


Emission factors for emission calculation regarding burning of grassland (g/kg dry matter

combusted) are shown in the Table 6.12 (IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003).


119

Table 6.12 Default emission factors for emission calculation related burning of last year’s

grass

CO 59

NOx 4

Mass of burnt biomass is used as 2.4 t DM/ha according to IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003. Fraction

of the biomass burnt; dimensionless is used 0.5 according to IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003.

PAH emissions are calculated according to EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook, but

DIOX emissions are calculated according to UNEP, Standardized Toolkit for Identification and

Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases. Emission factor is chosen as for Grassland and

moor fires – 5 µg TEQ/t.

6.5.5 Activity data

Area of grassland burning was taken from SFRS (Figure 6.6) and data are available starting

from 1993. However, an expert’s assumption for years 1990-1992 was made, using

extrapolation from burned areas in last 5 years.

Figure 6.6 Area of last years grass

6.4.6 Uncertainties







No improvements are planned to be carried out.

55

5

89

3

12

32

21 98 52

6

12

24

57

6

12

55

26

85

22

62 4

80

0

11

54

7 14

33

5

67

17

20

27

25

80

6

40

48

11

70

44

62

24

95

16

18

18

71

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

Ha


120

7. LAND-USE, LAND-USE CHANGES AND FORESTRY (NFR 7A)

7.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW

This category comprises NOx, CO, DIOX, PAH emissions arising from burning on site in forest

(Table 7.1).

Table 7.1 Emissions from on – site burning in the forest

Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

NOx Gg

0.2 0.28 0.46 0.29 0.29 0.11 0.11 -45.00

CO 7.11 9.82 16.18 10.11 10.37 3.74 3.90 -45.15

Dioxins g I-Teq 0.48 0.67 1.10 0.69 0.71 0.25 0.27 -43.75

benzo(a) pyrene

Mg

0.7 0.96 1.59 0.99 1.02 0.37 0.38 -45.71

benzo(b)

fluoranthene 0.42 0.58 0.95 0.59 0.61 0.22 0.23 -45.24

benzo(k)

fluoranthene 0.21 0.29 0.48 0.30 0.31 0.11 0.12 -42.86

Indeno (1,2,3-cd)

pyrene 0.28 0.38 0.63 0.40 0.41 0.15 0.15 -46.43

Total 1-4 1.61 2.21 3.65 2.28 2.35 0.85 0.88 -45.34

Emission fluctuation is depending from volume of annual felling and the approach used to

utilize harvesting residues. Since 2005 it is becoming more and more common to use

harvesting residues from final felling in forest biofuel production; therefore, incineration and

other types of utilization of residues are not used widely anymore. The study on the actual

utilization practice was implemented by LSFRI Silava in 2012. The study results demonstrated

that no harvesting residues are incinerated in state forests and in 15 % of the clear-felling

sites (by area) harvesting residues are incinerated in private forests31. Due to lack of

information about transition between previous practice and correct figures of incineration of

harvesting residues, it is assumed that incineration of harvesting residues is reduced in 2011,

but earlier studies32 are used for previous years.

7.2 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

Methods

Generally was used IPCC GPG LULUCF 2003 and EMEP/CORINAIR simpler methodology.

Emissions are estimated - emission factor multiplied by activity data provided by National

forest inventory, State forest service and Fire and Rescue Service.

Dioxins

Calculated according to the UNEP methodology, EF from 97. pp. 5 micrograms TEQ/t

incinerated material

31Lazdiņš, A., Zariņš, J., 2013. Meža ugunsgrēku un mežizstrādes atlieku dedzināšanas radītās siltumnīcefekta gāzu emisijas Latvijā (Greenhouse gas emissions due to forest fires and incineration of harvesting residues in Latvia), in: ReferātuTēzes. Presented at the Latvijas Universitātes 71. zinātniskā konference “Ģeogrāfija, ģeoloģija, vides zinātne”, Latvijas Universitāte, Rīga, pp. 133–137.

32Līpiņš, L., 2004. Assessment of wood resources and efficiency of wood utilization (Koksnes izejvielu resersu un to izmantošanas efektivitātes novērtējums).


121

Emission factors and other parameters

For emission calculation from burning on - site in the forest were used default emission factors

according to IPCC GPG 2000 and EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook (Table 7.2).

Table 7.2 Emission ratios for open burning of forests

Emission factors for open burning of cleared forests

CO 0.06

NOx 0.121

Biomass Oxidised On Site 0.33

Nitrogen Carbon Ratio of Biomass burned 0.01

Emission factors for other PAHs were estimated by multiplying the Benz [a] pyrene emission

factor by the appropriate ratios (Table 7.3).

Table 7.3 PAH emission factors and ratios for burning

Default emission factor (best estimate),

Ratio

Emission factor,

PAH g/t g/t

Benzo [b] fluoranthene 7.2 0.6 4.32

Benzo [k] fluoranthene 7.2 0.3 2.16

Benz [a] pyrene 7.2 1 7.2

Indeno [123cd] pyrene 7.2 0.4 2.88

The following assumptions were used:

The following assumptions have been made for slash calculation, which was burned (Source:

State Forest Service):

1990-1999 – 50 % of residues are left for incineration and the remaining 50 % are left

to decay;

2000-2010 – slash on-site burning 30 % and 70 % left to decay;

2011 – 15 % of harvesting residues are left for incineration.

From the slash burned on-site, 2/3 is actually burned on-site, and 1/3 is gathered by

population and used as fuel wood or are left in the forest for decay. Since 2011 it is considered

that all biomass is burned on-site.

Activity data

The Timber harvesting volume was used from CSB publications and databases. Amount of

slash was assumed as 20.2% from annual cutting volume according national research [12].


122

Figure 7.1 Harvesting residues and residues left for incineration (1000 tons)

Uncertainties

Uncertainty of harvesting stock is considered 10 % for the whole period.


123

8. WASTE (NFR 6)

8.1 SECTOR OVERVIEW

8.1.1 Overview of sector

Waste management has acquired prior significance in the environmental protection policy as

one of the instruments for sustainable use of natural resources. The main directions in the

waste management are the development of the construction of polygons and collecting system

for non–hazardous municipal waste and the development of system for the collection and

treatment of hazardous waste. At the moment 11 non-hazardous waste polygons and one

polygon for hazardous waste got A category permit according to IPPC directive. Biogas

collection and use for energy production from biodegradable wastes and sludge is set as one

of priorities in Latvia.

Main activity data sources for emissions calculations in waste sector is waste data base, which

is developed by LEGMC. According to the information from LEGMC the total generated volume

of waste are shown in Table 8.1.

Table 8.1 Generated wastes in Latvia

Year Municipal (all non-hazardous) wastes Hazardous wastes Total

2006 1420.46 54.372 1474.832

2007 1386.57 41.605 1428.175

2008 1368.79 46.4 1415.16

2009 1033.91 55.563 1089.473

2010 1131.404 55.089 1186.493

2011 1535.057 58.476 1593.533

2012 1799.440 85.121 1884.561

Table 8.2 shows the methods and source for activity data and emission factors used for

emission calculating in Waste sector. Table 8.3 shows list of pollutants which are produced in

Waste sector.

Table 8.2 Source categories and methods for Waste sector

NFR code Longname Method AD EF

6 A Solid waste disposal on land Tier 1 PS D

6 B Waste-water handling Tier 2 PS, CS D

6 C a Clinical waste incineration Tier 1 PS D

6 C d Cremation Tier 1 PS D

Table 8.3 Reported emissions in Waste sector in 2012

NFR code Emissions

6 A NMVOC

6 B NMVOC, NH3

6 C a NOx, NMVOC, SOx, TSP, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, dioxines, PAHs, HCB, PCB

6 C d NOx, NMVOC, SOx, TSP, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, dioxines, benzo(a)pyrene


124

8.1.2 Key sources

Figure 8.1 Distribution of emissions in Waste sector by subsectors in 2012 (%)

Emissions of NH3 are key source in Waste water handling sector (6B). Emissions of heavy

metals, PAHs, HCB, PCBs and PCDD/PCDF occurs only from waste incineration and cremation,

relatively these are small amounts.


Table 8.4 Change in emissions from Wastes sector between 199033 and 2012 (%)

Pollutant Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

NOx Gg NO 0.0002 0.0010 0.0008 0.0008 0.0012 0.0011 100.0

NMVOC Gg 0.275 0.302 0.333 0.303 0.355 0.357 0.369 34.4

SOx Gg NO 0.0003 0.0007 0.0010 0.0012 0.0017 0.0016 100.0

NH3 Gg 1.308 1.227 0.996 1.044 1.016 0.779 0.796 -39.2

PM2.5 Gg NR NR 2.76E-06 8.61E-07 8.00E-07 2.52E-08 NO -100.0

PM10 Gg NR NR 4.83E-06 1.51E-06 1.40E-06 4.41E-08 NO -100.0

TSP Gg NR NR 5.16E-05 7.55E-05 3.91E-05 2.21E-04 2.12E-04 311.6

CO Gg NO 7.95E-05 3.65E-04 5.17E-04 3.46E-04 1.37E-03 1.31E-03 100

Pb Mg NO 1.05E-08 1.63E-03 1.61E-03 4.27E-04 4.93E-03 4.77E-03 100

Cd Mg NO 1.75E-09 1.25E-04 1.24E-04 3.28E-05 3.79E-04 3.67E-04 100

Hg Mg NO 5.27E-07 4.91E-04 8.30E-04 1.16E-04 3.03E-03 2.94E-03 100

As Mg NO 6.2E-09 8.44E-05 1.36E-04 1.99E-05 4.93E-04 4.77E-04 100

Cr Mg NO 4.76E-09 4.72E-04 5.45E-04 1.20E-04 1.78E-03 1.72E-03 100

Cu Mg NO 4.35E-09 2.22E-03 9.11E-04 6.33E-04 1.00E-03 9.54E-04 100

Ni Mg NO 6.03E-09 1.19E-04 7.10E-05 3.32E-05 1.52E-04 1.47E-04 100

Zn Mg NO NO 0.0145 0.0045 0.0042 0.0001 NO 0.0

PCDD/

PCDF

g I-

Teq NO 9.48E-06 0.411 0.382 0.109 1.139 1.101 100.0

benzo(a)

pyrene Mg NO 5.81E-12 1.16E-11 1.57E-11 2.17E-11 2.22E-11 2.03E-11 100.0


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NO

x

NM

VO

C

SOx

NH

3

TSP

CO Pb

Cd

Hg

As Cr

Cu Ni

PC

DD

/PC

DF

PA

Hs

HC

B

PC

Bs

6 A 6 B 6 C a 6 C d


125

Pollutant Unit 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Change in

1990-2012, %

Total

PAHs Mg NO NO 1.381E-05 4.307E-06 4.001E-06 1.412E-07 1.468E-08 100.0

HCB kg NO NO 0.0070 0.0106 0.0017 0.0379 0.0367 100.0

PCBs kg NO NO 0.0011 0.0020 0.0003 0.0076 0.0073 100.0

Emission estimates from the waste sector include:

NMVOC emissions from solid waste disposal;

NMVOC emissions from waste water handling;

Many pollutant emissions from incineration of hazardous and clinical wastes and

cremation Emissions from waste incineration with energy recovery are counted under

Energy sector.

Data on hazardous waste in Latvia have been collected and compiled by LEGMC since 1997

but data on municipal waste since 2001. Since year 2002 data bases about hazardous and

municipal wastes are combined in one data base “3-Wastes”. Data in this data base are taken

from State Statistical survey about wastes, which occurs every year. Statistical survey about

wastes must fill all enterprises, which have permits on pollutant activities (A and B category)

and all enterprises, which have permits on waste management operations.

Data of wastewater treatment and discharge have been collected since 1991 in the frame of

state statistical survey “2-Water”. State statistical survey “2-Water” must be filled by all

enterprises which have permits on water use, water resources use or mineral deposits quarry

use, or else A and B category polluting activity permit or C category acknowledgment. CSB

data also are used as activity data for emission calculation.

8.2 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL


Solid waste disposal is a main waste treatment operation in Latvia. Significant amount of

landfill gas is emitted annually from waste disposal sites. NMVOC are some part of landfill gas.


126

Figure 8.2 Disposed waste amounts in Latvia (Gg)


Figure 8.3 NMVOC emissions from Solid waste disposal (kt)

Emissions of NMVOC from solid waste disposal correlate with CH4 emissions, which are

calculated according to UNFCCC requirements. These emissions mostly relates to disposed

waste amounts in landfills.

8.2.3 Methods

NMVOC emissions from solid waste disposal are calculated. “EMEP/EEA inventory guidebook

2009” for emissions calculations is used. To estimate NMVOC emissions volume of landfill gas

must be calculated. Volume of landfill gas is calculated from methane aamounts, what is

estimated according to First Order decay method.

57

6.1

5

56

6.2

5

56

8.9

6

57

2.3

1

59

7.6

4

51

8.7

4

54

0.5

1

55

8.0

0

57

6.0

0

59

4.0

0

61

4.0

0

63

2.0

0

65

8.0

0

57

8.8

6

59

4.9

9

61

0.8

5

67

0.0

1

77

5.1

5

70

4.7

5

63

7.5

0

60

5.3

6

54

8.6

7

52

9.5

2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

kt

0.2

7

0.2

8

0.2

8

0.2

9

0.2

9

0.3

0

0.3

0

0.3

0

0.3

1

0.3

2

0.3

2

0.3

3

0.3

3

0.3

0

0.2

9

0.3

0

0.3

1

0.3

3

0.3

4

0.3

4

0.3

5

0.3

5

0.3

6

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

Gg


127


Coefficient for NMVOC calculation is – 5.65 g NMVOC/m3 landfill gas.

8.2.5 Activity data

To calculate NMVOC emissions - amount of landfill gas must be known. Landfill gas is

calculated according to methane emissions from UNFCCC reports.

Data about disposed amounts are taken from waste statistical survey “3-Wastes”.

Table 8.5 Disposed waste amounts and Landfill gas volume in Latvia

Year Disposed waste amounts (Gg) Landfill gas volume (m3)

1990 635.4 46996401

1991 599.6 48732504

1992 563.9 50140208

1993 528.2 51228521

1994 492.5 52032961

1995 456.8 52554891

1996 476 53177477

1997 506.3 53970962

1998 536.6 54928012

1999 567 56035324

2000 597.3 57286085

2001 627.7 58675897

2002 658 58355733

2003 578.9 53483728

2004 631.7 51118694

2005 610.9 52716989

2006 670 54976830

2007 775.1 57904037

2008 704.8 60305803

2009 637.5 60853208

2010 605.4 62003531

2011 548.7 62525794

2012 529.5 63871957

8.2.6 Uncertainties

Uncertainity for activity data is estimated as 20%. The same uncertainity is used also for

calculations in UNFCCC.


Assessments of trends have been performed.


No recalculations are done.


No improvements are planned.


128

8.3 WASTE WATER HANDLING


Data of LEGMC shows there were 529 millions m3 of waste water discharged in Latvia (2012).

Most of national population (76%, 2012) is served by urban waste water collecting and

treatment.

Emissions of NH3 from latrines and NMVOC from Waste Water Handling were calculated within

this report.

Table 8.6 NMVOC and ammonia emissions from Waste water handling

NMVOC NH3

1990 0.0090 1.31

1995 0.0054 1.23

2000 0.0039 1.00

2005 0.0034 1.04

2010 0.0036 1.02

2011 0.0036 0.78

2012 0.0079 0.80

Change in 1990-2012, % -11.83 -39.16

Both NMVOC and NH3 emissions are decreasing over entire period due to such factors as slow

decrease of national population, increase of collection and treatment of waste water and

increase of industrial activity because of collapse of USSR.

8.3.2 Methods and emission factors

For emission calculation “EMEP EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009” was used as

methodology source. According to methodology, activity data are multiplied by according

emission factors to calculate emissions, and for both substances emitted methodologies are

considered to be Tier 2 methods.

Table 8.7 Activity data and emission factors for calculation of NH3 and NMVOC emission

from Waste Water Handling sector

Emission Activity data Emission factor value Emission factor unit

NH3 Population using latrines 1.6 kg/pers/year

NMVOC Amount of waste water produced 15 mg/m3 waste water

Default EMEP emission factors for both NH3 and NMVOC were used.

8.3.2 Activity data

Activity data were taken from water use, treatment and discharge national statistics (data base

of state statistical survey “2-Water”).

Table 8.8 Activity data type and value example

Emission Source of activity data Activity data

value (2012)

NH3

Population using latrines was calculated as difference between entire national

population and number of population served by urban waste water treatment

plants

497 (thousands

of people)

NMVOC Amount of waste water produced and discharged 529 (millions of

m3)


129

Statistical data on number of national population served or not served by waste water

collecting and treatment services is available from year 2000. Extrapolation was used to obtain

part of population not served for period 1990-1999. Extrapolation and change in reporting

procedure implemented in 2008 can lead to some inconsistency of statistical data results.

