Latino Milwaukee Study 2016...Table 14: Limited English Speaking Latino Household Rates in Largest Metro Areas: 1990-2014 60 Chart 28: Language Spoken At Home: Percentage of Latinos

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ABOUT THIS STUDY

This study, commissioned by the Greater Milwaukee Foundation, provides the first

comprehensive statistical portrait of metropolitan Milwaukee’s Latino community. Using

the best and most recent data, from a wide variety of sources, this study examines key

areas such as population growth, language use, residential segregation, income, poverty,

employment, earnings, housing, social assistance, health insurance, health indicators,

business ownership, educational attainment, K-12 enrollments, school segregation,

incarceration, political behavior, and more. With over 190 charts and tables, the study

offers a thorough, systematic overview of key data, analysis of trends, and an

unprecedented look at Latino Milwaukee in comparative and recent historical

perspective.

The lead author of the study is Marc V. Levine, professor of history, economic

development and urban studies, and director of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Center for Economic Development (CED). The CED research team included: Catherine

Madison, Shuayee Lee, Professor Paru Shah, Lisa Heuler Williams, Caitlin Taylor, and

Professor William Velez. A grant from the Greater Milwaukee Foundation provided

generous financial support for the project; additional funding for project research was

provided from the core-operating budget of CED.

CED is a unit of the College of Letters and Science at the University of Wisconsin-

Milwaukee. The College established CED in 1990 to conduct university research on key

economic development issues, and to provide technical assistance to community

organizations and units of government working to improve the Greater Milwaukee

economy. The analysis and conclusions presented in this study are solely those of CED

and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the University of Wisconsin-

Milwaukee, the Greater Milwaukee Foundation, or any organizations providing financial

support to the Center.

CED strongly believes that informed public debate is vital to the development of good

public policy. The Center publishes briefing papers, detailed analyses of economic trends

and policies, and technical assistance reports on issues of applied economic development.

In these ways, as well as in conferences and public lectures sponsored by the Center, we

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hope to contribute to public discussion and community knowledge on economic

development policy in metro Milwaukee – and beyond.

Further information about the Center and its research and activities is available at our

web site: www.ced.uwm.edu

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 6 List of Charts and Tables 8

Demographic Trends 15

• Population Growth 15 • Cultural Generation Gap 18 • Immigration and Migration Trends 19 • Latino-White Segregation 22 • Language Use 23 • Family Structure 25 • Charts and Tables 26

Income, Poverty, Housing, and Social Assistance 69

• Income Trends 69 • Poverty 71 • Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Benefits 73 • Homeownership and Housing Costs 74 • Charts and Tables 75

Employment and Earnings 111

• Employment and Non-employment 111 • The Latinoisation of Urban Labor Markets 112 • A Cultural Division of Labor? 113 • Earnings 115 • Charts and Tables 117

Business Ownership 152

• Charts and Tables 154 Health and Health Care 162

• Health Insurance Coverage 162 • Health Indicators 163 • Charts and Tables 165

Education and Schooling 183

• Educational Attainment 183 • The Latinoisation of Milwaukee School Enrollments 184 • Latino Segregation in Metro Milwaukee Schools 185 • The Privatization of Latino Schooling 185 • Latino Student Achievement 186 • Charts and Tables 187

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Incarceration Trends 209 • Charts and Tables 210

Politics 213

• Charts and Tables 214 Sources 217

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INTRODUCTION

The Latino population in the United States has grown at a dizzying pace over the past

quarter century, remaking the demographic, economic, social and cultural fabric of cities

and metropolitan areas. In 1990, Latinos made up more than 20 percent of the population

in only 8 of the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas; by 2014, that total had risen to 17

of the 50 largest metros. In all but six of the 50 largest metropolitan areas, the Latino

population more than doubled between 1990-2014 (and in all six of the other metros, the

Latino population increased by more than 50 percent).

Milwaukee has been a full participant in this tectonic transformation. To be sure, the

Latino presence in Milwaukee remains less deep-seated and pervasive than in

metropolises such as Miami, New York, Houston, or Los Angeles, long established as

gateways for Latino immigration. And Latino growth here has not been nearly as

explosive as in “emerging gateway” metropolises of Atlanta, Charlotte, Nashville, or

Raleigh. Nevertheless, as this study documents, there has been an unmistakable

“Latinoisation” of Milwaukee over the past quarter century, in schools, labor markets,

and the demographic composition of the city and the region. In over 190 charts and tables

that follow, we take stock of this transformation, analyzing trends in population growth,

language use, employment, income and poverty, business ownership, housing, health

care, criminal justice, and politics, and more.

We examine the state of Latino Milwaukee from three vantage points. First, on many

indicators, we examine how Latino Milwaukee has changed over the past 15-25 years.

For example: Has Latino poverty or segregation increased or decreased? How well has

proficiency in English progressed? To what extent has a Latino business class developed

in Milwaukee? Has the health insurance coverage of Latinos increased or decreased?

Second, we compare Latino Milwaukee to other groups in metro Milwaukee, on a

broad range of indicators. We examine such questions as: How does the educational

attainment of Latinos stack up against non-Hispanic whites and African Americans in

Milwaukee? How does Latino household income or worker earnings compare to other

groups in the region? Are Latinos more or less likely than other groups to be

homeowners? Compared to other groups, are Latino workers concentrated in certain

occupations?

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Third, we compare conditions in Latino Milwaukee to Latino communities in the 50

largest metropolitan areas in the United States. Is Latino poverty in Milwaukee higher or

lower than elsewhere? How does the rate of Latino business ownership in Milwaukee

compare to other large metropolitan areas? Are Latino schoolchildren in Milwaukee less

or more likely than their Latino counterparts elsewhere to attend segregated schools?

How does the size of Milwaukee’s “unauthorized” Latino population compare to other

metro areas? Is Latino teen pregnancy higher or lower in Milwaukee than elsewhere?

This study provides extensive and detailed data on all these questions --and many

more-- and offers an unprecedented statistical portrait of Latino Milwaukee, in

comparative and historical perspective.

Finally, to avoid any confusion, we offer two introductory technical points: definitional

and methodological. On definitions: Throughout this study, following the social science

literature as well as usage by various statistical sources, we use the terms “Latino” and

“Hispanic” interchangeably, to refer to the subject of this study, persons and communities

of “Spanish-speaking ancestry.”

Methodologically: Many of the key charts and tables in this study compare conditions

over time in the 50 largest metropolitan areas across the country. A problem for such

comparisons is that many metropolitan area boundaries have changed over time. The

Census Bureau definition of metro Atlanta of 1990, for example, includes different

counties than metro Atlanta of 2014. Therefore, to ensure “apples to apples”

comparisons, we have standardized all metropolitan area data from 1990 and 2000 to

current metropolitan area boundaries. Thus, to take one example, when a table shows

“Latino population growth in metropolitan areas between 1990-2014,” readers can be

confident that the table is revealing a genuine trend in the region and not simply an

illusion produced by changing Census Bureau definitions.

Finally, a methodological caution. Many of the charts and tables in this study rely on

data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS contains

non-trivial error margins on most variables examined in this study; thus, readers are

cautioned to regard rankings, especially when metro areas’ statistics are separated by

small values, as approximations of a given region’s relative standing.

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LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES

Table 1: Latino Percentage of Metropolitan Area Population: 1990-2014 26 Chart 1: Percentage Growth in Latino Population: 1990-2014 27 Chart 2: Percentage Growth in Latino Population: 2000-2014 28 Table 2: Rates of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Population Growth: 1990-2014 29 Table 3: Rates of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Population Growth: 2000-2014 30 Chart 3: Latino Share of Net Population Growth in Largest Metros: 1990-2014 31 Chart 4: Latino Share of Net Population Growth in Largest Metros: 2000-2014 32 Table 4: Latino Population Growth in Selected Central Cities: 2000-2014 33 Table 5: Latino Population Growth in City of Milwaukee: 1990-2014 33 Chart 5: Latino and Non-Hispanic Population Change in Selected

Central Cities: 2000-2014 34 Chart 6: Percentage of Metro Area Hispanics Living in Central City: 2014 35 Chart 7: Milwaukee’s Cultural Generation Gap: 2014 36 Table 6: The Ethnolinguistic Generation Gap in Largest Metros: 2013 37 Table 7: Shrinking White Non-Hispanic Percentage of Residents Under 18

in Largest Metropolitan Areas 38 Table 8: Culture Shock I: Linguistic Generation Gap in Large Metros, 2013 39 Table 9: Culture Shock II: Growing Hispanic Percentage of Residents Under Age 18 in Large Metropolitan Areas 40 Chart 8: The Growing Cultural Generation Gap in Milwaukee: 1990-2014 41 Chart 9: Latino Share of “Over 65” and “Under 18” Population: 1990-2014 42 Chart 10: Percentage of Males in Adult Population, By Race,

Metro Milwaukee: 2014 43 Chart 11: Percentage of Metro Area Latinos Over 18 Who Are Male 44 Chart 12: Composition of Milwaukee’s Latino Community By Place of Birth and Citizenship: 2014 45 Chart 13: National Origins of Milwaukee’s Latino Population: 2014 46 Chart 14: Place of Birth for Milwaukee’s Latino Foreign-Born Population: 2010 46 Table 10: Decade of Entry of Milwaukee’s Latino Foreign-Born Population: 2010 47 Table 11: Citizenship of Milwaukee’s Latino Foreign-Born Population By Decade of Entry: 2010 47 Table 12: Decade of Entry of Milwaukee’s Latino Foreign-Born Population: 2010. City of Milwaukee, Waukesha County, And Milwaukee County Suburbs 47 Chart 15: Percentage of Latinos Who Are US Citizens, Born in the US: City of Milwaukee, Waukesha County, and Milwaukee County Suburbs: 2010 48 Chart 16: Percentage of Latinos Who Are Not US Citizens: City of Milwaukee, Waukesha County, and Milwaukee County Suburbs: 2010 48 Chart 17: Percentage of Metro Area Latinos Who Are Not Citizens 49 Chart 18: Percentage of Metro Area Latinos Over 18 Who Are Not Citizens 50

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Chart 19: Hispanic Population Born Outside The U.S.: 2014 Percentage Entered Before 2000 51 Chart 20: Hispanic Population Born Outside The U.S.: 2014 Percentage Entered 2000 or later 52 Chart 21: Hispanic Population Born Outside The U.S.: 2014 Percentage Entered 2010 or later 53 Chart 22: Estimated Unauthorized Percentage of Foreign-Born Latinos: 2013 54 Chart 23: Estimated Unauthorized Percentage of Mexican-Born

Population in Selected Large Urban Counties: 2013 55 Chart 24: Leading Domestic Sources of Net Hispanic Migration Gains In Milwaukee County: 2006-2010 56 Chart 25: Leading Domestic Destinations For Net Hispanic Migration Losses From Milwaukee County: 2006-2010 56 Chart 26: Latino-White Segregation Rates in Largest Metro Areas: 2010 57 Table 13: Latino-White Segregation Rates in Largest Metro Areas: 1990-2010 58 Chart 27: Percentage of Limited English Speaking Latino Households: 2014 59 Table 14: Limited English Speaking Latino Household Rates in Largest Metro Areas: 1990-2014 60 Chart 28: Language Spoken At Home: Percentage of Latinos Who Speak

Only English: 2014 61 Chart 29: Language Spoken At Home: Percentage of Latinos Who Speak

English “Very Well” or “Well”: 2014 62 Chart 30: Language Spoken At Home: Percentage of Latinos Who Speak

English “Not at All”: 2014 63 Chart 31: Language Spoken at Home By Ability to Speak English: City of Milwaukee, Waukesha County, and Milwaukee County Suburbs: 2014 64 Table 15: Language Spoke at Home By Ability to Speak English: 2009-2014 65 Table 16: Language Spoke at Home By Age and By Ability to Speak English: City of Milwaukee, Waukesha County, and Milwaukee County Suburbs: 2010 65 Chart 32: Married Couple Family Percentage of Households, By Race: Metro Milwaukee: 2014 66 Chart 33: Percentage of Households, By Race, Female-Headed, No Husband, with Children: Metro Milwaukee: 2014 66 Chart 34: Married Couple Family Percentage of Latino Households: 2014 67 Chart 35: Percentage of Latino Households, Female Headed, No Husband With Children 68 Chart 36: Latino Real Median Household Income: 1989 75 Chart 37: Latino Real Median Household Income: 1999 76 Chart 38: Latino Real Median Household Income: 2014 77 Chart 39: Percent Decline in Real Household Income for Hispanics: 1999-2014 78 Chart 40: Median Latino Household Income: 2014: Adjusted for Regional Price Parities 79 Chart 41: Hispanic Household Income as Percentage of White: 2014 80 Table 17: Hispanic Household Income as Percentage of White: 1989-2014 81

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Chart 42: Hispanic Household Income as a Percentage of White: Milwaukee and the Nation, 1979-2014 82 Chart 43: Percentage Distribution of Income Among Latino Households: Milwaukee and Selected Metro Areas: 2014 83 Chart 44: Income Distribution Among Milwaukee Households, by Race And Ethnicity: 2014 84 Chart 45: Hispanic Poverty Rates: Milwaukee and the Nation: 1979-2014 85 Chart 46: Latino Poverty Rates in 50 Largest Metro Areas: 1999 86 Chart 47: Latino Poverty Rates in 50 Largest Metro Areas: 2014 87 Table 18: Change in Latino Poverty Rates In Largest Metros: 1999-2014 88 Table 19: Latino-White Disparities in Poverty Rates: 1999 89 Table 20: Latino-White Disparities in Poverty Rates: 2014 90 Chart 48: Poverty Rates By Race and Ethnicity in Milwaukee: 2014 91 Chart 49: Percentage of Latinos Living in “Extreme Poverty” 2014 92 Chart 50: Percentage of Poor Latinos Living in Concentrated Poverty Neighborhoods: 2010-2014 93 Chart 51: Percentage of Metro Area Latinos Living in Concentrated Poverty Neighborhoods: 2010-2014 94 Table 21: Latino-White Household Income and Concentrated Poverty In Milwaukee: 2010-2014 95 Chart 52: Percentage of Children, By Race, in Poverty in Milwaukee: 2014 96 Chart 53: Percentage of Latino Children Living in Poverty: 1999 97 Chart 54: Percentage of Latino Children Living in Poverty: 2014 98 Table 22: Latino Child Poverty Rates in Largest Metro Areas: 1999-2014 99 Chart 55: The Geography of Latino Affluence and Poverty in Milwaukee: 2010-2014 100 Table 23: Percentage of Households in Milwaukee, By Race, With Food Stamps/SNAP Benefits: 2007-2014 100 Chart 56: Percentage of Latino Households With Food Stamps/SNAP

Benefits: 2007 101 Chart 57: Percentage of Latino Households With Food Stamps/SNAP

Benefits: 2014 102 Table 24: Change in Percentage of Latino Households With

Food Stamps/SNAP Benefits: 2014 103 Chart 58: Latino Homeownership Rates: 2000 104 Chart 59: Latino Homeownership Rates: 2014 105 Table 25: Percentage Change in Latino Homeownership Rates: 2000-2014 106 Table 26: Homeownership Rates By Race, Milwaukee: 2000-2014 107 Chart 60: Percentage of Latino Homeowners With High Monthly Owner Costs: 2014 108 Chart 61: Percentage of Latino Renters With High Rent Burden: 2014 109 Chart 62: Percentage of Milwaukee Homeowners, By Race, With High Monthly Owner Costs: 2014 110 Chart 63: Percentage of Milwaukee Renters, By Race, With High Rent Burden: 2014 110 Chart 64: Non-employment Rates for Young Adult Latino Males: 2014 117

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Chart 65: Non-employment Rates for Prime Age Latino Males: 2014 118 Chart 66: Non-employment Rates for Young Adult Latino Females: 2014 119 Chart 67: Non-employment Rates for Prime Age Latino Females: 2014 120 Chart 68: Non-employment Rates, By Race, for Young Adult

Males: Metro Milwaukee, 2014 121 Chart 69: Non-employment Rates, By Race, for Prime Age Males:

Metro Milwaukee, 2014 121 Chart 70: Non-employment Rates, By Race, for Young Adult

Females: Metro Milwaukee, 2014 122 Chart 71: Non-employment Rates, By Race, for Prime Age Females:

Metro Milwaukee, 2014 122 Table 27: Non-employment Rates for Young Adult Latino Males: 1990-2014 123 Table 28: Non-employment Rates for Prime Age Latino Males: 1990-2014 124 Table 29: Non-employment Rates for Young Adult Latino Females: 1990-2014 125 Table 30: Non-employment Rates for Prime Age Latino Females: 1990-2014 126 Table 31: The Latinoisation of Young Adult Male Employment: 1990-2014 127 Table 32: The Latinoisation of Prime Age Male Employment: 1990-2014 128 Table 33: The Latinoisation of Young Adult Female Employment: 1990-2014 129 Table 34: The Latinoisation of Prime Age Female Employment: 1990-2014 130 Table 35: Employment Growth Rates for Latino and Non-Hispanic Young Adult Males in Selected Metro Areas: 1990-2014 131 Table 36: Employment Growth Rates for Latino and Non-Hispanic Prime

Age Males in Selected Metro Areas: 1990-2014 131 Table 37: Employment Growth Rates for Latino and Non-Hispanic Young Adult Females in Selected Metro Areas: 1990-2014 132 Table 38: Employment Growth Rates for Latino and Non-Hispanic Prime

Age Females in Selected Metro Areas: 1990-2014 132 Chart 72: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Males: 2014: Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance 133 Chart 73: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Males: 2014: Construction and Extraction Occupations 134 Chart 74: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Males: 2014: Production Occupations 135 Chart 75: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Males: 2014: Materials Moving Occupations 136 Chart 76: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Females: 2014: Food Preparation and Service Occupations 137 Chart 77: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Females: 2014: Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance 138 Chart 78: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Females: 2014: Personal Care Service Occupations 139 Chart 79: Index of Labor Market Concentration, By Race, for Metropolitan Milwaukee Males: 2014 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance 140 Chart 80: Index of Labor Market Concentration, By Race, for Metropolitan Milwaukee Males: 2014

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Construction and Extraction Occupations 140 Chart 81: Index of Labor Market Concentration, By Race, for Metropolitan Milwaukee Males: 2014 Production Occupations 141 Chart 82: Index of Labor Market Concentration, By Race, for Metropolitan Milwaukee Females: 2014 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance 141 Chart 83: Index of Labor Market Concentration, By Race, for Metropolitan Milwaukee Females: 2014 Personal Care Service Occupations 142 Chart 84: Earnings Distribution By Race, Ethnicity, and Citizenship: Males, Metro Milwaukee: 2006-2010 143 Chart 85: Earnings Distribution By Race, Ethnicity, and Citizenship: Females, Metro Milwaukee: 2006-2010 144 Chart 86: Earnings Distribution By Race: Male Production Workers in Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2006-2010 145 Chart 87: Percentage of Latino Male Workers Earning Under $25,000 in Selected Metropolitan Areas: 2006-2010 146 Chart 88: Percentage of Latino Female Workers Earning Under $25,000 in Selected Metropolitan Areas: 2006-2010 147 Chart 89: Percentage of Latino Male Workers Earning Under $25,000 in Selected Metropolitan Areas, By Citizenship: 2006-2010 148 Chart 90: Percentage of Latino Female Workers Earning Under $25,000 in Selected Metropolitan Areas, By Citizenship: 2006-2010 148 Chart 91: Percentage of Male Latino Workers in Metro Areas Who Are Not Citizens: 2006-2010 149 Chart 92: Percentage of Female Latino Workers in Metro Areas Who Are Not Citizens: 2006-2010 150 Table 39: The Geography of Employment, By Race, in Milwaukee: 2013 151 Table 40: Number of Hispanic-Owned Firms in Metro Areas: 2007-2012 154 Chart 93: Percentage Growth in Hispanic-Owned Firms: 2007-2012 155 Table 41: Number of Employees in Hispanic-Owned Firms in Metropolitan Areas: 2007-2012 156 Chart 94: Rate of Hispanic Business Ownership: 2007 157 Chart 95: Rate of Hispanic Business Ownership: 2012 158 Table 42: Hispanic Share of Business Ownership: 2007-2012 159 Chart 96: Employment in Hispanic-Owned Firms as Percentage of Employment in All Firms: 2012 160 Table 43: Sectoral Distribution of Businesses in Milwaukee: 2012 Hispanic-owned Firms compared to All Firms 161 Chart 97: Percentage of Persons, By Race, Ages 18-64, Without Health Insurance: Milwaukee, 2014 165 Chart 98: Percentage of Persons, By Race, Under 65, Without Health Insurance: Milwaukee, 2014 165 Table 44: Change in Percentage of Population, By Race and Age, Without Health Insurance Coverage: Milwaukee, 2009-2014 166

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Chart 99: Percentage of Latinos Under Age 65 Without Health Insurance: 2009 167


Table 45: Percentage of Latinos Under Age 65 Without Health Insurance: 2009-2014 169


Table 46: Percentage of Latinos Under Age 18 Without Health Insurance: 2009-2014 171

Chart 102: Percentage of Latinos Ages 18-64 Without Health Insurance: 2014 172

Table 47: Percentage of Latinos Ages 18-64 Without Health Insurance: 2009-2014 173

Chart 103: Latino Mortality Rates from Heart Disease: 2006-2010 174 Chart 104: Mortality Rates, By Race, From Heart Disease: Milwaukee County: 2006-2010 175 Chart 105: Latino Infant Mortality Rates: 2007-2013 176 Chart 106: Infant Mortality Rates, By Race, Milwaukee and Waukesha County: 2007-2013 177 Chart 107: Births to Latino Teenage Mothers: 2009-2013 178 Chart 108: Births to Teenage Mothers, By Race, Milwaukee County: 2009-2013 179 Chart 109: Births to Teenage Mothers, By Race, Waukesha County: 2009-2013 179 Chart 110: Births to Teenage Mothers, By Race, Milwaukee County: 2009-2013 180 Chart 111: Births to Teenage Mothers, By Race, Waukesha County: 2009-2013 181 Chart 112: Low Birthweight Babies, By Race, Milwaukee County: 2009-2013 182 Chart 113: Low Birthweight Babies, By Race, Waukesha County: 2009-2013 182 Chart 114: Percentage of Population, Over 25 Years Old, With At Least High School Degree, By Race, Milwaukee: 2014 187 Chart 115: Percentage of Population, Over 25 Years Old, With At Least Bachelor’s Degree, By Race, Milwaukee: 2014 187 Table 48: Latino Educational Attainment, High School Degree: 2000-2014 188 Table 49: Latino Educational Attainment, Bachelor’s Degree: 2000-2014 189 Chart 116: Percentage of Latinos Over 25 Years Old, With At Least High School Degree: Metro Areas: 2000 190 Chart 117: Percentage of Latinos, Over 25 Years Old, With At Least Bachelor’s Degree: Metro Areas: 2000 191 Chart 118: Percentage of Latinos Over 25 Years Old, With At Least High School Degree: Metro Areas: 2014 192 Chart 119: Percentage of Latinos, Over 25 Years Old, With At Least

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Bachelor’s Degree: Metro Areas: 2014 193 Table 50: The Latinoisation of K-12 Enrollments: Milwaukee: 1997-2014 194 Table 51: The Latinoisation of K-12 Enrollments: Metro Milwaukee, By County: 1997-2014 195 Table 52: White Non-Hispanic and Latino Public School Enrollment Trends in Metro Milwaukee: 1987-2016 196 Chart 120: The Changing Ethnic and Racial Composition of School Enrollments in the City of Milwaukee: 1987-2016 197 Chart 121: The Changing Ethnic and Racial Composition of School Enrollments in Milwaukee County Suburbs: 1987-2016 198 Chart 122: The Changing Ethnic and Racial Composition of School Enrollments in the WOW Counties: 1987-2016 199 Table 53: The Geography of Latino Public School Enrollments in Metro Milwaukee: 1987-2016 200 Chart 123: Where Latino Students Attended K-12 Public Schools in Metro Milwaukee: 1987-1988 201 Chart 124: Where Latino Students Attended K-12 Public Schools in Metro Milwaukee: 2015-2016 201 Chart 125: Latino Schoolchildren Attending Hypersegregated Schools: 2013-2014 202 Chart 126: Segregation of Latino Public Primary School Students: 2010-11 203 Table 54: Latino Students in Hypersegregated Schools, By School Types, Milwaukee: 1995-2016 204 Chart 127: Percentage of Latino Schoolchildren Enrolled in Private Schools: 2011-2012 205 Table 55: Latino Student NAEP Scores: 4th Grade Math: 2013 206 Table 56: Latino Student NAEP Scores: 8th Grade Math: 2013 206 Table 57: Latino Student NAEP Scores: 4th Grade Reading: 2013 207 Table 58: Latino Student NAEP Scores: 8th Grade Reading: 2013 207 Table 59: NAEP Average Scale Scores by Race, MPS: 2013 208 Chart 128: Incarceration Rates for Latino Males: 2010 210 Chart 129: Incarceration Rates for Latino Females: 2010 211 Table 60: Race and Male Incarceration in Wisconsin: 1970-2010 212 Table 61: Percentage of Wisconsin Males, By Age and Race, In Prison Or Under Supervision of DOC: 2013 212 Chart 130: Partisan Affiliation of Latinos in Largest Cities: 2012 214 Chart 131: Latino Voter Turnout: 2012 215 Chart 132: Latino Share of the City Electorate 216

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DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS

Population Growth

The explosive growth of the Latino population in the United States over the past

quarter century, fueled in large measure by surging international immigration, has

dramatically transformed the demographic face of cities and metropolitan areas across the

country. In all of the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas, the Latino share of the

population has increased markedly since 1990; and in some cases, especially in mid-sized

cities across the South, Hispanic population growth and the subsequent transformation of

the metropolis’ ethnic composition has been astounding. Traditional “gateway”

metropolises such as Miami, Los Angeles, New York, Houston, Dallas, Riverside, and

Chicago have continued to attract large numbers of Latinos; indeed, between 2000-2014,

these seven metropolises accounted for almost half of the total Latino population growth

in the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas. But now there are “emerging gateways” 1 –

places such as Atlanta, Austin, Charlotte, Las Vegas, Nashville, Orlando, Raleigh, Salt

Lake City, and Phoenix-- experiencing massive immigration and explosive growth in

their Hispanic populations. These newer “emerging gateways,” cities with tiny pre-1990

Latino populations and little historical experience with mass immigration, have registered

the highest rates of metro area Latino immigrant growth in the country over the past

quarter century. In Charlotte, for example, the Latino population in 2014 was 21 times

greater than it was in 1990, growing from approximately 11,000 to over 231,000;

Raleigh’s Latino population expanded by over 17-fold between 1990 and 2014 (from

almost 7,000 to over 129,000); and by 2014, Nashville’s Latino population (over

122,000) was over 16 times larger than it was in 1990 (just over 8,000). In short, as the

tables and charts that follow plainly reveal, it is hardly an exaggeration to talk of a

1 For a useful discussion and typology of metropolitan immigrant gateways, see Audrey Singer, “Metropolitan Immigrant Gateways Revisited, 2014,” Brooking Institution Paper, December 1, 2015. Accessed at: http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2015/12/01-metropolitan-immigrant-gateways-revisited-singer; and Audrey Singer, “The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways,” Brookings Institution Paper, February 2004. Accessed at: http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2004/02/demographics-singer.