Table 8.9 Activity data and result of emission (NH3 and NMVOC) calculations from Waste

Water Handling sector 1990-2012

Year Population using

latrines

Emission of NH3,

Gg

Amount of waste water produced,

mio m3

Emission of NMVOC,

Gg

1990 817 511 1.308 600 0.009

1991 814 592 1.303 571 0.009

1992 810 892 1.296 526 0,008

1993 792 687 1.268 427 0.006

1994 779 117 1.247 402 0.006

1995 766 576 1.227 357 0.005

1996 757 455 1.212 331 0.005

1997 750 856 1.201 327 0.005

1998 742 670 1.188 320 0.005

1999 736 139 1.178 283 0.004

2000 622 697 0.996 257 0.004

2001 752 547 1.204 244 0.004

2002 699 982 1.12 243 0.004

2003 663 230 1.061 229 0.003

2004 744 255 1.191 211 0.003

2005 625 525 1.044 226 0.003

2006 643 794 1.13 196 0.003

2007 618 292 0.989 210 0.003

2008 690 414 1.105 245 0.004

2009 656 711 1.051 285 0.004

2010 635 066 1.016 241 0.004

2011 487 130 0.779 241 0.004

2012 497 343 0.796 529 0.008

8.2.6 Uncertainties

The following uncertainties were used for Wastewater Handling sector for activity data and

emission factors:

Table 8.10 Uncertainties for Waste Water handling sector

Emission Activity data Emission factor

NH3 10% 30%

NMVOC 10% 30%


QA/QC and verification included:

Quality check of activity data in the period of reporting;

Quality check in calculation of emissions for UNFCCC NIR;

Trend analysis.


NH3 emissions were recalculated for entire period due to update of nation population data.


130


No improvements are planned for the next submission.

8.4 WASTE INCINERATION


Currently there are no large amounts of waste being incinerated in Latvia. The biggest waste

amounts are incinerated with energy recovery and these emissions are counted in energy

sector. There are problems for waste classification, because many types of wastes could be

classified as fuel, for example chippings or used oils, then these amounts are not reported in

waste data base in waste incineration part. Data about waste incineration are only available

since year 1999. These wastes are classified as hazardous and clinical wastes. Under

hazardous wastes amount are counted many types of solvents and other industrial wastes that

could be hard to use as fuels. For clinical wastes all 18 EWC group codes are counted.

Emissions from various types of fires such as landfill fires and open burning of garden waste

are not estimated for Latvia.

8.4.2 Emission trends

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Changes in

1990-2012, %

NOx

(as NO2) NO 1.74E-04 1.03E-03 8.03E-04 8.41E-04 1.20E-03 1.12E-03 100

NMVOC NO 7.33E-06 5.16E-03 1.68E-03 1.52E-03 3.40E-04 2.82E-04 100

SOx

(as SO2) NO 3.07E-04 7.25E-04 9.85E-04 1.17E-03 1.70E-03 1.59E-03 100

PM2.5 NR NR 2.76E-06 8.61E-07 8.00E-07 2.52E-08 NO 0

PM10 NR NR 4.83E-06 1.51E-06 1.40E-06 4.41E-08 NO 0

TSP NR NR 5.16E-05 7.55E-05 3.91E-05 2.21E-04 2.12E-04 100

CO NO 7.95E-05 3.65E-04 5.17E-04 3.46E-04 1.37E-03 1.31E-03 100

Pb NO 1.05E-08 1.63E-03 1.61E-03 4.27E-04 4.93E-03 4.77E-03 100

Cd NO 1.75E-09 1.25E-04 1.24E-04 3.28E-05 3.79E-04 3.67E-04 100

Hg NO 5.27E-07 4.91E-04 8.30E-04 1.16E-04 3.03E-03 2.94E-03 100

As NO 6.20E-09 8.44E-05 1.36E-04 1.99E-05 4.93E-04 4.77E-04 100

Cr NO 4.76E-09 4.72E-04 5.45E-04 1.20E-04 1.78E-03 1.72E-03 100

Cu NO 4.35E-09 2.22E-03 9.11E-04 6.33E-04 1.00E-03 9.54E-04 100

Ni NO 6.03E-09 1.19E-04 7.10E-05 3.32E-05 1.52E-04 1.47E-04 100

Zn NO NO 1.45E-02 4.52E-03 4.20E-03 1.32E-04 NO 0

PCDD/ PCDF NO 9.48E-06 0.411 0.382 0.109 1.139 1.101 100

benzo(a) pyrene NO 5.81E-12 1.16E-11 1.57E-11 2.17E-11 2.22E-11 2.03E-11 100

Total PAHs NO NO 1.38E-05 4.31E-06 4.00E-06 1.41E-07 1.47E-08 100

HCB NO NO 7.02E-03 1.06E-02 1.68E-03 3.79E-02 3.67E-02 100

PCBs NO NO 1.13E-03 2.04E-03 2.57E-04 7.58E-03 7.34E-03 100

8.2.3 Methods

For emissions calculation “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009” methodology are

used. The amount of incinerated waste is multiplied with emission factors.


131


Table 8.11 Emission factors for waste incineration

Pollutant Units EF Industrial EF Clinical EF

NOx kg/Mg 0.87 1.4

NMVOC kg/Mg 7.4 0.7

SO2 kg/Mg 0.047 1.4

CO kg/Mg 0.07 2.8

PM2.5 kg/Mg 0.004 NE

PM10 kg/Mg 0.007 NE

TSP kg/Mg 0.01 0.5

Pb g/Mg 1.3 13

Cd g/Mg 0.1 1

Hg g/Mg 0.056 8

As g/Mg 0.016 1.3

Cr g/Mg 0.3 4.7

Cu g/Mg 3 2.6

Ni g/Mg 0.14 0.4

Se g/Mg NE NE

Zn g/Mg 21 NE

PCDD/ PCDF μg I-TEQ/Mg 350 3000

(dioxines/ furanes)

Total PAHs 1-4 g/Mg 0.02 0.04

HCB g/Mg 0.002 0.1

PCBs g/Mg NA 0.02

Emissions from cremation are calculated according to “EMEP/EEA emission inventory

guidebook 2009”. PM2.5, PM10, Se and Zn are not calculated, because emission factors are not

available.

Table 8.12 Emission factors from cremation

Pollutant EF Units EF

NOx 0.309 kg/body

NMVOC 0.013 kg/body

SO2 0.544 kg/body

CO 0.141 kg/body

PM2,5 NE

PM10 NE

TSP 14.6 g/body

CO 0.141 kg/body

Pb 0.0186 mg/body

Cd 0.00311 mg/body

Hg 0.934 mg/body

As 0.011 mg/body

Cr 0.00844 mg/body

Cu 0.00771 mg/body

Ni 0.0107 mg/body

Se NE

Zn NE

PCDD/ PCDF 0.0168 μg/body

benzo(a)

pyrene 0.0103 μg/body


132

8.2.5 Activity data

Table 8.13 Incinerated wastes in Latvia

Year Hazardous

waste (Gg)

Clinical waste

(Gg) Total (Gg)

1999 0.34721 0.20142 0.54863

2000 0.69028 0.05641 0.74669

2001 1.31927 0.21331 1.53258

2002 0.165643 0.032247 0.19789

2003 0.201813 0.040607 0.24242

2004 0.210125 0.112325 0.32245

2005 0.215127 0.102127 0.317254

2006 0.78616 0.26189 1.04805

2007 0.5405 0.350861 0.891361

2008 0.29975 0.012361 0.312111

2009 0.2 0.011663 0.211663

2010 0.2 0.012843 0.212843

2011 0.0063 0.37883 0.38513

2012 0 0.36691 0.36691

Data about burned bodies are provided by operator of crematorium. In Latvia operates only

one crematorium.

Table 8.14 Burned bodies in Riga crematorium

Year Burned bodies

1994 54

1995 564

1996 819

1997 817

1998 869

1999 982

2000 1127

2001 1297

2002 1293

2003 1389

2004 1391

2005 1529

2006 1630

2007 1959

2008 2227

2009 1977

2010 2102

2011 2158

2012 1970


133

8.2.6 Uncertainties

Uncertainty for cremation of bodies are not estimated, because it is correct figure from

crematorium. Uncertainty of incinerated amount is 20% like all uncertainties from “3-Waste”

data base.


Calculations are checked.


Recalculated emissions for 2011 due to slight changes in activity data.


No planned improvements.


134

9. RECALCULATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS

9.1 RECALCULATIONS

Energy

Energy Industries (NFR 1A1)

Activity data were updated by CSB for wood consumption. Energy consumption less than 1 kt

was taken from Energy balance available on CSB on-line database. Slight changes in natural

gas GCV that influenced the amounts of gas consumed. Landfill gas previously reported in

1.A.1.a was allocated to 1.A.4.a sector. Other liquid fuels were split into waste oils petroleum

coke and other liquid fuels therefore the consumption changed divided by fuel types.

Emissions were recalculated as well due to updates in emission factors in EMEP/EEA 2013

guidebook.

Manufacturing industries and Construction (NFR 1A2)




which slightly influenced the consumption of gas used in all subsectors. Slight changes in

1.A.2.a-1.A.2.e sectors generally due to addition of Energy balance data (less than 1 kt) for

several fuels, such as diesel oil and coal (mainly in 2010, 2011). In 1.A.2.f sector activity data

changes for LPG, coal, peat, diesel oil due to addition of Energy balance data. Corrections of

activity data for industrial wastes, where information was precised by the company which

consumes the specific fuel type. Consumed amounts of oil shale in 1990 were added.


guidebook.

Other sectors (NFR 1A4)




which slightly influenced the consumption of gas used in all subsectors. Input mistake in coal

consumption (1.A.4.a; 2001), straw consumption and CO2 emissions (1.A.4.a; 2006-2010),

wood consumption (2008). Corrected activity data provided by CSB for coal (2011). Data from

Energy balance (less than 1 kt) added for LPG, RFO (2010, 2011). The consumption of jet fuel

was allocated from 1.A.5.b sector (1.A.4.c) for years 1995-2000. Diesel used for fishing was

changed from stationary to mobile offroad (boats) after experts assumption that all diesel

used could be considered as used for offroads.


guidebook.

Transport

Road transport (NFR 1A3b)

Recalculations have been done due to corrected fuel consumption data (year 2011) by CSB.

Recalculations have been done due to improvement of activity data. Improvements comprise


135

more precise split of passenger cars, LDV and HDV by subgroups (depending on engine

volume) and layers (EURO classes) and mileage. It is recalculated emissions of road transport

for year 2010 and 2011. Recalculation affected all emissions.

Off-roads

Recalculations have been done for all subsectors due to change of emission factors.

Fugitive emissions (NFR 1B)

There have been recalculated NMVOC emissions from operations with gasoline in 2007-2012

due to updates in data base. For the first time NMVOC emissions from gas leakage were

calculated.

Industrial Processes

Asphalt Roofing and Road paving (NFR 2A5, 2A6)

For submission 2014 there are made recalculations for NMVOC, particular matter and CO

emissions in all time series from 2A5 Asphalt roofing and 2A6 Road paving with asphalt

sectors according to updated emission factors taken from EPEM/EEA 2013.

Metal production (NFR 2C)

For submission 2014 there are made recalculations for all heavy metals in all time series from

2C1 Iron and steel production according to updated emission factors taken from EMEP/EEA

2013.

Solvent and other product use

Paint application (NFR 3A)

For period 1990-2012 recalculations have been carried out under NRF 3.A, 3.B and 3.D mainly

due to two reasons. The first one is that the list of NMVOCs substance is supplemented,

therefore recalculations are carried out for all time series. The second reason is that the time

series consistency is performed using one method for all time series.

Chemical products, manufacture and processing (NFR 3C)

For period 1990-2012 recalculations have been carried out under NRF 3.C mainly for two

reasons. The first one is that the list of NACE code is supplemented therefore recalculations

are carried out for all time series. The second reason is that the time series consistency is

performed using one method for all time series.

Agriculture

Manure management (NFR 4B)


Guidebook 2013. Recalculations are done for NH3 emissions from synthetics N- fertilizers.

Agricultural Soils (NFR 4D)


Guidebook 2013. Recalculations are done for PM from manure management and crop

production.


136

Waste

Waste water handling (NFR 6B)

NH3 emissions were recalculated for entire period due to update of nation population data.

Waste incineration (NFR 6C)

Recalculated emissions for 2011 due to slight changes in activity data.

9.2 PLANNED IMPROVEMENTS

Energy

It is planned to use EU ETS data of consumed fuel.



More detailed activity data by technology types for Residential sector is planned to be obtained

as Residential sector is a key source. In 2014 a research on obtaining detailed data on

households has been started.

It is planned to investigate the oil flow in the country to ascertain if there are additional NMVOC

sources.

Solvent and other product use

It is planned to obtain much more activity data for paint application from „Chemical Register”

to ensure completeness of the next submission. To achieve results it is necessary to

supplement the list of NMVOC substances.

It is planned to obtain much more activity data from „Air-2” for chemical products to ensure

completeness of the next submission. To achieve results it is necessary to supplement the list

of NACE code and particular NMVOC emitted substances.


137

10. PROJECTIONS

The projections are prepared in December, 2013, with scenarios with measures (WM) and with

additional measures (WaM). The results of projections and national emission reduction

commitments in 2020 and beyond stated in Gothenburg protocol can be seen in tables below:

200

5

201

0

201

5

202

0

203

0

WM 34.28 37.83 35.11 30.85

WaM 34.28 37.71 34.66 30.31

GP 37 25.16

20.00

22.00

24.00

26.00

28.00

30.00

32.00

34.00

36.00

38.00

40.00

GG

NOx

200

5

201

0

201

5

202

0

203

0

WM 66.11 63.64 62.53 62.59

WaM 66.11 63.74 64.55 64.82

GP 73 53.29

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

GG

NMVOC

2005 2010 2015 2020 2030

WM 3.28 5.10 5.47 6.59

WaM 3.28 4.66 4.36 5.42

GP 6.7 6.16

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

GG

SOx

200

5

201

0

201

5

202

0

203

0

NH3

WM 17.38 19.40 24.98 36.45

WaM 17.37 14.75 19.64 29.75

GP 16 15.84

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

GG

NH3


138

2005 2010 2015 2020 2030

WM 27.43 25.13 23.11 20.07

WaM 27.43 25.67 24.97 22.13

GP 27 22.68

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

GG

PM2.5


139

11. SUBMISSION OF LATVIAN FIVE YEARLY GRIDDED EMISSIONS DATA

Latvia has estimated emissions according to EMEP 50×50 km2 GRID. Emissions were estimated

for year 2010. Data on gridded emissions can be found on EIONET CDR under the link

http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/lv/un/copy_of_colqhgwdg/envuqvueg.

The gridding has been done for 5 sectors divided into 16 GNFR aggregated sectors using

different type of data. Emissions reported and data source for gridding the emissions in each

GNFR sector are listed in the table below:

GNFR Pollutants Data source for gridding

A_PublicPower NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO, Pb,

Cd, Hg, PCDD/PCDF, PAHs, HCB, PCBs

National database ‘2-AIR’, number of

employees in Energy sector divided by

regions (Central Statistical Bureau data)

B_IndustrialComb NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO, Pb,


PRTR spatial data, number of employees in

particular subsectors divided by statistical

regions (CSB data)

C_SmallComb

NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, PM10,

CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/PCDF, PAHs,

HCB, PCBs

Number of employees in particular

subsectors divided by statistical regions,

number of inhabitants in counties (CSB data)

divided by households

D_IndProcess NOx, NMVOC, SO, PM2.5, PM10, CO, Pb,

Cd, Hg

PRTR spatial data, ETS data, number of

employees in particular subsectors divided

by statistical regions (CSB data)

E_Fugitive NMVOC, PM2.5, PM10

Number of vehicles divided by statistical

regions, number of cargoes loaded and

unloaded at Latvian ports (CSB data).

F_Solvents NMVOC Number of inhabitants in counties (CSB

data)

G_RoadRail NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, PM10,

CO, Pb, Cd, PCDD/PCDF, PAHs

Road length and type divided by grids,

traffic intensity, railway length.

H_Shipping

NOx, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM2.5, PM10,

CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, PCDD/PCDF, PAHs,

HCB, PCBs

Location of ports in Latvia and their seaside

locations.

I_OffRoadMob NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO, Pb,


Number of employees in particular sectors

divided by regions (CSB data).

J_AviLTO NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO Geographical coordinates of airports and

flights routes.

L_OtherWasteDisp NMVOC Number of inhabitants in counties (CSB

data).

M_WasteWater NMVOC, NH3 Number of inhabitants in counties (CSB

data).

N_WasteIncin NOx, NMVOC, SOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO, Pb,

Cd, Hg, PCDD/PCDF, PAHs, HCB, PCBs National data base ‘3-WASTE’.

O_AgriLivestock NH3, PM2.5, PM10 Number of livestock divided by counties

(CSB data).

P_AgriOther NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, PM10, CO,

PCDD/PCDF, PAHs

Area of cropland divided by counties (CSB

data), data about grass fires obtained from

State Fire and Rescue Service of Latvia.

R_Other NOx, CO, PDCC/PCDF, PAHs Data from the State Land Service about

deforested areas.

http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/lv/un/copy_of_colqhgwdg/envuqvueg


140

Gridded emission results in Latvia (main pollutants)

Figure 1. Gridded NOx emissions in year 2010 (Gg)

As it can be seen in Figure 1, the main areas with the highest NOx emissions are the capital

city Riga (the central grid) as well as the other largest cities in Latvia. Mainly NOx emissions

are produced in Transport sector, and emissions from this sector have been divided by roads

and their intensity. Also a quite significant part of NOx emissions have been produced during

stationary combustion. The emissions in stationary combustion sectors are divided either

splitting employees in particular subsectors, divided by statistical regions of Latvia into grids,

or taking population in counties and dividing into households and then splitting by grid cells.

Figure 2. Gridded NMVOC emissions in 2010 (Gg)

The greatest part of NMVOC emissions comes from Solvents sector, where emissions were

divided by number of population in counties, and from Energy sector, where emissions are

divided either by employees in statistical regions, or by households. As it can be seen in Figure

2, the largest NMVOC emissions are produced in the cells where the largest cities are located.


141

Figure 3. Gridded SO2 emissions in 2010 (Gg)

The largest SO2 emissions are in one of largest cities in Latvia – Ventspils – due to use of fossil

fuels in Energy sector where emissions are taken from the national database ‘2-AIR’ from the

point sources. Also quite significant amounts of SO2 are produced in the capital city Riga and

in places with intense industrial processes (Liepaja, Broceni).

Figure 4. Gridded NH3 emissions in 2010 (Gg)

The distribution of NH3 emissions have been calculated using the number of livestock in

counties and cropland areas and distributed by grid cells. The largest ammonia emissions are

in central part of Latvia as well as in southern part where the largest cropland areas and largest

numbers of livestock are located.


142

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atbilstoši ES Direktīvas 2001/81/EC prasībām, LPPC, Rīga:2002.

4. Agriculture and rural Area of Latvia. Ministry of Agriculture. 2011.

5. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 1996.

6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Good Practice Guidance and

Uncertainty management in National GHG. 2000.

7. UNEP Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan

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10. The EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Technical report No 9/2009.

11. Lipins L. Assessment of wood resources and electivity of wood utilization. 2004.

12. Research - Assessment, actualization and prediction of emission factors and coefficients

of GHG and NH3 from agriculture for projecting of GHG, based on “Revised 1996 IPCC

Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories - Module 4 Agriculture” and Guidelines

of Project “Projecting the impact of agriculture on Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Eastern Europe”.

Latvian State Institute of Agrarian Economics. 2005.

13. Melece.L. Pētījums par organisko augšņu (histosols) daudzumu Latvijā 1990-2004.

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(savākšanas, uzglabāšanas un utilizācijas) sistēmas un to raksturojums.

15. LZA Fizikālās Enerģētikas institūts, “Pētījums par vietējās aviācijas un vietējo iekšzemes

ūdensceļu degvielas patēriņu no 1990-2004”. Rīga, 2006.

16. Informācijas sagatavošana par gaistošo organisko savienojumu emisijām Latvijā

atbilstoši ES Direktīvas 2001/81/EC prasībām. LPPC, Rīga, 2002.

17. Database from Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission

Inventories, Projections of “Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk

onderzoek”.

18. http://www.csb.gov.lv:8080/dialog/statfile16.asp

19. http://www.lm.gov.lv/?sadala=255

20. http://vdc2.vdc.lv:8998/gaiss.html

21. http://vdc2.vdc.lv:8998/udens.html

22. http://vdc2.vdc.lv:8998/atkritum.html

23. “Energobilance.rar”. CSB. Annual EUROSTAT Energy Questionaire, 2013.

http://www.csb.gov.lv:8080/dialog/statfile16.asp

http://www.lm.gov.lv/?sadala=255

http://vdc2.vdc.lv:8998/gaiss.html

http://vdc2.vdc.lv:8998/udens.html

http://vdc2.vdc.lv:8998/atkritum.html


143

24. Energobilance.rar”. CSB. Annual EUROSTAT Energy Questionaire, 2010.

25. EMEP/EEA 2009 Guidelines.

26. Guidelines for Reporting data under the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air

pollution (ECE/EB.AIR/97).

27. Annual Energy data, CSB, 2014. Available on

http://data.csb.gov.lv/Menu.aspx?selection=vide__Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dat

i__Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika&tablelist=true&px_tableid=EN0070.px&px_path=vide__Ikga

d%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati__Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika&px_language=en&px_db=v

ide&rxid=cdcb978c-22b0-416a-aacc-aa650d3e2ce0

28. EU ETS data, available on https://www.meteo.lv/lapas/vide/klimata-parmainas/emisiju-

kvotu-tirdzniecibas-sistema/2005-2007-g-periods/eiropas-savienibas-emisiju-kvotu-

tirdzniecibas-sistemas-2005-2007-g-pe?id=1220&nid=574

https://www.meteo.lv/lapas/vide/klimata-parmainas/emisiju-kvotu-tirdzniecibas-

sistema/-2008-2012-g-periods/eiropas-savienibas-emisiju-kvotu-tirdzniecibas-

sistemas-2008-2012-g-pe?id=1222&nid=575

29. “Prodcom_2008.xls” CSB. Industrial production statistics, 2010.

30. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR5

31. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013

http://data.csb.gov.lv/Menu.aspx?selection=vide__Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati__Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika&tablelist=true&px_tableid=EN0070.px&px_path=vide__Ikgad%C4%93jie%20statistikas%20dati__Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tika&px_language=en&px_db=vide&rxid=cdcb978c-22b0-416a-aacc-aa650d3e2ce0




https://www.meteo.lv/lapas/vide/klimata-parmainas/emisiju-kvotu-tirdzniecibas-sistema/2005-2007-g-periods/eiropas-savienibas-emisiju-kvotu-tirdzniecibas-sistemas-2005-2007-g-pe?id=1220&nid=574



https://www.meteo.lv/lapas/vide/klimata-parmainas/emisiju-kvotu-tirdzniecibas-sistema/-2008-2012-g-periods/eiropas-savienibas-emisiju-kvotu-tirdzniecibas-sistemas-2008-2012-g-pe?id=1222&nid=575



http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR5

http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2013

Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report 2014

144

ANNEX 1

Activity data, emission factors and assumptions for Energy sector

Table 1 Emission factors per sector

NOx NMVOC NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn PCDD/F Benzo(a)

pyrene

Benzo(b)fluor

anthene

Benzo(k)fluor

anthene

Indeno(1,2,3

-cd)Pyrene HCB PCB

Reference

g/GJ mg/GJ ng I-

TEQ/GJ mg/GJ μg/GJ

µg/WHO

-TEG/GJ

1.A.1

Diesel oil 65 0.8 NE 0.8 3.2 6.5 16.2 4.07 1.36 1.36 1.81 1.36 2.72 1.36 6.79 1.81 0.5 NE NE NE 0.007 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-6

RFO 142 2.3 NE 19.3 25.2 35.6 15.1 4.56 1.2 0.341 3.98 2.55 5.31 255 2.06 87.8 2.5 NE 0.005 0.005 0.007 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-5

LPG 89 2.6 NE 0.89 0.89 0.89 39 0.0015 0.00025 0.1 0.12 0.00076 0.000076 5E-04 0.011 0.002 0.5 6E-04 8E-04 8E-04 8E-04 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-4

Jet fuel 65 0.8 NE 0.8 3.2 6.5 16.2 4.07 1.36 1.36 1.81 1.36 2.72 1.36 6.79 1.81 0.5 NE NE NE 0.007 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-6

Other

kerosene 65 0.8 NE 0.8 3.2 6.5 16.2 4.07 1.36 1.36 1.81 1.36 2.72 1.36 6.79 1.81 0.5 NE NE NE 0.007 NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-6

Other liquid 65 0.8 NE 0.8 3.2 6.5 16.2 4.07 1.36 1.36 1.81 1.36 2.72 1.36 6.79 1.81 0.5 NE NE NE 0.007 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-6

Petroleum

coke 65 0.8 NE 0.8 3.2 6.5 16.2 4.07 1.36 1.36 1.81 1.36 2.72 1.36 6.79 1.81 0.5 NE NE NE 0.007 NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-6

Waste oils 65 0.8 NE 0.8 3.2 6.5 16.2 4.07 1.36 1.36 1.81 1.36 2.72 1.36 6.79 1.81 0.5 NE NE NE 0.007 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-6

Shale oil 65 0.8 NE 0.8 3.2 6.5 16.2 4.07 1.36 1.36 1.81 1.36 2.72 1.36 6.79 1.81 0.5 NE NE NE 0.007 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-6

Coal 209 1 NE 3.4 7.7 11.4 8.7 7.3 0.9 1.4 7.1 4.5 7.8 4.9 23 19 10 7E-04 0.037 0.029 0.001 6.7 0.0033 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-2

Coke 209 1 NE 3.4 7.7 11.4 8.7 7.3 0.9 1.4 7.1 4.5 7.8 4.9 23 19 10 7E-04 0.037 0.029 0.001 6.7 0.0033 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-2

Peat

briquettes 247 1.4 NE 3.2 7.9 11.7 8.7 15 1.8 2.9 14.3 9.1 1 9.7 45 8.8 10 0.001 0.037 0.029 0.002 6.7 0.0033

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-3

Peat 247 1.4 NE 3.2 7.9 11.7 8.7 15 1.8 2.9 14.3 9.1 1 9.7 45 8.8 10 0.001 0.037 0.029 0.002 6.7 0.0033 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-3

Natural gas 89 2.6 NE 0.89 0.89 0.89 39 0.0015 0.00025 0.1 0.12 0.00076 0.000076 5E-04 0.011 0.002 0.5 6E-04 8E-04 8E-04 8E-04 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-4

Wood 81 7.31 NE 133 155 172 90 20.6 1.76 1.51 9.46 9.03 21.1 14.2 1.2 181 50 1.12 0.043 0.016 0.037 5 3.5 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - table 3-7


145


pyrene

Benzo(b)fluor

anthene

Benzo(k)fluor

anthene

Indeno(1,2,3

-cd)Pyrene HCB PCB

Reference

g/GJ mg/GJ ng I-

TEQ/GJ mg/GJ μg/GJ

µg/WHO

-TEG/GJ

CH4 from

Sludge Gas 89 2.6 NE 0.89 0.89 0.89 39 0.0015 0.00025 0.1 0.12 0.00076 0.000076 5E-04 0.011 0.002 0.5 6E-04 8E-04 8E-04 8E-04 NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-4

Landfill gas 89 2.6 NE 0.89 0.89 0.89 39 0.0015 0.00025 0.1 0.12 0.00076 0.000076 5E-04 0.011 0.002 0.5 6E-04 8E-04 8E-04 8E-04 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-4

Other

Biogass 89 2.6 NE 0.89 0.89 0.89 39 0.0015 0.00025 0.1 0.12 0.00076 0.000076 5E-04 0.011 0.002 0.5 6E-04 8E-04 8E-04 8E-04 NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-4

Biodiesel 65 0.8 NE 0.8 3.2 6.5 16.2 4.07 1.36 1.36 1.81 1.36 2.72 1.36 6.79 1.81 0.5 NE NE NE 0.007 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A1 - Table 3-6

1.A.2

Diesel oil 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

RFO 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

LPG 74 23 NE 0.78 0.78 0.78 29 0.011 0.0009 0.54 0.1 0.013 0.0026 0.013 0.058 0.73 0.52 7E-04 0.003 0.001 0.001 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-3

Jet fuel 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

Other

kerosene 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

Other liquid 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

Petroleum

coke 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

Waste oils 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

Shale oil 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

Coal 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-2

Coke 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-2

Peat

briquettes 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-2

Peat 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-2

Anthracite 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-2

Oil shale 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-2


146


pyrene

Benzo(b)fluor

anthene

Benzo(k)fluor

anthene

Indeno(1,2,3

-cd)Pyrene HCB PCB

Reference

g/GJ mg/GJ ng I-

TEQ/GJ mg/GJ μg/GJ

µg/WHO

-TEG/GJ

Natural gas 74 23 NE 0.78 0.78 0.78 29 0.011 0.0009 0.54 0.1 0.013 0.0026 0.013 0.058 0.73 0.52 7E-04 0.003 0.001 0.001 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-3

Wood 91 300 NE 140 143 150 570 27 13 0.56 0.19 23 6 2 0.5 512 100 10 16 5 4 5 0.06 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-5

BIodiesel 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

Landfill gas 74 23 NE 0.78 0.78 0.78 29 0.011 0.0009 0.54 0.1 0.013 0.0026 0.013 0.058 0.73 0.52 7E-04 0.003 0.001 0.001 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-3

Unit kg/Mg waste g/Mg waste μg I-TEQ/Mg waste g/Mg waste

Industrial

wastes (used

tires)

0.87 7.4 NE 0.004 0.007 0.01 0.07 1.3 0.1 0.056 0.016 NE NE 0.14 NE NE 350 NE NE NE NE 0.002 NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

5.C.1.b - Table 3-

1

Unit g/Mg mg/Mg ng/Mg μg/Mg ng/Mg

Municipal

wastes 1071 5.9 3 3 3 3 41 58 4.6 18.8 6.2 16.4 13.7 21.6 11.7 24.7 52.5 8.4 17.9 9.5 11.6 45.2 3.4

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

5.C.1.a - Table 3-

1

1.A.4.a i, 1.A.4.c i

Unit g/GJ mg/GJ ng I-

TEQ/GJ mg/GJ μg/GJ

Diesel oil 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-9

RFO 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-9

LPG 74 23 NE 0.78 0.78 0.78 29 0.011 0.0009 0.54 0.1 0.013 0.0026 0.013 0.058 0.73 0.52 7E-04 0.003 0.001 0.001 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-8

Jet fuel 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-9

Other

kerosene 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-9

Other liquid 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-9

Petroleum

coke 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

Waste oils 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A2 - Table 3-4

Shale oil 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-9

Coal 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-7


147


pyrene

Benzo(b)fluor

anthene

Benzo(k)fluor

anthene

Indeno(1,2,3

-cd)Pyrene HCB PCB

Reference

g/GJ mg/GJ ng I-

TEQ/GJ mg/GJ μg/GJ

µg/WHO

-TEG/GJ

Coke 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-7

Oil shale 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-7

Peat

briquettes 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-7

Peat 173 88.8 NE 108 117 124 931 134 1.8 7.9 4 13.5 17.5 13 1.8 200 203 45.5 58.9 23.7 18.5 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-7

Natural gas 74 23 NE 0.78 0.78 0.78 29 0.011 0.0009 0.54 0.1 0.013 0.0026 0.013 0.058 0.73 0.52 7E-04 0.003 0.001 0.001 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-8

Wood 91 300 37 140 143 150 570 27 13 0.56 0.19 23 6 2 0.5 512 100 10 16 5 4 5 0.06 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-10

Landfill gas 74 23 NE 0.78 0.78 0.78 29 0.011 0.0009 0.54 0.1 0.013 0.0026 0.013 0.058 0.73 0.52 7E-04 0.003 0.001 0.001 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-8

Straws 91 300 37 140 143 150 570 27 13 0.56 0.19 23 6 2 0.5 512 100 10 16 5 4 5 0.06 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-10

Biodiesel 513 25 NE 20 20 20 66 0.08 0.006 0.12 0.03 0.2 0.22 0.008 0.11 29 1.4 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.002 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-9

1.A.4.b i

Unit g/GJ mg/GJ ng I-

TEQ/GJ mg/GJ μg/GJ

Diesel oil 51 0.69 NE 1.9 1.9 1.9 57 0.012 0.01 0.12 0.002 0.2 0.13 0.005 0.002 0.42 5.9 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.16 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-5

RFO 51 0.69 NE 1.9 1.9 1.9 57 0.012 0.01 0.12 0.002 0.2 0.13 0.005 0.002 0.42 5.9 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.16 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-5

LPG 51 1.9 NE 1.2 1.2 1.2 26 0.0015 0.00025 0.68 0.12 0.00076 0.000076 5E-04 0.011 0.002 1.5 6E-04 8E-04 8E-04 8E-04 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-4

Jet fuel 51 0.69 NE 1.9 1.9 1.9 57 0.012 0.01 0.12 0.002 0.2 0.13 0.005 0.002 0.42 5.9 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.16 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-5

Other

kerosene 51 0.69 NE 1.9 1.9 1.9 57 0.012 0.01 0.12 0.002 0.2 0.13 0.005 0.002 0.42 5.9 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.16 NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-5

Other liquid 51 0.69 NE 1.9 1.9 1.9 57 0.012 0.01 0.12 0.002 0.2 0.13 0.005 0.002 0.42 5.9 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.16 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-5

Petroleum

coke 51 0.69 NE 1.9 1.9 1.9 57 0.012 0.01 0.12 0.002 0.2 0.13 0.005 0.002 0.42 5.9 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.16 NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-5

Waste oils 51 0.69 NE 1.9 1.9 1.9 57 0.012 0.01 0.12 0.002 0.2 0.13 0.005 0.002 0.42 5.9 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.16 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-5

Shale oil 51 0.69 NE 1.9 1.9 1.9 57 0.012 0.01 0.12 0.002 0.2 0.13 0.005 0.002 0.42 5.9 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.16 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-5


148


pyrene

Benzo(b)fluor

anthene

Benzo(k)fluor

anthene

Indeno(1,2,3

-cd)Pyrene HCB PCB

Reference

g/GJ mg/GJ ng I-

TEQ/GJ mg/GJ μg/GJ

µg/WHO

-TEG/GJ

Coal 110 484 0.3 398 404 444 4600 130 1.5 5.1 2.5 11.2 22.3 12.7 1 220 800 230 330 130 110 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-3

Coke 110 484 0.3 398 404 444 4600 130 1.5 5.1 2.5 11.2 22.3 12.7 1 220 800 230 330 130 110 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-3

Oil shale 110 484 0.3 398 404 444 4600 130 1.5 5.1 2.5 11.2 22.3 12.7 1 220 800 230 330 130 110 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-3

Peat

briquettes 110 484 0.3 398 404 444 4600 130 1.5 5.1 2.5 11.2 22.3 12.7 1 220 800 230 330 130 110 0.62 170

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-3

Peat 110 484 0.3 398 404 444 4600 130 1.5 5.1 2.5 11.2 22.3 12.7 1 220 800 230 330 130 110 0.62 170 EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-3

Natural gas 51 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 26 0.0015 0.00025 0.68 0.12 0.00076 0.000076 5E-04 0.011 0.002 1.5 6E-04 8E-04 8E-04 8E-04 NE NE EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 - Table 3-4

Wood 80 600 70 740 760 800 4000 27 13 0.56 0.19 23 6 2 0.5 512 800 121 111 42 71 5 0.06 EMEP/EEA 2013-

1A4 - Table 3-6

Charcoal 80 600 70 740 760 800 4000 27 13 0.56 0.19 23 6 2 0.5 512 800 121 111 42 71 5 0.06 EMEP/EEA 2013-