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demographic “Latinoisation” of an urban and suburban America – a core element in what

noted demographer William H. Frey has called America’s “diversity explosion.”2

Milwaukee’s Latino community has grown rapidly as well over the past 25 years,

though not at the staggering pace of the emerging gateway metropolises. The Latino

population in metro Milwaukee has more than tripled since 1990, and now totals over

160,000, or slightly more than 10 percent of the region’s total population (up from 3.6

percent in 1990). In numbers, Milwaukee’s Latino community is comparable in size to

metro areas such as Nashville (122,222); Indianapolis (125,644); Raleigh (129,007);

Baltimore (147,928); Oklahoma City (163,578); Hartford (169,558); Kansas City

(180,321); Detroit (180,919); Providence (186,596); Minneapolis (196,495); and Salt

Lake City (201,578). As a share of the overall metro area population, Latino Milwaukee

is comparable to Kansas City (8.7 percent); Philadelphia (8.8 percent); Charlotte (9.7

percent); Boston (10.2 percent); Atlanta (10.4 percent); Raleigh (10.4 percent); Portland

(11.5 percent); and Providence (11.6 percent).

On most indicators of Latino demographic change arrayed in the tables and charts

below, Milwaukee ranks toward the middle of the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas,

but there is variation, and on some measures Milwaukee stands out as one of the “top” or

“bottom” regions. The key findings on Latino population growth:

• (Table 1): Latinos grew from 3.6 percent of metro Milwaukee’s population in

1990 to 10.2 percent in 2014. In both 1990 and 2014, Milwaukee ranked 27th

among the nation’s 50 largest metros in the Latino percentage of the overall

population.

• (Charts 1 and 2): Milwaukee’s Latino population grew by 213.3 percent

between 1990-2014, a rapid rate of increase but one which nevertheless had

Milwaukee ranking 30th among the largest metros on this indicator (and well

behind the staggeringly high growth rates posted in metros such as Charlotte,

Raleigh, Nashville, Birmingham, Indianapolis, and Atlanta). Since 2000,

Milwaukee’s Latino population has grown by 70.1 percent, ranking 34th

among the nation’s 50 biggest metropolitan areas.

2 William H. Frey, Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2014).

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• (Tables 2 and 3): As is the case in every large metropolitan area in the U.S.,

the rate of Hispanic population growth in metro Milwaukee in recent years

dwarfs the rate of non-Hispanic population growth, in both in the 1990-2014

period and the 2000-2014 period. Consequently (Charts 3 and 4), given the

stagnation in non-Hispanic population growth in Milwaukee, Latino

population growth accounts for virtually all of the net demographic increase in

the region, for the longer period (1990-2014) as well as the more recent period

(2000-2014). The combination of stagnant non-Hispanic demographic growth

and steady Latino population gains has resulted in a pronounced and

accelerating “Latinoisation” of the metropolitan area’s ethnic composition.

• This demographic trend –a slowly growing or declining non-Hispanic

population and a growing Latino population-- is especially pronounced when

examining population trends in central cities. Much attention has been paid to

“comeback cities” and signs of an urban revival of the past decade, with the

post-1970 population declines of many cities slowing or even turning around

after 2000. As (Tables 4 and 5 and Chart 5) show, Latino population growth

has been a key element in this central city demographic replenishment in

many cities across the country. Hispanics are, in many places, the main

sources of city population growth and in some cases, like Milwaukee, Latino

population growth accounts for all of the net population increase in the city

since 2000 (illustrated most vividly in Chart 5). Without the surge in Latino

population growth in Milwaukee since the 1990s, the city’s population would

still be declining.

• To a much greater degree than in virtually all other large metropolitan areas,

Milwaukee’s Latino community lives in the central city of the region. Two-

thirds of the metro area’s Latinos live in the city of Milwaukee (Chart 6), the

fourth highest level of “urban” concentration among the nation’s largest

metropolitan areas. This indicator is, in some metro areas, an artifact of legal

jurisdictional boundaries rather than sociological settlement patterns (in

regions with city-county consolidation or metro government, such as

Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Nashville, Louisville, and Columbus). However,

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such jurisdictional factors do not account for Milwaukee exhibiting among the

lowest levels of Latino suburbanization in the country – a phenomenon that is

closely connected to patterns of residential segregation examined below. (By

way of comparison, 88.9 percent of metro Milwaukee’s black population and

only 20.8 percent of the region’s white non-Hispanic population live in the

central city).

The Cultural Generation Gap: Age, Race, Gender, and Ethnolinguistic Diversity

In his important book on the “diversity explosion” in U.S. metropolises since 1990,

demographer William H. Frey analyzes what he calls the “cultural generation” gap in

U.S. metropolitan areas: the growing co-existence of aging, demographically stagnant

white non-Hispanic communities alongside younger, rapidly increasing immigrant (and

largely Latino) populations. Milwaukee stands out as having one of the widest cultural

generation gaps in the country. Several tables and charts offer different perspectives on

this age-related cultural division:

• (Chart 7) shows how the percentages of Latinos and white non-Hispanics

(WNH) in metro Milwaukee’s population vary in strikingly linear fashion by

age. WNH are actually a minority (49%) of metro Milwaukee residents

younger than 5 years old; Latinos make up 16 percent of the “under 5”

population. By contrast, in all age cohorts over the age of 55, non-Hispanic

whites make up almost 80 percent or more of the region’s population, while the

Latino share drops to just three percent.

• (Tables 6-9) show, from two different vantage points, how wide Milwaukee’s

cultural generation gap is compared to other metropolitan areas. WNH made up

86.7 percent of Milwaukee’s “over 65” population in 2013, but only 54.1

percent of the region’s “under 18” population; that gap --32.5 percentage

points-- was the 7th largest among the nation’s 50 largest metro areas (Table 6).

Latinos made up 15.4 percent of the “under 18” population, while constituting

only 2.7 percent of the “over 65” population; that gap --12.8 percentage points-

- ranked 21st highest among the largest metros (Table 8). (Charts 8 and 9)

graphically illustrate how this cultural generation gap has been widening since

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1990 in Milwaukee. (Tables 7 and 9) show the trends in the cultural generation

gap since 1990 in all of the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas.

• (Charts 10 and 11) illustrate a gender dimension in Milwaukee’s growing

cultural divide. Latino Milwaukee is a much more demographically “male”

community than either the WNH or black communities. Males represent 51%

of all adult (over age 18) Latinos in Milwaukee, compared to 48.4% for non-

Hispanic whites, and only 44.3% for blacks. Nationally, Milwaukee ranks right

in the middle of the nation’s 50 largest metros in the percentage of the Latino

adult population that is male.

Immigration and Migration Trends

The surge in international immigration to the United States since the 1980s –both legal

and unauthorized—has been the driving element in the Latino demographic explosion in

metropolitan areas across the country. Although Latino immigration to Milwaukee has

accelerated since the 1990s, the pace has been less explosive than in many other

metropolises; consequently, Latino Milwaukee today contains a higher proportion of

native-born citizens than is the case in Hispanic communities in most other large metro

areas.

• Native-born citizens made up almost 73 percent of metro Milwaukee’s Latino

population in 2014. Just over 20 percent of Milwaukee Latinos were foreign-

born, non-citizens. The remaining 7 percent were foreign-born, naturalized

citizens (Chart 12).

• The vast majority of Milwaukee Latinos, regardless of immigration status, are

of Mexican (66.8%) and Puerto Rican (23.3%) national origin (Chart 13).

Among Milwaukee’s foreign-born Latino population, the overwhelming

majority (87%) was born in Mexico (Chart 14).

• (Tables 10 and 11) show that over three-quarters of Milwaukee’s foreign-born

population entered the United States after 1990; almost 44 percent have entered

since 2000. Predictably, the degree to which Milwaukee’s foreign-born Latinos

have become citizens is directly proportional to the decade of entry. Among

Milwaukee Latinos who entered the U.S. before 1980, 67.5 percent are citizens;

20

among local Latinos who entered after 2000, only 5.7 percent have gained

citizenship.

• (Table 12 and Charts 15-16) reveal the degree to which these Latino

immigration and citizenship trends vary in different parts of the Milwaukee

metropolitan area. The vast majority (almost 75%) of Latino immigrants in

metro Milwaukee live in the city of Milwaukee. But, among Latino immigrants

living throughout the region, those living in Waukesha County and the

Milwaukee County suburbs are likelier than those living in the city of

Milwaukee to be of “older vintage,” to have entered the U.S. before 1990

(Table 12). For the Latino community as a whole, a much higher percentage of

those living in the city of Milwaukee are not U.S. citizens (29.4%) compared to

Waukesha County (15.3%) or the Milwaukee County suburbs (12.9%). (Chart

16) Conversely, a much higher percentage of suburban Latinos are native-born,

U.S. citizens – almost 75% of Latinos in the suburban jurisdictions are native-

born, compared to 55% in the city of Milwaukee (Chart 15).

• Non-citizens make up a relatively smaller share of metro Milwaukee’s Latino

population than in most of the nation’s large metropolitan areas. In 2014,

Milwaukee ranked 36th among the 50 largest metropolitan areas in the

percentage of Latinos who are not citizens (Chart 17). Among adult Latinos

(over the age of 18), Milwaukee ranked 31st among the 50 big metros in the

share of Latinos who are not citizens (Chart 18). Once again, the new emerging

gateways of the south with explosively growing Latino populations, such as

Memphis, Nashville, Birmingham, Charlotte, Atlanta, and Raleigh, now boast

very high “non-citizen” percentages of their adult Latino populations. In

comparative terms, Milwaukee’s Latino community is more homegrown than

in most large metros.

• In terms of the vintage of immigration, Milwaukee ranks right in the middle of

the pack in the percentage of its immigrant Latino population that entered the

U.S., both “before 2000” or “since 2000” (Charts 19 and 20). Approximately

50 percent of Milwaukee’s Latino immigrants entered during each of those

periods; by contrast, in older Latino gateways such as Los Angeles and

21

Chicago, over 70 percent of the immigrants entered before 2000. In an

emerging gateway like Raleigh, that figure is only 40 percent. Interestingly,

Milwaukee ranks toward the bottom (48th) of the large metros in the percentage

of Latino immigrants who entered the U.S. after 2010, perhaps a sign, in

relative terms, of slowing international migration to Milwaukee since the Great

Recession (Chart 21).

• (Charts 22 and 23) provide estimates for 2013 on the percentage of foreign-

born Latinos who are “unauthorized,” in Milwaukee and in a selection of other

metros. These data are available only for certain counties in the U.S., so we

have compared Milwaukee County to a selection of large urban counties,

combining estimates of the unauthorized population by the Migration Policy

Institute (drawn from DACA and DAPA data as well as U.S. Census Bureau

data) with Census Bureau data on the total foreign-born Latino population in

those counties. As Chart 22 shows, with 55.4 percent of the county’s foreign-

born Latino population estimated to be unauthorized immigrants, Milwaukee

County posts the 11th highest rate of unauthorized Latino immigrants among

the 25 large urban counties for which we collected data. Once again, the new

southern gateways lead the way in unauthorized Latino immigrants, with over

60 percent of foreign-born Latinos falling into this category in places like

Nashville, Memphis, and Raleigh. If we look specifically at the Mexican-born

immigrant population (Chart 23), Milwaukee County ranks 13th of the 25

counties in the unauthorized percentage: an estimated 61.9 percent of the

Mexican-born immigrants in the county were unauthorized in 2013. In the

central counties of Raleigh, Atlanta, Charlotte, and Nashville, the unauthorized

percentage of Mexican-born immigrants is estimated at over 80 percent.

• Shifting from international to domestic migration, (Charts 24 and 25) present

the sources of net domestic Hispanic migration to Milwaukee County between

2006-2010. [Net domestic migration is a much less important factor in

Milwaukee’s Latino population growth than international immigration and

natural increase (births minus deaths)]. The leading sources of net domestic

Hispanic in-migration to Milwaukee County were Cook County (Chicago),

22

Kenosha, Walworth, and Los Angeles County. The leading counties for net

Hispanic outmigration were all in Wisconsin: Waukesha, Dane, Racine, and

Dodge counties. There was also net Latino outmigration to Bexar County,

Texas (San Antonio) and Kane County, Illinois.

Latino-White Segregation

The academic consensus that Milwaukee is one of America’s most segregated cities has

focused generally on the persistently high levels of black-white residential segregation in

the region – levels that most scholars characterize as hypersegregation. Although the data

show that Latino-WNH segregation is not as pervasive as racial segregation in

Milwaukee, the rate of Latino-WNH segregation here is high and has not declined over

the past twenty years.

There are numerous ways to measure residential segregation. The most commonly

accepted is the “index of dissimilarity,” which measures the degree of evenness with

which two groups are distributed across geographic units (i.e. census tracts or

neighborhoods) that make up a larger area (i.e. cities or metropolitan areas). The index is

not without some drawbacks, but the most serious scholars of segregation in the country

used it to compare levels of segregation in cities and regions, and to examine how

segregation rates have changed over time. An index of dissimilarity of 80 is generally

considered “extreme segregation;” and an index of 60 is considered “high segregation.”

As Chart 26 shows, metro Milwaukee’s index of Latino-WNH segregation, using 2010

census population data, was 57.0 – on the cusp of what is considered “high segregation,”

although it is substantially less than the 81.6 index for black-WNH segregation for that

year. Nevertheless, the level of Milwaukee’s Latino-WNH segregation ranked 7th highest

among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas. Moreover, as Table 13 reveals, the rate

of Latino-WNH segregation in metro Milwaukee has remained unchanged since 1990,

despite the substantial growth of the region’s Latino population and some modest Latino

suburbanization. Clearly, demographic growth in Latino Milwaukee is generally

occurring along the lines of historical patterns of segregation.

23

Language Use

To what extent do Milwaukee Latinos speak English or Spanish in their homes? What

are the levels of English language proficiency among Milwaukee’s Latino community?

How does Milwaukee stack up against other metropolitan areas on these measures? And

how is language use changing over time?

• Milwaukee ranked towards the middle-of-the-pack (28th) in 2014 among the

nation’s largest metropolitan areas in the percentage of Latino households that

are “limited English speaking.” (Chart 27). Slightly more than one-fifth of

Milwaukee Latino households fall into this category. The Census bureau defines

such households as “one in which no member 14 years old and over (1) speaks

only English, or (2) speaks a non-English language and speaks English ‘very

well.’ In other words, all members 14 years old and over have at least some

difficulty with English.” In previous census years, these households were

referred to as “linguistically isolated,” and as Table 14 reveals, the percentage

of such Latino households in metro Milwaukee has grown from 15.2 percent in

1990 to 22.2 percent in 2014.

• (Charts 28-30) gauge patterns of language use as well as English language

proficiency among Latinos (over the age of 5). In 2014, around one-third of

metro Milwaukee Latinos spoke “only English” in their homes. This level of

linguistic assimilation to English ranked 18th highest among the nation’s 50

largest metro areas – not a surprising finding in light of Milwaukee’s relatively

lower levels of Latinos who are not citizens. By contrast, fewer than one-fifth of

Latinos in high-immigration emerging gateways like Atlanta, Orlando, or

Raleigh exhibit this level of English usage.

• Among Milwaukee Latinos who speak Spanish at home, almost three-quarters

speak English “very well” or “well.” This level of bilingualism places

Milwaukee 21st among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas.

• By contrast, only 6.3 percent of Milwaukee Latinos who speak Spanish at home

spoke English “not at all.” Compared to most large metro areas, this is a very

low rate of Spanish unilingualism: Milwaukee ranks 41st among the 50 largest

metros in the proportion of Spanish-speaking unilinguals. In metros with larger

24

Latino communities (such as Miami, Austin, Los Angeles, or Houston) or larger

“non-citizen” Latino communities comprised of more recent immigrants (such

as Charlotte, Memphis, Raleigh, or Atlanta), the rate of Spanish unilingualism

among Latinos is higher than in Milwaukee.

• (Table 15) shows how language use and linguistic proficiency have evolved

over past five years for all Milwaukee Latinos (over age 5), no matter the

language spoken at home. In 2014, among all Milwaukee Latinos, around one-

third spoke only English; around 50 percent were “Spanish bilinguals”

(speaking Spanish at home, but speaking English “very well” or “well”); and

about 17 percent were “Spanish Limited English” (speaking Spanish at home,

but speaking English “not well” or “not at all”). Between 2009-2014, the

percentage of “English only” among Milwaukee Latinos increased from 26.9

percent to 32.9 percent; the rate of Spanish bilinguals remained constant (small

decline); and the rate of Spanish “limited English” declined from 22.4 percent to

17.1 percent.

• (Chart 31 and Table 16) illustrate how these Latino language use trends vary

between the city of Milwaukee and the suburbs of Milwaukee and Waukesha

Counties. Latinos living in the suburbs are twice as likely as city-dwelling

Latinos to speak “English only” in the home (Chart 31). Conversely, about

twice as many city Latinos as their suburban counterparts are likely to speak

Spanish at home while also reporting limited English-speaking proficiency. As

Table 16 shows, these city-suburb variations exist for both Latino youth (ages 5-

17) as well as adults (ages 18-64). However, in all jurisdictions, Latino youth

are likelier than adults to speak “only English” and less likely than adults to

report “limited English proficiency,” even if they speak Spanish in the home.

These differences in language use and proficiency, by age, suggest that the

historical process of generational linguistic integration is ongoing in Latino

Milwaukee.

25

Family Structure

• Milwaukee’s Latino community has a lower percentage of “married couple

family households” than the WNH population and a substantially higher

percentage than the black community (Chart 32).

• The Latino rate in 2014 of “female headed, no husband present, with children”

households in Milwaukee (16.0 percent) is four times higher than the white non-

Hispanic rate, but lower than the black rate (25.6 percent). (Chart 33)

• Among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas, Milwaukee ranks a very low

43rd in the percentage of Latino households that are married couple families

(Chart 34).

• On the other hand, Milwaukee ranks 8th among the 50 large metros in the

percentage of Latino households that are female headed, no husband, with

children (Chart 35).

Table 1: Latino Percentage of Metropolitan Area Population: 1990-2014

Metropolitan Area 1990 2000 2014

Atlanta 1.9 6.3 10.4 Austin 20.9 26.2 32.0 Baltimore 1.3 2.0 5.3 Birmingham 0.4 1.8 4.2 Boston 4.6 6.4 10.2 Buffalo 2.0 2.9 4.6 Charlotte 0.9 4.8 9.7 Chicago 11.0 16.4 21.7 Cincinnati 0.5 1.1 2.9 Cleveland 2.3 3.4 5.3 Columbus 0.8 1.7 3.8 Dallas 13.1 21.5 28.2 Denver 12.8 18.5 22.8 Detroit 2.0 2.9 4.2 Hartford 6.8 9.4 14.0 Houston 20.7 28.8 36.3 Indianapolis 0.9 2.6 6.4 Jacksonville 2.5 3.8 7.9 Kansas City 2.8 5.1 8.7 Las Vegas 11.2 22.0 30.3 Los Angeles 34.7 41.4 45.1 Louisville 0.6 1.7 4.4 Memphis 0.8 2.3 5.2 Miami 27.8 34.0 43.3 Milwaukee 3.6 6.3 10.2 Minneapolis 1.5 3.3 5.6 Nashville 0.7 3.1 6.8 New Orleans 4.2 4.4 8.5 New York 15.6 19.1 23.8 Oklahoma City 3.5 6.7 12.2 Orlando 8.2 16.5 27.9 Philadelphia 3.5 5.0 8.8 Phoenix 17.0 25.1 30.2 Pittsburgh 0.6 0.7 1.6 Portland 3.3 7.4 11.5 Providence 3.9 7.0 11.6 Raleigh 1.3 5.7 10.4 Richmond 1.0 2.3 5.7 Riverside 26.5 37.8 49.4 Sacramento 11.6 15.5 21.0 St. Louis 1.0 1.5 2.8 Salt Lake City 6.2 11.8 17.5 San Antonio 46.9 50.4 54.7 San Diego 20.4 26.7 33.2 San Francisco 13.7 17.8 21.9 San Jose 21.6 24.7 27.5 Seattle 3.0 5.3 9.6 Tampa 6.7 10.4 17.7 Virginia Beach 2.3 3.1 6.3 Washington DC 5.5 8.9 15.1

27

Chart 1: Percentage Growth in Latino Population: 1990-2014

52.7 62.1 76.3 92.8 96.9 99.1 112.0 116.8 117.6 121.1 122.7 127.5 131.2

155.3 171.7 174.0 182.2 196.4 196.9 203.8 213.3 214.5 220.1 229.8 252.1 257.1 271.6 272.7 296.0 299.7

332.5 368.9 378.3 390.5 393.7 413.8 432.6

543.6 548.4 558.1

656.7 657.2

723.8 812.9

892.8 926.1

1066.7 1388.3

1756.8 1886.4

0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 1600.0 1800.0 2000.0

Los Angeles San Jose

New York San Antonio

New Orleans San Francisco

San Diego Buffalo Detroit

Hartford Cleveland

Miami Chicago Boston

Pittsburgh Sacramento

Philadelphia St. Louis

Denver Houston

Milwaukee Providence

Riverside Virginia Beach

Austin Phoenix

Tampa Dallas

Kansas City Washington DC

Salt Lake City Seattle

Oklahoma City Baltimore

Jacksonville Minneapolis

Portland Orlando

Columbus Cincinnati Las Vegas Richmond Memphis

Louisville Atlanta

Indianapolis Birmingham

Nashville Raleigh

Charlotte

28

Chart 2:

Percentage Growth in Latino Population: 2000-2014

16.8 25.2

32.0 37.5 38.6

42.5 44.2

47.4 50.6 50.9

55.4 57.5 57.7

65.9 69.5 69.8 70.1 72.2 74.2 75.0

78.7 81.3 81.6

85.2 89.3 90.0

93.4 94.2 96.2

107.6 108.1

111.4 111.9

116.1 118.1 119.7

123.3 138.7

145.5 160.4 161.1 163.2

178.5 180.1 181.4 183.4

188.2 188.6

196.0 203.0

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0

Los Angeles San Jose

New York San Francisco

Chicago Detroit

San Diego San Antonio

Miami Cleveland

Buffalo Denver

Hartford Phoenix

Providence Sacramento Milwaukee

Boston Houston

Dallas Riverside

New Orleans Salt Lake City

Philadelphia Portland

Austin Kansas City Minneapolis

St. Louis Las Vegas

Tampa Washington DC

Pittsburgh Atlanta Seattle

Virginia Beach Oklahoma City

Orlando Memphis

Birmingham Columbus

Jacksonville Cincinnati Charlotte Nashville

Raleigh Baltimore

Indianapolis Louisville Richmond

29

Table 2: Rates of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Population Growth in the

Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas: 1990-2014

Metropolitan Area % Change Non-Hispanic

% Change Hispanic

Atlanta 66.3 892.8 Austin 97.3 252.1 Baltimore 12.2 390.5 Birmingham 15.0 1066.7 Boston 7.7 155.3 Buffalo -7.0 116.8 Charlotte 61.6 1886.4 Chicago 2.7 131.2 Cincinnati 14.5 558.1 Cleveland -4.8 122.7 Columbus 32.3 548.4 Dallas 42.9 272.7 Denver 47.7 196.9 Detroit -1.2 117.6 Hartford -0.2 121.1 Houston 38.9 203.8 Indianapolis 30.7 926.1 Jacksonville 44.8 393.7 Kansas City 20.5 296.0 Las Vegas 119.0 656.7 Los Angeles -1.0 52.7 Louisville 18.9 812.9 Memphis 19.4 723.8 Miami 14.9 127.5 Milwaukee 2.2 213.3 Minneapolis 29.0 413.8 Nashville 52.6 1388.3 New Orleans -7.0 96.9 New York 4.1 76.3 Oklahoma City 25.2 378.3 Orlando 48.8 543.6 Philadelphia 5.2 182.2 Phoenix 68.6 257.1 Pittsburgh -5.5 171.7 Portland 41.0 432.6 Providence -1.9 214.5 Raleigh 108.5 1756.8 Richmond 31.3 657.2 Riverside 18.0 220.1 Sacramento 35.4 174.0 St. Louis 6.8 196.4 Salt Lake City 34.8 332.5 San Antonio 41.0 92.8 San Diego 9.7 112.0 San Francisco 12.8 99.1 San Jose 17.7 62.1 Seattle 33.6 368.9 Tampa 24.3 271.6 Virginia Beach 14.3 229.8 Washington DC 30.4 299.7

30

Table 3: Rates of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Population Growth in the

Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas: 2000-2014

Metropolitan Area % Change Non-Hispanic

% Change Hispanic

Atlanta 25.9 116.1 Austin 43.2 90.0 Baltimore 5.4 188.2 Birmingham 6.0 160.4 Boston 3.3 72.2 Buffalo -4.6 55.4 Charlotte 31.5 180.1 Chicago -1.6 38.6 Cincinnati 5.8 178.5 Cleveland -5.9 50.9 Columbus 16.6 161.1 Dallas 22.3 75.0 Denver 20.9 57.5 Detroit -4.9 42.5 Hartford 0.3 57.7 Houston 23.7 74.2 Indianapolis 14.3 188.6 Jacksonville 21.0 163.2 Kansas City 10.0 93.4 Las Vegas 34.3 107.6 Los Angeles 0.5 16.8 Louisville 9.7 196.0 Memphis 7.6 145.5 Miami 1.8 50.6 Milwaukee 0.4 70.1 Minneapolis 12.6 94.2 Nashville 24.8 181.4 New Orleans -10.4 81.3 New York -0.1 32.0 Oklahoma City 14.8 123.3 Orlando 21.9 138.7 Philadelphia 2.2 85.2 Phoenix 28.7 65.9 Pittsburgh -3.9 111.9 Portland 16.3 89.3 Providence -3.4 69.5 Raleigh 48.2 183.4 Richmond 15.2 203.0 Riverside 10.9 78.7 Sacramento 16.7 69.8 St. Louis 2.6 96.2 Salt Lake City 14.9 81.6 San Antonio 24.2 47.4 San Diego 5.7 44.2 San Francisco 5.8 37.5 San Jose 8.3 25.2 Seattle 15.1 118.1 Tampa 11.7 108.1 Virginia Beach 5.9 119.7 Washington DC 16.2 111.4

31

Chart 3: Latino Share of Net Population Growth in Largest U.S. Metropolitan Areas: 1990-2014

Note: In Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Hartford, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Pittsburgh, and Providence, Latinos accounted for all of the metro area’s net population growth between 1990 and 2014

12.0

16.5

16.8

17.4

17.6

18.1

18.2

20.4

20.7

20.8

21.1

22.9

23.3

23.6

25.1

26.7

27.1

29.2

29.6

35.4

36.4

37.8

38.7

39.3

40.6

41.0

43.4

44.6

48.9

49.1

49.3

49.9

55.3

55.6

57.7

66.7

74.8

76.7

77.3

78.1

81.5

85.7

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

Columbus Nashville

Cincinnati Raleigh

Minneapolis Jacksonville

Richmond Louisville

Indianapolis Atlanta

Charlotte Memphis St. Louis

Birmingham Seattle

Portland Virginia Beach

Baltimore Kansas City

Oklahoma City Washington DC

Denver Salt Lake City

Sacramento Austin

Las Vegas Phoenix

Tampa Dallas

San Jose Boston

Orlando San Francisco

Philadelphia Houston

San Antonio San Diego

Miami New York

Milwaukee Riverside Chicago

32

Chart 4: Latino Share of Net Population Growth in Largest U.S. Metropolitan Areas: 2000-2014

Note: In Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, New Orleans, New York, Pittsburgh, and Providence, Latinos accounted for all of the metro area’s net population growth between 2000 and 2014