1A4 - Table 3-6

Straws 80 600 70 740 760 800 4000 27 13 0.56 0.19 23 6 2 0.5 512 800 121 111 42 71 5 0.06 EMEP/EEA 2013-

1A4 - Table 3-6

Off road (1.A.2.f ii, 1.A.4.a ii, 1.A.4.b ii, 1.A.4.c ii, 1.A.4.c iii, 1.A.5.b ii)

Unit g/tonnes fuel mg/kg μg/kg

Gasoline: 2-

stroke 2765 242197 3 3762 3762 3762

6207

93

1990-

1998 -

0.00015

1999-

2012 -

5.05391

0.01 NE NE 0.05 1.7 0.07 0.01 1 NE 40 40 NE NE NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 Other mobile

- Table 3-1

Gasoline: 4-

stroke 7117 17602 4 157 157 157

7703

68 0.01 NE NE 0.05 1.7 0.07 0.01 1 NE 40 40 NE NE NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A4 Other mobile

- Table 3-1

Unit kg/Mg g/Mg μg/Mg mg/Mg

Aviation

gasoline 4 19 NE NE NE NE 1200 NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A3d Navigation-

shipping - Table

3-2

Diesel oil (in

Fisheries) 78.5 2.8 NE 1.4 1.5 1.5 7.4 0.13 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.88 1 0.1 1.2 0.13 NE NE NE NE 0.08 0.038

EMEP/EEA 2013 -

1A3a Aviation -

Table 3-4


150

Table 2 SO2 emission factors per fuel type

Fuel type Sulphur content

90-95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Diesel 0.3 0.3 0.26 0.33 0.23 0.3 0.28 0.33 0.21 0.19 0.14 0.12 0.18 0.1 0.14 0.21 0.1907 0.1

RFO 2 2 2.12 2.1 2 2.08 1.98 1.92 1.97 1.45 1.29 1.03 1.18 0.89 0.61 1.42 1.0857 1.1

Gasoline 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.02

Jet fuel 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Jet fuel 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Other liquids 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.52 0.43 0.42 0.3 0.25 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.27 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.1455 0.15

LPG 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0 0 0.0047 0

Shale oil 1 1 1 1 0.8 0.74 0.83 0.54 0.62 0.65 0.63 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.8 0.8 0.8

Coal 1.8 1.8 1.47 1.37 1.06 0.9 0.87 0.83 0.67 0.67 0.73 0.64 0.44 0.41 0.34 0.33 0.3741 0.32

Coke 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Oil shale 1

Peat 0.3 0.3 0.28 0.22 0.21 0.24 0.22 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.12 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.17

Fuel type EF (Gg/PJ)

90-95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Diesel 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.16 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.1 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.1 0.0898 0.05

RFO 0.97 0.97 1.02 1.01 0.97 1 0.96 0.93 0.95 0.7 0.62 0.5 0.57 0.43 0.3 0.68 0.5241 0.53

Gasoline 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0068 0.01

Jet fuel 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.0231 0.02

Jet fuel 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.0231 0.02

Other liquids 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.1 0.11 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.0695 0.07

LPG 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 0.0021 0

Shale oil 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.41 0.37 0.42 0.28 0.31 0.33 0.32 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.4066 0.41

Coal 1.14 1.14 0.93 0.87 0.67 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.46 0.46 0.5 0.44 0.3 0.28 0.23 0.23 0.2568 0.22

Coke 1.23 0.82 0.41 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.2688 0.27

Oil shale 1.96

Peat 0.51 0.51 0.47 0.37 0.35 0.4 0.36 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.46 0.41 0.37 0.2 0.35 0.29 0.2876 0.29

Notes:

Gasoline – due to legislation

Shale oil – average amount from database Nr. 2-Air

Peat – average amount from database Nr. 2-Air

Coal – average amount from database Nr. 2-Air and additional calculated average amount by periods

Diesel oil (transport) – due to legislation


151

Table 3 Energy balance of Latvia in year 2012 (TJ)

Oil p

rod

ucts

- t

ota

l

Shale

oil

Liq

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ed

petr

ole

um

gas

Moto

r and

avia

tion p

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Kero

sene t

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fuel

Kero

sene

Die

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RFO

Whit

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pir

it

Lub

ricants

Oil b

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en

Para

ffin

waxes

Petr

ole

um

coke

Oth

er

oil p

rod

ucts

Used

oils

Coal

Peat

Peat

bri

quett

es

Coke o

ven c

oke

Natu

ral gas

Fuelw

ood

Used

tir

es

Munic

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Charc

oal

Bio

eth

anol

Bio

die

sel

Land

fill g

as

Sew

ag

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lud

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as

Str

aw

NCV - 39.35 45.54 43.97 43.21 43.2 42.49 40.6 41.86 41.86 41.86 41.86 32.98 41.86 29.23 26.22 10.05 0.02 26.79 33.69 - 27.98 17.05 30 0.03 0.04 19.02 20.49 14.4

Production of

energy

resources

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 7 - - 78233 - - - 43 3365 2073 102 38

Primary

product

receipts

29 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 - - - - - - 84 51 - - - - - -

Imports 90030 275 6968 10407 11105 - 48651 6861 42 1674 3056 293 99 42 29 3776 - - 161 57814 877 252 2063 41 448 213 - - -

Exports 22289 236 3689 375 7346 173 8965 41 - 837 - - 99 - - 157 130 - - - 24201 - - 309 214 2891 - - -

Bunkering 10071 - - - - - 3697 6374 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Interproduct

transfer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Stock changes -1182 - - -396 1253 173 -2167 122 - 85 -168 -42 - -42 - 26 70 -3 0 -7008 -2406 - -119 0 2 -28 - - -

Statistical

differences 1870 - - 510 - - 1360 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Gross energy -

total 58387 39 3279 10146 5012 - 35182 568 42 922 2888 251 - - 58 3645 30 4 161 50806 52503 336 1995 -268 279 659 2073 102 38

Transformation

sector -514 - -9 - - - -140 -365 - - - - - - - -579 0 - -

-

32445 -8273 - - 327 - -39 -1788 -102 -24

Autoproducer

electricity

plants

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -126 - - - - - - - -

Public CHP -162 - - - - - - -162 - - - - - - - -498 - - - -

25504 -1307 - - - - -39 -1237 -102 -

Autoproducer

CHP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -640 -404 - - - - - -551 - -

Public heat

plants -330 - - - - - -127 -203 - - - - - - - -15 0 - - -5391 -4360 - - - - - - - -


152

O

il p

rod

ucts

- t

ota

l

Shale

oil

Liq

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ed

petr

ole

um

gas

Moto

r and

avia

tion p

etr

ol

Kero

sene t

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fuel

Kero

sene

Die

sel oil

RFO

Whit

e s

pir

it

Lub

ricants

Oil b

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en

Para

ffin

waxes

Petr

ole

um

coke

Oth

er

oil p

rod

ucts

Used

oils

Coal

Peat

Peat

bri

quett

es

Coke o

ven c

oke

Natu

ral gas

Fuelw

ood

Used

tir

es

Munic

ipal w

aste

Charc

oal

Bio

eth

anol

Bio

die

sel

Land

fill g

as

Sew

ag

e s

lud

ge g

as

Str

aw

Autoproducer

heat plants -22 - -9 - - - -13 - - - - - - - - -66 - - - -910 -1520 - - - - - - - -24

Energy sector 170 - - - - - 170 - - - - - - - - - - - - 977 - - - - - - - - -

Losses - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 505 7 - - - - - - - -

Final

consumption: 57703 39 3270 10146 5012 - 34872 203 42 922 2888 251 - - 58 3066 30 4 161 16879 44223 336 1995 59 279 620 285 - 14

Transport 43444 - 1858 9707 5008 - 25992 - - 879 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 279 526 - - -

international

air transport 4984 - - - 4984 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

domestic air

transport 31 - - 7 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

road transport 34815 - 1858 9697 - - 22465 - - 795 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 279 463 - - -

rail transport 3441 - - - - - 3357 - - 84 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 63 - - -

inland shipping 173 - - 3 - - 170 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

pipeline

transport - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Industry and

construction: 5886 39 364 44 - - 1997 203 42 - 2888 251 - - 58 2149 2 0 161 7614 12344 336 1995 0 - 4 19 - 0

Iron and steel 0 - - - - - 0 - - - - - - - - 184 - - 161 1449 - - - - - - - - -

Chemicals 196 - 137 - - - 17 - 42 - - - - - - 0 - - - 371 210 - - 0 - 0 19 - -

Non-ferrous

metals 3 - - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 168 - - - 0 - 1 - - -

Non-metallic

minerals 291 - - - - - 291 - - - - - - - - 1910 - - - 1280 23 336 1995 - - - - - -

Transport

equipment 33 - - - - - 33 - - - - - - - - 0 - - 0 101 - - - - - - - - -

Machinery 14 - - - - - 14 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 236 86 - - - - - - - -

Mining and

quarrying 133 - - - - - 133 - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 67 1 - - - - - - - -


153

O

il p

rod

ucts

- t

ota

l

Shale

oil

Liq

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ed

petr

ole

um

gas

Moto

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avia

tion p

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sene t

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fuel

Kero

sene

Die

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RFO

Whit

e s

pir

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Lub

ricants

Oil b

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en

Para

ffin

waxes

Petr

ole

um

coke

Oth

er

oil p

rod

ucts

Used

oils

Coal

Peat

Peat

bri

quett

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Coke o

ven c

oke

Natu

ral gas

Fuelw

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Used

tir

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fill g

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Food

processing,

beverages and

tobacco

529 39 137 - - - 121 203 - - - - - - 29 27 - - - 1718 511 - - - - 1 - - 0

Pulp, paper

and print 6 - - - - - 6 - - - - - - - - 0 - - - 68 102 - - - - - - - -

Wood

processing 508 - 45 - - - 338 - - - - 125 - - - 1 2 - - 943 11094 - - - - 0 - - -

Construction 4020 - 45 44 - - 1014 - - - 2888 - - - 29 12 - 0 - 708 134 - - - - 2 0 - -

Textiles and

leather 4 - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - 9 - - - 438 5 - - - - - - - -

Other non-

specified 149 - - - - - 23 - - - - 126 - - - 3 - - - 67 178 - - - - - - - -

Other sectors: 8373 - 1048 395 4 - 6883 - - 43 - - - - - 917 28 4 - 9265 31879 - - 59 - 90 266 - 14

Commercial/In

stitutional 1839 - 91 44 4 - 1700 - - - - - - - - 288 28 4 - 4110 3829 - - - - 34 133 - 0

Residential 2236 - 911 263 - - 1062 - - - - - - - - 577 - - - 4481 27764 - - 59 - - - - -

Agriculture/For

estry 4000 - 46 88 - - 3824 - - 42 - - - - - 52 - - - 674 281 - - - - 56 133 - 14

Fisheries 298 - - - - - 297 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 5 - - - - - - - -


154

ANNEX 2

Activity data used for COPERT model

Distribution of road transport fleet by subsectors and layers, year 2012

Subsector Technology Population Mileage

Passenger Cars

Gasoline <1,4 l ECE 15/00-01 616 1800

Gasoline <1,4 l ECE 15/02 792 2200

Gasoline <1,4 l ECE 15/03 1320 3000

Gasoline <1,4 l ECE 15/04 6071 4000

Gasoline <1,4 l PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 7192 6111

Gasoline <1,4 l PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 6122 11330

Gasoline <1,4 l PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 7329 14175

Gasoline <1,4 l PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 9556 16133

Gasoline <1,4 l PC Euro 5 - EC 715/2007 1955 21200

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l ECE 15/00-01 3400 1300

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l ECE 15/02 4080 1660

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l ECE 15/03 4760 2700

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l ECE 15/04 33094 4000

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 44814 8000

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 45451 12300

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 23782 18000

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 24552 20000

Gasoline 1,4 - 2,0 l PC Euro 5 - EC 715/2007 3340 24614

Gasoline >2,0 l ECE 15/00-01 724 1800

Gasoline >2,0 l ECE 15/02 758 2500

Gasoline >2,0 l ECE 15/03 1034 3000

Gasoline >2,0 l ECE 15/04 4378 4698

Gasoline >2,0 l PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 7524 11000

Gasoline >2,0 l PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 12417 16000

Gasoline >2,0 l PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 9199 19725

Gasoline >2,0 l PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 7991 23065

Gasoline >2,0 l PC Euro 5 - EC 715/2007 693 24416

Diesel <2,0 l Conventional 15994 10005

Diesel <2,0 l PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 26697 11141

Diesel <2,0 l PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 29958 13780

Diesel <2,0 l PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 30625 15012

Diesel <2,0 l PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 21666 20914

Diesel <2,0 l PC Euro 5 - EC 715/2007 4149 24052

Diesel >2,0 l Conventional 6237 12000

Diesel >2,0 l PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 14592 14200

Diesel >2,0 l PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 24254 18039

Diesel >2,0 l PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 25394 19860

Diesel >2,0 l PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 16656 20475

Diesel >2,0 l PC Euro 5 - EC 715/2007 1906 25814

LPG Conventional 9103 15000



LPG PC Euro 1 - 91/441/EEC 8159 19000

LPG PC Euro 2 - 94/12/EEC 9075 19830

LPG PC Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 3875 20885

LPG PC Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 2889 22930

LPG PC Euro 5 - EC 715/2007 262 24614

Light Duty Vehicles


LPG LD Euro 1 - 93/59/EEC 139 30369

LPG LD Euro 2 - 96/69/EEC 195 30369

LPG LD Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 53 33727

LPG LD Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 135 43374

LPG LD Euro 5 - 2008 Standards 69 47984

Gasoline <3,5t Conventional 281 17183

Gasoline <3,5t LD Euro 1 - 93/59/EEC 304 19182

Gasoline <3,5t LD Euro 2 - 96/69/EEC 535 19183

Gasoline <3,5t LD Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 288 21896

Gasoline <3,5t LD Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 721 28541

Gasoline <3,5t LD Euro 5 - 2008 Standards 171 31115

Diesel <3,5 t Conventional 2766 25414

Diesel <3,5 t LD Euro 1 - 93/59/EEC 5719 25414

Diesel <3,5 t LD Euro 2 - 96/69/EEC 8454 26514

Diesel <3,5 t LD Euro 3 - 98/69/EC Stage2000 8097 28224

Diesel <3,5 t LD Euro 4 - 98/69/EC Stage2005 5571 36297

Diesel <3,5 t LD Euro 5 - 2008 Standards 2476 40155

Heavy Duty Trucks


LPG HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 9 24400

LPG HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 65 26000

Gasoline >3,5 t Conventional 1184 18644

Gasoline >3,5 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 70 18644

Gasoline >3,5 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 97 18644

Gasoline >3,5 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 13 25057

Rigid <=7,5 t Conventional 1163 20411

Rigid <=7,5 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 731 20411

Rigid <=7,5 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 683 20411

Rigid <=7,5 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 495 27431

Rigid <=7,5 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 286 40171

Rigid <=7,5 t HD Euro V - 2008 Standards 121 42379

Rigid 7,5 - 12 t Conventional 604 20603

Rigid 7,5 - 12 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 343 20603

Rigid 7,5 - 12 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 343 20603

Rigid 7,5 - 12 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 240 28929

Rigid 7,5 - 12 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 123 38991

Rigid 7,5 - 12 t HD Euro V - 2008 Standards 49 36565

Rigid 12 - 14 t Conventional 182 20702

Rigid 12 - 14 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 105 20702



Rigid 12 - 14 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 57 20702

Rigid 12 - 14 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 18 23111

Rigid 12 - 14 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 26 29129

Rigid 12 - 14 t HD Euro V - 2008 Standards 9 31534

























Rigid >32 t Conventional 15 38401

Rigid >32 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 18 38401

Rigid >32 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 45 38401

Rigid >32 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 74 53649

Rigid >32 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 61 75000

Rigid >32 t HD Euro V - 2008 Standards 21 80000

Articulated 14 - 20 t Conventional 480 29551

Articulated 14 - 20 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 507 29551

Articulated 14 - 20 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 866 29551

Articulated 14 - 20 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 727 38380

Articulated 14 - 20 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 1040 54733

Articulated 14 - 20 t HD Euro V - 2008 Standards 418 57842















Buses

Urban Buses Conventional 10 29840

Urban Buses HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 2 29840

Urban Buses HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 16 29840

Urban Buses Midi <=15 t Conventional 329 32667

Urban Buses Midi <=15 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 126 32667

Urban Buses Midi <=15 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 262 32667

Urban Buses Midi <=15 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 430 43991

Urban Buses Midi <=15 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 551 56798

Urban Buses Midi <=15 t HD Euro V - 2008 Standards 213 52620

Coaches Standard <=18 t Conventional 304 47805

Coaches Standard <=18 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 159 47805

Coaches Standard <=18 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 231 47805

Coaches Standard <=18 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 203 59227

Coaches Standard <=18 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 140 62820

Coaches Standard <=18 t HD Euro V - 2008 Standards 53 69280

Coaches Articulated >18 t Conventional 44 47805

Coaches Articulated >18 t HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC Stage I 87 47805

Coaches Articulated >18 t HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC Stage II 218 47805

Coaches Articulated >18 t HD Euro III - 2000 Standards 253 59227

Coaches Articulated >18 t HD Euro IV - 2005 Standards 64 62820

Coaches Articulated >18 t HD Euro V - 2008 Standards 7 69280

Mopeds

<50 cm³ Conventional 182 1097

<50 cm³ Mop - Euro I 1414 1175

<50 cm³ Mop - Euro II 9946 1175

Motorcycles

2-stroke >50 cm³ Conventional 1080 1140

2-stroke >50 cm³ Mot - Euro I 1169 1628

2-stroke >50 cm³ Mot - Euro II 439 1628

2-stroke >50 cm³ Mot - Euro III 823 1628

4-stroke <250 cm³ Mot - Euro III 366 408

4-stroke 250 - 750 cm³ Conventional 880 1465

4-stroke 250 - 750 cm³ Mot - Euro I 1354 2036

4-stroke 250 - 750 cm³ Mot - Euro II 553 2036

4-stroke 250 - 750 cm³ Mot - Euro III 1078 2443

4-stroke >750 cm³ Conventional 543 1873

4-stroke >750 cm³ Mot - Euro I 777 2036

4-stroke >750 cm³ Mot - Euro II 307 2036

4-stroke >750 cm³ Mot - Euro III 760 2443


158

ANNEX 3

Detailed information about calculated average N excretion per head of livestock:

Average N excretion per head of livestock was reassessed in the Research [13] which was made by Latvian State Institute of Agrarian

Economics if compared previously submitted. For N excretion calculations was used newest published information of “Centre of

Agrochemical researches” on different produced manure amount of livestock type in year and N amount in the manure, which was justly

with results of manure analyses (Table 6.9).

For reassessing values of N excretion per head of livestock was used in the Table 6.5 shown information, information from Research [15]

previously submitted as well as IPCC Guidelines.

Table 6 Additional standards for manure of livestock type

Livestock and holding way Type of manure Extraction in year, t N in natural manure, kg/t N /year /from manure, kg

Dairy cows, milk yield, 3500-5000 kg, all-round

floor Solid storage ad dry lot 10,5 4,1 43,1

Dairy cows, milk yield, 5000-6000 kg, all-round

floor Solid storage ad dry lot 12,5 4,4 55,0

Dairy cows, milk yield, 6000 kg, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 13,7 3,3 45,2

Dairy cows, milk yield 7600 kg, rack floor Partly liquid 18,2 3,1 56,4

Heifer (until 6 month), all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 2,6 3,7 9,6

Heifer (6 month and older), all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 8,0 3,4 27,2

Feedlot stock (heifer and bull), deep byre Solid storage ad dry lot 11,1 3,8 42,2

Bulls for meet (feed with distiller’s grain), all-round

floor liquid 16,0 3,7 59,2

Cows, calf for, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 12,0 3,4 40,8

Breeding bulls, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 13,0 4,3 55,9

Feedlot swine (30 –100 kg), all-round floor, rack

floor (partial)

Solid storage ad dry lot 0,5 7,1 3,6

liquid 1,0 4,9 4,9

Pregnant sow, all-round floor, rack floor (partial) Solid storage ad dry lot 1,4 7,1 9,9

liquid 2,8 4,6 12,9

Suckling sow, all-round floor, rack floor (partial) Solid storage ad dry lot 1,5 5,4 8,1


Livestock and holding way Type of manure Extraction in year, t N in natural manure, kg/t N /year /from manure, kg

liquid 2,5 3,1 7,8

Weanling (7,5-30 kg), all-round floor, rack floor

(partial)

Solid storage ad dry lot 0,06 6,4 0,4

liquid 0,1 3,8 0,4

Boar, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 1,5 2,6 3,9

Goats with yeanling, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 1,5 6,3 9,5

Sheep with yeanling, deep farm Solid storage ad dry lot 1,3 7,4 9,6

Horses, all-round floor Solid storage ad dry lot 8,0 5,2 41,6

Broiler Solid storage ad dry lot 0,02 21,7 0,43

Lying hen, cage 0,05 15,9 0,80

Lying hen, cage liquid 0,10 6,4 0,64

Source: Timbare, 2002 and Latvian State Institute of Agrarian Economics calculations


160

ANNEX 4

Uncertainties

NOx

NFR

category

code

NFR category Pollutant 1990

Estimate

2012

Estimate

Base

year

estimate

Ex,t

Latest

year

estimate

Ex,t

Activity

data

uncertainty

Emission

factor

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty as

% of total

national

emissions in

year t

Type A

sensitivity

Type B

sensitivity

Uncertainty in

trend in national

emissions

introduced by

emission factor

uncertainty

Uncertainty in

trend in national

emissions

introduced by

activity data

uncertainty

Uncertainty

introduced into

the trend in

total national

emissions

Emission

Factor

quality

indicator

Activity

data

quality

indicator

1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public electricity and heat

production NOx 13.68 2.86 13.677 2.855 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 4.47% -5.93% 4.39% -2.96% 0.12% 2.97% D D

1 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining NOx NO NO

1 A 1 c 1 A 1 c Manufacture of solid fuels

and other energy industries NOx 0.29 0.26 0.294 0.263 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.41% 0.18% 0.40% 0.09% 0.01% 0.09% D D

1 A 2 a

1 A 2 a Stationary combustion in

manufacturing industries and

construction: Iron and steel

NOx 0.49 0.10 0.486 0.101 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.16% -0.21% 0.16% -0.11% 0.00% 0.11% D D

1 A 2 b

1 A 2 b Stationary Combustion in


construction: Non-ferrous metals

NOx NO 0.01 0.012 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% D D

1 A 2 c

1 A 2 c Stationary combustion in


construction: Chemicals

NOx 0.39 0.07 0.394 0.071 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.11% -0.19% 0.11% -0.09% 0.00% 0.09% D D

1 A 2 d

1 A 2 d Stationary combustion in


construction: Pulp, Paper and Print

NOx 0.21 0.02 0.214 0.023 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.04% -0.13% 0.04% -0.06% 0.00% 0.06% D D

1 A 2 e

1 A 2 e Stationary combustion in


construction: Food processing,

beverages and tobacco

NOx 1.50 0.24 1.499 0.238 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.37% -0.77% 0.37% -0.38% 0.01% 0.38% D D

1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i Stationary combustion in


construction: Other (Please specify

in your IIR)

NOx 2.36 2.45 2.356 2.449 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 3.83% 1.98% 3.76% 0.99% 0.11% 1.00% D D

1 A 2 f ii

1 A 2 f ii Mobile Combustion in


construction: (Please specify in

your IIR)

NOx 0.18 0.01 0.185 0.009 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.03% -0.13% 0.01% -0.13% 0.00% 0.13% D D

1 A 3 a i (i) 1 A 3 a i (i) International aviation

(LTO) NOx 0.51 0.30 0.511 0.301 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.21% 0.08% 0.46% 0.02% 0.07% 0.07%

1 A 3 a ii (i) 1 A 3 a ii (i) Civil aviation

(Domestic, LTO) NOx 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

1 A 3 b i 1 A 3 b i Road transport:

Passenger cars NOx 11.03 3.74 11.027 3.743 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 2.62% -2.57% 5.75% -0.51% 0.81% 0.96%

1 A 3 b ii 1 A 3 b ii Road transport:Light

duty vehicles NOx 2.08 0.87 2.080 0.869 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.61% -0.24% 1.34% -0.05% 0.19% 0.19%

1 A 3 b iii 1 A 3 b iii Road transport:, Heavy

duty vehicles NOx 11.11 11.06 11.110 11.064 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 7.74% 8.60% 17.00% 1.72% 2.40% 2.96%

1 A 3 b iv 1 A 3 b iv Road transport:

Mopeds & motorcycles NOx 0.00 0.01 0.001 0.006 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

1 A 3 c 1 A 3 c Railways NOx 6.69 3.07 6.692 3.073 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 4.81% -0.33% 4.72% -0.17% 0.13% 0.21%


NFR

category

code


Estimate

2012

Estimate

Base

year

estimate

Ex,t

Latest

year

estimate

Ex,t

Activity

data

uncertainty

Emission

factor

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty as

% of total

national

emissions in

year t

Type A

sensitivity

Type B

sensitivity

Uncertainty in

trend in national

emissions

introduced by

emission factor

uncertainty

Uncertainty in

trend in national

emissions

introduced by

activity data

uncertainty

Uncertainty

introduced into

the trend in

total national

emissions

Emission

Factor

quality

indicator

Activity

data

quality

indicator

1 A 3 d i (ii) 1 A 3 d i (ii) International inland

waterways NOx NO NO 2.00% 50.00% 50.04%

1 A 3 d ii 1 A 3 d ii National navigation

(Shipping) NOx 0.02 0.39 0.021 0.391 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.61% 0.58% 0.60% 0.29% 0.02% 0.29%

1 A 4 a i 1 A 4 a i Commercial /

institutional: Stationary NOx 5.36 1.31 5.360 1.307 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 2.05% -2.04% 2.01% -1.02% 0.06% 1.02% D D

1 A 4 a ii 1 A 4 a ii Commercial /

institutional: Mobile NOx 0.01 0.02 0.009 0.018 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.06% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% D D

1 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential: Stationary

plants NOx 2.80 2.46 2.798 2.458 50.00% 100.00% 111.80% 8.60% 1.66% 3.78% 1.66% 2.67% 3.15% D D

1 A 4 b ii 1 A 4 b ii Residential: Household

and gardening (mobile) NOx NO 0.05 0.047 50.00% 100.00% 111.80% 0.17% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% 0.05% 0.09% D D

1 A 4 c i

1 A 4 c i

Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing:

Stationary

NOx 1.97 0.54 1.966 0.541 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.85% -0.65% 0.83% -0.33% 0.02% 0.33% D D

1 A 4 c ii

1 A 4 c ii

Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing: Off-

road vehicles and other machinery

NOx 0.28 0.02 0.277 0.017 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.05% -0.18% 0.03% -0.18% 0.01% 0.18% D D

1A 4 c iii

1 A 4 c iii


National fishing

NOx 0.18 0.05 0.176 0.050 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.16% -0.06% 0.08% -0.06% 0.02% 0.06% D D

1 A 5 a 1 A 5 a Other stationary (including

military) NOx NO NO

1 A 5 b

1 A 5 b Other, Mobile (including

military, land based and

recreational boats)

NOx NO 0.15 0.154 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.49% 0.24% 0.24% 0.24% 0.07% 0.25% D D

2 A 1 2 A 1 Cement production NOx 0.90 0.93 0.902 0.934 2.00% 20.00% 20.10% 0.59% 0.75% 1.44% 0.15% 0.04% 0.16% D D

2 C 1 2 C 1 Iron and steel production NOx 2.81 0.85 2.805 0.855 2.00% 20.00% 20.10% 0.54% -0.80% 1.31% -0.16% 0.04% 0.17% D D

4 G 4 G Agriculture other(c) NOx NO 0.01 0.008 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01%

6 C a 6 C a Clinical wasteincineration

(d) NOx NO 0.00 0.001 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

6 C b 6 C b Industrial waste incineration

(d) NOx NO 0.00 0.000 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

6 C d 6 C d Cremation NOx NO 0.00 0.001 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

6 C e 6 C e Small scale waste burning NOx NE NE

6 D 6 D Other waste(e) NOx NA NA

7 A 7 A Other (included in national

total for entire territory) NOx 0.22 0.11 0.223 0.109 90% 200% 219.32% 0.75% 0.00% 0.17% 0.00% 0.21% 0.21%

National total for the entire

territory 65.06471 31.97 65.06 31.97 4.600 21.100 21.856 40.361% 0.003% 49.134% -0.927% 7.092% 15.171%

KONTROLE Percentage uncertainty in total inventory 63.53% Trend uncertainty 38.95%


CO

NFR

category

code


Estimate

2012

Estimate

Base year

emmissions

Latest

year

emissions

AD

uncertainty

EF

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty as

% of total

national

emissions in

year t

Type A

sensitivity

Type B

sensitivity

Uncertainty in

trend in

national

emissions

introduced by

EF uncertainty

Uncertainty in

trend in

national

emissions

introduced by

AD uncertainty

Uncertainty

introduced into

the trend in

total national

emissions

Emission

Factor

quality

indicator

Activity

data

quality

indicator


production CO 3.89 2.75 3.891 2.746 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.61% 0.18% 0.60% 0.09% 0.02% 0.09% D D


and other energy industries CO 1.61 0.20 1.614 0.203 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.05% -0.13% 0.04% -0.07% 0.00% 0.07% D D

1 A 2 a




CO 0.23 0.13 0.227 0.129 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.03% 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 2 b




CO NO 0.00 0.004 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 2 c




CO 0.16 0.28 0.156 0.284 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.06% 0.05% 0.06% 0.02% 0.00% 0.02% D D

1 A 2 d




CO 0.10 0.17 0.102 0.173 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% D D

1 A 2 e





CO 1.86 0.66 1.858 0.660 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.15% -0.06% 0.15% -0.03% 0.00% 0.03% D D

1 A 2 f i




in your IIR)

CO 1.88 19.04 1.881 19.041 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 4.23% 3.98% 4.18% 1.99% 0.12% 1.99% D D

1 A 2 f ii




your IIR)

CO 23.76 1.19 23.760 1.187 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.54% -2.33% 0.26% -2.33% 0.07% 2.33% D D


(LTO) CO 0.26 0.43 0.263 0.428 10.00% 50.00% 50.99% 0.10% 0.07% 0.09% 0.03% 0.01% 0.04%


(Domestic, LTO) CO 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.001 10.00% 50.00% 50.99% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


Passenger cars CO 160.26 13.17 160.259 13.167 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 1.31% -14.51% 2.89% -2.90% 0.41% 2.93%


duty vehicles CO 18.01 0.77 18.010 0.774 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.08% -1.79% 0.17% -0.36% 0.02% 0.36%


duty vehicles CO 9.85 2.79 9.850 2.790 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.28% -0.46% 0.61% -0.09% 0.09% 0.13%


Mopeds & motorcycles CO 0.43 0.18 0.433 0.185 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.02% -0.01% 0.04% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01%

1 A 3 c 1 A 3 c Railways CO 1.81 0.83 1.808 0.830 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.18% -0.01% 0.18% -0.01% 0.01% 0.01%


(Shipping) CO 0.03 0.09 0.035 0.089 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01%


institutional: Stationary CO 26.35 7.68 26.347 7.677 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 1.70% -1.18% 1.69% -0.59% 0.05% 0.59% D D


institutional: Mobile CO 1.19 2.37 1.188 2.374 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 1.07% 0.39% 0.52% 0.39% 0.15% 0.42% D D


plants CO 137.98 143.89 137.983 143.889 50.00% 100.00% 111.80% 71.34% 16.54% 31.62% 16.54% 22.36% 27.82% D D


and gardening (mobile) CO NO 20.84 20.842 50.00% 100.00% 111.80% 10.33% 4.58% 4.58% 4.58% 3.24% 5.61% D D


NFR

category

code


Estimate

2012

Estimate

Base year

emmissions

Latest

year

emissions

AD

uncertainty

EF

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty as

% of total

national

emissions in

year t

Type A

sensitivity

Type B

sensitivity

Uncertainty in

trend in

national

emissions

introduced by

EF uncertainty

Uncertainty in

trend in

national

emissions

introduced by

AD uncertainty

Uncertainty

introduced into

the trend in

total national

emissions

Emission

Factor

quality

indicator

Activity

data

quality

indicator

1 A 4 c i

1 A 4 c i


Stationary

CO 3.71 0.76 3.709 0.758 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.17% -0.24% 0.17% -0.12% 0.00% 0.12% D D

1 A 4 c ii

1 A 4 c ii



CO 53.72 3.26 53.724 3.258 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 1.47% -5.13% 0.72% -5.13% 0.20% 5.13% D D

1 A 4 c iii

1 A 4 c iii


National fishing

CO 0.07 0.05 0.070 0.051 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.02% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 5 a 1 A 5 a Other stationary (including

military) CO NO NO

1 A 5 b



recreational boats)

CO NO 0.02 0.016 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

2 A 5 2 A 5 Asphalt roofing CO 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.001 20.00% 70.00% 72.80% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

2 C 1 2 C 1 Iron and steel production CO 0.00 0.00 0.001 0.000 2.00% 20.00% 20.10% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

4 G 4 G Agriculture other(c) CO NO 0.12 0.115 50% 200% 206.16% 0.11% 0.03% 0.03% 0.05% 0.02% 0.05%

6 A 6 A Solid waste disposal on land CO NA NA

6 B 6 B Waste-water handling CO NA NA


(d) CO NO 0.00 0.001 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


(d) CO NO 0.00 0.000 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

6 C c 6 C c Municipal waste incineration

(d) CO NO NO

6 C d 6 C d Cremation CO NO 0.00 0.000 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

6 C e 6 C e Small scale waste burning CO NE NE

6 D 6 D Other waste(e) CO NA NA

7 A 7 A Other (included in national

total for entire territory) CO 7.85 3.84 7.848 3.837 90% 200% 219.32% 3.73% -0.01% 0.84% -0.02% 1.07% 1.07%


territory 455.02 225.51 455.02 225.51 5.060 22.700 23.497 97.628% 0.010% 49.561% 12.090% 27.861% 48.844%

KONTROLE Percentage uncertainty in total inventory 98.81% Trend

uncertainty 69.89%

NMVOC

NFR

category

code


Estimate

2012

Estimate

Base year

emmissions

Latest

year

emissions

AD

uncertainty

EF

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty as

% of total

national

emissions in

year t

Type A

sensitivity

Type B

sensitivity

Uncertainty in

trend in

national

emissions

introduced by

EF uncertainty

Uncertainty in

trend in

national

emissions

introduced by

AD uncertainty

Uncertainty

introduced into

the trend in

total national

emissions

EM

quality

indicator

AD

quality

indicator


production NMVOC 0.41 0.10 0.414 0.097 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.07% -0.19% 0.10% -0.09% 0.00% 0.09% D D

1 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining NMVOC NO NO


and other energy industries NMVOC 0.08 0.01 0.081 0.006 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.00% -0.05% 0.01% -0.02% 0.00% 0.02% D D