14.6

18.7

19.2

20.6

22.4

23.3

23.4

23.7

25.5

25.9

26.2

30.4

30.6

31.7

32.5

33.6

36.1

37.4

38.5

39.3

40.1

41.5

42.3

42.5

43.4

43.5

46.9

48.1

49.8

51.7

55.6

55.9

58.5

59.6

66.6

67.0

73.9

81.5

92.6

93.6

94.5

95.9

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0

Columbus Raleigh

Nashville Minneapolis

Charlotte Atlanta

Jacksonville Richmond Louisville Cincinnati

Indianapolis Portland

Seattle Memphis

Birmingham Kansas City

St. Louis Oklahoma City

Denver Virginia Beach

Washington DC Baltimore

Salt Lake City Austin

Sacramento Phoenix

Las Vegas Dallas

San Jose Tampa

Orlando Houston

San Francisco Boston

San Antonio Philadelphia

San Diego Riverside

Milwaukee Miami

Hartford Los Angeles

33

Table 4: The Growing Importance of Latino Population Growth to

Demographic Replenishment in Selected Central Cities: 2000-2014

City Change in Total Population

Change in Latino Population

Latino % of net population gain

Austin 256,236 113,781 44.4% Boston 66,910 37,253 55.7% Charlotte 269,146 70,640 26.2% Dallas 92,451 108,211 117.0% Denver 109,226 28,671 26.2% Houston 287,165 257,359 89.6% Kansas City 29,271 16,509 56.4% Las Vegas 135,156 89,654 66.3% Memphis 6,776 22,590 333.4% Milwaukee 2,679 36,512 1362.9% Minneapolis 24,563 10,279 41.8% Oklahoma City 114,421 61,993 54.2% Orlando 76,445 37,325 48.8% Philadelphia 42,747 83,775 196.0% Portland 90,324 27,136 30.0% Providence 5,524 23,086 417.9% Raleigh 163,791 33,308 20.3% Richmond 20,063 9,272 46.2% Sacramento 78,175 55,527 71.0% Seattle 104,963 11,560 11.0%

Table 5:

Latino Population Growth and the Demographic Replenishment of The City of Milwaukee: 1990-2014

1990 2000 2014 % change

1990-2014 % change 2000-2014

Total Population 628,088 596,974 599,653 -4.5% +0.4% Total Non-Hispanic 588,679 525,328 491,495 -16.5% -6.4% Total Hispanic 39,409 71,646 108,158 +174.4% +51.0% Latino % of Total 6.3% 12.0% 18.0%

34

Chart 5: Latino and Non-Hispanic Population Change in Selected Central Cities: 2000-2014

-50,000

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

Non-Hispanic Gain Latino Gain

35

Chart 6: Percentage of Metro Area Hispanics Living in Central City: 2014

3.7 7.5 7.5

10.8 11.7 11.8

14.2 14.4 15.2

16.5 19.7 19.8 19.9 20.1

21.9 23.4

24.9 25.2 26.1

27.1 30.4

31.5 32.0 32.3 32.4 32.5

34.3 38.1 38.6 38.7

40.1 40.3 40.8

41.9 46.7

47.8 50.5 51.4 51.8 52.5 52.5

53.7 59.9

62.0 64.8

67.3 67.7

68.9 69.3

72.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

Atlanta Riverside

Washington DC Orlando

Seattle Miami

Cincinnati Birmingham

St. Louis Tampa

Salt Lake City Richmond Baltimore

New Orleans San Francisco

Portland Pittsburgh

Boston Kansas City

Detroit Sacramento

Hartford Los Angeles

Las Vegas Virginia Beach

Denver Minneapolis

Cleveland San Diego

Chicago Philadelphia

Providence Raleigh

Houston Phoenix

Charlotte Austin

New York Dallas

Louisville Buffalo

Nashville Memphis San Jose

Columbus Milwaukee

Jacksonville Indianapolis

Oklahoma City San Antonio

36

Chart 7: Milwaukee’s Cultural Generation Gap:

Metro Area Population Composition by Age and Race, 2014

87

85

79

68

60

51

49

6

10

13

15

18

21

21

2

1

2

3

4

4

4

3

3

5

9

12

15

16

2

1

2

4

6

9

10

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Over 85

65-84

55-64

35-54

18-34

5 to 17

Under 5

WhiteNH Black Asian Latino Others

37

Table 6: Diversity Explosion I: The Ethnolinguistic Generation Gap

In Largest U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 2013

Metropolitan Area WNH % of under 18 population

WNH % of over 65 population

Gap

Phoenix 43.1 84.3 41.2 Riverside 23.3 64.1 40.8 Las Vegas 33.0 70.3 37.3 Dallas 38.6 74.4 35.8 San Diego 33.8 68.9 35.1 Austin 41.7 75.6 33.9 Milwaukee 54.1 86.7 32.6 Houston 29.5 61.8 32.3 Tampa 52.7 84.3 31.6 Sacramento 42.9 74.2 31.3 San Jose 24.0 55.3 31.3 Los Angeles 20.3 50.4 30.1 Orlando 40.7 70.5 29.8 Oklahoma City 54.8 84.3 29.5 San Antonio 25.7 54.3 28.6 Atlanta 42.2 70.7 28.5 Denver 52.9 81.2 28.3 Memphis 37.0 64.4 27.4 Chicago 43.6 71.0 27.4 Hartford 59.6 86.9 27.3 Miami 26.2 53.5 27.3 San Francisco 30.9 57.1 26.2 St. Louis 56.1 82.3 26.2 Charlotte 55.1 81.0 25.9 Portland 64.7 90.0 25.3 Minneapolis 67.5 92.7 25.2 Jacksonville 55.6 79.8 24.2 Providence 67.9 92.0 24.1 Raleigh 54.7 78.4 23.7 New York 42.2 65.6 23.4 Philadelphia 55.1 77.8 22.7 Baltimore 50.7 73.3 22.6 Salt Lake City 66.8 89.3 22.5 New Orleans 44.7 67.1 22.4 Virginia Beach 48.2 70.1 21.9 Washington DC 40.9 62.6 21.7 Boston 66.6 87.5 20.9 Kansas City 65.3 85.9 20.6 Nashville 66.2 86.6 20.4 Birmingham 57.7 78.1 20.4 Indianapolis 67.0 86.8 19.8 Buffalo 69.6 89.3 19.7 Richmond 52.3 71.6 19.3 Columbus 68.2 87.3 19.1 Cleveland 62.6 81.4 18.8 Louisville 70.3 88.5 18.2 Detroit 60.0 77.9 17.9 Seattle 67.4 84.3 16.9 Cincinnati 75.1 88.9 13.8 Pittsburgh 79.9 93.1 13.2

38

Table 7: Diversity Explosion II:

The Shrinking White Non-Hispanic Percentage of Residents Under Age 18 in Large Metropolitan Areas: 1990-2013


Atlanta 65.7 54.2 42.2 Austin 58.7 51.0 41.7 Baltimore 82.8 60.2 50.7 Birmingham 65.2 62.8 57.7 Boston 82.2 74.7 66.6 Buffalo 81.6 75.4 69.6 Charlotte 71.6 65.2 55.1 Chicago 58.2 50.0 43.6 Cincinnati 84.8 81.0 75.1 Cleveland 73.3 67.0 62.6 Columbus 83.6 77.1 68.2 Dallas 62.7 50.3 38.6 Denver 72.4 61.9 52.9 Detroit 67.6 63.0 60.0 Hartford 76.0 68.5 59.6 Houston 50.2 39.8 29.5 Indianapolis 82.3 76.8 67.0 Jacksonville 69.1 62.8 55.6 Kansas City 79.1 72.9 65.3 Las Vegas 67.9 47.8 33.0 Los Angeles 33.0 24.3 20.3 Louisville 83.1 77.8 70.3 Memphis 47.9 42.8 37.0 Miami 49.6 35.7 26.2 Milwaukee 70.8 61.9 54.1 Minneapolis 87.0 77.6 67.5 Nashville 80.1 74.4 66.2 New Orleans 50.3 45.3 44.7 New York 53.7 46.4 42.2 Oklahoma City 74.1 64.7 54.8 Orlando 70.2 55.2 40.7 Philadelphia 70.5 63.5 55.1 Phoenix 66.2 52.6 43.1 Pittsburgh 88.7 84.5 79.9 Portland 86.7 75.2 64.7 Providence 87.6 76.9 67.9 Raleigh 71.1 65.3 54.7 Richmond 74.9 58.1 52.3 Riverside 53.3 35.4 23.3 Sacramento 65.8 53.4 42.9 Salt Lake City 88.7 77.0 66.8 San Antonio 35.8 31.2 25.7 San Diego 53.9 41.3 33.8 San Francisco 48.2 38.0 30.9 San Jose 47.0 34.4 24.0 Seattle 80.8 69.0 56.1 St. Louis 77.5 72.0 67.4 Tampa 74.5 65.0 52.7 Virginia Beach 76.6 53.4 48.2 Washington DC 75.4 49.6 40.9

39

Table 8: Culture Shock I: The Ethnolinguistic Generation Gap

In Largest U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 2013

Metropolitan Area Hispanic % of under 18

population

Hispanic % of over 65

population

Gap

Riverside 60.8 22.4 38.4 Los Angeles 58.5 23.5 35.0 Phoenix 42.7 9.7 33.0 Las Vegas 42.3 10.6 31.7 San Diego 45.6 15.8 29.8 Houston 45.2 16.3 28.9 Austin 42.9 14.7 28.2 Dallas 37.4 9.9 27.5 San Antonio 64.2 38.3 25.9 San Jose 37.7 13.8 23.9 Denver 32.9 10.5 22.4 Chicago 29.6 7.9 21.7 San Francisco 31.4 9.9 21.5 Sacramento 29.3 8.7 20.6 Orlando 32.6 15.7 16.9 Salt Lake City 22.5 6.2 16.3 Portland 18.4 2.4 16.0 Tampa 23.9 7.9 16.0 Oklahoma City 18.7 2.8 15.9 New York 28.3 12.9 15.4 Hartford 19.8 4.5 15.3 Providence 17.6 3.0 14.6 Washington DC 18.4 5.1 13.3 Milwaukee 15.4 2.7 12.7 Raleigh 15.1 2.3 12.8 Seattle 14.9 2.3 12.6 Atlanta 14.5 2.8 11.7 Charlotte 13.7 2.1 11.6 Boston 13.8 3.3 10.5 Kansas City 12.7 2.6 10.1 Philadelphia 12.1 2.7 9.4 Miami 42.8 33.7 9.1 Nashville 10.2 1.3 8.9 Indianapolis 9.3 1.2 8.1 Minneapolis 8.7 1.2 7.5 Richmond 7.6 1.2 6.4 Virginia Beach 7.9 1.5 6.4 Memphis 7.2 1.1 6.1 Cleveland 7.8 1.8 6.0 Jacksonville 9.5 3.5 6.0 Buffalo 7.4 1.4 6.0 Birmingham 6.6 0.8 5.8 Baltimore 6.9 1.3 5.6 Louisville 6.2 0.9 5.3 Columbus 5.6 0.8 4.8 Detroit 6.3 1.5 4.8 New Orleans 8.8 4.9 3.9 Cincinnati 4.2 0.7 3.5 St. Louis 4.0 0.9 3.1 Pittsburgh 2.2 0.5 1.7

40

Table 9: Culture Shock II:

The Growing Hispanic Percentage of Residents Under Age 18 in Large Metropolitan Areas: 1990-2013


Atlanta 2.1 7.0 14.5 Austin 28.6 34.6 42.9 Baltimore 1.8 2.5 6.9 Birmingham 0.5 2.1 6.6 Boston 7.3 9.4 13.8 Buffalo 3.3 4.7 7.4 Charlotte 1.0 5.6 13.7 Chicago 15.6 22.0 29.6 Cincinnati 0.7 1.4 4.2 Cleveland 3.6 5.1 7.8 Columbus 0.9 2.2 5.6 Dallas 18.0 28.1 37.4 Denver 17.8 25.2 32.9 Detroit 2.7 3.9 6.3 Hartford 11.8 14.6 19.8 Houston 26.9 35.9 45.2 Indianapolis 1.1 3.2 9.3 Jacksonville 2.9 4.7 9.5 Kansas City 3.8 6.9 12.7 Las Vegas 15.3 31.5 42.3 Los Angeles 47.4 54.2 58.5 Louisville 0.8 2.1 6.2 Memphis 0.8 2.6 7.2 Miami 27.8 33.4 42.8 Milwaukee 5.8 9.4 15.4 Minneapolis 2.3 4.7 8.7 Nashville 1.0 3.8 10.2 New Orleans 1.8 4.3 8.8 New York 20.5 23.6 28.3 Oklahoma City 5.3 10.2 18.7 Orlando 10.7 20.7 32.6 Philadelphia 5.2 7.2 12.1 Phoenix 25.6 36.2 42.7 Pittsburgh 0.7 1.0 2.2 Portland 4.8 10.8 18.4 Providence 6.1 11.3 17.6 Raleigh 1.6 6.7 15.1 Richmond 1.3 2.7 7.6 Riverside 34.9 48.4 60.8 Sacramento 16.0 21.4 29.3 Salt Lake City 7.2 14.5 22.5 San Antonio 57.1 59.5 64.2 San Diego 29.5 38.1 45.6 San Francisco 19.2 25.2 31.4 San Jose 30.1 33.6 37.7 Seattle 4.2 7.7 14.9 St. Louis 1.0 2.0 4.0 Tampa 9.0 14.5 23.9 Virginia Beach 1.5 4.1 7.9 Washington DC 6.6 10.7 18.4

41

Chart 8: The Growing Cultural Generation Gap in Milwaukee: 1990-2014

White Non-Hispanic Share of the “Over 65” and “Under 18” Population

70.8

61.9

53.3

93.4 90.1

85.6

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1990 2000 2014

WNH% <18 WNH %>65

42

Chart 9: The Growing Cultural Generation Gap in Milwaukee: 1990-‐2014

Latino Share of the “Over 65” and “Under 18” Population

5.8

9.4

16.3

1.0 1.6 2.9

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1990 2000 2014

Hispanic% <18 Hispanic %>65

43

Chart 10: Percentage of Males in Adult Population, By Race, in Metro Milwaukee: 2014

% of males in each group’s over 18 years old population

44.3

48.4

51.0

40.0

42.0

44.0

46.0

48.0

50.0

52.0

Black WhiteNH Latino

44

Chart 11: Percentage of Metro Area Latinos Over 18 Who Are Male: 2014

47.9 48.2 48.4

48.7 48.8 48.8 49.0 49.0

49.3 49.5 49.5 49.7 49.7 49.8 49.9 50.0

50.2 50.2 50.4 50.4 50.5 50.6 50.7 50.8 50.9 50.9 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.4 51.5 51.6 51.6 51.6 51.8

52.3 52.3 52.4 52.4 52.5 52.5 52.7 52.9 52.9 53.0

53.5 53.8 53.9

56.7 56.8

42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0

Miami Orlando

San Antonio Tampa

Hartford New York

Boston San Diego

Providence Los Angeles

Buffalo Cleveland Riverside

Sacramento Detroit

Jacksonville Denver

Phoenix Pittsburgh Las Vegas

San Jose Austin

Philadelphia San Francisco

Virginia Beach Dallas

Milwaukee Houston Chicago

Indianapolis Kansas City

Raleigh Charlotte

Salt Lake City Washington

Louisville Atlanta

St. Louis Minneapolis

Portland Columbus


Seattle Cincinnati

New Orleans Richmond Nashville Memphis

Birmingham

45

Chart 12: Composition of Milwaukee’s Latino Community By Place of Birth and Citizenship Status: 2014

72.8

6.7

20.5

Native-born

Foreign-born, US Citizen

Foreign-born, Not Citizen

46

Chart 13: National Origins of Metro Milwaukee Latino Population: 2014

Chart 14: Place of Birth for Milwaukee’s Latino Foreign-Born Population: 2010

66.8

23.3

3.0 2.5

2.8

Mexican

Puerto Rican

Central American

South American

Other

87.2

5.3 4.4

2.1 1.0

Mexico

Central America

South America

Carribean

Other

47

Table 10: Decade of Entry of Metro Milwaukee’s Latino Foreign-Born Population: 2010

Decade of Entry

% of Total Foreign-Born Latinos Entered During Decade

Entered 2000 or later 43.8 Entered 1990 to 1999 33.3 Entered 1980 to 1999 13.0 Entered Before 1980 10.0 Total 100.0

Table 11: Citizenship of Metro Milwaukee’s Latino Foreign-Born Population

By Decade of Entry: 2010

Decade of Entry

% of Total Foreign-Born Latinos Who Are U.S. Citizens

Entered 2000 or later 5.7 Entered 1990 to 1999 15.0 Entered 1980 to 1999 42.8 Entered Before 1980 67.5 All FB Latinos/All Decades 19.8

Table 12: Decade of Entry of Milwaukee’s Latino Foreign-Born Population: 2010 City of Milwaukee, Waukesha County, and Milwaukee County Suburbs

% of foreign-born Latinos by decade of entry to the U.S.

Decade of Entry City of Milwaukee

Milwaukee County Suburbs

Waukesha County

Entered 2000 or later 45.7 36.3 32.8 Entered 1990 to 1999 33.8 26.9 37.8 Entered 1980 to 1999 12.1 17.4 16.2 Entered Before 1980 8.5 19.4 13.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

48

Chart 15: Percentage of Latinos Who Are US Citizens, Born in the US

In the City of Milwaukee, Waukesha County, and Milwaukee County Suburbs: 2010

Chart 16:

Percentage of Latinos Who Are Not US Citizens In the City of Milwaukee, Waukesha County, and Milwaukee County Suburbs: 2010

54.9

72.1 75.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

City of Milwaukee Milwaukee Co. Suburbs Waukesha Co.

29.4

12.9 15.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

City of Milwaukee Milwaukee Co. Suburbs Waukesha Co.

49

Chart 17: Percentage of Metro Area Latinos Who Are Not Citizens: 2014

4.7 6.8

10.2 10.4

11.7 14.2 14.8

16.2 17.8 18.2 18.7 19.1

19.8 20.5 20.5 20.6 21.0 21.1 21.5 21.6

23.0 24.1 24.5 24.7 25.0 25.0

25.7 25.9 26.2 26.3 26.7

27.4 27.5 27.5

28.6 29.4 29.5 29.7

31.1 31.2 31.3

32.1 35.0 35.2

37.5 37.7

38.3 40.4 40.7

43.0

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0

Buffalo Cleveland

Hartford San Antonio

Pittsburgh Orlando

Jacksonville Virginia Beach

Sacramento Philadelphia

Riverside Tampa

St. Louis San Diego

Milwaukee Detroit

Phoenix Denver

Providence Austin

San Jose Chicago Boston

New York Kansas City

Seattle Columbus

Los Angeles Baltimore Cincinnati

Salt Lake City San Francisco

Las Vegas Miami

Portland Minneapolis

Houston Dallas

New Orleans Oklahoma City

Richmond Indianapolis

Raleigh Atlanta

Louisville Washington

Charlotte Nashville Memphis

Birmingham

50

Chart 18: Percentage of Metro Area Latinos Over 18 Years Who Are Not Citizens: 2014

5.6 10.3

14.0 14.1

17.6 17.8

20.6 21.7

24.6 24.7 25.0

26.7 27.4 28.0

29.1 29.4 29.7 30.1 30.4 30.8 31.1 31.6 31.6 32.0

33.8 34.6 34.9

35.9 36.2 36.5 36.9 37.3 38.0 38.5

40.7 41.3

42.6 43.0 43.4

44.6 47.4 47.8

48.7 49.8

51.0 51.5

56.1 57.5

58.5 62.8

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Buffalo Cleveland

San Antonio Hartford Orlando

Pittsburgh Jacksonville

Virginia Beach Sacramento

Philadelphia Tampa

Riverside St. Louis

San Diego Austin Detroit Denver

Providence Phoenix

Milwaukee San Jose

Miami New York

Boston Cincinnati

Chicago Los Angeles

San Francisco Seattle

Baltimore Kansas City

New Orleans Columbus Las Vegas

Salt Lake City Houston Portland

Dallas Richmond

Minneapolis Oklahoma City

Louisville Indianapolis

Washington, D.C. Raleigh Atlanta

Charlotte Birmingham

Nashville Memphis

51

Chart 19: Hispanic Population Born Outside The United States: 2014

Percentage Entered Before 2000

32.7 32.8

36.2 36.3 36.4

37.8 37.9

40.3 40.7

41.7 42.8 43.3 43.6

44.6 45.4 46.2 46.8 47.0 47.3 47.4 47.5

48.6 48.9 49.0

50.6 50.7 51.5 51.6 51.8 52.1 52.8 53.0

54.7 56.3 57.2 57.4 57.7 58.1

60.6 60.8 61.6

63.0 63.8

65.4 66.3

69.9 70.5 71.0

73.9 75.9

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

Birmingham Louisville Cincinnati Richmond Columbus Nashville Memphis

Philadelphia Raleigh

Indianapolis Virginia Beach

St. Louis Hartford Charlotte

Oklahoma City New Orleans

Austin Washington

Pittsburgh Kansas City

Boston Baltimore

Minneapolis Seattle

Jacksonville Milwaukee

Detroit Atlanta

Cleveland Tampa

Orlando Providence

Buffalo Houston Denver Miami Dallas

New York San Francisco Salt Lake City

Portland Sacramento

Las Vegas Phoenix San Jose

San Diego Chicago

San Antonio Los Angeles

Riverside

52


Percentage Entered 2000 or later

24.1 26.1

29.0 29.5 30.1

33.7 34.6

36.2 37.0

38.4 39.2 39.4

41.9 42.3 42.6 42.8 43.7

45.3 47.0 47.2 47.9 48.2 48.4 48.5 49.3 49.4

51.0 51.1 51.4

52.5 52.6 52.7 53.0 53.2 53.8 54.6 55.4

56.4 56.7 57.2

58.3 59.3 59.7

62.1 62.2

63.6 63.7 63.8

67.2 67.3

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

Riverside Los Angeles San Antonio

Chicago San Diego

San Jose Phoenix

Las Vegas Sacramento

Portland Salt Lake City San Francisco

New York Dallas Miami Denver

Houston Buffalo

Providence Orlando

Tampa Cleveland

Atlanta Detroit

Milwaukee Jacksonville

Seattle Minneapolis

Baltimore Boston

Kansas City Pittsburgh

Washington Austin


Charlotte Hartford St. Louis

Virginia Beach Indianapolis

Raleigh Philadelphia

Memphis Nashville

Columbus Richmond Cincinnati Louisville

Birmingham

53


Percentage Entered 2010 or later

3.4 3.8

4.5 4.6

5.1 5.1

5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9

6.2 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.1

8.3 8.5 8.6 8.7

9.0 9.1

9.5 9.6 9.7 9.7

10.3 10.4 10.6 10.6

11.1 11.6 11.7 11.8 12.0

12.3 12.3

12.8 12.8 12.9

13.4 13.7

14.4 14.5

16.6 17.0 17.1 17.2

21.8

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

Riverside Los Angeles Milwaukee

Chicago Sacramento

Salt Lake City San Jose

San Diego Portland Phoenix Denver

San Antonio Las Vegas Cincinnati

Birmingham San Francisco

Buffalo Atlanta Dallas Seattle

Cleveland Detroit

Charlotte Louisville

Kansas City Houston

Indianapolis Raleigh

Minneapolis Memphis

New York Richmond

Washington Austin

Pittsburgh Oklahoma City

Columbus Jacksonville Providence

Tampa Miami

Orlando Nashville Hartford

Baltimore New Orleans

Virginia Beach Boston


54

Chart 22: Estimated Unauthorized Percentage of Foreign-Born Latinos

In Selected Large Urban Counties: 2013

12.4 20.8

36.1 39.1 39.3 39.5 41.3 43.2 45.5 45.6 47.5 47.6 47.8

51.7 55.4 57.2 58.4 59.1 60.8 61.2 62.5 62.9 63.5

68.4 73.7

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

Miami (Miami-Dade) Orlando (Orange)

Phildelphia (Philadelphia) Providence (Providence)

Hartford (Hartford) Las Vegas (Clark)

Riverside (Riverside) Los Angeles (Los Angeles)

Minneapolis (Hennipin) Houston (Harris)

Salt Lake City (Salt Lake) Phoenix (Maricopa)

Chicago (Cook) Seattle (King)

Milwaukee (Milwaukee) Denver (Denver)

Austin (Travis) Atlanta (Fulton)

Oklahoma City (Oklahoma) Kansas City (Jackson)

Charlotte (Mecklenberg) Indianapolis (Marion)

Raleigh (Wake) Memphis (Shelby)

Nashville (Davidson)

55

Chart 23: Estimated Unauthorized Percentage of Mexican-Born Population

In Selected Large Urban Counties: 2013

42.9 46.0 47.1

48.7 50.8

52.7 55.8

58.6 58.9

60.7 61.3 61.8 61.9 63.0 63.7 65.3

68.0 69.0

71.2 72.4

78.0 80.9

83.2 87.4

90.6

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

Riverside (Riverside) Las Vegas (Clark)

Los Angeles (Los Angeles) Houston (Harris)

Phoenix (Maricopa) Chicago (Cook)

Phildelphia (Philadelphia) Miami (Miami-Dade)

Salt Lake City (Salt Lake) Oklahoma City (Oklahoma)

Denver (Denver) Seattle (King)

Milwaukee (Milwaukee) Austin (Travis)

Kansas City (Jackson) Orlando (Orange)

Minneapolis (Hennipin) Indianapolis (Marion)

Providence (Providence) Memphis (Shelby)

Hartford (Hartford) Nashville (Davidson)

Charlotte (Mecklenberg) Atlanta (Fulton) Raleigh (Wake)

56

Chart 24: Leading Domestic Sources of Net Hispanic Migration Gains

In Milwaukee County: 2006-10

Chart 25: Leading Domestic Destinations for Net Hispanic Migration Losses

From Milwaukee County: 2006-10

24

24

25

27

30

40

40

55

62

85

544

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Clark County (Nevada)

Philadelphia County(Pennsylvania)

Brown County (Wisconsin)

San Diego County (California)

Chippewa County (Wisconsin)

Baltimore city (Maryland)

Outagamie County (Wisconsin)

Los Angeles County (California)

Walworth County (Wisconsin)

Kenosha County (Wisconsin)

Cook County (Illinois)

-27

-27

-29

-30

-38

-53

-80

-139

-143

-456

-500 -450 -400 -350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0

Maricopa County (Arizona)

Washington County (Wisconsin)

Orange County (Florida)

Jefferson County (Wisconsin)

Kane County (Illinois)

Bexar County (Texas)

Dodge County (Wisconsin)

Racine County (Wisconsin)

Dane County (Wisconsin)

Waukesha County (Wisconsin)

57

Chart 26: Latino-White Segregation Rates in the Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas: 2010

27.6 28.6

30.7 32.2 32.8

34.3 36.9 37.1

38.3 38.7 38.9

39.8 40.2 40.7 41.5 42.0 42.4 42.5 42.9 43.2 43.3

44.4 44.5 44.9

46.1 47.0 47.3 47.6 47.6 47.9 48.3 48.8 49.3 49.5 49.6 49.6 50.3 50.7 50.7

52.3 52.5

55.1 56.3 57.0 57.4

58.4 59.6 60.1

62.0 62.2

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Jacksonville Pittsburgh

St. Louis Virginia Beach

Seattle Portland

Cincinnati Raleigh

New Orleans Louisville

Sacramento Baltimore

Orlando Tampa

Columbus Las Vegas Riverside

Minneapolis Salt Lake City

Austin Detroit

Kansas City Birmingham

Richmond San Antonio

Oklahoma City Indianapolis

San Jose Charlotte Nashville

Washington Denver

Phoenix Atlanta

San Francisco San Diego

Dallas Memphis

Buffalo Cleveland

Houston Philadelphia

Chicago Milwaukee

Miami Hartford

Boston Providence New York

Los Angeles

58

Table 13: Latino-White Segregation Rates in the Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas: 1990-2010