NFR

category

code


Estimate

2012

Estimate

Base year

emmissions

Latest

year

emissions

AD

uncertainty

EF

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty as

% of total

national

emissions in

year t

Type A

sensitivity

Type B

sensitivity

Uncertainty in

trend in

national

emissions

introduced by

EF uncertainty

Uncertainty in

trend in

national

emissions

introduced by

AD uncertainty

Uncertainty

introduced into

the trend in

total national

emissions

EM

quality

indicator

AD

quality

indicator

1 A 2 a




NMVOC 0.03 0.01 0.033 0.012 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.01% -0.01% 0.01% -0.01% 0.00% 0.01% D D

1 A 2 b




NMVOC NO 0.00 0.000 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 2 c




NMVOC 0.04 0.03 0.037 0.027 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.02% 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 2 d




NMVOC 0.01 0.02 0.011 0.016 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 2 e





NMVOC 0.24 0.06 0.241 0.063 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.05% -0.10% 0.06% -0.05% 0.00% 0.05% D D

1 A 2 f i




in your IIR)

NMVOC 0.25 1.77 0.251 1.766 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 1.26% 1.57% 1.74% 0.78% 0.05% 0.79% D D

1 A 2 f ii




your IIR)

NMVOC 0.88 0.04 0.880 0.044 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.06% -0.55% 0.04% -0.55% 0.01% 0.55% D D


(LTO) NMVOC 0.05 0.02 0.051 0.018 10.00% 50.00% 50.99% 0.01% -0.02% 0.02% -0.01% 0.00% 0.01%


(Domestic, LTO) NMVOC 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 10.00% 50.00% 50.99% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


Passenger cars NMVOC 15.76 1.92 15.762 1.917 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.61% -8.79% 1.89% -1.76% 0.27% 1.78%


duty vehicles NMVOC 1.94 0.12 1.944 0.122 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.04% -1.20% 0.12% -0.24% 0.02% 0.24%


duty vehicles NMVOC 4.21 0.75 4.206 0.747 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.24% -2.12% 0.74% -0.42% 0.10% 0.44%

1 A 3 b iv 1 A 3 b iv Road transport: Mopeds

& motorcycles NMVOC 0.27 0.06 0.273 0.058 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.02% -0.13% 0.06% -0.03% 0.01% 0.03%

1 A 3 b v 1 A 3 b v Road transport:

Gasoline evaporation NMVOC NE NE 10.00% 20.00% 22.36%

1 A 3 c 1 A 3 c Railways NMVOC 0.79 0.36 0.786 0.361 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.26% -0.18% 0.36% -0.09% 0.01% 0.09%

1 A 3 d i (ii) 1 A 3 d i (ii) International inland

waterways NMVOC NO NO


(Shipping) NMVOC 0.01 0.03 0.011 0.030 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01%

1 A 3 e 1 A 3 e Pipeline compressors NMVOC NA NA


institutional: Stationary NMVOC 2.65 0.72 2.655 0.717 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.51% -1.09% 0.71% -0.55% 0.02% 0.55% D D


institutional: Mobile NMVOC 0.04 0.09 0.044 0.088 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.13% 0.06% 0.09% 0.06% 0.02% 0.06% D D


plants NMVOC 21.98 24.80 21.981 24.799 50.00% 100.00% 111.80% 39.65% 9.49% 24.42% 9.49% 17.27% 19.71% D D


and gardening (mobile) NMVOC NO 0.66 0.660 50.00% 100.00% 111.80% 1.05% 0.65% 0.65% 0.65% 0.46% 0.80% D D

1 A 4 c i

1 A 4 c i


Stationary

NMVOC 0.39 0.10 0.389 0.096 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.07% -0.17% 0.09% -0.08% 0.00% 0.08% D D


NFR

category

code


Estimate

2012

Estimate

Base year

emmissions

Latest

year

emissions

AD

uncertainty

EF

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty as

% of total

national

emissions in

year t

Type A

sensitivity

Type B

sensitivity

Uncertainty in

trend in

national

emissions

introduced by

EF uncertainty

Uncertainty in

trend in

national

emissions

introduced by

AD uncertainty

Uncertainty

introduced into

the trend in

total national

emissions

EM

quality

indicator

AD

quality

indicator

1 A 4 c ii

1 A 4 c ii



NMVOC 27.68 1.68 27.676 1.679 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 2.45% -17.07% 1.65% -17.07% 0.47% 17.08% D D

1A 4 c iii

1A 4 c iii


National fishing

NMVOC 0.02 0.01 0.018 0.008 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 5 b



recreational boats)

NMVOC NO 0.01 0.006 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% D D

1 B 2 a v 1 B 2 a v Distribution of oil

products NMVOC 2.98 1.08 2.979 1.079 2.00% 2.00% 2.83% 0.04% -0.96% 1.06% -0.02% 0.03% 0.04% M M

2 A 1 2 A 1 Cement production NMVOC 0.15 0.01 0.154 0.011 2.00% 20.00% 20.10% 0.00% -0.09% 0.01% -0.02% 0.00% 0.02% D D

2 A 5 2 A 5 Asphalt roofing NMVOC 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.001 20.00% 70.00% 72.80% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

2 A 6 2 A 6 Road paving with asphalt NMVOC 0.50 21.33 0.499 21.333 20.00% 70.00% 72.80% 22.21% 20.67% 21.01% 14.47% 5.94% 15.64% D D

2 A 7 d

2 A 7 d Other Mineral products




NMVOC 0.00 0.02 0.001 0.015 100.00% 50.00% 111.80% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% D D

2 C 1 2 C 1 Iron and steel production NMVOC 0.25 0.08 0.248 0.075 2.00% 20.00% 20.10% 0.02% -0.09% 0.07% -0.02% 0.00% 0.02% D D

2 D 2 2 D 2 Food and drink NMVOC 3.38 1.32 3.382 1.318 2.00% 20.00% 20.10% 0.38% -1.00% 1.30% -0.20% 0.04% 0.20% D D

3 A 1 3 A 1 Decorative coating

application NMVOC 0.90 2.89 0.902 2.889 2.00% 75.00% 75.03% 3.10% 2.23% 2.84% 1.67% 0.08% 1.68% M M

3 A 2 3 A 2 Industrial coating application NMVOC 6.55 IE 6.545 2.00% 75.00% 75.03% -4.44% -3.33% 3.33% M M

3 A 3

3 A 3 Other coating application




NMVOC IE IE 2.00% 75.00% 75.03%

3 B 1 3 B 1 Degreasing NMVOC 2.27 0.01 2.268 0.005 2.00% 75.00% 75.03% 0.01% -1.53% 0.01% -1.15% 0.00% 1.15% M M

3 C 3 C Chemical products NMVOC NE 0.58 0.576 3.00% 20.00% 20.22% 0.17% 0.57% 0.57% 0.11% 0.02% 0.12% M M

3 D 1 3 D 1 Printing NMVOC 1.73 0.01 1.734 0.013 2.00% 75.00% 75.03% 0.01% -1.16% 0.01% -0.87% 0.00% 0.87% M M

3 D 2 3 D 2 Domestic solvent use

including fungicides NMVOC 4.80 2.59 4.802 2.591 2.00% 75.00% 75.03% 2.78% -0.71% 2.55% -0.53% 0.07% 0.53% M M

3 D 3 3 D 3 Other product use NMVOC NE 6.33 6.328 2.00% 75.00% 75.03% 6.79% 6.23% 6.23% 4.67% 0.18% 4.68% M M

4 D 1 a 4 D 1 a Synthetic N-fertilizers NMVOC 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 2% 100% 100.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

6 A 6 A Solid waste disposal on land NMVOC 0.27 0.35 0.266 0.353 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.52% 0.17% 0.35% 0.17% 0.10% 0.19%

6 B 6 B Waste-water handling NMVOC 0.01 0.00 0.009 0.004 10.00% 30.00% 31.62% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


(d) NMVOC NO 0.00 0.000 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


(d) NMVOC NO 0.00 0.000 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

6 C d 6 C d Cremation NMVOC NO 0.00 0.000 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


territory 101.53 69.93 101.53 69.93 5.510 28.270 29.533 82.625% 0.044% 68.873% 4.999% 25.212% 70.889%

KONTROLE Percentage uncertainty in total inventory 90.90% Trend

uncertainty 84.20%


SO2

NFR

category

code

NFR category Pollutan

t

1990

Estimat

e

2012

Estimat

e

Base year

emmission

s

Latest

year

emission

s

AD uncertainty

EF

uncertaint

y

Combined

uncertaint

y

Combined

uncertaint

y as % of

total

national

emissions

in year t

Type A

sensitivit

y

Type B

sensitivity

Uncertaint

y in trend

in national

emissions

introduced

by EF

uncertainty

Uncertaint

y in trend

in national

emissions

introduced

by AD

uncertainty

Uncertaint

y

introduced

into the

trend in

total

national

emissions

EM

quality

indicato

r

AD

quality

indicato

r

1 A 1 a 1 A 1 a Public electricity

and heat production SOx 36.30 0.31 36.296 0.315 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 4.93% -0.75% 0.30% -0.38% 0.01% 0.38% D D

1 A 1 b 1 A 1 b Petroleum refining SOx NO NO

1 A 1 c

1 A 1 c Manufacture of solid

fuels and other energy

industries

SOx 0.91 0.03 0.913 0.028 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.44% 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 2 a

1 A 2 a Stationary

combustion in

manufacturing industries

and construction: Iron and

steel

SOx 1.36 0.03 1.361 0.028 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.44% -0.01% 0.03% -0.01% 0.00% 0.01% D D

1 A 2 b

1 A 2 b Stationary

Combustion in


and construction: Non-

ferrous metals

SOx NO NO

1 A 2 c

1 A 2 c Stationary

combustion in


and construction: Chemicals

SOx 3.05 0.01 3.045 0.009 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.15% -0.08% 0.01% -0.04% 0.00% 0.04% D D

1 A 2 d

1 A 2 d Stationary

combustion in


and construction: Pulp,

Paper and Print

SOx 0.23 NO 0.231 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% -0.01% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 2 e

1 A 2 e Stationary

combustion in


and construction: Food

processing, beverages and

tobacco

SOx 8.68 0.08 8.681 0.080 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 1.26% -0.18% 0.08% -0.09% 0.00% 0.09% D D

1 A 2 f i

1 A 2 f i Stationary

combustion in


and construction: Other

(Please specify in your IIR)

SOx 9.87 0.77 9.869 0.765 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 11.99% 0.44% 0.73% 0.22% 0.02% 0.22% D D

1 A 2 f ii

1 A 2 f ii Mobile

Combustion in


and construction: (Please

specify in your IIR)

SOx 0.01 0.00 0.006 0.000 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 3 a i (i) 1 A 3 a i (i) International

aviation (LTO) SOx 0.05 0.03 0.053 0.029 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.20% 0.03% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01%


(Domestic, LTO) SOx 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


Passenger cars SOx 0.12 0.01 0.122 0.010 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.07% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

1 A 3 b ii 1 A 3 b ii Road

transport:Light duty vehicles SOx 0.03 0.00 0.033 0.001 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


NFR

category

code

NFR category Pollutan

t

1990

Estimat

e

2012

Estimat

e

Base year

emmission

s

Latest

year

emission

s

AD uncertainty

EF

uncertaint

y

Combined

uncertaint

y

Combined

uncertaint

y as % of

total

national

emissions

in year t

Type A

sensitivit

y

Type B

sensitivity

Uncertaint

y in trend

in national

emissions

introduced

by EF

uncertainty

Uncertaint

y in trend

in national

emissions

introduced

by AD

uncertainty

Uncertaint

y

introduced

into the

trend in

total

national

emissions

EM

quality

indicato

r

AD

quality

indicato

r

1 A 3 b iii 1 A 3 b iii Road transport:,

Heavy duty vehicles SOx 0.21 0.01 0.206 0.008 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.05% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


Mopeds & motorcycles SOx 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 10.00% 20.00% 22.36% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

1 A 3 c 1 A 3 c Railways SOx 0.68 0.16 0.676 0.155 2.00% 20.00% 20.10% 0.98% 0.13% 0.15% 0.03% 0.00% 0.03%

1 A 3 d i

(ii)

1 A 3 d i (ii) International

inland waterways SOx NO NO

1 A 3 d ii 1 A 3 d ii National

navigation (Shipping) SOx 0.00 0.01 0.000 0.005 2.00% 20.00% 20.10% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


institutional: Stationary SOx 26.34 0.43 26.337 0.432 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 6.77% -0.35% 0.41% -0.18% 0.01% 0.18% D D


institutional: Mobile SOx 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.001 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 4 b i 1 A 4 b i Residential:

Stationary plants SOx 8.69 0.41 8.692 0.406 50.00% 100.00% 111.80% 14.22% 0.13% 0.39% 0.13% 0.27% 0.31% D D

1 A 4 b ii

1 A 4 b ii Residential:

Household and gardening

(mobile)

SOx NO 0.00 0.002 50.00% 100.00% 111.80% 0.06% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1 A 4 c i

1 A 4 c i

Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing

: Stationary

SOx 2.98 0.46 2.983 0.463 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 7.25% 0.35% 0.44% 0.18% 0.01% 0.18% D D

1 A 4 c ii

1 A 4 c ii


: Off-road vehicles and other

machinery

SOx 0.01 0.00 0.011 0.001 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

1A 4 c iii

1 A 4 c iii


: National fishing

SOx 0.65 0.05 0.650 0.052 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 1.65% 0.03% 0.05% 0.03% 0.01% 0.03% D D

1 A 5 b

1 A 5 b Other, Mobile

(including military, land

based and recreational boats)

SOx NO 0.00 0.002 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.06% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

2 A 1 2 A 1 Cement production SOx 3.41 0.37 3.409 0.374 2.00% 20.00% 20.10% 2.35% 0.26% 0.36% 0.05% 0.01% 0.05% D D

2 C 1 2 C 1 Iron and steel

production SOx 0.09 0.03 0.088 0.027 2.00% 20.00% 20.10% 0.17% 0.02% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% D D

2 D 1 2 D 1 Pulp and paper SOx 1.10 NO 1.098 2.00% 100.00% 100.02% -0.03% -0.03% 0.03%

6 C a 6 C a Clinical

wasteincineration (d) SOx NO 0.00 0.001 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

6 C b 6 C b Industrial waste

incineration (d) SOx NO 0.00 0.000 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

6 C d 6 C d Cremation SOx NO 0.00 0.001 20.00% 100.00% 101.98% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

National total for the

entire territory 104.76 3.19 104.76 3.19 3.480 17.500 18.044 53.187% 0.003% 3.050% -0.063% 0.370% 1.564%

KONTROLE Percentage uncertainty in total

inventory 72.93%

Trend

uncertainty 12.51%


NH3

NFR

category

code

NFR category Polluta

nt

1990

Estimate

2012

Estimate

Base year

emmissions

Latest

year

emissions

AD

uncertainty

EF

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty

Combined

uncertainty as %

of total national

emissions in year

t

Type A

sensitivity

Type B

sensitivity

Uncertainty in

trend in national

emissions

introduced by EF

uncertainty

Uncertainty in

trend in national

emissions

introduced by AD

uncertainty

Uncertainty

introduced into

the trend in total

national emissions

EM

quality

indicator

AD

quality

indicator

1 A 3 b i

1 A 3 b i Road

transport: Passenger

cars

NH3 0.01 0.22 0.010 0.220 10.00% 50.00% 50.99% 0.87% 0.45% 0.46% 0.23% 0.06% 0.23%

1 A 3 b ii

1 A 3 b ii Road

transport:Light duty

vehicles

NH3 0.00 0.00 0.001 0.004 10.00% 50.00% 50.99% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

1 A 3 b iii

1 A 3 b iii Road

transport:, Heavy

duty vehicles

NH3 0.00 0.00 0.003 0.005 10.00% 50.00% 50.99% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

1 A 3 b iv

1 A 3 b iv Road

transport: Mopeds &

motorcycles

NH3 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 10.00% 50.00% 50.99% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

1 A 3 c 1 A 3 c Railways NH3 0.00 0.00 0.001 0.001 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

1 A 3 d ii

1 A 3 d ii National

navigation

(Shipping)

NH3 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 2.00% 50.00% 50.04% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

1 A 4 b i

1 A 4 b i

Residential:

Stationary plants

NH3 0.08 0.10 0.078 0.100 50.00% 100.00% 111.80% 0.86% 0.16% 0.21% 0.16% 0.15% 0.22% D D

4 B 1 a 4 B 1 a Cattle dairy NH3 11.82 3.53 11.816 3.534 2% 80% 80.02% 21.86% 0.75% 7.33% 0.60% 0.21% 0.64%

4 B 1 b 4 B 1 b Cattle non-

dairy NH3 12.16 2.87 12.157 2.865 2% 80% 80.02% 17.72% -0.82% 5.94% -0.66% 0.17% 0.68%