Los Angeles 60.3 62.5 62.2 New York 66.2 65.6 62.0 Providence 57.9 64.5 60.1 Boston 59.3 62.5 59.6 Hartford 66.3 63.4 58.4 Miami 32.5 59.0 57.4 Milwaukee 56.4 59.5 57.0 Chicago 61.4 60.7 56.3 Philadelphia 60.9 58.5 55.1 Houston 47.8 53.4 52.5 Cleveland 58.3 58.5 52.3 Buffalo 54.9 56.2 50.7 Memphis 32.3 46.0 50.7 Dallas 48.8 52.3 50.3 San Diego 45.2 50.6 49.6 San Francisco 43.7 49.7 49.6 Atlanta 35.3 51.6 49.5 Phoenix 48.6 52.2 49.3 Denver 46.7 50.3 48.8 Washington 41.8 47.4 48.3 Nashville 24.3 46.0 47.9 Charlotte 32.8 50.8 47.6 San Jose 47.9 50.7 47.6 Indianapolis 25.8 43.8 47.3 Oklahoma City 33.4 44.2 47.0 San Antonio 52.1 49.7 46.1 Richmond 30.1 39.8 44.9 Birmingham 28.8 44.5 44.5 Kansas City 39.5 45.5 44.4 Detroit 40.2 46.0 43.3 Austin 41.7 45.6 43.2 Salt Lake City 31.4 41.2 42.9 Minneapolis 35.5 46.5 42.5 Riverside 35.8 42.5 42.4 Las Vegas 28.8 42.4 42.0 Columbus 27.9 36.9 41.5 Tampa 45.3 44.4 40.7 Orlando 29.2 38.7 40.2 Baltimore 30.2 35.8 39.8 Sacramento 37.0 40.3 38.9 Louisville 26.1 34.2 38.7 New Orleans 31.1 35.6 38.3 Raleigh 19.9 34.9 37.1 Cincinnati 25.8 29.0 36.9 Portland 25.6 34.2 34.3 Seattle 22.3 30.4 32.8 Virginia Beach 30.5 31.6 32.2 St. Louis 23.5 27.7 30.7 Pittsburgh 29.5 29.0 28.6 Jacksonville 22.1 26.6 27.6

59

Chart 27: Percentage of Limited English Speaking Latino Households: 2014

10.0 13.0

13.5 14.1

15.6 15.9 16.1

16.6 17.2 17.6 17.6

18.8 19.8 19.8 19.9 20.1 20.2

21.3 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.5

22.2 22.2 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.9 23.0 23.0

23.5 24.0 24.2 24.5

25.2 25.8 26.0 26.1

26.9 27.3 27.5 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.6 28.6

29.1 29.5 29.6

32.0

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

Pittsburgh Virginia Beach

St. Louis San Antonio

Detroit Buffalo

Baltimore Jacksonville

Riverside Cincinnati Cleveland

Salt Lake City Denver

San Jose Phoenix

Seattle Sacramento

Austin Tampa

Orlando San Diego

Washington Milwaukee

Minneapolis Columbus


Los Angeles Hartford Portland Chicago

Memphis Louisville Las Vegas

Kansas City Richmond

Raleigh New Orleans

Boston Atlanta Dallas

Birmingham Charlotte Houston

New York Providence

Nashville Oklahoma City

Indianapolis Miami

60

Table 14: Limited English-speaking Latino Household Rates in 50 Largest Metros: 1990-2014


Miami 36.9 33.1 32.0 Indianapolis 7.5 17.7 29.6 Oklahoma City 14.1 20.8 29.5 Nashville 7.4 19.2 29.1 New York 29.9 29.0 28.6 Providence 34.0 30.7 28.6 Houston 26.2 28.5 28.5 Charlotte 7.5 27.9 28.2 Birmingham 5.1 14.5 27.9 Dallas 22.2 29.6 27.5 Atlanta 13.2 26.2 27.3 Boston 27.1 24.5 26.9 New Orleans 15.2 14.3 26.1 Raleigh 7.4 30.2 26.0 Richmond 7.2 14.5 25.8 Kansas City 10.6 19.5 25.2 Las Vegas 22.7 29.7 24.5 Louisville 5.4 16.1 24.2 Memphis 6.8 15.5 24.0 Chicago 26.2 27.2 23.5 Hartford 27.6 22.7 23.0 Portland 13.5 24.5 23.0 Los Angeles 33.1 29.8 22.9 Philadelphia 16.2 17.7 22.5 San Francisco 18.2 21.0 22.5 Columbus 8.2 12.9 22.3 Milwaukee 15.2 19.0 22.2 Minneapolis 7.1 18.5 22.2 San Diego 21.6 23.5 21.5 Washington DC 23.1 24.4 21.5 Orlando 19.5 20.6 21.4 Austin 18.2 20.3 21.3 Tampa 17.8 20.3 21.3 Sacramento 16.2 19.5 20.2 Seattle 7.5 8.7 20.1 Phoenix 18.5 25.9 19.9 Denver 13.8 24.1 19.8 San Jose 8.7 18.0 19.8 Salt Lake City 21.1 15.9 18.8 Cincinnati 5.6 9.2 17.6 Cleveland 14.9 14.7 17.6 Riverside 21.6 21.8 17.2 Jacksonville 7.8 9.8 16.6 Baltimore 7.9 10.1 16.1 Buffalo 15.1 13.7 15.9 Detroit 10.1 14.5 15.6 San Antonio 22.6 21.6 14.1 St. Louis 12.9 21.1 13.5 Virginia Beach 6.1 7.1 13.0 Pittsburgh 6.2 6.4 10.0

61

Chart 28: Language Spoken At Home: 2014

Percentage of Latinos Over 5 Years And Over Who Speak Only English

9.8 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.1

19.0 19.6 19.8 19.9 20.1 20.4 20.5 20.7

22.1 22.4 22.7 23.3

25.6 26.0 26.6 26.8 27.4 28.1 28.4 28.9

29.9 30.1 30.3 30.4 31.1 31.6

32.4 32.8

33.7 34.0

34.9 36.3 36.7

38.2 38.3 38.4 39.0

42.3 42.6 42.9

44.6 46.1 46.2

49.1 57.8

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Miami Charlotte

Atlanta Raleigh

New York Los Angeles

Boston Providence

Orlando Chicago Houston

Dallas Birmingham

Washington DC Memphis Nashville Las Vegas

Indianapolis Hartford

San Diego Tampa

San Francisco Oklahoma City

New Orleans Philadelphia

Richmond Portland

Louisville San Jose

Salt Lake City Riverside

Minneapolis Milwaukee

Austin Phoenix

Baltimore Seattle

Columbus Cincinnati

San Antonio Jacksonville Kansas City Sacramento

Denver Cleveland

Detroit Buffalo

Virginia Beach St.Louis

Pittsburgh

62


Percentage of Latinos Over 5 Years Old Who Speak Spanish at Home and Speak English “Very Well” or “Well”

61.1 66.0

67.8 68.0 68.3 68.5 68.7 69.5 69.9 70.2 70.3 70.5 70.7 70.9 70.9 71.1 71.4 71.6 71.8 72.5 72.6 72.9 72.9 73.3 73.8 74.0 74.2 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.6 74.9 75.1 75.5 75.8 75.9 76.0 76.4 77.2 77.3 78.1 79.0 79.4

80.5 80.7 81.0 81.8

83.3 84.1 84.6

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

Birmingham Richmond Memphis


Charlotte New Orleans

Atlanta Miami

Oklahoma City Nashville Houston

Minneapolis New York Columbus

Dallas Portland

Los Angeles Raleigh Austin

Kansas City Providence Cincinnati

Boston San Francisco

Washington DC Philadelphia

Chicago Las Vegas

Milwaukee Baltimore

San Jose Denver Seattle

Phoenix Sacramento

San Diego Tampa

Riverside Salt Lake City

St.Louis Hartford

Detroit Virginia Beach

Orlando Cleveland


Buffalo San Antonio

63


Percentage of Latinos Over 5 Years Old Who Speak Spanish at Home and Speak English “Not at All”

4.7 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.7

6.3 6.4 6.4

6.6 6.7

7.0 7.0

7.2 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0

8.2 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.5

8.7 8.8

9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3

9.5 9.6

9.7 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.1

10.4 10.7 10.8 10.8

12.7

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

Buffalo Cleveland

San Antonio Pittsburgh

St.Louis Salt Lake City

Detroit Jacksonville

Orlando Milwaukee

Virginia Beach Baltimore

Seattle Hartford San Jose

Denver Washington DC

San Diego Birmingham Kansas City

San Francisco Nashville Chicago

Sacramento Cincinnati

Minneapolis Las Vegas

Tampa Riverside

Atlanta Philadelphia

Raleigh Oklahoma City

Indianapolis Memphis Charlotte Phoenix

New York Providence Columbus

Dallas Boston

Louisville Portland

Los Angeles Richmond

New Orleans Houston

Austin Miami

64

Chart 31: Language Spoken at Home By Ability to Speak English

Latino Population 5 Years and Older City of Milwaukee, Waukesha County, and Milwaukee County Suburbs: 2014

24.6

51.5 49.1

54.5

39.9 39.5

20.9

8.5 11.3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

City of Milwaukee

Milwaukee Co Suburbs

Waukesha County

Spanish, limited English

Spanish, bilingual

English-only

65

Table 15: Language Spoken at Home By Ability to Speak English for the Latino Population

5 Years and Older: Metropolitan Milwaukee, 2009-‐2014

Year Only English Spanish Bilingual Spanish Limited English

2014 32.9 49.9 17.1 2013 31.9 49.2 18.9 2012 31.5 49.0 19.6 2011 30.1 49.0 20.9 2010 28.3 50.7 20.9 2009 26.9 50.8 22.4

Table 16: Language Spoken at Home by Latinos

By Age and By Ability to Speak English City of Milwaukee, Waukesha County, and Milwaukee County Suburbs: 2010

City of Milwaukee Milwaukee County

Suburbs

Waukesha County

Ages 5-‐17 Speaking Only English 24.6 59.8 67.7 Spanish Bilingual 54.4 38.3 29.6 Spanish Limited English 21.0 1.9 2.7 All 100.0 100.0 100.0

Ages 18-‐64 Speaking Only English 17.4 40.0 45.5 Spanish Bilingual 49.5 48.9 44.4 Spanish Limited English 33.1 11.1 11.1 All 100.0 100.0 100.0

66

Chart 32: Married-Couple Family Percentage of Households

By Race, Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2014

Chart 33:

Percentage of Households, By Race Female Headed, No Husband, with Children

Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2014

16.8

50.3

38.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Black White Latino

25.6

4.2

16.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Black White Latino

67

Chart 34: Married-Couple Family Percentage of Latino Households: 2014

26.9 31.4

32.9 33.8

36.1 37.9 38.0 38.6 39.3

40.8 41.8

42.6 42.7 43.1 43.3 43.4 43.6 44.3 44.6 44.9 45.1 45.2 45.5 45.5 46.1 46.2 46.3

47.1 47.3 47.4 48.0 48.3 48.5 48.7 48.9 48.9 49.0 49.1 49.1 49.2 49.3

50.2 51.0 51.2 51.4

52.2 52.2 52.7 53.2

56.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Buffalo Hartford

Providence Boston

Philadelphia Cleveland New York

Milwaukee New Orleans Kansas City

St. Louis Indianapolis Minneapolis

Columbus San Antonio

Pittsburgh Baltimore Las Vegas

Jacksonville Tampa Seattle Austin

Nashville Phoenix Raleigh Denver

Louisville Richmond Cincinnati

Virginia Beach Miami

Charlotte Portland

Sacramento Detroit

Los Angeles Orlando

Birmingham Oklahoma City

San Francisco Washington

San Diego San Jose

Salt Lake City Memphis

Atlanta Houston Chicago

Dallas Riverside

68

Chart 35:

Percentage of Latino Households Female Headed, No Husband, with Children: 2014

5.6 8.8 9.0 9.1

9.7 9.7 9.8

10.3 10.9 11.2 11.3 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.5 11.5

11.9 12.1 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.7 13.0 13.0 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.5 13.6

14.2 14.3 14.4

14.9 15.0 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.0 16.1 16.1

17.7 18.5

20.7 22.1

24.0

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

St. Louis Jacksonville

San Francisco Miami Detroit

Pittsburgh Indianapolis

Orlando San Jose

Sacramento Birmingham Washington

Austin Cincinnati

Chicago Houston

Riverside Memphis

San Diego Los Angeles

Las Vegas New Orleans

Atlanta Kansas City

Tampa Louisville

Oklahoma City Baltimore Columbus

Denver San Antonio

Seattle Portland

Dallas Minneapolis

Phoenix New York

Virginia Beach Richmond

Raleigh Charlotte Nashville

Milwaukee Philadelphia

Salt Lake City Cleveland

Boston Hartford

Providence Buffalo

69

INCOME, POVERTY, HOUSING, AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

Income Trends

By virtually every measure, Latino Milwaukee suffers from lagging household incomes

and high levels of poverty. On most income indicators, these conditions have deteriorated

in Latino Milwaukee over the past quarter-century; on a few other metrics, there has been

only slight improvement. And by most gauges, Latino household income in metro

Milwaukee lags behind Latino income in most of the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan

areas, and continues to fall behind the national level. Key findings on income include:

• The real median household income of Milwaukee Latinos –household income

adjusted for inflation-- has consistently ranked towards the bottom of the nation’s

50 largest metropolitan areas. In 2014, Latino Milwaukee ranked 43rd among the

nation’s 50 largest metros in median household income (Chart 38). As Charts 36

and 37 show, Milwaukee ranked 42nd in 1989 and 36th in 1999. Adjusted for

inflation, Latino median household income in Milwaukee fell from $47,943 in

1999 to $36,121 in 2014, a massive decline of 24.7 percent. As Chart 39 shows,

that was the 8th worst decline in Latino household income between 1999-2014

among the nation’s largest metropolitan areas. By and large, only “emerging

gateway” metropolises such as Indianapolis, Atlanta, Memphis, Birmingham, and

Charlotte -- with very high percentages of non-citizen Latino residents—

exceeded Latino Milwaukee’s decline in real household income.

• (Chart 40) adjusts median household income in 2014 in the largest metropolitan

areas for cost-of-living differences. An income of, say, $50,000 in a high-cost

city such as New York or San Francisco would not represent equal buying power

to $50,000 in Milwaukee or Charlotte, so we used U.S. Department of Commerce

“Regional Price Parities” to adjust metro area incomes. Even taking into account

Milwaukee’s relatively favorable cost-of-living, Latino median household

income here in 2014 ranked 41st among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan

areas.

• The disparity between white non-Hispanic and Latino household income

continues to grow in Milwaukee. In 2014, Latino median household income in

Milwaukee was only 57.1 percent of the WNH median (Chart 41), down from

70

66.5 percent in 1999 (Table 17). This gives Milwaukee the 11th worst disparity in

Latino-WNH median household income among the 50 largest metro areas (Chart

41). As Chart 42 shows, as recently as 1999, Milwaukee’s Latino-WNH income

disparity was only slightly worse than the national gap; by 2014, however, while

nationally Latino household income was 70.5 percent that of WNHs, in

Milwaukee that percentage was only 57.1 percent.

• (Chart 43) underscores how household income in Latino Milwaukee is weighted

toward lower income classes. This chart compares the distribution of income for

Latino households, by annual household income in 2014, across a series of

income classes in a set of large metropolitan areas. Compared to Latinos in most

of the metros examined here, a large share of Latino Milwaukee households

reported income under $25,000 in 2014. Surprisingly, this is even the case when

comparing Milwaukee to high-immigration, non-citizen Latino metros such as

Charlotte, Atlanta, and Orlando, as well as more established Latino communities

such as Chicago or Dallas. The low-income share of the Latino distribution in

Milwaukee is comparable to Nashville, Memphis, and, surprisingly, Boston – but

not nearly as high as Buffalo, which has the highest percentage of low-income

Latino households. At the other end of the scale, compared to most metros, a

lower percentage of Latino Milwaukee households had income over $100,000.

• (Chart 44) presents the distribution of household income in Milwaukee for 2014,

by various racial groups, across income classes. A much higher percentage of

black households (46.8 percent) than Latino households (33.3 percent) reported

annual income under $25,000; unsurprisingly, only 17.5 percent of WNH

households reported income under $25,000. At the other end of the income

distribution, the percentage of WNH households with income over $100,000

(27.3 percent) was almost three times greater than the percentage of Latino

households (9.7 percent) and over four times greater than the percentage of black

households.

71

Poverty As the household income data would suggest, Latino Milwaukee is a high poverty

community. This is true in relative terms, compared to national averages and other

metropolitan areas as well as compared to the WNH community in Milwaukee. And it is

also true when we break down the measure over poverty into sub-categories, such as

children’s poverty, “extreme poverty” (households with income below 50 percent of the

poverty line), or “concentrated poverty” (the share of community members living in

neighborhoods in which 40 percent of more of the total population is poor).

• 35 years ago, the poverty rate for Latinos in Milwaukee was slightly lower than

the national Hispanic poverty rate. Consistently, however, over the past 25 years,

Milwaukee’s Latino poverty has run several percentage points above the national

average. In 2014, the national Latino poverty rate was 23.6 percent; in

Milwaukee it was 28.7 percent (Chart 45).

• Among the 50 largest metropolitan areas, Milwaukee posted the 11th highest

Latino poverty rate in 1999 and the 16th highest Latino poverty rate in 2014

(Charts 46-47). However, Milwaukee’s Latino poverty rate increased at a slower

pace between 1999-2014 than most large metropolitan areas; Milwaukee’s rate

grew by 19.2 percent over the past years, ranking 34th among the largest metro

areas. The trendsetters in Latino poverty growth since 1999 have been

Indianapolis (where the rate doubled), Memphis, Cincinnati, Atlanta, and

Richmond (Table 18).

• The disparity between Latino and WNH poverty in Milwaukee is among the

widest in the country, although the gap does has narrowed in Milwaukee since

1999 as WNH poverty has increased at a faster rate than Latino poverty.

Nevertheless, as Tables 19-20 show, Milwaukee had the 3rd highest disparity in

Latino-White poverty rates in 1999, and the 7th highest disparity in 2014. Chart

48 displays the poverty rates for Latinos, non-Hispanic whites, and blacks in

Milwaukee in 2014.

• Not only is the Latino poverty rate high in Milwaukee, but Latino Milwaukee

also manifests comparatively high levels of “extreme” and “concentrated”

poverty. 11.2 percent of all Latinos in metro Milwaukee lived in “extreme

poverty” in 2014, with annual income less than half of the federal poverty line.

72

This is the 17th highest rate of Latino extreme poverty among the nation’s 50

largest metropolitan areas (Chart 49).

• 41.8 percent of Milwaukee’s poor Latinos – persons with income below the

poverty line—live in neighborhoods of “concentrated poverty.” (A concentrated

poverty neighborhood is defined as an area where 40 percent or more of the total

neighborhood population is poor). This is the 3rd highest rate, among the nation’s

largest metropolises, of poor Latinos living in concentrated poverty

neighborhoods (Chart 50). Thus, poor Latinos in Milwaukee are not only

impoverished but, compared to other metro areas, they are likelier to live in

segregated neighborhoods with large numbers of other poor people, experiencing

the “neighborhood effects” of concentrated poverty. Latino poverty in

Milwaukee is concentrated, not dispersed as in Salt Lake City, Washington,

D.C., or San Jose; and as sociologists and economists have documented,

concentrated poverty has a much more pernicious effect on economic

opportunity than when the poor are scattered into more socio-economically

mixed neighborhoods.

• 27.5 percent of all Milwaukee Latinos – whether or not they are poor—live in

neighborhoods of “concentrated poverty,” where 40 percent or more of the

population is poor. This is the 2nd highest rate of Latinos living in concentrated

poverty among the nation’s large metro areas (Chart 51). Concentrated poverty is

highly correlated with residential segregation, so it is not surprising --with

Milwaukee’s high levels of Latino-WNH segregation combined with high

overall rates of Latino poverty-- that Latinos here, regardless of their income,

would be exposed to high levels of poverty in their neighborhoods. Thus, as

Table 21 shows in a rather stunning finding, an affluent Latino household in

Milwaukee, with annual income over $100,000, is likelier to live in a

concentrated poverty neighborhood than a poor WNH household with annual

income under $10,000.

• Latino Milwaukee also suffers from a high percentage of children living in

poverty. Chart 52 compares childhood poverty rates for blacks, Latinos, and

WNH in Milwaukee in 2014; the Latino rate (33.9 percent) is almost five times

higher than the WNH rate, but much lower than the black rate (50.4 percent).

73

(Charts 53-54 and Table 22) reveal that Latino Milwaukee’s childhood poverty

rate has grown markedly since 1999, but a bit more slowly than increases in the

Hispanic rate in most other metros. In 1999, Milwaukee posted the 15th highest

Latino childhood poverty rate among the nation’s largest metros; in 2014,

Milwaukee ranked 18th in this category.

• (Chart 55) breaks down Latino affluence and poverty in metro Milwaukee by

place. 68.6 percent of all Latino households in metro Milwaukee live in the

central city, but 82.0 percent of the region’s poor households live in the city. By

contrast, only 41.4 percent of the region’s affluent Latino households – those

with annual incomes over $100,000—live in the city. The converse is true when

we look at exurban Waukesha County: one-third of the region’s affluent Latinos

live in that western suburban county, compared to less than ten percent of the

region’s Latino poor.

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Benefits

A sign of community poverty is the degree to which SNAP benefits, also known as

“Food Stamps,” are needed. As Table 23 reveals, the percentage of households in metro

Milwaukee receiving SNAP benefits varies roughly along the lines of racial differences in

poverty rates. Moreover, as we would expect, SNAP usage for all groups –Latinos, WNH,

and blacks—increased sharply between 2007-2014, a consequence of the economic

dislocation of the Great Recession.

(Charts 56-57 and Table 24) places Latino Milwaukee’s receipt of SNAP benefits in

comparative perspective. Again, unsurprisingly, these data closely track the comparative

metro area Latino poverty data. In 2007, pre-Great Recession, Milwaukee ranked 11th of

the 50 largest metro areas in the percentage of Latino households with SNAP benefits

(15.1 percent). In 2014, a little over four years after the official end of the recession,

Milwaukee ranked 6th among the 50 big metros on this measure, with 33.2 percent of

Latino households receiving SNAP benefits (double the 2007 rate). Table 24 reveals that

this rate of increase in Latino SNAP benefits in Milwaukee was the 18th highest among the

nation’s biggest metropolitan areas between 2007-2014. For the most part, the leading

increases were in the rapidly expanding new gateway metros – places like Atlanta, Las

Vegas, Birmingham, Indianapolis, Richmond, and Memphis.

74

Homeownership and Housing Costs

The low incomes and high poverty in Latino Milwaukee are reflected in homeownership

rates as well as measures of the financial burden of housing. As Charts 58-59 and Table 25

reveal, Milwaukee ranked low among the 50 largest metropolitan areas in both 2000 and

2014 in Latino homeownership rates (36th in 2000 and 38th in 2014). Although low, Latino

homeownership rates in Milwaukee were actually rather stable between 2000-2014, despite

the housing bust and the foreclosure crisis; as Table 25 shows, it was in mainly metro areas

at the epicenter of the mortgage lending meltdown – places like Orlando, San Jose,

Phoenix, San Francisco, Las Vegas, and Riverside—that Latino homeownership rates

declined the most between 2000-2014. Nevertheless, as Table 26 shows, Latino

homeownership in metro Milwaukee lags far behind the WNH rate, although it is

discernibly higher than the black rate (which did decline significantly in Milwaukee

between 2000-2014).

(Charts 60-63) spell out the relative financial burdens facing Latino Milwaukee

homeowners and renters. Milwaukee ranks toward the middle of the 50 large metros (29th)

in the percentage of Latino homeowners with monthly owner costs exceeding 30 percent of

household income in 2014 – a Census Bureau measure of high housing cost burden. The

burden is a bit more onerous for Latino renters in Milwaukee: 45.3 percent of metro

Milwaukee’s Latino renters paid gross rent that exceeds 30 percent of their household

income in 2014, a level that ranked 18th highest among the nation’s largest metropolitan

areas.

75

Chart 36: Latino Real Median Household Income: 1989

(in constant 2014 dollars)

$27,120 $38,555 $38,597

$41,447 $41,726 $41,846

$42,992 $43,414 $43,531 $43,731

$45,002 $45,005 $45,269 $45,298 $45,594 $46,201 $46,361 $46,816 $46,965 $47,185 $47,192 $47,334

$48,984 $50,191 $50,579 $50,684 $50,819 $51,138 $51,700 $52,260 $52,819 $52,823 $52,836

$54,200 $54,655 $55,295 $55,545 $56,020 $56,234 $56,326 $56,643 $57,388 $58,081 $58,161

$60,631 $61,065

$65,895 $70,181 $70,269 $70,617

$0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000

Buffalo Hartford

San Antonio Oklahoma City

Philadelphia Providence Cleveland

Houston Milwaukee

Phoenix Birmingham

Memphis Salt Lake City

New Orleans Tampa

New York Pittsburgh

Denver Portland Orlando

Dallas Miami

Columbus Austin

San Diego Las Vegas Louisville

Indianapolis Jacksonville Los Angeles

Virginia Beach Nashville

Sacramento Chicago

Kansas City Cincinnati

Boston Richmond

Raleigh Minneapolis

Riverside Detroit Seattle

Charlotte St. Louis

Atlanta San Francisco

Washington Baltimore

San Jose

76

Chart 37: Latino Real Median Household Income: 1999

(in constant 2014 dollars)

$30,930 $32,528

$38,968 $40,243 $40,680 $40,920

$43,666 $44,619

$46,083 $46,603 $46,684 $47,069 $47,091 $47,817 $47,943 $48,097 $48,100 $48,230 $48,269 $48,333 $48,937 $49,099 $49,917 $50,011 $50,458 $50,468

$52,171 $52,259 $52,289 $52,669 $52,918 $53,111 $53,567 $53,685 $53,777 $54,014 $54,329 $54,429 $54,619

$55,746 $55,803

$56,901 $57,930

$59,088 $59,288

$62,966 $63,010

$70,448 $72,278

$78,738

$0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000 $90,000

Buffalo Providence

Hartford Philadelphia

Oklahoma City New York Cleveland

San Antonio Birmingham

Louisville Houston

Boston Tampa Miami

Milwaukee Los Angeles

New Orleans Phoenix

Pittsburgh Orlando

Nashville San Diego

Raleigh Columbus

Portland Dallas

Memphis Kansas City

Salt Lake City Indianapolis

Charlotte Riverside

Virginia Beach Jacksonville


Denver Cincinnati

Austin St. Louis

Minneapolis Richmond

Seattle Chicago Detroit

Baltimore Atlanta

Washington San Francisco

San Jose

77

Chart 38: Latino Median Household Income: 2014

$27,919 $29,929

$32,436 $33,902 $34,173 $34,266

$35,410 $36,121 $36,193 $36,780 $36,971

$38,780 $38,870 $39,068 $39,311 $39,346 $39,373 $39,532 $39,834 $40,291 $40,439 $41,214 $41,787 $42,550 $42,669 $42,710 $43,161 $43,225 $43,361 $43,514 $43,539 $43,615 $43,866 $43,969 $44,403 $44,416 $45,150 $45,175 $45,698 $46,046 $46,987 $47,276 $47,543

$48,975 $49,100

$52,027 $58,034

$59,308 $60,410

$66,958

$0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000

Buffalo Providence

Indianapolis Birmingham

Hartford Memphis

Cleveland Milwaukee

Oklahoma City Louisville Nashville

Columbus Philadelphia

Tampa Charlotte Orlando Atlanta Raleigh Phoenix

Kansas City Boston

Portland Detroit Miami Dallas

Cincinnati New Orleans

Salt Lake City Pittsburgh

Minneapolis San Antonio

Las Vegas New York

Houston Austin Denver

Richmond Jacksonville Sacramento

St. Louis Los Angeles

Chicago San Diego

Seattle Riverside

Virginia Beach San Francisco

San Jose Baltimore

Washington

78

Chart 39: Percent Decline in Real Household Income for Hispanics: 1999-2014

38.4 37.5

34.3 29.5

26.4 25.7

24.7 24.7 24.5

22.9 22.5

22.0 21.5

21.1 20.8 20.7

20.0 19.7

18.9 18.9 18.7 18.6

18.3 18.2

17.4 17.4 17.3

17.0 15.9

15.5 15.5 15.4

14.1 12.3

11.0 11.0

10.3 10.2

9.7 8.0

7.6 5.8

5.0 4.1

3.4 3.2

2.9 2.4 2.3

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0

Indianapolis Atlanta

Memphis Detroit

Birmingham Charlotte San Jose

Milwaukee Nashville

Kansas City Columbus

Minneapolis Cincinnati Louisville

Raleigh Richmond

Chicago San Francisco

Cleveland Las Vegas

Austin Orlando Portland

Denver Phoenix

St. Louis Salt Lake City

Tampa Jacksonville

Seattle Dallas

Sacramento Boston

Hartford Oklahoma City

Miami New Orleans

Pittsburgh Buffalo

Providence Riverside Houston


Philadelphia San Diego

Virginia Beach San Antonio Los Angeles

79

Chart 40: Median Latino Household Income: 2014

Adjusted for Regional Price Parities

$29,650 $30,139

$34,036 $34,084 $34,512

$35,799 $36,031

$36,973 $37,292 $37,855

$38,670 $38,907 $39,128 $39,175 $39,263 $39,263 $39,980 $40,172 $40,337 $40,392 $40,926 $41,263 $41,271 $41,301 $41,906 $42,284 $42,328 $42,339 $42,829 $42,832 $43,355 $43,705 $43,964 $44,156 $44,510 $44,801 $44,980 $45,498 $45,876 $46,108 $46,154 $46,253 $46,675 $46,767 $46,866 $46,937

$50,789 $53,328 $53,700

$55,094

$0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000

Buffalo Providence

Hartford New York

Indianapolis Philadelphia

Boston Memphis

Birmingham Milwaukee

Los Angeles Oklahoma City

Cleveland San Diego Nashville

Tampa Louisville

Orlando Miami

Phoenix Portland Atlanta Raleigh

Columbus Charlotte

Denver Dallas

Minneapolis Kansas City

Detroit Salt Lake City

Houston Las Vegas

Chicago Sacramento

New Orleans Austin Seattle

Pittsburgh San Antonio

Riverside San Francisco

San Jose Cincinnati Richmond

Jacksonville St. Louis

Virginia Beach Washington

Baltimore

80

Chart 41: Hispanic Household Income as Percentage of White: 2014

44.0 48.5

49.7 49.7

51.8 52.4

53.8 54.0

55.3 55.7 56.4 57.1 58.0 58.7 59.4 59.5 60.4 60.7 60.8 61.4 61.6 61.9

63.7 63.9 64.0 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.7 64.7 65.7 65.9 66.2 66.7 66.9 67.0

69.1 69.3 70.2 70.4 71.0 71.0

72.8 74.3 74.8

75.9 77.2 77.7

79.8 79.9

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

Hartford Providence

Buffalo Boston

New York Philadelphia

Memphis Raleigh

Indianapolis Houston

Atlanta Milwaukee

San Jose Dallas

Birmingham Minneapolis Los Angeles Washington

San Francisco Cleveland

Denver Austin

Kansas City Richmond Columbus Nashville Chicago

Oklahoma City Charlotte

San Antonio Salt Lake City

San Diego Phoenix Portland

Seattle Louisville

Sacramento Detroit

Orlando New Orleans

Miami Cincinnati Baltimore St. Louis

Las Vegas Virginia Beach

Jacksonville Tampa

Pittsburgh Riverside

81

Table 17: Hispanic Household Income as a Percentage of White: 1989-2014


Riverside 84.6 81.1 79.9 Pittsburgh 88.5 87.2 79.8 Tampa 88.8 84.7 77.7 Jacksonville 84.8 81.0 77.2 Virginia Beach 79.6 77.4 75.9 Las Vegas 83.3 84.0 74.8 St. Louis 92.6 80.4 74.3 Baltimore 90.7 78.4 72.8 Cincinnati 88.3 80.5 71.0 Miami 76.4 67.8 71.0 New Orleans 78.5 77.4 70.4 Orlando 74.2 74.1 70.2 Detroit 78.6 77.1 69.3 Sacramento 79.8 76.0 69.1 Louisville 90.3 75.2 67.0 Seattle 84.8 73.8 66.9 Portland 78.0 73.3 66.7 Phoenix 70.9 70.1 66.2 San Diego 70.7 66.0 65.9 Salt Lake City 75.3 73.1 65.7 San Antonio 62.6 64.0 64.7 Charlotte 91.2 73.6 64.7 Oklahoma City 76.7 71.9 64.4 Chicago 70.6 69.5 64.3 Nashville 86.6 72.6 64.2 Columbus 80.3 73.7 64.0 Richmond 77.6 75.0 63.9 Kansas City 85.5 73.9 63.7 Austin 64.7 70.8 61.9 Denver 69.5 69.0 61.6 Cleveland 69.6 65.9 61.4 San Francisco 78.4 71.9 60.8 Washington 69.1 68.8 60.7 Los Angeles 66.4 62.4 60.4 Minneapolis 78.8 69.5 59.5 Birmingham 78.2 70.7 59.4 Dallas 65.6 62.3 58.7 San Jose 72.7 70.0 58.0 Milwaukee 64.9 66.5 57.1 Atlanta 78.6 74.3 56.4 Houston 60.6 57.5 55.7 Indianapolis 80.2 76.6 55.3 Raleigh 78.5 64.1 54.0 Memphis 69.3 72.8 53.8 Philadelphia 55.8 52.2 52.4 New York 54.3 52.6 51.8 Boston 56.5 55.9 49.7 Buffalo 46.9 52.1 49.7 Providence 68.5 51.4 48.5 Hartford 46.2 48.1 44.0

82

Chart 42: Hispanic Household Income as a Percentage of White:

Milwaukee and the Nation, 1979-2014

74.5 70.6 69.6

73.5

70.5

75.4

64.9 66.5

58.9 57.1

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

1979 1989 1999 2007 2014

United States Milwaukee

83

Chart 43:

Percentage Distribution of Income Among Latino Households: 2014 Milwaukee and Selected Metropolitan Areas

28.6

26.7

34.1

46.0

28.4

22.7

24.9

25.7

29.4

35.1

24.9

33.1

30.9

29.5

31.5

33.3

32.8

28.6

23.7

24.1

34.8

30.1

33.1

29.9

31.8

31.6

31.3

32.1

36.3

32.3

30.0

32.0

26.6

29.9

25.7

19.5

26.6

32.5

30.0

30.2

26.6

23.3

28.8

24.2

24.8

28.3

27.2

25.0

12.1

14.8

16.4

10.4

10.2

14.7

12.0

14.3

12.2

10.0

15.0

10.6

8.1

10.0

11.3

9.7

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Atlanta

Austin

Boston

Buffalo

Charlotte

Chicago

Dallas

Denver

Kansas City

Memphis

Minneapolis

Nashville

Oklahoma City

Orlando

Tampa

Milwaukee

under 25k

25-50k

50-100k

100+k

84

Chart 44:

Income Distribution Among Milwaukee Households by Race and Ethnicity: 2014

33.3

46.8

17.5

32.0

28.4

23.7

25.0

18.6

33.2

9.7 6.2

27.3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Latino Black White

100+k

50-100k

25-50k

under 25k

85

Chart 45:

Hispanic Poverty Rates: 1979-2014 Milwaukee and the Nation

21.8

26.2

22.7

21.5

23.6

18.4

30.3

24.1

25.9

28.7

10

15

20

25

30

35

1979 1989 1999 2007 2014

United States Milwaukee

86

Chart 46:

Latino Poverty Rates in 50 Largest Metropolitan Areas: 1999

12.1 12.5 12.8

13.3 13.4 13.4

15.4 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.2

16.8 16.8 17.0 17.2 17.6 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.9 18.1

18.6 18.6 18.7 18.8

19.4 19.9

20.8 21.6 22.0 22.0 22.2 22.4

23.3 23.8 23.8 23.9 24.1 24.3

25.1 25.5 25.5

26.6 27.0

29.3 30.9

36.3 36.4

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0

Baltimore Washington

Virginia Beach San Francisco

Jacksonville San Jose

Richmond St. Louis Orlando Chicago

New Orleans Cincinnati

Miami Las Vegas

Detroit Columbus

Denver Kansas City Indianapolis Minneapolis

Pittsburgh Seattle Austin

Atlanta Sacramento

Salt Lake City Tampa

Memphis Dallas

Riverside San Antonio

Houston San Diego Louisville

Portland Los Angeles

Charlotte Cleveland Nashville

Milwaukee Phoenix

New York Birmingham

Boston Oklahoma City

Raleigh Hartford

Philadelphia Buffalo

Providence

87

Chart 47: Latino Poverty Rates in 50 Largest Metropolitan Areas: 2014

12.8 15.1

16.6 16.9 17.2

17.8 19.2

20.6 20.6

21.2 21.6 21.7 22.2 22.3 22.6 22.8 22.9 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.7 23.8 24.0 24.5 24.6

25.5 26.0 26.1 26.3 26.3

28.0 28.1

28.7 29.0 29.1 29.3 29.3 29.4 29.5 30.0 30.3 30.7 31.0

34.7 35.5

36.0 36.2

37.1

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0


San Francisco San Jose


Miami Chicago

San Diego St. Louis

New Orleans San Antonio

Orlando Las Vegas

Denver Riverside

Minneapolis Los Angeles

Pittsburgh Richmond New York

Sacramento Tampa Seattle Dallas

Houston Austin

Kansas City Boston Detroit

Salt Lake City Columbus Charlotte Portland

Milwaukee Phoenix

Cleveland Hartford

Cincinnati Louisville

Atlanta Oklahoma City

Philadelphia Raleigh

Nashville Providence

Memphis Indianapolis Birmingham

Buffalo

88

Table 18: Change in Latino Poverty Rates in 50 Largest Metros: 1999-2014

Metropolitan Area Pov Rt 1999 Pov Rt2014 %change 1999-2014

Indianapolis 17.8 36.0 102.5 Memphis 19.4 35.5 83.1 Cincinnati 16.8 29.3 74.5 Atlanta 18.6 29.5 58.5 Richmond 15.4 23.6 53.1 Detroit 17.2 26.1 51.8 Columbus 17.6 26.3 49.3 Kansas City 17.7 25.5 44.2 Birmingham 25.5 36.2 41.8 Salt Lake City 18.7 26.3 40.5 Orlando 15.9 22.2 39.5 St. Louis 15.6 21.2 36.2 Austin 18.1 24.6 35.9 Virginia Beach 12.8 17.2 34.5 New Orleans 16.2 21.6 33.2 Seattle 17.9 23.8 33.0 Jacksonville 13.4 17.8 32.6 Louisville 22.2 29.4 32.3 Las Vegas 17.0 22.3 31.2 Pittsburgh 17.8 23.3 30.8 Nashville 23.9 31.0 29.8 Minneapolis 17.8 22.9 28.4 Denver 17.6 22.6 28.1 Sacramento 18.6 23.6 27.1 Chicago 16.2 20.6 26.9 San Jose 13.4 16.9 26.3 Tampa 18.8 23.7 26.3 Portland 22.4 28.1 25.6 Baltimore 12.1 15.1 24.8 San Francisco 13.3 16.6 24.7 Cleveland 23.8 29.1 22.4 Dallas 19.9 24.0 20.6 Phoenix 24.3 29.0 19.3 Milwaukee 24.1 28.7 19.2 Charlotte 23.8 28.0 17.5 Miami 16.8 19.2 14.1 Raleigh 27.0 30.7 13.6 Oklahoma City 26.6 30.0 12.6 Houston 22.0 24.5 11.2 Riverside 20.8 22.8 9.7 Washington 12.5 12.8 2.5 Buffalo 36.3 37.1 2.1 Boston 25.5 26.0 2.0 San Antonio 21.6 21.7 0.6 Hartford 29.3 29.3 0.0 Los Angeles 23.3 23.1 -0.8 Philadelphia 30.9 30.3 -2.0 Providence 36.4 34.7 -4.7 New York 25.1 23.6 -6.0 San Diego 22.0 20.6 -6.4

89

Table 19:

Latino-White Disparities in Poverty Rates: 1999 Ratio of Latino Poverty Rate to White Non-Hispanic Rate

Metropolitan Area Latino Pov Rt 1999 WhiteNHPovRt

1999 Latino-White Ratio

Hartford 29.3 4.3 6.81 Philadelphia 30.9 5.7 5.42 Milwaukee 24.1 4.7 5.13 Raleigh 27.0 5.3 5.09 Buffalo 36.3 7.6 4.78 Providence 36.4 7.9 4.61 Boston 25.5 5.8 4.40 Minneapolis 17.8 4.1 4.34 Charlotte 23.8 5.7 4.18 Cleveland 23.8 6.0 3.97 New York 25.1 6.5 3.86 Denver 17.6 4.7 3.74 Phoenix 24.3 6.5 3.74 Dallas 19.9 5.4 3.69 Houston 22.0 6.1 3.61 Chicago 16.2 4.5 3.60 Atlanta 18.6 5.2 3.58 Washington 12.5 3.6 3.47 Nashville 23.9 7.4 3.23 Salt Lake City 18.7 5.8 3.22 Los Angeles 23.3 7.3 3.19 San Antonio 21.6 6.8 3.18 Richmond 15.4 4.9 3.14 San Jose 13.4 4.3 3.12 Kansas City 17.7 5.7 3.11 Birmingham 25.5 8.3 3.07 San Diego 22.0 7.2 3.06 Detroit 17.2 5.8 2.97 Portland 22.4 7.6 2.95 Memphis 19.4 6.6 2.94 Indianapolis 17.8 6.1 2.92 Louisville 22.2 7.9 2.81 Seattle 17.9 6.4 2.80 Oklahoma City 26.6 9.6 2.77 Austin 18.1 6.9 2.62 St. Louis 15.6 6.0 2.60 San Francisco 13.3 5.3 2.51 Cincinnati 16.8 6.9 2.43 Orlando 15.9 6.7 2.37 Miami 16.8 7.1 2.37 Las Vegas 17.0 7.2 2.36 Columbus 17.6 7.5 2.35 Baltimore 12.1 5.2 2.33 Tampa 18.8 8.1 2.32 Virginia Beach 12.8 5.6 2.29 Riverside 20.8 9.3 2.24 Sacramento 18.6 8.6 2.16 Pittsburgh 17.8 8.9 2.00 New Orleans 16.2 8.7 1.86 Jacksonville 13.4 7.2 1.86

90

Table 20: Latino-White Disparities in Poverty Rates: 2014

Ratio of Latino Poverty Rate to White Non-Hispanic Rate

Metropolitan Area Latino Pov Rt 2014 WhiteNHPovRt 2014

Latino-White Ratio

Hartford 29.3 5.8 5.04 Raleigh 30.7 7.1 4.33 Philadelphia 30.3 7.1 4.28 Memphis 35.5 8.4 4.24 Buffalo 37.1 9.2 4.04 Boston 26.0 6.9 3.78 Milwaukee 28.7 7.7 3.75 Providence 34.7 9.6 3.60 Indianapolis 36.0 10.2 3.54 Minneapolis 22.9 6.5 3.50 Houston 24.5 7.2 3.40 Richmond 23.6 7.1 3.30 Birmingham 36.2 11.0 3.30 Atlanta 29.5 9.0 3.29 Dallas 24.0 7.6 3.16 Cleveland 29.1 9.3 3.12 Denver 22.6 7.3 3.11 Salt Lake City 26.3 8.5 3.10 New York 23.6 7.7 3.06 Kansas City 25.5 8.4 3.03 Nashville 31.0 10.3 3.02 Phoenix 29.0 10.1 2.88 Chicago 20.6 7.1 2.88 Austin 24.6 8.6 2.86 Seattle 23.8 8.4 2.84 Cincinnati 29.3 10.5 2.80 Charlotte 28.0 10.0 2.80 Washington 12.8 4.7 2.75 Oklahoma City 30.0 10.9 2.74 San Jose 16.9 6.3 2.69 Louisville 29.4 10.9 2.69 San Antonio 21.7 8.2 2.64 Portland 28.1 10.9 2.58 Los Angeles 23.1 9.4 2.46 St. Louis 21.2 8.7 2.45 Baltimore 15.1 6.3 2.41 Detroit 26.1 10.9 2.40 Virginia Beach 17.2 7.2 2.39 Pittsburgh 23.3 9.8 2.37 San Francisco 16.6 7.1 2.35 Columbus 26.3 11.2 2.34 Las Vegas 22.3 10.3 2.17 Sacramento 23.6 11.0 2.15 New Orleans 21.6 10.0 2.15 Orlando 22.2 10.5 2.12 Riverside 22.8 11.1 2.05 Tampa 23.7 11.6 2.05 Miami 19.2 9.8 1.95 San Diego 20.6 10.7 1.92 Jacksonville 17.8 10.9 1.63

91

Chart 48: Poverty Rates By Race and Ethnicity in Metro Milwaukee: 2014

28.7

7.7

38.8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Latino White Black

92

Chart 49: Percentage of Latinos Living in Extreme Poverty: 2014

% with income under 50% of poverty line

5.0 6.5 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.4 7.7 7.9

8.3 8.3 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.3 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.4 10.4 10.6 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.7

11.2 11.3 11.3 11.4 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.9

12.4 12.5

13.1 13.4

13.8 13.8 14.1

15.7 20.6

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

Washington San Francisco

Baltimore Miami

Chicago San Jose

Dallas Virginia Beach


Jacksonville Houston

Minneapolis Denver

Los Angeles Orlando

Riverside Seattle

Las Vegas New York

New Orleans Kansas City

St. Louis Austin

Portland Sacramento

Salt Lake City Tampa

Charlotte Louisville

Atlanta Oklahoma City

Pittsburgh Milwaukee

Detroit Richmond Cleveland Columbus

Birmingham Nashville

Boston Raleigh

Hartford Phoenix

Philadelphia Cincinnati

Providence Indianapolis

Memphis Buffalo

93

Chart 50: Percentage of Poor Latinos in Metropolitan Areas

Living in Concentrated Poverty Neighborhoods: 2010-2014

0.3 0.4

2.1 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6

5.5 5.5

6.1 6.6 6.8 7.3 7.5

8.3 8.7 8.8 9.1

11.3 11.5 11.6 11.7

12.3 13.0

15.3 15.7 15.8 16.3 16.5 16.8

17.9 18.4 18.7

19.6 19.6

21.0 23.3 23.3

23.9 24.4

25.3 25.5

32.3 32.9

35.3 38.9 39.3

41.8 42.0

46.7

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0

San Jose Washington

Salt Lake City Orlando

San Francisco Birmingham

Virginia Beach Baltimore

Jacksonville Seattle

Raleigh St. Louis

Minneapolis Nashville Portland Chicago Denver Atlanta Tampa

Pittsburgh Charlotte

Boston Miami


New Orleans Dallas

Los Angeles Riverside

Richmond Houston

Cincinnati Sacramento

Austin Las Vegas New York

Oklahoma City Providence Columbus

Kansas City Indianapolis

Memphis Cleveland

Detroit Hartford Phoenix

Louisville Milwaukee


94

Chart 51: Percentage of Metropolitan Area Latinos Living in Concentrated Poverty Neighborhoods: 2010-2014

0.1 0.2

0.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.7

2.6 2.7 2.8

4.0 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5

5.0 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.1

6.9 7.2 7.5 7.8 7.9 8.1

9.1 9.2 9.4 9.5 9.6

10.4 12.2

13.6 14.5 14.9

16.5 16.6 17.0

18.4 20.0

21.8 22.2 22.3

27.5 29.3

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

San Jose Washington Salt Lake City Minneapolis San Francisco Virginia Beach

Baltimore Jacksonville

Orlando St. Louis

Birmingham Seattle Raleigh Denver Chicago Portland Nashville Pittsburgh

Atlanta Tampa Miami

San Diego Boston

Charlotte Richmond

San Antonio New Orleans

Dallas Riverside

Los Angeles Cincinnati Houston Las Vegas

Austin Sacramento New York Columbus Kansas City

Oklahoma City Providence Memphis

Indianapolis Detroit

Cleveland Hartford Phoenix

Louisville Philadelphia Milwaukee

Buffalo

95

Table 21: Latino-White Household Income, and Concentrated Poverty in

Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2010-2014

% of households in income class living in concentrated poverty neighborhoods

Annual Income Class (in 2014$)

White Hispanic

Under $10,000 9.7 44.1

$10,000-$24,999 5.0 36.3

$25,000-$49,999 2.3 28.1

$50,000-$99,999 1.0 17.7

$100,000-$199,000 0.5 11.1

$200,000+ 0.2 5.4

96

Chart 52:

Percentage of Children (Under 18) By Race in Poverty In Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2014

50.4

7.3

33.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Black White Hispanic

97

Chart 53: Percentage of Latino Children (Under 18) Living in Poverty: 1999

12.2 13.4

15.2 15.3 15.6 16.0

17.5 17.6 18.0 18.3

19.3 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.8 19.9 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.4

21.0 21.1 21.5 21.7 21.7 21.9

23.7 24.3

25.4 25.5

26.5 26.9 27.3 27.4

28.2 28.2 28.5 28.6 28.9 28.9

30.6 31.6 31.6 31.7 32.2

36.0 37.3

46.5 46.6

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0


San Jose San Francisco


Columbus St. Louis

Indianapolis Richmond

Minneapolis Chicago Orlando

Cincinnati Kansas City

Detroit Las Vegas

Atlanta Memphis

Miami New Orleans

Denver Salt Lake City

Seattle Austin

Pittsburgh Sacramento

Dallas Tampa

Portland Riverside Houston

Louisville San Diego Charlotte

Milwaukee Nashville

Phoenix San Antonio

Cleveland Los Angeles Birmingham

Oklahoma City Raleigh Boston

New York Hartford


Providence

98

Chart 54: Percentage of Latino Children (Under 18) Living in Poverty: 2014

14.6 16.0

17.6 20.8

22.6 24.2 24.9 25.5 25.6 26.0

26.8 26.9 27.1 27.6

29.3 29.7 29.8 30.4 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.5 31.7 31.8 31.8 31.9 32.2 32.2 32.4 32.7 33.3 33.6 33.9

35.1 36.4 36.9 37.6 38.1 38.1

39.3 40.0 40.5 41.0 41.4 41.7

42.6 45.2 45.7 46.0

48.6

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0



St. Louis Miami

Pittsburgh Minneapolis

Denver Seattle


Chicago San Diego

Jacksonville Las Vegas

San Antonio Riverside

Orlando Portland Houston

Tampa New York

Dallas Detroit

Columbus Austin

New Orleans Los Angeles

Salt Lake City Boston

Kansas City Milwaukee

Charlotte Phoenix

Hartford Raleigh

Cincinnati Cleveland

Philadelphia Oklahoma City

Atlanta Richmond

Providence Louisville

Buffalo Birmingham Indianapolis

Memphis Nashville

99

Table 22: Latino Child Poverty Rates in the Nation’s

Largest Metropolitan Areas: 1999-2014

Metropolitan Area 1999 2014 % change 1999-2014

Indianapolis 18.0 45.7 153.9 Memphis 20.2 46.0 127.7 Richmond 18.3 41.0 124.0 Atlanta 20.1 40.5 101.5 Cincinnati 19.8 38.1 92.4 Jacksonville 16.0 29.3 83.1 Columbus 17.5 31.9 82.3 Nashville 28.2 48.6 72.3 Virginia Beach 15.6 26.8 71.8 Kansas City 19.8 33.6 69.7 Detroit 19.9 31.8 59.8 New Orleans 20.4 32.2 57.8 Orlando 19.7 31.0 57.4 Louisville 26.9 41.7 55.0 Salt Lake City 21.1 32.7 55.0 Las Vegas 19.9 29.7 49.2 Austin 21.7 32.2 48.4 Birmingham 30.6 45.2 47.7 Chicago 19.6 27.1 38.3 San Francisco 15.3 20.8 35.9 Dallas 23.7 31.8 34.2 Minneapolis 19.3 25.5 32.1 Cleveland 28.9 38.1 31.8 Tampa 24.3 31.5 29.6 St. Louis 17.6 22.6 28.4 Charlotte 27.4 35.1 28.1 Phoenix 28.5 36.4 27.7 Oklahoma City 31.6 40.0 26.6 Portland 25.4 31.2 22.8 Sacramento 21.9 26.9 22.8 Denver 21.0 25.6 21.9 Seattle 21.5 26.0 20.9 Milwaukee 28.2 33.9 20.2 Miami 20.2 24.2 19.8 Baltimore 12.2 14.6 19.7 Washington 13.4 16.0 19.4 Riverside 25.5 30.4 19.2 Raleigh 31.6 37.6 19.0 Houston 26.5 31.4 18.5 San Jose 15.2 17.6 15.8 Pittsburgh 21.7 24.9 14.7 Los Angeles 28.9 32.4 12.1 Philadelphia 37.3 39.3 5.4 Boston 31.7 33.3 5.0 San Antonio 28.6 29.8 4.2 Hartford 36.0 36.9 2.5 San Diego 27.3 27.6 1.1 New York 32.2 31.7 -1.6 Buffalo 46.5 42.6 -8.4 Providence 46.6 41.4 -11.2

100

Chart 55: The Geography of Latino Affluence and Poverty in Metro Milwaukee: 2010-2014

Table 23: Percentage of Households in Metropolitan Milwaukee, By Race, With

Food Stamps/SNAP Benefits: 2007-2014

Race

2007 2014

Black 25.7 45.2

White Not Hispanic 2.9 7.9

Hispanic 15.1 33.2

68.6

82.0

41.4

17.3

8.6

25.9

14.1 9.4

33.0

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

All Latino HH Latino Poverty Pop Afdluent Latino HH

WOW Counties

Milwaukee Co Suburbs

City of Milwaukee

101

Chart 56: Percentage of Latino Households With Food Stamps/SNAP Benefits: 2007

4.2 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.8

5.5 5.6 5.7 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.5

7.1 7.4

7.9 8.0 8.2 8.5 8.5 8.7

9.3 9.3 9.4 9.5

10.1 10.3 10.4 10.5

11.1 11.1 11.2

11.7 12.0 12.1 12.3

14.5 14.5 14.5

15.0 15.1

15.8 16.0

17.7 18.8 19.2

20.9 25.5

26.3 27.9

34.6

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0

Washington Atlanta

Las Vegas San Francisco

Virginia Beach San Diego

Jacksonville Birmingham

San Jose Raleigh

Baltimore Riverside

Richmond Los Angeles

Cincinnati Sacramento Indianapolis

St. Louis Dallas

Denver Minneapolis

Salt Lake City Charlotte Houston

Tampa Pittsburgh

Kansas City Memphis Chicago Phoenix Orlando

Seattle Detroit

Columbus Austin

Oklahoma City Louisville

San Antonio Nashville

Milwaukee Miami

Portland New Orleans

New York Boston

Philadelphia Cleveland

Providence Hartford

Buffalo

102

Chart 57: Percentage of Latino Households With Food Stamp/SNAP Benefits: 2014

12.2 12.3

13.2 13.2 13.3

14.1 14.9

15.7 15.7 16.0 16.0 16.6

17.4 17.5 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.1 18.3 18.8 18.9 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.5 19.6 19.6