4 B 13 4 B 13 Other NH3 NA NO

4 B 2 4 B 2 Buffalo NH3 NO NO

4 B 3 4 B 3 Sheep NH3 0.19 0.19 0.185 0.191 2% 80% 80.02% 1.18% 0.29% 0.40% 0.23% 0.01% 0.23%

4 B 4 4 B 4 Goats NH3 0.01 0.03 0.006 0.032 2% 80% 80.02% 0.20% 0.06% 0.07% 0.05% 0.00% 0.05%

4 B 6 4 B 6 Horses NH3 0.27 0.10 0.274 0.105 0.06% 0.22%

4 B 7 4 B 7 Mules and

asses NH3 NO NO

4 B 8 4 B 8 Swine NH3 6.39 1.71 6.394 1.711 2% 80% 80.02% 10.59% -0.01% 3.55% -0.01% 0.10% 0.10%

4 B 9 a 4 B 9 a Laying hens NH3 2.85 1.22 2.851 1.221 2% 80% 80.02% 7.55% 0.94% 2.53% 0.76% 0.07% 0.76%

4 B 9 b 4 B 9 b Broilers NH3 IE IE

4 B 9 c 4 B 9 c Turkeys NH3 IE IE

4 B 9 d 4 B 9 d Other

poultry NH3 IE IE

4 D 1 a 4 D 1 a Synthetic N-

fertilizers NH3 13.14 2.16 13.140 2.165 2.00% 100.00% 100.02% 16.74% -2.81% 4.49% -2.81% 0.13% 2.82%

6 B 6 B Waste-water

handling NH3 1.31 0.79 1.308 0.786 10.00% 30.00% 31.62% 1.92% 0.90% 1.63% 0.27% 0.23% 0.36%

National total for

the entire territory 48.2243 12.94 48.22 12.94 1.180 10.100 10.276 79.514% 0.007% 26.828% -1.167% 1.131% 6.091%

KONTROLE Percentage uncertainty in total inventory 89.17% Trend uncertainty 24.68%


ANNEX 5

Fuel consumption in Energy sector (stationary combustion), PJ

1.A.1 Energy Industries

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1.A.1. Energy Industries

Liquid Fuels 40.479 33.253 28.440 27.170 30.860 20.519 27.334 17.438 20.662 17.491 7.901 5.277 5.076 3.606 3.144 2.395 1.512 1.389 0.905 1.230 0.947 0.869 0.663

Solid Fuels 5.261 4.746 5.508 5.579 4.517 5.211 4.149 3.965 2.782 1.765 2.752 1.645 1.290 0.873 0.280 0.244 0.135 0.371 0.466 0.482 0.430 0.430 0.524

Gaseous Fuels 48.609 49.859 39.792 24.255 16.779 24.117 18.828 28.442 27.088 25.720 28.868 33.579 32.544 34.078 32.415 33.355 35.235 32.668 32.698 31.304 38.662 35.583 31.876

Biomass 0.436 0.590 0.673 0.865 1.300 1.065 1.637 3.413 4.112 3.700 3.235 4.152 4.667 5.558 5.530 4.732 5.323 5.297 5.179 5.274 5.841 5.918 8.228

1.A.1.a. Public Electricity and Heat Production

Liquid Fuels 40.140 33.002 28.189 26.919 30.426 20.266 26.110 17.107 18.115 14.485 6.350 5.108 4.864 3.437 2.932 2.183 1.300 1.219 0.692 1.060 0.734 0.614 0.493

Diesel oil 5.524 5.226 3.824 0.935 0.382 0.085 0.042 0.297 0.085 0.085 0.127 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.016 0.015 0.042 0.127

RFO 32.561 26.146 23.183 24.563 30.044 20.016 25.984 16.768 17.905 14.007 5.278 4.425 4.425 3.207 2.801 2.111 1.218 1.137 0.650 1.015 0.690 0.568 0.365

LPG 0.046 0.046 0.046 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other liquid 1.967 1.583 1.137 1.421 NO 0.126 0.084 0.042 0.126 NO NO 0.126 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Waste oils 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 0.042 0.029 0.088 0.029 NO NO NO 0.029 0.029 0.003 NO

Shale oil NO NO NO NO NO 0.039 NO NO NO 0.394 0.944 0.472 0.354 0.157 NO NO 0.039 0.039 NO NO NO NO NO

Solid Fuels 3.683 3.440 3.880 4.544 3.613 4.085 3.144 3.141 2.191 1.415 2.340 1.524 1.280 0.863 0.270 0.224 0.125 0.361 0.466 0.482 0.430 0.430 0.524

Coal 2.305 1.736 1.935 2.106 1.366 1.395 0.740 0.541 0.427 0.370 0.370 0.398 0.285 0.210 0.210 0.184 0.105 0.341 0.446 0.472 0.420 0.420 0.524

Peat briquettes 0.031 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.077 0.062 0.077 0.015 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Peat 1.347 1.688 1.930 2.422 2.231 2.613 2.342 2.523 1.749 1.045 1.970 1.126 0.995 0.653 0.060 0.040 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.010 0.010 0.010 NO

Natural gas 47.802 49.234 39.162 23.631 16.143 23.172 17.785 27.871 26.347 25.080 28.059 32.700 31.737 33.203 31.542 32.481 34.295 32.098 31.892 30.806 37.787 34.641 30.899

Biomass 0.436 0.590 0.673 0.865 1.300 1.065 1.637 3.387 4.078 3.599 3.235 3.670 4.185 4.700 4.672 4.250 4.841 4.754 4.636 4.517 5.338 5.288 7.672

Wood 0.436 0.590 0.673 0.831 1.300 1.045 1.595 3.363 4.060 3.558 3.191 3.617 4.097 4.644 4.570 4.132 4.741 4.675 4.556 4.390 5.121 4.635 5.793

Sludge Gas NO NO NO 0.034 0.000 0.020 0.042 0.024 0.018 0.041 0.044 0.053 0.088 0.056 0.102 0.118 0.100 0.079 0.080 0.120 0.119 0.104 0.109

Other Biogas NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.007 0.091 0.497 1.731

Biodiesel NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.008 0.052 0.039

1.A.1.c. Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries

Liquid Fuels 0.339 0.251 0.251 0.251 0.433 0.253 1.224 0.330 2.547 3.005 1.551 0.170 0.212 0.170 0.212 0.212 0.212 0.170 0.212 0.170 0.212 0.255 0.170


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Diesel oil 0.212 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.212 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.212 0.127 0.170 0.212 0.170 0.212 0.212 0.212 0.170 0.212 0.170 0.212 0.255 0.170

RFO 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.041 1.096 0.203 0.487 0.731 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

LPG 0.046 NO NO NO 0.182 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Jet fuel NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.216 0.346 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other liquid fuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 1.716 1.716 1.423 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid Fuels 1.578 1.307 1.628 1.035 0.905 1.126 1.005 0.824 0.591 0.350 0.412 0.121 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.010 NO NO NO NO NO

Coal NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.028 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Peat 1.578 1.307 1.628 1.035 0.905 1.126 1.005 0.824 0.563 0.322 0.412 0.121 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.010 NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 0.808 0.625 0.630 0.624 0.637 0.944 1.042 0.572 0.740 0.639 0.809 0.878 0.808 0.875 0.873 0.873 0.940 0.571 0.806 0.498 0.875 0.942 0.978

Wood NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.026 0.034 0.101 NO 0.482 0.482 0.858 0.858 0.482 0.482 0.543 0.543 0.757 0.503 0.630 0.556

1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction

Liquid Fuels 28.963 18.770 16.010 16.557 16.022 16.300 15.981 15.687 12.669 11.157 7.334 4.892 4.612 4.741 4.530 3.654 4.280 4.050 3.309 3.034 3.616 2.389 2.752

Solid Fuels 1.599 1.008 1.110 1.748 1.645 0.824 0.767 0.740 0.686 0.702 0.518 0.518 0.496 0.397 0.407 1.105 1.498 2.074 2.130 1.497 1.956 2.324 2.332

Gaseous Fuels 25.610 23.489 19.006 12.431 9.761 9.990 9.885 9.548 9.791 9.144 9.858 11.600 12.848 12.726 13.093 13.550 13.263 12.884 11.607 9.281 10.495 7.543 7.887

Biomass 0.617 0.603 0.616 1.779 2.101 2.414 2.664 2.740 3.188 3.176 2.696 3.856 3.393 3.309 4.706 5.535 6.429 5.388 5.798 8.641 9.810 11.188 12.921

Other Fuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.037 0.131 0.245 0.332 0.290 0.313 0.174 0.119 0.090 0.236 0.078 0.945 1.857 2.069

1.A.2.a Iron and Steel

Liquid Fuels 2.057 1.017 0.733 0.731 0.913 0.705 0.785 1.162 1.088 1.130 1.173 1.083 0.963 0.963 0.963 0.652 0.963 0.963 0.917 0.793 1.006 NO NO

Shale oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.079 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Diesel oil 0.042 0.042 0.042 NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO 0.001 NO NO

RFO 1.177 0.974 0.690 0.284 0.284 0.203 0.325 0.325 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.122 0.081 NO NO NO

Other Liquid Fuels NO NO NO 0.447 0.586 0.502 0.460 0.837 1.088 1.130 1.130 0.963 0.963 0.963 0.963 0.084 0.963 0.963 0.795 0.712 1.005 NO NO

Waste oils 0.837 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO NO NO 0.526 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid Fuels 0.053 0.105 0.132 0.134 0.185 0.158 0.158 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.241 0.134 0.188 0.161 0.134 0.107 0.134 0.134 0.107 0.107 0.348

Anthracite NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.082

Coal NO NO NO 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.026 0.026 0.105

Coke 0.053 0.105 0.132 0.105 0.185 0.158 0.158 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.241 0.134 0.188 0.161 0.134 0.107 0.134 0.134 0.080 0.080 0.161


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Natural gas 4.238 3.602 3.426 2.893 3.109 2.361 2.521 3.955 4.038 3.900 3.913 4.066 3.904 3.970 4.031 4.131 4.098 4.125 3.827 3.403 3.835 1.178 1.448

1.A.2.b Non-Ferrous Metals

Diesel oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.002 0.003

Coal NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.002 0.001

Natural gas NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.054 0.101 0.169 0.190 0.269 0.302 0.269 0.203 0.204 0.201 0.134 0.101 0.134 0.168 0.169

1.A.2.c Chemicals

Liquid Fuels 3.642 2.059 1.684 2.964 3.250 4.547 3.451 3.207 0.325 0.164 0.122 0.164 0.162 0.122 NO NO NO NO 0.153 0.126 0.097 0.131 0.154

Gasoline NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.003 NO NO

Other Kerosene 0.389 0.389 0.259 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Diesel Oil 0.127 0.127 0.085 NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 0.085 0.085 0.085 0.017

RFO 3.126 1.543 1.340 2.964 3.207 4.547 3.451 3.207 0.325 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.162 0.122 NO NO NO NO 0.081 0.041 0.009 NO NO

LPG NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.046 0.137

Other Liquid Fuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Waste oils NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.029 NO NO NO NO

Coal NO NO NO 0.028 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.001 NO

Natural gas 0.423 0.578 0.414 0.643 0.693 1.091 0.703 0.304 0.302 0.365 0.318 0.270 0.279 0.309 0.406 0.443 0.480 0.381 0.514 0.519 0.603 0.404 0.371

Biomass NO NO NO 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.013 0.020 0.020 0.054 0.047 0.046 0.029 0.019 0.047 0.029 0.059 0.073 0.188 0.130 0.188 0.170 0.210

Wood NO NO NO 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.013 0.020 0.020 0.054 0.047 0.046 0.029 0.019 0.047 0.029 0.056 0.072 0.187 0.127 0.187 0.169 0.210

Biodiesel NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.001 NO

1.A.2.d Pulp, Paper and Print

Liquid Fuels 0.203 0.162 0.122 0.122 0.041 0.081 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.003 0.014 0.006

RFO 0.203 0.162 0.122 0.122 0.041 0.081 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Diesel oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.003 0.014 0.006

Coal 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.114 0.057 0.057 0.057 0.057 0.028 0.028 NO 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 2.701 2.614 2.412 0.654 0.044 0.101 0.119 0.105 0.095 0.101 0.101 0.135 0.134 0.168 0.168 0.202 0.235 0.201 0.201 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.068

Wood NO NO NO 0.065 0.188 0.087 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.040 0.023 0.013 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.027 0.020 0.016 0.007 0.163 0.156 0.107 0.102

1.A.2.e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco

Liquid Fuels 10.547 7.700 7.045 6.807 4.419 4.653 5.429 5.205 5.239 4.133 2.809 1.650 1.483 1.122 0.960 0.999 1.003 0.788 0.507 0.616 0.614 0.435 0.536

Jet Kerosene NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.043 0.086 0.043 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other Kerosene NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Shale Oil NO NO NO NO NO 0.039 NO NO NO NO 0.630 0.079 0.079 0.039 0.039 0.079 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.079 0.039

Diesel Oil 3.229 3.229 3.102 3.229 0.765 0.552 0.510 0.807 0.722 0.552 0.552 0.467 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.297 0.255 0.212 0.212 0.212 0.170 0.085 0.127

RFO 7.105 4.425 3.898 3.532 3.654 4.019 4.791 4.222 4.385 3.492 1.583 0.974 0.893 0.609 0.406 0.406 0.447 0.329 0.122 0.244 0.284 0.122 0.203

LPG 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 NO NO NO 0.046 0.046 0.046 NO 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.091 0.091 0.046 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.137

Other Liquid Fuels 0.167 NO NO NO NO 0.042 0.042 NO NO NO NO 0.084 0.084 NO 0.042 0.084 0.084 NO NO NO NO NO NO

Waste oils NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.117 0.088 0.029 0.029 0.058 0.029

Solid Fuels 1.069 0.598 0.655 0.593 0.581 0.309 0.309 0.267 0.184 0.239 0.140 0.140 0.141 0.158 0.105 0.132 0.105 0.079 0.079 0.052 0.055 0.026 0.026

Coal 0.911 0.598 0.655 0.541 0.512 0.256 0.256 0.199 0.142 0.171 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.131 0.105 0.105 0.079 0.079 0.079 0.052 0.052 0.026 0.026

Coke 0.158 NO NO 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.026 0.053 0.026 0.026 0.027 0.027 NO 0.027 0.027 NO NO NO NO NO NO

Peat Briquettes NO NO NO NO 0.015 NO NO 0.015 0.015 0.015 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.003 NO NO

Natural gas 3.149 2.698 2.511 3.500 2.831 3.066 3.282 3.042 2.723 2.604 2.613 2.781 2.989 2.765 3.242 3.154 3.254 2.688 2.142 1.935 1.904 1.871 1.809

Biomass 0.228 0.231 0.230 0.238 0.316 0.327 0.330 0.325 0.328 0.349 0.450 0.800 0.842 0.719 0.916 1.034 0.772 0.701 0.394 0.488 0.339 0.361 0.535

Wood 0.228 0.231 0.230 0.238 0.316 0.327 0.330 0.325 0.328 0.349 0.450 0.800 0.842 0.719 0.916 1.034 0.772 0.701 0.394 0.483 0.333 0.361 0.535

Biodiesel NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.005 0.006 0.000 NO

1.A.2.f Other

Construction

Liquid Fuels 2.735 1.905 0.970 0.675 0.543 0.456 0.463 0.633 0.589 0.462 0.462 0.380 0.510 0.423 0.636 0.636 0.722 1.274 0.766 0.796 0.617 1.052 1.140

Gasoline 0.836 0.176 0.176 0.176 0.044 NO 0.088 0.044 0.044 NO NO NO 0.044 NO 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.018 0.044 0.044

Diesel Oil 1.615 1.445 0.510 0.255 0.255 0.212 0.212 0.467 0.382 0.340 0.340 0.297 0.425 0.382 0.510 0.510 0.637 1.190 0.722 0.722 0.510 0.892 1.020

LPG NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.019 0.046 0.047

Other Liquid Fuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Waste oils NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.029 0.029 0.029 0.029

RFO 0.284 0.284 0.284 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.162 0.122 0.162 0.122 0.122 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.041 NO NO 0.041 0.041 NO

Solid Fuels NO NO NO 0.142 0.114 0.057 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 NO NO NO 0.027 0.026 0.026

Coal NO NO NO 0.142 0.114 0.057 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 NO NO NO 0.026 0.026 0.026

Peat Briquettes NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.001 NO NO

Natural gas 1.429 1.851 0.315 0.288 0.070 0.131 0.127 0.101 0.144 0.186 0.192 0.274 0.554 0.768 0.634 0.699 0.906 0.948 0.972 0.622 0.653 0.657 0.859

Biomass 0.127 0.121 0.126 0.264 0.303 0.267 0.261 0.283 0.288 0.279 0.278 0.266 0.264 0.273 0.424 0.370 0.408 0.294 0.269 0.239 0.192 0.168 0.192

Wood 0.127 0.121 0.126 0.264 0.303 0.267 0.261 0.283 0.288 0.279 0.278 0.266 0.264 0.273 0.424 0.370 0.408 0.294 0.269 0.239 0.191 0.168 0.192

Biodiesel NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.001 NO NO


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Machinery

Liquid Fuels 0.982 0.576 0.448 0.367 0.369 0.338 0.244 0.286 0.284 0.164 0.081 0.081 0.041 NO 0.042 0.046 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.042 0.042 0.088 0.014

Diesel oil 0.170 0.170 0.042 0.042 0.085 0.297 NO 0.042 NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.014

RFO 0.812 0.406 0.406 0.325 0.284 0.041 0.244 0.244 0.284 0.122 0.081 0.081 0.041 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

LPG NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 NO NO 0.046 NO

Solid Fuels 0.079 NO NO 0.083 0.112 NO NO NO 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO 0.010 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.004 NO NO 0.001 0.002

Coal NO NO NO 0.057 0.085 NO NO NO 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.004 NO NO 0.001 0.002

Coke 0.079 NO NO 0.026 0.026 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Peat NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.010 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 3.337 3.334 2.804 0.641 0.270 0.068 0.081 0.077 0.110 0.156 0.129 0.203 0.212 0.311 0.278 0.276 0.339 0.306 0.272 0.205 0.269 0.202 0.266

Wood 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.046 0.128 0.152 0.166 0.199 0.192 0.196 0.130 0.138 0.151 0.136 0.103 0.158 0.163 0.170 0.177 0.121 0.110 0.115 0.127