20.8 22.1 22.6 22.8 23.3 23.3

25.1 25.3

26.3 26.6 26.8

28.0 28.2

29.0 32.0 32.3

33.2 35.8

37.0 42.8

44.8 45.9

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0

San Francisco New Orleans

San Jose Virginia Beach

Washington San Diego

St. Louis Kansas City Los Angeles

Raleigh Sacramento

Minneapolis Baltimore Cincinnati

Oklahoma City Houston

Salt Lake City Dallas

Jacksonville Las Vegas

San Antonio Denver

Pittsburgh Austin

Birmingham Riverside Charlotte

Richmond Atlanta

Chicago Phoenix

Seattle Detroit

Indianapolis Orlando

Columbus Miami Tampa

Louisville Memphis

New York Nashville

Philadelphia Portland

Milwaukee Cleveland

Boston Buffalo

Hartford Providence

103

Table 24: Change in Percentage of Latino Households With Food Stamps/SNAP Benefits

The Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas: 2007-2014

Metropolitan Area % with SNAP 2007 % with SNAP 2014

% change 2007-2014

Atlanta 4.5 20.8 360.5 Las Vegas 4.7 18.3 292.7 Birmingham 5.7 19.5 243.8 Jacksonville 5.6 18.1 221.5 Washington 4.2 13.3 217.6 Riverside 6.5 19.5 199.0 Indianapolis 8.2 23.3 183.1 Virginia Beach 4.8 13.2 176.8 Richmond 7.1 19.6 176.1 Baltimore 6.3 17.4 176.0 Memphis 10.5 28.0 166.4 Tampa 10.1 26.6 164.3 San Francisco 4.7 12.2 158.6 San Diego 5.5 14.1 155.6 Raleigh 6.3 16.0 154.9 Orlando 11.2 25.1 124.5 Cincinnati 7.9 17.5 121.9 Milwaukee 15.1 33.2 120.0 Denver 8.7 18.9 116.7 San Jose 6.1 13.2 116.5 Dallas 8.5 18.1 112.4 Los Angeles 7.4 15.7 112.2 Charlotte 9.4 19.6 109.4 Columbus 12.1 25.3 108.4 Phoenix 11.1 22.6 103.0 Portland 16.0 32.3 102.5 Sacramento 8.0 16.0 100.7 Chicago 11.1 22.1 99.6 Seattle 11.7 22.8 95.6 Nashville 15.0 29.0 93.4 Detroit 12.0 23.3 93.4 Salt Lake City 9.3 17.9 92.8 Boston 19.2 37.0 92.6 Pittsburgh 10.3 19.3 88.0 Houston 9.5 17.7 86.9 Louisville 14.5 26.8 85.3 Minneapolis 9.3 16.6 79.0 St. Louis 8.5 14.9 76.1 Providence 26.3 45.9 74.7 Miami 15.8 26.3 66.2 Hartford 27.9 44.8 60.4 Austin 12.3 19.4 57.2 Philadelphia 20.9 32.0 53.4 Kansas City 10.4 15.7 50.6 New York 18.8 28.2 50.4 Cleveland 25.5 35.8 40.4 San Antonio 14.5 18.8 29.7 Buffalo 34.6 42.8 23.6 Oklahoma City 14.5 17.5 21.1 New Orleans 17.7 12.3 -30.4

104

Chart 58: Latino Homeownership Rates: 2000

21.0 21.7

22.6 24.2

27.3 30.5 30.9 31.6 31.6 32.2

33.2 33.8

35.1 36.2 36.3

37.4 38.3

39.5 39.6 40.3 40.6 40.9

43.1 43.5 43.9 44.0 44.7

45.7 46.1

47.1 47.1 47.3 47.4

48.4 48.6 48.8 49.2 50.0 50.0 50.4 50.9 51.7 51.9

53.7 55.1

56.2 56.3 56.5

59.4 59.8

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Providence New York

Boston Hartford Charlotte Nashville

Raleigh Buffalo

Columbus Portland


Memphis Seattle

Milwaukee Atlanta

Los Angeles San Diego

Birmingham Richmond Cincinnati

Minneapolis San Francisco

Dallas Virginia Beach

Washington Oklahoma City

Las Vegas San Jose

Austin Baltimore Cleveland

Houston Pittsburgh

Philadelphia Chicago

Sacramento Kansas City

Salt Lake City New Orleans

Denver Phoenix

Jacksonville Orlando

St. Louis Tampa Detroit Miami


105

Chart 59: Latino Homeownership Rates: 2014

24.5 25.1 25.8

29.6 32.5

33.5 34.7

36.9 37.2 37.5 37.7 37.9 38.2

40.0 40.1 40.3 40.5 41.0 41.5 41.5 41.8 42.4 42.5

43.5 43.5 43.6 44.2 44.6 44.7 44.7 44.9 45.0 45.3 45.4 45.9 46.0 46.1

48.1 48.2 48.2

49.1 49.6

50.4 51.0 51.6 51.8 51.9

54.0 56.8

58.1

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Boston Providence New York

Buffalo Portland Hartford

Nashville Seattle

San Diego Columbus

San Francisco Los Angeles Milwaukee

Minneapolis San Jose


Las Vegas Birmingham

Charlotte Richmond Memphis

Philadelphia Atlanta

Cleveland Raleigh

New Orleans Orlando

Cincinnati Virginia Beach

Sacramento Phoenix Denver

Kansas City Tampa Austin

Washington Oklahoma City

Pittsburgh St. Louis

Jacksonville Houston

Dallas Salt Lake City

Chicago Baltimore

Miami Riverside

San Antonio Detroit

106

Table 25: Percentage Change in Latino Homeownership Rates: 2000-2014


Charlotte 27.3 41.5 52.0 Raleigh 30.9 43.6 41.1 Hartford 24.2 33.5 38.4 Louisville 33.2 40.3 21.4 Memphis 35.1 42.4 20.8 Indianapolis 33.8 40.5 19.8 Providence 21.0 25.1 19.5 New York 21.7 25.8 18.9 Columbus 31.6 37.5 18.7 Atlanta 37.4 43.5 16.3 Dallas 43.5 50.4 15.9 Nashville 30.5 34.7 13.8 Cincinnati 40.6 44.7 10.1 Baltimore 47.1 51.8 10.0 Boston 22.6 24.5 8.4 Oklahoma City 44.7 48.1 7.6 Chicago 48.8 51.6 5.7 Milwaukee 36.3 38.2 5.2 Birmingham 39.6 41.5 4.8 Washington 44.0 46.1 4.8 Houston 47.4 49.6 4.6 Richmond 40.3 41.8 3.7 Detroit 56.3 58.1 3.2 Salt Lake City 50.0 51.0 2.0 Seattle 36.2 36.9 1.9 Virginia Beach 43.9 44.7 1.8 Portland 32.2 32.5 0.9 Tampa 56.2 45.9 -18.3 Pittsburgh 48.4 48.2 -0.4 Los Angeles 38.3 37.9 -1.0 Minneapolis 40.9 40.0 -2.2 Austin 47.1 46.0 -2.3 San Antonio 59.8 56.8 -5.0 Jacksonville 51.9 49.1 -5.4 San Diego 39.5 37.2 -5.8 Buffalo 31.6 29.6 -6.3 Cleveland 47.3 43.5 -8.0 Miami 56.5 51.9 -8.1 Sacramento 49.2 44.9 -8.7 Riverside 59.4 54.0 -9.1 Kansas City 50.0 45.4 -9.2 Las Vegas 45.7 41.0 -10.3 Denver 50.9 45.3 -11.0 New Orleans 50.4 44.2 -12.3 St. Louis 55.1 48.2 -12.5 San Francisco 43.1 37.7 -12.5 Philadelphia 48.6 42.5 -12.6 Phoenix 51.7 45.0 -13.0 San Jose 46.1 40.1 -13.0 Orlando 53.7 44.6 -16.9

107

Table 26:

Homeownership Rates By Race Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2000-2014

Race

2000 2014

Black 33.4 27.6

White Not Hispanic 67.7 69.2

Hispanic 36.3 38.2

108

Chart 60: Percentage of Latino Homeowners With Monthly Owner Costs

Exceeding 30% of Household Income: 2014

51.1 50.8

49.2 47.6 47.4 47.1

46.6 46.5

45.8 45.1

43.7 43.3 43.3 43.1 42.8 42.6

42.1 42.1

41.6 41.6 41.4 41.2

40.0 39.8

38.0 38.0

37.5 37.0 36.8

35.9 35.8

35.1 34.8

34.2 34.0

32.7 32.5

31.9 31.5 31.4

30.7 30.6 30.6 30.4 30.3

28.8 26.8

24.0 19.6

18.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0


Richmond Orlando Chicago

Miami San Diego

Providence New Orleans

Riverside San Jose


Seattle Virginia Beach

Jacksonville Baltimore

Hartford Boston

Memphis Charlotte

Salt Lake City Sacramento Washington

Dallas Tampa

Portland Raleigh

Milwaukee Atlanta Denver

Las Vegas Birmingham

Phoenix Buffalo

Louisville Houston

Pittsburgh Austin

Minneapolis San Antonio

Cleveland Detroit

Oklahoma City Kansas City

Nashville Indianapolis

Cincinnati St. Louis

Columbus

109

Chart 61: Percentage of Latino Renters With Gross Rent Exceeding 30% of Household Income: 2014

53.9 50.5

49.8 49.0 49.0 48.8

48.1 47.9 47.8 47.6 47.4 47.3 47.1

46.7 46.1 46.0 45.9

45.3 45.1

44.6 44.5 44.4

43.9 43.7 43.4 43.3

42.8 42.6

41.2 40.9

40.1 40.0

39.4 39.0

38.5 38.4 38.2 37.9 37.7 37.7 37.4 37.2

36.3 35.4

33.1

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Detroit Dallas

St. Louis Houston

Las Vegas Oklahoma City

Charlotte Baltimore Richmond

Kansas City Virginia Beach

San Antonio Cleveland

Seattle Phoenix

Columbus Chicago

Milwaukee New Orleans

Austin Nashville Memphis

Sacramento Minneapolis

Denver Washington

San Francisco Portland Boston

Indianapolis Atlanta Tampa

Salt Lake City Raleigh

Riverside San Jose

New York Hartford

Jacksonville Philadelphia

Orlando San Diego

Los Angeles Providence

Miami

110

Chart 62: Percentage of Metro Milwaukee Homeowners With Monthly Owner Costs

Exceeding 30% of Household Income: By Race, 2014

Chart 63: Percentage of Metro Milwaukee Renters With Gross Rent

Exceeding 30% of Household Income: By Race, 2014

45.1

27.6

36.8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Black White Latino

64.3

46.1 45.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Black White Latino

111

EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS

Employment and Non-employment There are various ways to measure labor market conditions: the official unemployment

rate (the percentage of working age persons, in the labor market and actively looking for

work, who are not employed); the employment rate, sometimes also called the

“employment-population” ratio (the percentage of all working age persons, often broken

down into various age cohorts, who are employed); and the non-employment rate

(essentially the flip-side of the employment rate, measuring the percentage of working age

persons who are not employed – whether officially unemployed or not ).3 There are

drawbacks to all of the measures. However, for various reasons, especially given the

number of jobless missed by the official unemployment rate, economists increasingly lean

towards some variant of the employment or non-employment rates as the best way of

measuring the extent to which the working age population in a community, or among

certain racial or ethnic groups is, in fact, working –which, in the end, is what we really

want to know about the health of a labor market.

We examine the Latino non-employment rate –the percentage of adults who are either

unemployed or not in the labor force-- for males and females, and for two key age cohorts:

young adults (ages 20-24) and prime working years adults (ages 25-54).

• Among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas in 2014, the non-employment

rate for Latino young adult males in Milwaukee (22.5 percent) ranked relatively

low (the 18th lowest rate). (Chart 64). [Note: On all the “non-employment” charts

and tables, a better performance means a lower rate and a ranking towards the

bottom of the chart]. For prime working years Latino males (ages 25-54),

Milwaukee’s non-employment rate of 13.7 percent in 2014 ranked towards the

middle-of-the-pack. Buffalo (38.3 percent) and Hartford (29.9 percent) posted, by

far, the worst prime age Latino male non-employment rates (Chart 65).

• The non-employment rates for Latino females in Milwaukee, for both young

adults (29.0 percent) and prime age adults (32.2 percent) ranked among the best

among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas (Charts 66 and 67).

3 For a discussion of the various ways of measuring “joblessness,” see Marc V. Levine, Race and Male Employment in the Wake of the Great Recession (Milwaukee: UWM Center for Economic Development Working Paper, 2012), pp. 3-5.

112

• Looking at racial groups in Milwaukee, the Latino male non-employment rate in

2014 for both young adults and prime age adults was comparable to the rate for

white non-Hispanics, and substantially lower than the rates for black males. 37.0

percent of black males in Milwaukee between the ages of 25-54 are non-

employed; for prime age Latino males, that figure is 13.7 percent (Charts 68-69).

• On the other hand, for Latino females in Milwaukee, the non-employment rate for

prime age adults (32.2 percent) is comparable to the black rate (33.5 percent) and

much higher than the WNH rate (18.1 percent) (Chart 70). For young adults, the

Latino rate (29.0 percent) stands halfway between the black and WNH rates

(Chart 71).

• (Tables 27- 30) show the trend since 1990 in Latino non-employment rates for

young adults and prime age workers –both male and female—in Milwaukee and

the 50 largest metropolitan areas. As the tables make clear, for both genders and

for both age cohorts, the trend in Latino non-employment has varied across the

country, but in Milwaukee, Latino non-employment was markedly lower in 2014

than it was in 1990. Among prime working age Latino males, for example, the

non-employment rate dropped from 21.4 to 13.7 percent between 1990-2014; the

rate dropped by 10 percentage points for Latino young adult males during that

period (Tables 27-28). For Latino females, the decline in non-employment has

been even more pronounced, as Latino women, many of whom previously had

not been in the labor force, entered the labor market and secured employment

between 1990-2014 (Tables 29-30). Thus, for example, the non-employment rate

for young adult Milwaukee Latinas declined from 50.0 percent in 1990 to 29.0

percent in 2014. Even taking into account the large error margins in the

employment data for 20-24 year olds in 2014, that is a statistically significant

change.

The “Latinoisation” of Urban Labor Markets

Earlier, we analyzed how the surge in Latino immigration to U.S. metropolitan areas has

profoundly transformed the demographic fabric of cities and regions. Similarly, the

growing number of Latino workers has dramatically reshaped urban labor markets. (Tables

31-36) array trends in employment between 1990-2014 in a cross-section of 14

113

metropolitan areas from across the country. In all metro areas, for both genders and for

both the young adult and prime age cohorts, the growth in Latino employment has far

outstripped the growth of non-Hispanic employment. Put another way, in metro area after

metro area, Latino employment growth is driving the local labor market and Latino

workers represent an ever-growing share of metropolitan workforces. In metro Milwaukee,

because the total number of employed non-Hispanics has declined for both genders and

age cohorts, Latino workers account for all of the net employment growth in the

metropolitan area since 1990. This is partially an artifact of the overall stagnation in

employment growth in metro Milwaukee over the past quarter century, but even in rapidly

growing metropolitan areas such as Houston, Orlando, or Las Vegas, Latino workers

account for a major share of total employment growth. Among young adult males, for

example, Latino workers accounted for 72.3 percent of total employment growth in

Houston between 1990-2014; among prime age males, Latinos accounted for 65.9 percent

of Houston’s total growth in employment during that period. (Tables 35-38) in particular

show the staggering differences in the rate of employment growth among Latinos and non-

Hispanics, and all of these tables underscore the degree to which metropolitan labor

markets across the U.S. have become increasingly reliant on Latino workers.

A Cultural Division of Labor? Occupational Concentration Among Latino Workers

Latino workers are not only a growing element in the overall labor market in urban

America, but they are particularly prominent, even dominant, in certain occupations. The

way we measure whether a group is disproportionately employed in certain occupations is

to construct an index of labor market concentration. Simply put, the index measures the

degree to which a group is employed in a particular occupation at a percentage greater

than, or less than, their percentage of total employment. Thus, in a stylized case, if Latino

males make up 25 percent of a metro area’s total male workforce, but make up 50 percent

of a metro area’s male construction workforce, we would calculate the “index of

construction” for Latinos in construction as 200 percent (50/25). For any occupation, then,

an index of 100 means that the group is found in that occupation roughly in proportion to

their presence in the overall labor market; an index below 100 means the group is

“underrepresented;” and an index over 100 means the group is concentrated, to a greater or

lesser degree, in that occupation.

114

As Charts 72-78 show, there are several occupations in which Latino males and females

were highly concentrated in U.S. metropolitan areas in 2014.

• For Latino males: building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations;

construction and extraction occupations; production occupations; and materials

moving occupations.

• For Latino females: food preparation and service occupations; building and

grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations; and personal care service

occupations.

• In some occupations, the Latino concentration is consistently high across all large

metropolitan areas. In every metropolitan area in the U.S., for example, the index

of concentration for Latino males and females in building and grounds cleaning

and maintenance occupations is well above 100 (with astoundingly high indexes

above 500 for Latino females in metros such as Columbus, Raleigh, Oklahoma

City, Washington, D.C., Minneapolis, Charlotte, and Baltimore). In construction,

all but two metro areas post Latino male indexes of concentration above 100

(topped by the remarkably high, but unsurprising, indexes above 350 for

Nashville, Raleigh, and Atlanta, where Latino workers increasingly dominate the

construction sector).

• In all of the occupations examined here, for both Latino males and females in

Milwaukee, the index of concentration is 100 or greater. Compared to other metro

areas, Latino males in Milwaukee are especially concentrated in production and

materials moving occupations. For Latino males, Milwaukee ranks 29th among

the 50 largest metros in the degree of concentration in building and grounds

cleaning and maintenance; 49th out of 50 in concentration in construction

occupations; 1st out of 50 in concentration in production occupations; and 2nd out

of 50 in concentration in materials moving occupations. For Latino females, the

Milwaukee index of concentration, while over 100 in all occupations examined,

ranks towards the middle-of-the-pack compared to other metros in food

preparation occupations and buildings and grounds occupations. However,

Milwaukee Latinas are the 5th most concentrated in personal care service

occupations among the nation’s largest metropolitan areas.

115

• (Charts 79-83) compare the Latino indexes of concentration in selected

occupations in Milwaukee to other racial groups. Again, the concentration of

Latino males in building and grounds occupations and production occupations is

striking (Milwaukee is an exception to the national trend of the Latinoisation of

the construction labor force in metro areas). For Latino females in Milwaukee,

comparative concentration in cleaning and maintenance occupations is apparent;

in personal care service occupations, although the Milwaukee Latina index of

concentration is high (143.4) it is lower than that of black females (174.7).

Earnings

Although, as we saw earlier, non-employment rates for Latinos in Milwaukee are

relatively comparable to WNHs and much lower than African Americans, Latinos in

Milwaukee – as is the case nationally—are concentrated in lower-wage occupations (such

as building cleaning and personal care services) and in the low-wage segments of higher-

wage occupations (such as production occupations).

(Charts 84 and 85) show the distribution of earnings by race in Milwaukee, by race, for

males and females. For Latinos, we have broken out “citizens” and “non-citizens”

(generally, more recent immigrants) to get a more refined sense of the Latino earnings

distribution. Among males and females, the earnings distribution for Latino citizens is

about comparable to that of African Americans, with comparable percentages of both

groups, for example, earning under $25,000 annually. Among Latino non-citizens,

however, the earnings distribution is skewed strongly to the lower end: 62.5 percent of

non-citizen male Latinos and 82.6 of non-citizen female Latinos in Milwaukee earn under

$25,000 a year. Other key findings:

• Latino male production workers are skewed to lower-end of that occupation’s

earnings distribution in Milwaukee (Chart 86).

• Milwaukee ranks towards the middle of a cross-section of 20 large metro areas in

the percentage of Latino low-wage male workers (earning under $25,000

annually). About half of Milwaukee Latino males earn under $25,0000 a year

(Chart 87). 61.9 percent of Latino Milwaukee females earn under $25,000 a year,

which is the 8th highest percentage of low-wage workers among the 20 metros

surveyed (Chart 88).

116

• (Charts 89 and 90) examine the differences in Latino “citizen” and “non-citizen”

earnings in selected metro areas. As we saw earlier, for both males and females,

low-wage employment is especially prevalent among Latino non-citizens. In

every metro analyzed, a much higher percentage of Latino non-citizens than

citizens earns less than $25,000 annually.

• Since citizenship is a crucial factor in the Latino earnings picture, Charts 91 and

92 compare Milwaukee to the other largest metropolitan areas in the percentage

of male and female Latino workers who are not citizens. Milwaukee has the 33rd

highest level of the 50 largest metro areas in the percentage of Latino male

workers who are not citizens (43.7 percent); for females, Latino Milwaukee ranks

34th of the 50, with 27.6 percent of Latina workers in the metro area who are not

citizens. Unsurprisingly, in light of our earlier tables on immigration and

demography, it is the emerging gateway metropolitan areas such as Raleigh,

Charlotte, Atlanta, Nashville, Birmingham, Memphis, and Indianapolis that have

the highest percentage of “non-citizens” among their Latino workers (for both

males and females).

117

Chart 64: Non-employment Rates for Young Adult Latino Males: 2014

% of Latino males, ages 20-24, not employed and not in the labor force

11.4 15.1 15.5

16.6 17.7

18.7 20.0 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.3 21.4 21.4 21.7 21.8

22.5 22.7 22.9 23.2

24.0 24.7 24.8 24.9 25.2 25.3 25.8

26.9 28.0 28.2

29.7 29.7 29.8 30.0 30.1 30.4

32.0 32.3 32.5 32.6 33.0

33.6 35.1 35.2 35.7

36.4 36.6

39.9 41.2

43.0

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0

Memphis Indianapolis

Denver Columbus Nashville Charlotte

Dallas Seattle

Oklahoma City Washington Jacksonville

Houston Virginia Beach

Kansas City Detroit

Raleigh Milwaukee Louisville

San Jose Atlanta


Cincinnati Portland

Las Vegas Cleveland

Birmingham Minneapolis


Chicago Baltimore St. Louis Orlando

Austin Tampa


Buffalo Phoenix

Providence Los Angeles Sacramento

Miami Boston

Richmond Riverside New York Pittsburgh

Hartford

118

Chart 65: Non-employment Rates for Prime Working Years Latino Males: 2014 % of Latino males, ages 25-54, not employed and not in the labor force

7.3 7.4 7.7

9.1 9.6 10.1 10.4 10.4 10.8 10.9 11.2 11.7 12.0 12.0 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.9 12.9 12.9 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.0

14.8 15.1 15.1 15.4 15.9 16.0 16.2 16.2 16.5 16.7

17.3 17.5 17.9 18.3

18.8 18.9 18.9

19.9 20.2 20.4

21.0 26.9

29.9 38.3

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0

Charlotte Washington

Atlanta Birmingham

Houston Nashville

Dallas Memphis

Austin Raleigh

Minneapolis Salt Lake City

Oklahoma City Indianapolis

Portland Richmond

Seattle Virginia Beach San Francisco

San Jose Denver

Baltimore Chicago

Milwaukee Kansas City Los Angeles

Tampa Miami

Jacksonville Cincinnati

St. Louis Las Vegas Louisville Columbus New York


Orlando Detroit

New Orleans Phoenix

Sacramento Cleveland Riverside

Boston Pittsburgh

Providence Philadelphia

Hartford Buffalo

119

Chart 66: Non-employment Rates for Young Adult Latino Females: 2014

% of Latino females, ages 20-24, not employed and not in the labor force

23.8 24.7

26.0 26.0

28.3 28.4 29.0 29.3 29.6 29.7 30.1 30.2 30.7

31.6 32.2 32.4 32.4 32.7 32.8 33.0 33.7 33.7 33.8 33.8 33.9 34.3 34.9 35.0

36.1 36.1 36.8

38.1 38.4 38.6

39.5 40.1 40.3 40.8 40.9 40.9 41.5 41.5 41.9

43.2 44.0 44.7

46.1 46.2 46.4

61.8

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Richmond Columbus

Kansas City Providence

San Francisco Indianapolis Milwaukee

Washington Denver

Las Vegas Buffalo

Hartford Seattle Boston

New Orleans Cleveland

Tampa Cincinnati

Dallas Chicago

Austin Portland San Jose

Salt Lake City Louisville

Oklahoma City San Antonio

Baltimore Nashville

Detroit St. Louis Phoenix

Minneapolis Miami Atlanta

Los Angeles Pittsburgh

Virginia Beach San Diego

Orlando Sacramento

Birmingham New York

Houston Riverside

Raleigh Philadelphia Jacksonville

Charlotte Memphis

120

Chart 67: Non-employment Rates for Prime Working Years Latino Females: 2014 % of Latino females, ages 25-54, not employed and not in the labor force

24.4 26.9

27.9 28.1

28.7 29.2

30.7 30.8 30.8

31.6 32.0 32.2 32.2 32.5 32.8 32.9 33.0 33.0 33.1 33.5 33.6

34.7 34.8 34.8 34.9 35.1

35.9 36.1 36.3 36.5

37.1 37.1

38.4 38.5

39.1 39.3 39.4 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.9 40.2 40.7 41.1 41.3 41.7 41.9 42.5

44.1 46.4

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0

Baltimore Washington Minneapolis

Columbus Miami

Virginia Beach San Jose

New Orleans Hartford

San Antonio San Francisco

Milwaukee Denver

Indianapolis Boston Tampa

Las Vegas New York

Austin Orlando

Salt Lake City Kansas City

St. Louis Sacramento

Chicago Seattle

Los Angeles Jacksonville

Portland Cleveland San Diego

Providence Dallas

Louisville Nashville

Philadelphia Charlotte

Atlanta Pittsburgh

Phoenix Houston Buffalo Raleigh

Richmond Riverside

Oklahoma City Detroit

Cincinnati Birmingham

Memphis

121

Chart 68: Non-employment Rates, By Race, for Young Adult Males in

Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2014 % of males, ages 20-24, unemployed or not in the labor force

Chart 69:

Non-employment Rates, By Race, for Prime Working Years Males in Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2014

% of males, ages 25-54, unemployed or not in the labor force

53.2

22.8 22.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


37.0

11.6 13.7

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0


122

Chart 70: Non-employment Rates, By Race, for Young Adult Females in

Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2014 % of females, ages 20-24, unemployed or not in the labor force

Chart 71: Non-employment Rates, By Race, for Prime Working Years Females in

Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2014 % of females, ages 25-54, unemployed or not in the labor force

39.4

19.0

29.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0


33.5

18.1

32.2

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0


123

Table 27: Non-employment Rates for Young Adult Latino Males: 1990-2014

% of Latino males, ages 20-24, unemployed or not in the labor force

Metropolitan Area 1990 2014

Atlanta 15.5 23.2 Austin 25.3 30.1 Baltimore 19.6 29.7 Birmingham 22.0 25.8 Boston 33.7 35.7 Buffalo 47.7 32.5 Charlotte 14.9 18.7 Chicago 20.5 29.7 Cincinnati 24.4 24.8 Cleveland 30.2 25.3 Columbus 32.3 16.6 Dallas 16.7 20.0 Denver 23.0 15.5 Detroit 31.0 21.7 Hartford 44.6 43.0 Houston 21.1 21.3 Indianapolis 13.8 15.1 Jacksonville 14.3 20.8 Kansas City 22.2 21.4 Las Vegas 15.1 25.2 Los Angeles 22.2 33.6 Louisville 34.1 22.7 Memphis 28.7 11.4 Miami 24.3 35.2 Milwaukee 32.4 22.5 Minneapolis 26.7 26.9 Nashville 19.5 17.7 New Orleans 29.4 24.0 New York 37.7 39.9 Oklahoma City 24.3 20.4 Orlando 17.4 30.0 Philadelphia 39.3 32.0 Phoenix 20.9 32.6 Pittsburgh 26.6 41.2 Portland 20.1 24.9 Providence 34.5 33.0 Raleigh 30.0 21.8 Richmond 21.6 36.4 Riverside 26.3 36.6 Sacramento 28.1 35.1 Salt Lake City 25.5 24.7 San Antonio 27.7 28.2 San Diego 21.8 28.0 San Francisco 21.7 32.3 San Jose 21.3 22.9 Seattle 25.7 20.1 St. Louis 36.3 29.8 Tampa 17.4 30.4 Virginia Beach 8.8 21.4 Washington DC 17.6 20.6

124

Table 28: Non-employment Rates for Prime Working Years Latino Males: 1990-2014

% of Latino males, ages 25-54, unemployed or not in the labor force



125

Table 29: Non-employment Rates for Young Adult Latino Females: 1990-2014 % of Latino females, ages 20-24, unemployed or not in the labor force



126

Table 30: Non-employment Rates for Prime Working Years Latino Females: 1990-2014

% of Latino females, ages 25-54, unemployed or not in the labor force



127

Table 31: The Latinoisation of Young Adult Male Employment in Urban America

Employed 20-24 year old males in selected metropolitan areas: 1990-2014

Metropolitan Area 1990 2014 Change 1990-2014

Atlanta Total Employed 82,106 114,616 +32,510 Latino Employed 3,209 17,005 +13,796 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 42.4% Charlotte Total Employed 35,074 49,609 +14,353 Latino Employed 500 7,173 +6,673 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 46.5% Dallas Total Employed 110,825 168,231 +57,406 Latino Employed 20,054 65,265 +45,011 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 78.48% Denver Total Employed 37,699 68,268 +30,569 Latino Employed 6,496 22,489 +15,993 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 52.3% Houston Total Employed 91,200 159,813 +68,613 Latino Employed 29,492 79,128 +49,636 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 72.3% Indianapolis Total Employed 33,365 45,389 +12,024 Latino Employed 471 4,137 +3,666 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 30.5% Kansas City Total Employed 37,594 43,267 +5,673 Latino Employed 1,350 5,304 +3,954 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 69.7% Las Vegas Total Employed 21,200 46,296 +25,096 Latino Employed 4,053 20,331 +16,278 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 64.9% Milwaukee Total Employed 38,546 35,879 -2,667 Latino Employed 1,599 5,088 +3,489 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain All Minneapolis Total Employed 70,940 82,394 +11,454 Latino Employed 1,145 6,332 +5,187 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 45.3% Nashville Total Employed 26,851 42,746 +15,895 Latino Employed 318 3,603 +3,285 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 20.7% Oklahoma City Total Employed 25,183 36,939 +11,576 Latino Employed 1,176 6,051 +4,875 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 42.1% Orlando Total Employed 33,717 56,188 +22,471 Latino Employed 3,855 19,257 +15,402 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 68.5%

128

Table 32: The Latinoisation of Prime Working Years Male Employment in Urban America

Employed 25-54 year old males in selected metropolitan areas: 1990-2014


Atlanta Total Employed 602,948 968,434 +365,486 Latino Employed 12,872 128,653 +115,781 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 31.7% Charlotte Total Employed 234,738 413,157 +178,419 Latino Employed 2,306 48,575 +46,269 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 25.9% Dallas Total Employed 821,064 1,272,866 +451,802 Latino Employed 102,285 384,516 +282,231 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 62.5% Denver Total Employed 347,480 537,729 +190,249 Latino Employed 36,505 116,564 +80,059 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 42.1% Houston Total Employed 687,668 1,200,508 +512,840 Latino Employed 137,161 475,166 +338,005 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 65.9% Indianapolis Total Employed 244,142 328,729 +84,587 Latino Employed 2,224 25,426 +23,202 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 27.4% Kansas City Total Employed 297,830 357,318 +59,488 Latino Employed 7,802 33,285 +25,483 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 42.8% Las Vegas Total Employed 147,543 355,274 +207,731 Latino Employed 16,701 116,014 +99,313 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 47.8% Milwaukee Total Employed 264,776 260,813 -3,963 Latino Employed 7,281 29,629 +22,348 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain All Minneapolis Total Employed 519,694 650,714 +131,020 Latino Employed 5,838 38,457 +32,619 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 24.9% Nashville Total Employed 195,148 318,833 +123,685 Latino Employed 1,436 26,471 25,035 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 20.2% Oklahoma City Total Employed 174,068 219,213 +45,145 Latino Employed 5,843 30,199 +24,356 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 54.0% Orlando Total Employed 215,981 390,978 +174,997 Latino Employed 17,322 116,471 +99,149 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 56.7%

129

Table 33: The Latinoisation of Young Adult Female Employment in Urban America

Employed 20-24 year old females in selected metropolitan areas: 1990-2014


Atlanta Total Employed 79,957 112,723 +32,766 Latino Employed 1,557 12,602 +11,045 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 33.7% Charlotte Total Employed 32,908 49,385 +16,477 Latino Employed 296 4,552 +4,256 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 25.8% Dallas Total Employed 69,891 160,141 +90,250 Latino Employed 10,220 53,026 +42,806 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 47.4% Denver Total Employed 37,814 61,478 +23,664 Latino Employed 5,300 17,643 +12,343 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 52.2% Houston Total Employed 74,783 131,655 +56,872 Latino Employed 16,157 51,924 +35,767 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 62.9% Indianapolis Total Employed 33,647 43,933 +10,286 Latino Employed 389 3,325 +2,936 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 28.5% Kansas City Total Employed 37,659 44,065 +6,406 Latino Employed 1,342 5,451 +4,109 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 64.1 Las Vegas Total Employed 18,637 47,509 +28,872 Latino Employed 2,389 18,358 +15,969 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 55.3% Milwaukee Total Employed 37,946 38,671 +725 Latino Employed 1,050 4,577 +3,527 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain All Minneapolis Total Employed 74,188 86,128 +11,940 Latino Employed 1,048 5,324 +4,276 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 35.8% Nashville Total Employed 26,411 41,402 +14,991 Latino Employed 295 3,124 +2,829 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 18.9% Oklahoma City Total Employed 23,353 32,781 +9,428 Latino Employed 708 4,441 +3,733 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 39.6% Orlando Total Employed 30,751 54,253 +23,502 Latino Employed 2,699 15,769 +13,070 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 55.6%

130

Table 34: The Latinoisation of Prime Working Years Female Employment in Urban America

Employed 25-54 year old females in selected metropolitan areas: 1990-2014


Atlanta Total Employed 528,217 896,255 +368,038 Latino Employed 7,961 74,433 +66,472 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 18.6% Charlotte Total Employed 204,328 373,291 +168,963 Latino Employed 1,578 29,345 +27,767 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 16.4% Dallas Total Employed 452,961 1,060,536 +607,575 Latino Employed 44,275 248,268 +203,993 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 33.6% Denver Total Employed 304,621 456,644 +152,023 Latino Employed 30,871 87,753 +56,882 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 37.4% Houston Total Employed 528,495 927,384 +398,889 Latino Employed 78,182 293,460 +215,278 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 54.0% Indianapolis Total Employed 216,193 308,258 +92,065 Latino Employed 1,536 16,487 +14,951 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 16.2% Kansas City Total Employed 268,516 321,587 +53,071 Latino Employed 6,386 22,767 +16,381 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 30.9% Las Vegas Total Employed 119,750 297,852 +178,102 Latino Employed 11,170 87,638 +76,468 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 42.9% Milwaukee Total Employed 232,849 246,774 +13,925 Latino Employed 4,758 21,193 +16,435 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain All Minneapolis Total Employed 460,024 603,384 +143,360 Latino Employed 4,409 27,487 +23,078 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 16.1% Nashville Total Employed 170,863 283,170 +112,307 Latino Employed 1,196 14,409 +13,213 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 11.8% Oklahoma City Total Employed 150,300 189,197 +38,897 Latino Employed 3,696 17,476 +24,356 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 35.4% Orlando Total Employed 182,631 354,672 +172,041 Latino Employed 14,205 96,435 +99,149 Latino Share of Net Employment Gain 47.8%

131

Table 35:

Employment Growth Rates for Latino and Non-Hispanic Young Adult Males In Selected Metropolitan Areas: 1990-2014

% increase in number of employed males, ages 20-24

Metropolitan Area Non-Hispanic % change

Latino % change

Atlanta 23.7 429.9 Charlotte 22.7 1334.6 Dallas 13.4 225.4 Denver 46.7 246.2 Houston 30.8 168.3 Indianapolis 25.4 778.3 Kansas City 4.7 292.9 Las Vegas 51.4 401.6 Milwaukee -16.7 218.2 Minneapolis 9.0 453.0 Nashville 47.5 1033.0 Oklahoma City 28.7 414.5 Orlando 23.7 399.5 Seattle 34.6 575.9

Table 36: Employment Growth Rates for Latino and Non-Hispanic Prime Working Years

Males In Selected Metropolitan Areas: 1990-2014 % increase in number of employed males, ages 25-54

Metropolitan Area Non-Hispanic

% change Latino

% change


132

Table 37:

Employment Growth Rates for Latino and Non-‐Hispanic Young Adult Females In Selected Metropolitan Areas: 1990-‐2014

% increase in number of employed females, ages 20-‐24

Metropolitan Area Non-Hispanic % change

Latino % change

Atlanta 27.7 709.4 Charlotte 37.5 1,437.8 Dallas 79.5 418.8 Denver 34.8 232.9 Houston 36.0 221.4 Indianapolis 22.1 754.8 Kansas City 6.3 306.2 Las Vegas 79.4 668.4 Milwaukee -7.6 335.9 Minneapolis 10.5 408.0 Nashville 46.6 959.0 Oklahoma City 25.1 527.3 Orlando 37.2 484.3 Seattle 38.8 388.4

Table 38: Employment Growth Rates for Latino and Non-‐Hispanic Prime Working Years

Females In Selected Metropolitan Areas: 1990-‐2014 % increase in number of employed females, ages 25-‐54

Metropolitan Area Non-Hispanic

% change Latino

% change


133

Chart 72: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Males: 2014

Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations

116.2 128.6 129.2

147.7 149.9 151.4

156.7 177.1 177.5 178.9 181.3 181.6

186.8 187.5 188.8 189.3 192.8 194.0

198.4 201.1 202.6

206.9 207.3 209.3 213.5 215.6

219.9 221.0 222.0 225.4 225.9 227.9 229.0

233.6 233.7 234.5 238.5

246.6 247.6

254.6 260.2

264.8 268.3 270.7

275.3 286.3

301.8 322.3

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0

Louisville San Antonio

Miami Riverside

Virginia Beach Orlando

Cleveland Columbus

Buffalo Tampa

Los Angeles New Orleans

Providence Houston Hartford Chicago Raleigh

Baltimore Denver

San Diego Milwaukee Las Vegas New York

Detroit Austin

Oklahoma City Nashville

Phoenix Dallas

Kansas City Cincinnati Pittsburgh

Sacramento Salt Lake City

St. Louis Charlotte

Seattle Indianapolis

Richmond Atlanta

San Francisco Minneapolis Philadelphia

San Jose Washington, D.C.

Jacksonville Portland

Boston

134


Construction and Extraction Occupations

56.0 100.0 101.2

119.5 127.2

140.4 140.6 143.4 144.4 145.5

153.6 160.5 162.5 163.5 165.1 165.9 166.2 166.9

173.0 173.3

180.8 183.9 184.6 185.3 190.7 193.9

202.2 203.3

215.3 232.0 232.6 233.1

238.9 249.1 252.7 255.1 255.9

261.4 272.6

287.3 331.6

337.7 343.7 348.2 349.2

362.2 377.0

388.2

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0

Buffalo Milwaukee Cleveland

St. Louis Riverside

Miami Providence

Chicago San Antonio

Boston Orlando


Las Vegas Philadelphia

San Diego Minneapolis Sacramento

Phoenix Hartford

Tampa Jacksonville

Portland Pittsburgh

Detroit Houston

Cincinnati Seattle Austin Dallas

Salt Lake City Baltimore

San Francisco Denver

Kansas City San Jose

Virginia Beach Oklahoma City

New Orleans Indianapolis

Louisville Columbus Richmond Charlotte

Washington, D.C. Atlanta Raleigh

Nashville

135


Production Occupations

61.4 70.8

83.9 88.5

92.6 95.7 97.8

103.1 106.5 108.9

112.5 113.8 114.5 114.8 115.1 115.3 115.6

120.0 120.5

123.9 124.5

127.6 128.2 129.7 131.1 132.1 134.6 134.7 135.5 136.0 137.5 138.0

143.1 143.2 143.2 144.1 147.1 148.6 151.5 153.2 154.7 156.5 158.4

166.6 186.2

192.8 194.0 196.5

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0

Virginia Beach Cincinnati

Buffalo Pittsburgh Louisville Richmond

Jacksonville Baltimore

Indianapolis Portland Orlando Detroit Miami Seattle

St. Louis Charlotte

Columbus Washington, D.C.

San Antonio Minneapolis

Tampa Nashville Riverside

Raleigh Las Vegas

Austin Hartford San Jose

Sacramento Denver Atlanta

Oklahoma City Houston

New Orleans San Diego

Dallas Philadelphia

Phoenix Providence

Los Angeles New York

San Francisco Salt Lake City

Kansas City Cleveland

Chicago Boston

Milwaukee

136


Materials Moving Occupations

60.1 63.0

75.6 92.2 94.1

106.5 110.0 111.4

120.1 121.2 124.5 125.6 125.6 126.6

130.5 137.5

143.5 143.8 144.0 144.7 146.2 146.9

150.9 161.7 163.2 164.7 164.8 167.3 167.4 168.8

174.2 176.4 178.6 179.3 179.4 179.9 181.2 182.7

187.1 188.1 189.0 192.1 193.8 195.0

212.3 212.8

236.9 285.6

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0


Baltimore Atlanta

Orlando New Orleans

Louisville Nashville

Miami Columbus

San Antonio Tampa

Richmond Charlotte Riverside

Detroit Houston

Pittsburgh Oklahoma City

Las Vegas Washington, D.C.


Cleveland Indianapolis Los Angeles

Seattle Minneapolis Kansas City

Dallas San Francisco

New York Sacramento

Denver San Diego

Austin Hartford Phoenix

Salt Lake City Providence

Chicago Raleigh Boston Buffalo

San Jose Portland

Milwaukee Cincinnati

137

Chart 76: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Females: 2014

Food Preparation and Service Occupations

74.6 90.6 93.6 96.9

108.4 109.5 114.0 116.2 119.4 122.2 122.8

131.6 138.2 138.3

147.0 147.1 147.9 148.3 152.3 152.4 152.8 155.8 155.9 159.2 163.2

170.6 176.6

182.2 183.6 184.4 186.1 187.8 190.1 194.5 195.2 198.8

205.4 211.3

222.0 226.5 227.2 229.2

256.9 259.1 259.5

296.1 304.8

338.5

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0

Jacksonville Providence

Miami Orlando

Virginia Beach Louisville

Hartford Buffalo


San Diego Tampa

St. Louis Los Angeles


Las Vegas Philadelphia

Austin Cleveland

Milwaukee Phoenix Chicago

New York Houston

Sacramento Portland

Dallas Denver


Pittsburgh Charlotte

Kansas City Atlanta Boston Detroit

Oklahoma City Cincinnati

Seattle Baltimore Columbus

Minneapolis Washington, D.C.

Nashville Indianapolis

Richmond Raleigh

138

Chart 77: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Females: 2014 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations

111.1 150.1

162.8 168.5

188.6 219.3

238.3 239.1 243.3 250.8 253.1 253.3 261.0

272.8 273.4 275.2 277.8 278.2 283.5 288.3 295.0 295.3 299.8

322.5 323.8 326.7 334.0 334.0 339.6

350.8 352.3

366.7 371.9

382.3 384.0 386.7

397.4 432.1

460.9 470.8 475.0

505.1 511.0 518.3 520.1

532.9 544.9

638.1

0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0

Detroit San Antonio

Miami Riverside

Orlando Los Angeles

Buffalo Chicago

Cincinnati Las Vegas

Sacramento Richmond Pittsburgh San Diego

Denver New York

Austin Houston Hartford

Providence St. Louis Phoenix

Cleveland Dallas

Louisville Seattle

Philadelphia Tampa

Milwaukee San Francisco

San Jose Boston

Virginia Beach Kansas City

Portland Salt Lake City

Indianapolis Jacksonville

Atlanta Nashville

New Orleans Baltimore Charlotte

Minneapolis Washington, D.C.

Oklahoma City Raleigh

Columbus

139

Chart 78: Index of Labor Market Concentration for Latino Females: 2014

Personal Care Service Occupations

22.7 53.9 54.3

66.8 67.7 69.1

74.7 79.6

85.6 85.6 86.6 87.7 88.2 88.8

91.0 91.6 92.6 92.6

97.2 98.6 100.2 101.4 101.7 101.8 103.3 103.5 103.9 104.1

106.5 106.8 108.1 109.1 109.8 110.1 111.9 112.6 113.5 113.6 114.7 115.5 116.9

129.8 140.2

143.4 144.2

153.7 157.2

170.2

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0

Cincinnati Louisville

Raleigh Indianapolis

Columbus St. Louis

Kansas City Atlanta

Charlotte Philadelphia

San Jose Phoenix

New Orleans Las Vegas Nashville

Orlando Detroit

Minneapolis Miami

Salt Lake City Austin

Chicago Houston

Seattle Riverside

Los Angeles Jacksonville

Dallas Tampa

Baltimore Hartford

Sacramento Denver


Oklahoma City Virginia Beach

Buffalo Portland

Cleveland San Francisco

New York Boston

Milwaukee Providence

Washington, D.C. Richmond Pittsburgh

140

Chart 79: Index of Labor Market Concentration, By Race, for Metro Milwaukee Males: 2014



Construction and Extraction Occupations

149.0

82.9

202.6

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0


65.4

109.5 100.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0


141


Production Occupations

Chart 82: Index of Labor Market Concentration, By Race, for Metro Milwaukee Females: 2014


127.7

83.3

196.5

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0


220.4

53.5

339.6

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

400.0


142

Chart 83: Index of Labor Market Concentration, By Race, for Metro Milwaukee Females: 2014

Personal Care Service Occupations

174.7

76.3

143.4

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

200.0


143

Chart 84: Earnings Distribution By Race, Ethnicity, and Citizenship for

Male Workers in Metro Milwaukee: 2006-2010 % of workers in each group in selected annual earnings classes

41.3

62.5

22.5

42.7

36.1

31.5

30.4

37.0

20.1

5.2

35.1

17.8

2.5

0.8

11.9

2.7

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Latino Citizen

Latino Non Citizen

WhiteNH

Black

Under 25k 25-50k 50-100k Over 100k

144

Chart 85:

Earnings Distribution By Race, Ethnicity, and Citizenship for Female Workers in Metro Milwaukee: 2006-2010

% of workers in each group in selected annual earnings classes

54.0

82.6

39.6

53.8

35.5

13.9

35.9

34.0

9.4

2.8

21.1

10.5

1.1

0.6

3.4

1.7

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Latino Citizen

Latino Non Citizen

WhiteNH

Black

Under 25k 25-50k 50-100k Over 100k

145

Chart 86: Earnings Distribution By Race for Male Production Workers in

Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2006-2010 % of workers in each group in selected annual earnings classes

40.7

18.2

35.7

48.9

46.2

50.2

10.4

35.6

14.1

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Latino

WhiteNH

Black

Under25k

25-50k

Over 50k

146

Chart 87: Percentage of Latino Male Workers Earning Under $25,000 Annually

In Selected Metropolitan Areas: 2006-2010

35.7

39.4

39.6

42.4

42.6

43.0

44.3

45.7

46.2

46.5

47.5

48.1

50.5

51.0

51.2

51.3

54.3

56.4

57.4

58.1

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Boston

Seattle

Pittsburgh

Sacramento

New York

Miami

Chicago

Denver

Philadelphia

Orlando

Houston

Los Angeles

Milwaukee

Providence

Dallas

Buffalo

Minneapolis

Charlotte

Nashville

Atlanta

147

Chart 88: Percentage of Latino Female Workers Earning Under $25,000 Annually

In Selected Metropolitan Areas: 2006-2010

53.2

53.4

53.5

55.5

55.6

56.4

56.7

57.5

57.9

59.9

59.9

60.3

61.9

64.2

65.4

65.9

65.9

66.8

67.4

71.9

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

New York

Sacramento

Miami

Denver

Boston

Buffalo

Pittsburgh

Seattle

Philadelphia

Los Angeles

Minneapolis

Orlando

Milwaukee

Dallas

Houston

Atlanta

Chicago

Charlotte

Providence

Nashville

148

Chart 89: Percentage of Male Latino Workers in Selected Metropolitan Areas Earning

Under $25,000 Annually, By Citizenship Status: 2006-2010

Chart 90: Percentage of Female Latino Workers in Selected Metropolitan Areas Earning

Under $25,000 Annually, By Citizenship Status: 2006-2010

35.9 35.2 41.3 40.2 39.1

34.5 33.1

64.7 61.7 62.5

65.6 64.3

55.3

67.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Charlotte Denver Milwaukee Minneapolis Nashville Chicago Atlanta

Citizen Non-Citizen

45.5 46.1

54.0 46.7

57.2

49.0 48.5

85.4 83.9 82.6 79.5 86.7

80.0 81.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Charlotte Denver Milwaukee Minneapolis Nashville Chicago Atlanta

Citizen Non-Citizen

149

Chart 91: Percentage of Male Latino Workers in the Nation’s

Largest Metropolitan Areas Who Are Not Citizens: 2006-2010

8.5 17.6

18.9 22.5

25.0 29.0

30.8 34.4 35.3 36.3 36.7

39.4 39.5 39.6 39.8 40.2 40.4

43.7 44.5 44.8 45.0 45.6 45.8 46.1 46.8 46.8 47.4 47.4

49.1 49.8 49.9 50.6 50.6 50.9

52.4 54.1

55.3 56.4

58.5 58.8 59.2

64.2 64.7 65.7 66.4

71.1 72.3 72.6

75.5 77.1

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

Buffalo Cleveland

San Antonio Hartford

Pittsburgh Orlando

Jacksonville Tampa Detroit

St. Louis Sacramento

Philadelphia Virginia Beach

San Diego Denver

Riverside Austin

Milwaukee New York

Miami Boston

San Jose Providence

Phoenix San Francisco

Chicago New Orleans Los Angeles Kansas City

Seattle Houston

Cincinnati Salt Lake City

Las Vegas Columbus

Dallas Minneapolis


Portland Washington

Louisville Richmond Memphis

Indianapolis Charlotte

Atlanta Nashville

Birmingham Raleigh

150

Chart 92: Percentage of Female Latino Workers in the Nation’s

Largest Metropolitan Areas Who Are Not Citizens: 2006-2010

7.9 8.5

9.6 12.2

13.1 17.6

19.2 19.6

20.7 21.2 21.5 21.6 22.0 22.1

24.9 25.1

27.6 27.8 28.3 28.3 29.0 29.7 30.2 30.7 30.9

31.9 32.2

33.3 33.5 33.7 34.3 34.4 34.8

35.9 36.1 36.6 36.9

39.8 40.0 40.8

43.4 45.7 46.3

48.1 49.9 50.3

52.2 53.5

55.0 57.5

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Buffalo Cleveland

San Antonio Hartford

Pittsburgh Jacksonville

Orlando Virginia Beach

Philadelphia Detroit Austin

Sacramento Tampa

St. Louis Denver

Riverside Milwaukee Cincinnati

San Jose Phoenix

San Diego New Orleans


Boston Kansas City Providence

Chicago Los Angeles

Seattle Houston

Columbus Miami


Dallas Las Vegas

Salt Lake City Minneapolis

Richmond Portland

Louisville Indianapolis Washington

Nashville Memphis

Atlanta Charlotte

Raleigh Birmingham

151

Table 39: The Geography of Employment, By Race, in Metro Milwaukee: 2013

Where Milwaukeeans Work, By Race

Place Latino % WhiteNH % Black %

City of Milwaukee 22,195 43.7 190,391 29.9 54,671 58.0 Milwaukee Co Suburbs 14,194 27.9 157,707 24.8 22,836 24.2 Waukesha County 11,547 22.7 205,788 32.3 12,942 13.7 Ozaukee County 1,452 2.9 34,458 5.4 2,319 2.5 Washington County 1,444 2.8 48,113 7.6 1,531 1.6 Metro Milwaukee 50,832 100.0 636,457 100.0 94,299 100.0

152

BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

At first glance, the most recent reliable data on minority business ownership reveal

impressive growth in Hispanic-owned businesses in the Milwaukee metropolitan area.

Between 2007-2012, the number of Hispanic-owned businesses in Milwaukee grew from

2,296 to 4,185 (Table 40). This represents an increase of 82.3 percent in the number of

Latino-owned businesses in the region, the 10th highest rate of increase in Latino business

ownership among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas (Chart 93). The number of

employees working in Hispanic-owned firms in metro Milwaukee grew from 4,748 to

8,213 between 2007-12, an increase of 72.9 percent (which was the 8th highest percentage

increase among the 50 largest metros). (Table 41)

Yet, relative to the size of the metro area’s Latino population, Latino business ownership

in Milwaukee lags significantly behind other large metropolitan areas. In 2007, as Chart 94

shows Milwaukee ranked dead last among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas in the

number of Hispanic-owned businesses per 1,000 Hispanic population, a standard measure

of minority-group business participation. By 2012, although the rate of Latino business

ownership increased in Milwaukee compared to 2007 –as we would expect in light of the

increase in the number of Hispanic-owned firms noted above—Milwaukee’s rate of Latino

ownership per 1,000 population nevertheless remained at the bottom of the nation’s largest

metropolitan areas (Chart 95). The hotbeds of Latino business development remain

established centers of Hispanic enterprise: Miami, Tampa, New York, Houston, Los

Angeles, San Antonio, and Dallas. But Latino enterprise is also percolating in newer

gateway metropolises, places like Orlando, New Orleans, Atlanta, Jacksonville, and

Richmond. All of these metro areas have rates of Latino business ownership at least twice

as high as Milwaukee’s (and in the case of Miami, over six times the rate of Latino

Milwaukee). Indeed, 19 of the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas have Hispanic

business ownership rates over twice that of Milwaukee.

(Tables 42-43 and Chart 96) underscore how underdeveloped and marginalized,

compared to other large metro areas, Latino business is in Milwaukee. Although the

Hispanic-owned share of total businesses in metro Milwaukee grew markedly between

2007-2012, it remains a very low 3.6 percent, well below the Hispanic-share of the

region’s population. The percentage of total metro Milwaukee private-sector employment

in Latino-owned firms was even less in 2012: only 1.1 percent. Hispanic-owned businesses

153

in Milwaukee remain small enterprises, generally with few or no employees, and

concentrated in lower value-added sectors of the economy (Table 43). Despite encouraging

growth in Hispanic-owned enterprises in Milwaukee between 2007-2012, the official data

suggest that media accounts, consultant reports, and anecdotes on the explosion of Latino

businesses in Milwaukee have been exaggerated,4 and that Latino business development in

Milwaukee remains very much a “work in progress.”

4 For an example of a story exaggerating the rise in Latino enterprise in Milwaukee, see: “Hispanic-owned business growth in Milwaukee on rise,” Milwaukee Business Journal, 30 October 2015.

154

Table 40: Number of Hispanic-Owned Firms in the Nation’s Largest

Metropolitan Areas: 2007-2012


Atlanta 25,030 44,240 Austin 21,255 33,900 Baltimore 5,815 7,549 Birmingham 1,315 2,035 Boston 14,919 22,612 Buffalo 927 1,487 Charlotte 5,675 11,610 Chicago 55,086 89,523 Cincinnati 1,598 2,744 Cleveland 2,321 4,742 Columbus 2,257 3,599 Dallas 69,265 117,582 Denver 18,804 30,707 Detroit 5,045 9,344 Hartford 3,450 6,328 Houston 104,368 164,923 Indianapolis 2,286 4,873 Jacksonville 6,119 7,343 Kansas City 4,070 6,310 Las Vegas 14,310 28,630 Los Angeles 266,582 393,051 Louisville 1,731 2,543 Memphis 1,725 3,049 Miami 320,083 423,163 Milwaukee 2,296 4,185 Minneapolis 3,926 7,189 Nashville 3,473 6,194 New Orleans 6,290 8,814 New York 242,939 339,415 Oklahoma City 3,633 7,130 Orlando 40,509 61,157 Philadelphia 15,444 22,577 Phoenix 30,242 54,393 Pittsburgh 1,319 1,745 Portland 6,373 9,149 Providence 6,264 9,494 Raleigh 3,677 5,868 Richmond 2,005 3,782 Riverside 81,178 122,233 Sacramento 14,362 18,194 Salt Lake City 4,892 7,327 San Antonio 56,644 81,126 San Diego 44,156 62,753 San Francisco 41,207 54,669 San Jose 17,499 23,913 Seattle 9,001 11,906 St. Louis 2,819 3,493 Tampa 32,402 45,490 Virginia Beach 2,484 4,072 Washington 44,456 65,997

155

Chart 93: Percentage Growth in Number of Hispanic-Owned Firms: 2007-2012

The Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas

20.0 23.9

26.7 29.8

32.2 32.3 32.3 32.7

36.7 39.7 40.1 40.4

42.1 43.2 43.6

46.2 46.9 47.4 48.5 49.8 50.6 51.0 51.6 51.6

54.8 55.0

58.0 59.5 59.5 59.6 60.4

62.5 63.3 63.9

69.8 71.7

76.7 76.8

78.3 79.9

82.3 83.1 83.4

85.2 88.6

96.3 100.1

104.3 104.6

113.2

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0


Sacramento Baltimore

Miami Seattle

Pittsburgh San Francisco

San Jose New York

New Orleans Tampa


Portland Philadelphia

Louisville Los Angeles Washington

Salt Lake City Riverside

Orlando Providence

Boston Birmingham Kansas City

Houston Columbus

Austin Raleigh Buffalo

Chicago Denver

Virginia Beach Dallas

Cincinnati Atlanta

Memphis Nashville

Phoenix Milwaukee

Minneapolis Hartford

Detroit Richmond

Oklahoma City Las Vegas Cleveland Charlotte

Indianapolis

156

Table 41: Number of Employees in Hispanic-Owned Firms in the Nation’s Largest

Metropolitan Areas: 2007-2012


Atlanta 19,046 25,186 32.2 Austin 16,268 18,145 11.5 Baltimore 9,893 7,728 -21.9 Birmingham 1,593 2,108 32.3 Boston 9,118 12,411 36.1 Buffalo 1,183 3,681 211.2 Charlotte 4,241 7,075 66.8 Chicago 74,019 85,312 15.3 Cincinnati 2,796 5,295 89.4 Cleveland 2,465 10,251 315.9 Columbus 1,561 2,881 84.6 Dallas 74,286 69,112 -7.0 Denver 21,284 22,604 6.2 Detroit 12,590 11,986 -4.8 Hartford 6,069 5,832 -3.9 Houston 67,404 105,700 56.8 Indianapolis 6,083 7,289 19.8 Jacksonville 5,333 9,855 84.8 Kansas City 5,248 7,044 34.2 Las Vegas 17,152 18,303 6.7 Los Angeles 200,776 225,293 12.2 Louisville 2,303 5,745 149.5 Memphis 1,640 3,709 126.2 Miami 212,301 235,261 10.8 Milwaukee 4,748 8,211 72.9 Minneapolis 5,411 6,585 21.7 Nashville 4,261 5,803 36.2 New Orleans 4,675 5,332 14.1 New York 118,258 142,914 20.8 Oklahoma City 4,020 6,187 53.9 Orlando 31,623 33,288 5.3 Philadelphia 13,462 19,560 45.3 Phoenix 31,830 38,242 20.1 Pittsburgh 1,602 2,143 33.8 Portland 7,089 9,916 39.9 Providence 2,733 2,819 3.1 Raleigh 3,550 4,191 18.1 Richmond 3,599 2,882 -19.9 Riverside 63,248 57,168 -9.6 Sacramento 14,085 20,416 44.9 Salt Lake City 4,852 5,135 5.8 San Antonio 58,694 77,624 32.3 San Diego 37,216 44,171 18.7 San Francisco 42,940 46,203 7.6 San Jose 21,183 24,749 16.8 St. Louis 4,256 5,399 26.9 Tampa 24,474 27,037 10.5 Virginia Beach 3,021 4,795 58.7 Washington 45,822 59,061 28.9

157

Chart 94: Rate of Hispanic Business Ownership: 2007

Hispanic-owned businesses per 1,000 Hispanic population in metro area

18.8 25.0 25.6 27.4 27.8 27.9 29.9 30.5 30.8 30.8 31.0 31.4 31.8

34.6 35.9 37.5 38.2 38.5 38.8 39.5

42.0 42.9 44.0 44.1 44.3 44.4 45.2 46.0 46.4 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.2 47.9 49.9 49.9 50.0

54.0 54.7 55.7 56.3 57.9

61.4 73.3 74.2

87.9 89.4

93.8 98.7

154.6

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0

Milwaukee Buffalo Phoenix Hartford

Minneapolis Cleveland Las Vegas

Chicago Portland

Kansas City Salt Lake City

Indianapolis Detroit

Oklahoma City Denver

San Jose Virginia Beach

Sacramento Memphis

Seattle Birmingham Philadelphia

Boston Dallas

Providence Raleigh

Charlotte Cincinnati Riverside

Richmond Austin

Los Angeles Nashville

Columbus San Francisco

St. Louis San Diego Pittsburgh

Atlanta San Antonio

Louisville Houston

New York Washington

Baltimore Tampa

Jacksonville Orlando

New Orleans Miami

158

Chart 95: Rate of Hispanic Business Ownership: 2012

Hispanic-owned businesses per 1,000 Hispanic population in metro area

27.0 30.1

35.9 36.0 36.5 38.1 38.2 39.2 40.2 40.9 41.1 41.2 42.2 44.4 44.7 45.0 45.5 45.8 45.9 46.1 46.9 48.1 48.2 48.7 50.4 50.4 51.2 51.4 53.5 53.6 53.9 54.3 55.4 56.2 57.0 58.2 58.3 60.5

63.1 66.8 67.3

71.6 73.6 74.3

77.6 78.1

88.4 94.0

103.0 174.1

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0

Milwaukee Buffalo

Portland Seattle

Kansas City Salt Lake City

Minneapolis Hartford

Sacramento Indianapolis

Virginia Beach Birmingham

Phoenix Chicago

Memphis Philadelphia

San Jose St. Louis

Cleveland Oklahoma City

Cincinnati Raleigh

Las Vegas Louisville Columbus

Boston Denver

Pittsburgh Detroit

Charlotte Nashville

Providence Baltimore

San Francisco Richmond Riverside

Austin San Diego

Dallas San Antonio Los Angeles Jacksonville

New York Houston

Atlanta Washington

New Orleans Tampa

Orlando Miami

159

Table 42:

Hispanic Share of Business-Ownership in the Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas: 2007-2012 Hispanic-owned firms as % of All Firms


Miami 39.9 47.0 San Antonio 32.9 43.3 Riverside 25.9 36.5 Houston 20.0 27.2 Los Angeles 19.4 26.5 Orlando 19.3 26.3 San Diego 15.2 21.4 Austin 13.3 18.5 Dallas 11.7 18.3 Tampa 12.3 17.5 Las Vegas 9.4 17.2 Phoenix 9.2 16.0 New York 11.9 15.4 San Jose 11.0 14.3 Washington 8.4 11.6 San Francisco 9.1 11.6 Denver 7.0 11.1 Sacramento 7.9 10.6 Chicago 6.3 9.9 Atlanta 4.5 7.5 Salt Lake City 4.6 7.1 Providence 4.6 7.0 New Orleans 5.8 6.7 Jacksonville 5.5 6.5 Hartford 3.5 6.3 Oklahoma City 3.0 5.9 Charlotte 3.7 5.7 Raleigh 3.7 5.4 Boston 3.4 5.1 Philadelphia 3.2 4.7 Portland 3.2 4.4 Seattle 3.0 3.9 Richmond 2.1 3.9 Kansas City 2.4 3.7 Nashville 2.2 3.7 Milwaukee 2.0 3.6 Virginia Beach 2.2 3.5 Baltimore 2.4 3.1 Indianapolis 1.6 3.1 Cleveland 1.3 2.6 Louisville 1.6 2.5 Memphis 1.7 2.4 Detroit 1.4 2.4 Minneapolis 1.2 2.2 Columbus 1.5 2.2 Birmingham 1.4 2.1 Buffalo 1.3 2.0 Cincinnati 0.9 1.7 St. Louis 1.3 1.5 Pittsburgh 0.7 1.0

160

Chart 96:

Employment in Hispanic-Owned Firms as a Percentage of Employment In All Firms in the Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas: 2012

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3

1.8 1.8

2.0 2.2

2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7

3.3 3.7

3.9 4.3 4.3

5.8 9.8

10.5

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

Pittsburgh Columbus

Minneapolis St. Louis

Providence Birmingham

Boston Cincinnati Richmond

Buffalo Baltimore Memphis

Detroit Charlotte

Philadelphia Kansas City

Virginia Beach Nashville

Indianapolis Raleigh

Salt Lake City Hartford

Milwaukee Louisville

Portland New Orleans

Atlanta Cleveland

Oklahoma City Jacksonville

New York Denver

Chicago Tampa

Washington Las Vegas

San Francisco Phoenix

Dallas Austin

San Jose Sacramento

Orlando San Diego

Houston Los Angeles


Miami

161

Table 43: Sectoral Distribution of Businesses in Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2012

Hispanic-owned Firms compared to All Firms

Sector % of Hispanic-owned firms

% of all firms

Construction 8.0 8.1 Wholesale trade 2.0 3.9 Information 1.0 1.4 Finance and insurance 2.9 4.8 Real estate and rental and leasing 5.0 10.7 Professional, scientific, and technical services 10.5 14.7 Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services 8.4 6.3 Educational services 2.6 2.5 Health care and social assistance 18.3 8.7 Arts, entertainment, and recreation 4.2 5.5 Accommodation and food services 4.7 3.2 Other services (except public administration) 19.8 14.0 Manufacturing 1.1 3.2 Retail trade 8.1 9.9 Transportation and warehousing 3.4 3.2 Total 100.0 100.0

162

HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE

Health Insurance

Despite considerable gains in coverage since 2009 and, presumably, the effects of the

Affordable Care Act, the percentage of Milwaukee Latinos without health insurance

remains much higher than for other groups. As Charts 97 and 98 show, one-fifth of

Hispanics under the age of 65 lacked health insurance in 2014, a much higher percentage

than for WNHs (5.7 percent) or blacks (12.8 percent). Excluding children, many of whom

are covered by various public plans, as well as those over 65 who, of course, are covered

by Medicare, almost 30 percent of Milwaukee Latinos between the ages of 18 and 64 lack

health insurance (compared to 6.9 percent for WNHs and 18.0 percent for blacks). As

Table 44 indicates, the uninsured rate for all groups in Milwaukee has declined since 2009.

But the decline in the percentage of uninsured has been the sharpest among Latinos, in all

age categories.

The uninsured rate for Latinos is lower in Milwaukee than in most of the nation’s largest

metropolitan areas. In 2009, Milwaukee had the 16th lowest rate of uninsured Latinos under

age 65 among the 50 largest metro areas (28.2 percent); in 2014, Milwaukee posted the

12th lowest rate (20.2 percent). (Charts 99 and 100) Predictably, the highest rates of Latino

uninsured in 2014 were in the gateway metropolises with large numbers of Latino non-

citizens: Nashville, Birmingham, Memphis, Atlanta, Charlotte, Houston, and Raleigh.

Metro areas such as Milwaukee (and Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Providence, and Boston), with

relatively high percentages of citizens and “native-born” in their Latino communities

generally exhibit lower rates of Latino uninsured. This is true even in metros such as

Buffalo and Hartford, where Latino poverty rates are the highest among the nation’s

largest metros.

(Table 44) summarizes trends, in all the large metropolitan areas between 2009-2014, in

the percentage of Latino under age 65 without health insurance. The uninsured rate

declined in all but two metro areas.

(Charts 101-102 and Tables 45-46) array the Latino uninsured rates for two additional

age cohorts: under 18 years; and between 18 and 64. These charts and tables exhibit the

same trends as observed for the total “under 65” population: declining rates of the Latino

uninsured across the country; and lower rates of uninsured Latinos in Milwaukee,

regardless of age, than in most large metropolitan areas. Once again, immigration status

163

and citizenship appear to be the key variables in explaining differences between metro

areas in the rate of Latinos without health insurance. New immigration magnets like

Birmingham, Atlanta, Memphis, Nashville, and Charlotte lead the way in uninsured

Latinos, in all age categories. In 2014, over 50 percent of Latinos between ages 18 and 64

were without health insurance in those metropolitan areas. By contrast, in metros with

larger “citizen” Latino populations, such as Boston, Buffalo, and Hartford, the uninsured

percentage was much lower, under 15 percent in all those cases for the 18-64 age cohort. In

Milwaukee, the rate in 2014 was 29.6 percent.

Health Indicators

(Charts 103-113) present data on several indicators of the health of Latino Milwaukee.

We compare health outcomes for Milwaukee Latinos to other metropolitan areas and to

other groups in metro Milwaukee, on indicators such as: mortality rates from heart disease;

infant mortality rates; teenage mothers; and low birthweight babies. These data are

available at the county level, so for most charts we present data on the central counties of

the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas.

• Latino Milwaukee ranks towards the middle (27th among the 50 largest metros)

on mortality rates from heart disease (Chart 103). In Milwaukee itself, the Latino

mortality rate from heart disease is substantially below the black and WNH rates

(Chart 104).

• The infant mortality rate of Latinos in Milwaukee County ranks 13th among the

central counties of the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas (Chart 105). In

Milwaukee County, the Latino infant mortality rate is slightly higher than the

WNH rate, and less than half the rate for African Americans (Chart 106). This

chart also presents data on non-Hispanic whites in Waukesha County, whose rate

is lower than the WNH rate in Milwaukee.

• Metro Milwaukee ranks 15th among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas in

the percentage of all births among Latinos to teenage mothers (Chart 107). (Note:

for this indicator, we were able to aggregate all counties in metro areas create a

metropolitan area statistic). In Milwaukee County, the Latino teen birth

percentage is four times as high as the WNH percentage, but lower than the

figure for African Americans (Chart 108). The rates for all groups are lower in

164

Waukesha County (Chart 109), although the number of Latinos and African

Americans living in Waukesha County is, as we know, relatively small.

• (Charts 110-111) show the trend in teen births for Latinos, WNH, and blacks in

Milwaukee County between 2009-2013, and for Latinos and non-Hispanic whites

in Waukesha County during those years. The percentage of births to teenage

mothers for all groups, in both jurisdictions, has declined markedly since 2009.

• (Charts 112-113) compares the percentage of low birthweight babies for all

groups in Milwaukee and Waukesha counties. In both jurisdictions, the Latino

percentage is comparable to the WNH figure, and half the percentage for African

Americans.

165

Chart 97: Percentage of Persons, Ages 18-64, By Race, Without Health Insurance


Chart 98: Percentage of Persons, Under 65, By Race, Without Health Insurance


18.0

6.9

29.6

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Black White Not Hispanic Hispanic

12.8

5.7

20.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

Black White Not Hispanic Hispanic

166

Table 44: Change in Percentage of Population, By Race and Age, Without

Health Insurance Coverage: Metropolitan Milwaukee, 2009-2014

2009 2014

Under 18 Black 4.3 3.0 White Not Hispanic 2.7 1.8 Hispanic 12.1 5.8

Ages 18-64 Black 19.3 18.0 White Not Hispanic 9.6 6.9 Hispanic 39.0 29.6

Under 65 Black 13.4 12.8 White Not Hispanic 7.9 5.7 Hispanic 28.2 20.0

167

Chart 99: Percentage of Latinos Under Age 65 Without Health Insurance: 2009

9.7 11.4

14.3 14.9

16.4 21.5

22.3 22.7

24.0 24.4

25.5 26.1 26.5

28.0 28.2 28.2 28.3

29.3 30.2 30.6 31.0 31.1 31.3 32.0 32.2 32.7 33.0 33.3 33.9 34.0 34.2

36.4 36.8

37.8 37.9 38.4 38.4 38.6

40.7 41.1

42.4 44.1

45.1 45.6 46.4 46.5

47.5 48.5

49.9 51.6

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Buffalo Boston

Pittsburgh Hartford

Cleveland St. Louis



Philadelphia New York

Providence Chicago Detroit

Milwaukee San Antonio

Riverside Jacksonville

Seattle Portland Phoenix

Tampa San Diego Baltimore

Washington Cincinnati

Los Angeles Minneapolis

Orlando Denver

New Orleans Austin

Salt Lake City Las Vegas

Miami Kansas City


Columbus Houston

Richmond Charlotte


Dallas Nashville

Birmingham Memphis

Atlanta

168


7.5 7.7

10.2 11.0

12.3 16.2

16.9 18.3

18.9 19.7

20.2 20.2 20.3

20.9 21.1 21.1

22.0 22.1 22.1 22.3 22.3 22.4

22.9 23.2

24.2 26.9 27.0 27.2

27.8 27.9 28.0 28.3

29.3 30.1 30.3 30.8

32.9 32.9

33.5 34.0

34.6 34.9

36.4 36.5 36.8

38.2 38.8

40.0 41.9

42.6

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0

Boston Buffalo

Hartford Cleveland Pittsburgh

Providence Sacramento

Detroit San Jose


Milwaukee Baltimore Riverside New York

San Francisco Portland Chicago

Philadelphia Cincinnati

Denver San Antonio

San Diego Los Angeles

Phoenix Louisville

Orlando Las Vegas

Minneapolis Austin Miami

Columbus Virginia Beach

Seattle Indianapolis Kansas City

Tampa Oklahoma City Salt Lake City

Raleigh Houston

Dallas Washington

Richmond Charlotte

New Orleans Atlanta

Memphis Birmingham

Nashville

169

Table 45: Percentage of Latinos Under Age 65 Without Health Insurance: 2009-2014

Metropolitan Area 2009 2014 Boston 11.4 7.5 Buffalo 9.7 7.7 Hartford 14.9 10.2 Cleveland 16.4 11.0 Pittsburgh 14.3 12.3 Providence 26.5 16.2 Sacramento 22.7 16.9 Detroit 28.2 18.3 San Jose 24.0 18.9 Jacksonville 30.2 19.7 St. Louis 21.5 20.2 Milwaukee 28.2 20.2 Baltimore 32.2 20.3 Riverside 29.3 20.9 New York 26.1 21.1 San Francisco 24.4 21.1 Portland 31.0 22.0 Chicago 28.0 22.1 Philadelphia 25.5 22.1 Cincinnati 33.0 22.3 Denver 34.2 22.3 San Antonio 28.3 22.4 San Diego 32.0 22.9 Los Angeles 33.3 23.2 Phoenix 31.1 24.2 Louisville 38.6 26.9 Orlando 34.0 27.0 Las Vegas 37.9 27.2 Minneapolis 33.9 27.8 Austin 36.8 27.9 Miami 38.4 28.0 Columbus 41.1 28.3 Virginia Beach 22.3 29.3 Seattle 30.6 30.1 Indianapolis 40.7 30.3 Kansas City 38.4 30.8 Tampa 31.3 32.9 Oklahoma City 46.4 32.9 Salt Lake City 37.8 33.5 Raleigh 45.6 34.0 Houston 42.4 34.6 Dallas 46.5 34.9 Washington 32.7 36.4 Richmond 44.1 36.5 Charlotte 45.1 36.8 New Orleans 36.4 38.2 Atlanta 51.6 38.8 Memphis 49.9 40.0 Birmingham 48.5 41.9 Nashville 47.5 42.6

170


1.2 1.8 2.0

2.4 3.6 3.8

4.3 4.6 4.8 4.8

5.3 5.8 6.1 6.1 6.3

6.7 6.8 6.9

7.3 7.3

7.8 8.2 8.3

8.8 9.0

9.5 9.9

10.4 10.4 10.5 10.5

11.0 11.9 12.0 12.0 12.1

12.7 13.1

13.5 13.9

14.4 14.5

15.4 15.9 16.1 16.2

17.3 20.0

20.6 22.6

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

Buffalo Cleveland

Boston Hartford San Jose

Pittsburgh Providence

Detroit Chicago


Milwaukee Seattle

Sacramento Portland

Louisville Los Angeles Jacksonville

Cincinnati Philadelphia

Virginia Beach Baltimore Riverside

Denver St. Louis

Indianapolis San Antonio

San Diego Washington

Oklahoma City Miami Tampa

Charlotte Phoenix

Memphis Minneapolis

Raleigh New Orleans

Columbus Las Vegas

Orlando Kansas City

Austin Birmingham

Atlanta Houston

Dallas Nashville

Richmond Salt Lake City

171

Table 46: Percentage of Latinos Under Age 18 Without Health Insurance: 2009-2014

Metropolitan Area 2009 2014 Buffalo 4.8 1.2 Cleveland 4.0 1.8 Boston 3.6 2.0 Hartford 2.5 2.4 San Jose 9.0 3.6 Pittsburgh 2.5 3.8 Providence 9.6 4.3 Detroit 12.2 4.6 Chicago 7.3 4.8 New York 8.1 4.8 San Francisco 9.2 5.3 Milwaukee 12.1 5.8 Seattle 11.3 6.1 Sacramento 6.0 6.1 Portland 13.3 6.3 Louisville 15.9 6.7 Los Angeles 14.2 6.8 Jacksonville 16.8 6.9 Cincinnati 17.7 7.3 Philadelphia 12.1 7.3 Virginia Beach 14.4 7.8 Baltimore 13.0 8.2 Riverside 13.9 8.3 Denver 19.6 8.8 St. Louis 7.4 9.0 Indianapolis 24.1 9.5 San Antonio 14.7 9.9 San Diego 17.0 10.4 Washington 13.9 10.4 Oklahoma City 23.8 10.5 Miami 19.7 10.5 Tampa 16.7 11.0 Charlotte 22.1 11.9 Phoenix 16.1 12.0 Memphis 34.3 12.0 Minneapolis 20.9 12.1 Raleigh 19.5 12.7 New Orleans 11.2 13.1 Columbus 18.1 13.5 Las Vegas 25.0 13.9 Orlando 20.4 14.4 Kansas City 21.4 14.5 Austin 22.2 15.4 Birmingham 19.8 15.9 Atlanta 29.4 16.1 Houston 25.5 16.2 Dallas 29.7 17.3 Nashville 20.0 20.0 Richmond 22.7 20.6 Salt Lake City 25.3 22.6

172

Chart 102: Percentage of Latinos Ages 18-64 Without Health Insurance: 2014

10.2 11.7

14.3 16.5 16.7

18.9 21.1

22.9 23.0

26.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.8 28.0 28.6 29.3 29.3 29.6 30.1 30.2 30.5 30.9 31.6 31.6 32.0 32.5 32.8 32.9 33.7

34.5 34.6

36.4 38.3 38.5

40.1 40.6

41.8 44.9 45.0 45.6 45.7

48.1 48.4 48.8

52.7 52.9

57.5 59.7 59.8

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Boston Buffalo

Hartford Cleveland Pittsburgh


Providence Sacramento Jacksonville

Detroit Baltimore St. Louis Riverside New York


Virginia Beach Milwaukee

Seattle Denver

Philadelphia Los Angeles

Chicago Phoenix Portland Orlando

Cincinnati Tampa Miami Austin

Las Vegas Washington Minneapolis

Columbus Louisville

Salt Lake City Kansas City Indianapolis

Houston Dallas

Richmond Raleigh


Charlotte Atlanta

Nashville Memphis

Birmingham

173

Table 47: Percentage of Latinos Ages 18-64 Without Health Insurance: 2009-2014

Metropolitan Area 2009 2014 Boston 15.4 10.2 Buffalo 12.8 11.7 Hartford 22.1 14.3 Cleveland 24.4 16.5 Pittsburgh 20.3 16.7 San Jose 32.0 18.9 San Francisco 31.9 21.1 Providence 36.8 22.9 Sacramento 33.2 23.0 Jacksonville 36.9 26.0 Detroit 38.1 27.0 Baltimore 43.2 27.0 St. Louis 30.5 27.0 Riverside 39.4 27.8 New York 34.5 28.0 San Antonio 35.7 28.6 San Diego 41.0 29.3 Virginia Beach 27.2 29.3 Milwaukee 39.0 29.6 Seattle 42.9 30.1 Denver 43.2 30.2 Philadelphia 33.7 30.5 Los Angeles 43.7 30.9 Chicago 40.4 31.6 Phoenix 41.0 31.6 Portland 43.0 32.0 Orlando 40.5 32.5 Cincinnati 43.8 32.8 Tampa 38.5 32.9 Miami 45.4 33.7 Austin 44.7 34.5 Las Vegas 46.2 34.6 Washington 43.1 36.4 Minneapolis 42.8 38.3 Columbus 56.5 38.5 Louisville 54.1 40.1 Salt Lake City 46.5 40.6 Kansas City 49.4 41.8 Indianapolis 52.7 44.9 Houston 52.8 45.0 Dallas 57.0 45.6 Richmond 56.6 45.7 Raleigh 64.9 48.1 New Orleans 47.6 48.4 Oklahoma City 62.7 48.8 Charlotte 61.3 52.7 Atlanta 66.4 52.9 Nashville 67.0 57.5 Memphis 61.9 59.7 Birmingham 69.4 59.8

174

Chart 103: Latino Mortality Rates (per 100,000) from Heart Disease: 2006-2010

Central Counties of the Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas

38.7 46.4

54.4 58.2 58.6 59.2

66.4 69.2 69.8 71.0

77.7 77.9 79.3 80.6 81.2 82.4 83.8 85.5

88.5 96.3 96.7 98.2

107.7 108.6

111.6 112.0 112.2 112.6 114.1 116.2 117.0 118.5 118.8 121.2

125.9 126.5 128.4 131.3 