Other non-specified

Liquid Fuels 1.268 0.899 0.771 0.289 0.291 0.465 0.427 0.218 0.083 0.046 0.046 NO NO NO 0.046 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 NO 0.010 0.010 0.042

LPG NO NO NO NO NO 0.091 0.137 0.091 NO 0.046 0.046 NO NO NO 0.046 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

RFO 1.056 0.771 0.771 0.203 0.162 0.203 0.162 0.041 0.041 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Diesel oil 0.212 0.127 NO NO 0.085 0.085 0.085 NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 NO 0.010 0.010 0.042

Other Kerosene NO NO NO 0.086 0.043 0.086 0.043 0.086 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid Fuels NO 0.020 0.010 0.085 0.028 0.044 0.028 NO NO NO 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.026 0.026 NO NO NO 0.003

Peat Briquettes NO NO NO NO NO 0.015 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Coal NO NO NO 0.085 0.028 0.028 0.028 NO NO NO 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.026 0.026 NO NO NO 0.003

Peat NO 0.020 0.010 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 0.417 0.291 0.296 0.172 0.149 0.101 0.073 0.065 0.076 0.034 0.033 0.068 0.068 0.101 0.101 0.136 0.142 0.165 0.099 0.033 0.068 0.068 0.068

Wood 0.074 0.074 0.074 0.317 0.275 0.391 0.391 0.428 0.302 0.255 0.144 0.155 0.165 0.285 0.412 0.479 0.492 0.451 0.323 0.157 0.115 0.158 0.186

Non-metallic minerals

Liquid Fuels 3.585 1.307 1.301 1.260 3.058 2.563 2.519 2.397 1.912 2.274 1.521 0.692 0.944 1.602 1.414 0.939 1.037 0.468 0.324 0.322 0.882 0.297 0.297

Diesel oil 0.127 0.127 0.042 0.042 0.170 0.085 0.042 0.042 0.085 0.085 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.255 0.212 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.255 0.297 0.297

RFO 3.289 1.137 1.259 1.218 2.842 2.436 2.477 2.355 1.827 2.071 0.731 0.162 NO NO NO 0.041 NO 0.081 0.041 NO NO NO NO

LPG NO NO NO NO 0.046 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other Kerosene 0.043 0.043 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Other Liquid Fuels 0.126 NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO 0.251 NO NO 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Petroleum Coke NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.198 0.956 1.088 0.429 0.627 0.132 NO 0.165 0.627 NO NO

Waste oils NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.209 0.586 0.234 0.205 0.175 0.117 0.088 0.117 0.029 NO NO NO

Shale oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.118 0.748 0.236 0.118 0.118 0.079 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 NO NO NO NO

Solid Fuels 0.170 0.085 0.114 0.199 0.171 0.114 0.057 0.095 0.039 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.682 1.127 1.809 1.888 1.285 1.757 2.124 1.914

Coal 0.142 0.085 0.114 0.199 0.171 0.114 0.057 0.085 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.682 1.127 1.809 1.888 1.285 1.757 2.124 1.914

Oil Shale 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Peat NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.010 0.010 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 5.685 4.474 4.163 1.477 0.750 1.282 1.358 0.640 1.077 0.705 0.810 1.824 2.355 1.884 1.847 2.385 1.881 1.982 1.785 0.944 1.009 0.977 1.281

Wood 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.027 0.020 0.094 0.020 0.020 0.029 0.034 0.024 0.012 0.017 0.102 0.050 0.095 0.135 0.139 0.077 0.067 0.010 0.003 0.023

Other Fuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.037 0.131 0.245 0.332 0.290 0.313 0.174 0.119 0.090 0.236 0.078 0.945 1.857 2.069

Industrial Wastes NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.037 0.131 0.245 0.332 0.290 0.313 0.174 0.119 0.090 0.081 0.021 0.107 0.424 0.313

Municipal Wastes NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.155 0.057 0.838 1.433 1.756

Transport equipment

Liquid Fuels 0.609 0.284 0.367 0.367 0.245 0.162 0.460 0.288 0.245 0.164 0.083 0.083 0.042 0.083 0.042 0.083 0.083 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.009 0.042

Diesel Oil NO NO 0.042 0.042 0.042 NO 0.297 0.085 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.009 0.042

RFO 0.609 0.284 0.325 0.325 0.203 0.162 0.162 0.203 0.203 0.122 0.041 0.041 NO 0.041 NO 0.041 0.041 NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid Fuels 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.083 NO 0.028 0.028 NO NO 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.002 NO

Coal 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.057 NO 0.028 0.028 NO NO 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.002 NO

Coke NO NO NO 0.026 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 1.318 1.356 0.425 0.335 0.188 0.270 0.346 0.112 0.084 0.067 0.101 0.101 0.169 0.168 0.168 0.168 0.235 0.235 0.134 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101

Wood NO NO NO NO NO 0.007 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO


Liquid Fuels 0.081 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.124 0.166 NO NO 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.085 0.127 0.170 0.085 0.085 0.127 0.127

Diesel oil NO 0.085 0.085 0.085 0.042 0.085 NO NO 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.085 0.127 0.170 0.085 0.085 0.127 0.127

RFO 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid Fuels NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.015 NO 0.085 0.057 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 NO NO NO 0.006 NO

Coal NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.085 0.057 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 NO NO NO 0.006 NO

Peat Briquettes NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.015 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural gas 0.145 0.180 0.182 0.203 0.084 NO 0.004 0.004 0.006 NO NO 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.068 0.067 0.067 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.068

Wood NO NO NO 0.003 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 NO NO 0.001


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Wood and wood products

Liquid Fuels 1.343 0.906 0.736 1.264 1.145 1.063 1.065 1.024 1.188 0.983 0.499 0.379 0.255 0.256 0.256 0.214 0.256 0.256 0.299 0.212 0.214 0.212 0.385

Gasoline 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.088 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 NO 0.044 NO NO

Diesel Oil NO 0.212 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.085 0.127 0.127 0.170 0.127 0.212 0.170 0.170 0.212 0.212 0.170 0.212 0.212 0.255 0.212 0.170 0.212 0.340

RFO 1.299 0.650 0.650 1.177 1.015 0.934 0.893 0.853 0.974 0.812 0.203 0.081 0.041 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

LPG NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.046

Other Liquid Fuels NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.084 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Shale Oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.039 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid Fuels NO NO NO 0.028 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.010 0.003 0.003

Coal NO NO NO 0.028 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.001 0.001

Peat NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.010 0.002 0.002

Natural gas 0.273 0.269 0.347 0.349 0.412 0.438 0.553 0.513 0.520 0.505 0.506 0.507 0.606 0.673 0.671 0.806 0.806 1.006 1.108 1.011 1.447 1.480 0.943

Wood 0.150 0.142 0.151 0.768 0.807 1.039 1.395 1.402 1.972 1.946 1.577 2.396 1.882 1.718 2.697 3.290 4.336 3.521 4.343 7.249 8.686 10.081 11.540


Liquid Fuels 1.910 1.788 1.666 1.545 1.626 1.100 1.139 1.266 1.672 1.595 0.497 0.296 0.170 0.127 0.127 NO NO NO NO NO 0.004 0.011 0.004

RFO 1.868 1.746 1.624 1.502 1.583 1.015 1.096 1.096 1.502 1.340 0.284 0.041 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Diesel Oil 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.085 0.042 0.170 0.170 0.255 0.212 0.255 0.170 0.127 0.127 NO NO NO NO NO 0.004 0.011 0.004

Coal 0.171 0.142 0.142 0.256 0.342 0.057 0.085 0.028 0.028 0.028 NO NO NO NO NO 0.026 0.026 NO NO 0.026 NO 0.026 0.009

Natural gas 2.494 2.242 1.711 1.276 1.161 1.080 0.719 0.631 0.563 0.419 0.973 1.146 1.276 1.274 1.244 0.917 0.616 0.578 0.353 0.238 0.303 0.269 0.438

Wood 0.023 0.022 0.022 0.047 0.051 0.037 0.056 0.033 0.027 0.013 0.013 0.020 0.013 0.027 0.027 0.046 0.037 0.016 0.013 0.020 0.013 0.025 0.005

1.A.4 Other Sectors

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Liquid Fuels 29.452 34.043 25.645 21.848 14.536 9.226 9.125 8.174 7.191 7.682 6.968 7.496 7.041 7.945 8.093 7.837 8.514 7.918 7.144 7.786 8.261 8.307 8.309

Solid Fuels 23.526 20.774 16.882 13.965 9.879 5.57 6.028 4.997 3.596 2.884 2.204 3.004 2.391 2.213 2.15 2.065 2.007 2.002 1.814 1.589 2.12 1.895 1.004

Gaseous Fuels 24.144 24.475 11.806 9.396 7.032 7.18 6.825 5.513 5.755 5.951 6.269 7.08 8.118 8.803 9.748 9.795 10.15 11.064 10.989 10.264 11.701 10.239 10.391

Biomass 26.448 31.06 30.873 33.21 33.737 38.643 39.743 37.983 36.257 35.902 33.809 36.562 36.295 38.321 39.574 39.523 38.38 38.388 35.501 39.238 36.414 30.922 33.728

1.A.4.a Commercial/Institutional

Liquid Fuels 15.077 18.184 13.331 11.085 5.835 3.296 3.123 2.784 2.261 2.590 1.795 2.062 1.941 2.266 2.324 1.889 2.347 1.932 1.626 1.595 1.546 1.345 1.816

Motor Gasoline 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.22 NO 0.088 0.088 0.044 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.088 0.044


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Jet Kerosene NO NO NO NO NO 0.086 0.043 0.173 0.043 0.13 NO NO NO NO 0.043 NO 0.043 0.024 0.021 0.017 0.017 0.002 0.004

Other Kerosene 0.043 0.13 0.086 0.173 0.173 0.346 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.086 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Shale Oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.079 NO NO NO NO 0.039 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Diesel oil 8.116 11.515 7.436 7.478 1.53 1.19 1.147 0.552 0.34 0.935 1.02 1.19 1.317 1.53 1.657 1.275 1.7 1.657 1.36 1.402 1.333 1.202 1.671

RFO 6.577 6.496 5.765 3.207 3.776 1.583 1.665 1.746 1.38 1.218 0.609 0.609 0.325 0.284 0.284 0.365 0.365 0.041 0.081 0.041 0.045 NO NO

LPG 0.046 NO NO 0.182 0.137 0.091 0.137 0.182 0.41 0.091 NO 0.091 0.046 0.182 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.137 0.091 0.091 0.099 0.053 0.098

Other Liquid Fuels 0.251 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 NO 0.042 0.084 0.167 0.042 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Waste oils NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.042 0.126 0.058 0.117 0.029 0.058 0.029 0.029 NO 0.008 NO NO

Solid Fuels 15.585 11.93 11.492 8.143 4.623 3.015 3.523 2.895 2.49 2.065 1.596 1.552 1.423 1.347 1.285 1.069 1.141 1.136 0.949 0.75 1.025 0.894 0.375

Coal 14.913 11.412 10.872 7.855 4.297 2.903 3.273 2.732 2.419 2.049 1.565 1.537 1.423 1.337 1.285 1.049 1.101 1.075 0.918 0.734 1.023 0.891 0.341

Peat 0.161 0.161 0.171 0.04 0.171 0.05 0.111 0.07 0.04 NO NO NO NO 0.01 NO 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.01 NO NO 0.03

Peat Briquettes 0.511 0.356 0.449 0.248 0.155 0.062 0.139 0.093 0.031 0.015 0.031 0.015 NO NO NO NO NO 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.002 0.003 0.004

Natural Gas 6.101 6.411 5.521 3.635 1.932 2.356 2.319 1.849 2.222 2.589 3.098 3.359 4.117 4.286 4.768 4.754 5.01 5.704 5.701 5.428 5.542 4.983 4.902

Biomass 5.218 5.162 5.282 5.508 5.63 8.282 8.029 7.636 5.615 6.179 4.991 5.497 5.709 5.965 6.894 6.737 6.651 7.242 5.009 4.849 5.102 4.417 5.591

Wood 5.218 5.162 5.282 5.508 5.63 8.282 8.029 7.636 5.615 6.179 4.991 5.497 5.663 5.803 6.652 6.485 6.381 6.966 4.705 4.482 4.679 3.997 5.187

Landfill Gas NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.046 0.162 0.242 0.251 0.259 0.271 0.29 0.323 0.331 0.349 0.347

Straws NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.011 0.005 0.014 0.029 0.058 0.043 0.029

Biodiesel NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.014 0.034 0.029 0.029

1.A.4.b Residential

Liquid Fuels 4.908 5.672 5.003 4.011 2.848 1.403 1.272 1.363 1.454 1.406 1.444 1.44 1.44 1.398 1.443 1.577 1.621 1.439 1.393 2.024 2.237 2.237 2.237

Motor Gasoline NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.22 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264

Other Kerosene 0.086 0.086 0.043 0.043 0.043 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Diesel oil 1.912 2.762 2.592 1.827 0.892 0.127 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.085 0.127 0.17 0.17 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.85 1.062 1.062 1.062

RFO 0.041 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

LPG 2.869 2.823 2.368 2.14 1.913 1.275 1.23 1.321 1.412 1.321 1.184 1.139 1.139 1.139 1.184 1.23 1.23 1.047 1.002 0.911 0.911 0.911 0.911

Solid Fuels 6.828 7.874 4.818 5.295 4.555 2.074 2.205 1.887 0.992 0.734 0.522 1.338 0.854 0.787 0.787 0.944 0.813 0.813 0.813 0.813 1.069 0.974 0.577

Coal 6.404 7.542 4.44 5.037 4.411 1.821 1.964 1.708 0.797 0.683 0.512 1.338 0.854 0.787 0.787 0.944 0.813 0.813 0.813 0.813 1.049 0.944 0.577

Peat 0.131 0.131 0.131 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.02 0.03 NO

Peat Briquettes 0.294 0.201 0.248 0.248 0.124 0.232 0.201 0.139 0.155 0.031 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural Gas 3.97 4.238 4.905 5.09 4.361 4.182 3.799 3.093 2.927 2.857 2.665 3.007 3.298 3.667 3.964 4.199 4.333 4.595 4.7 4.313 5.216 4.478 4.481


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Biomass 20.01 24.669 24.32 26.396 26.8 30.003 31.349 29.73 29.994 29.058 28.228 30.519 30.078 31.85 32.073 32.234 31.195 30.433 30.168 33.667 30.744 26.144 27.824

Wood 20.01 24.669 24.32 26.396 26.8 30.003 31.349 29.73 29.994 29.058 28.228 30.519 30.078 31.85 32.043 32.174 31.165 30.388 30.108 33.607 30.682 26.084 27.764

Charcoal NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.045 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Straws NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.002 NO NO

1.A.4.c Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries

Liquid Fuels 9.468 10.187 7.311 6.753 5.853 4.527 4.73 4.026 3.476 3.687 3.729 3.994 3.66 4.282 4.326 4.37 4.546 4.548 4.125 4.167 4.477 4.725 4.255

Motor Gasoline 1.628 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.132 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.011 0.017 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 0.044 NO NO NO 0.088 0.088

Other Kerosene 0.086 0.086 0.043 0.043 0.043 NO 0.043 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Diesel oil 4.886 7.308 4.886 3.994 3.017 2.549 2.762 2.889 2.719 2.464 2.507 2.592 2.592 2.762 3.017 3.272 3.739 3.994 3.654 3.782 4.037 4.122 3.824

Diesel oil (Fisheries) 1.275 1.275 1.275 1.275 1.402 1.402 1.147 0.765 0.510 0.935 0.935 1.147 0.807 1.232 1.062 0.892 0.722 0.510 0.425 0.340 0.425 0.467 0.297

RFO 1.421 1.34 0.974 1.218 1.259 0.487 0.69 0.284 0.203 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.203 0.162 0.041 NO NO NO 0.003 0.003 NO

LPG 0.046 0.046 NO 0.091 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.046 0.046 0.013 0.046 0.046

Other Liquid Fuels 0.126 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Solid Fuels 1.112 0.97 0.572 0.527 0.7 0.481 0.3 0.215 0.114 0.085 0.085 0.114 0.114 0.079 0.079 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.052

Coal 1.081 0.939 0.541 0.455 0.655 0.455 0.285 0.199 0.114 0.085 0.085 0.114 0.114 0.079 0.079 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.052

Peat NO NO NO 0.04 0.03 0.01 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Peat Briquettes 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Natural Gas 14.073 13.825 1.38 0.671 0.739 0.641 0.706 0.572 0.606 0.505 0.506 0.713 0.703 0.85 1.016 0.842 0.807 0.765 0.588 0.522 0.943 0.778 1.007

Biomass 1.22 1.229 1.271 1.306 1.307 0.358 0.365 0.617 0.648 0.665 0.59 0.546 0.508 0.506 0.607 0.552 0.534 0.713 0.324 0.722 0.569 0.361 0.313

Wood 1.22 1.229 1.271 1.306 1.307 0.358 0.365 0.617 0.648 0.665 0.59 0.546 0.508 0.506 0.607 0.552 0.534 0.713 0.324 0.722 0.568 0.361 0.313

Biodiesel NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.001 NO NO

1.A.5 Other

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Aviation Gasoline NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 NO 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.006 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.000 NO NO

Jet Kerosene NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.017 0.017 0.043 0.024 0.043 0.024 0.021 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.021

Diesel Oil NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.075 0.065 0.111 0.077 0.073 0.014 0.021 0.049 0.087 0.080 0.079

Documents

Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report - Meteo.lv€¦ · Latvia’s Informative Inventory Report 1990 - 2012 Submitted under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution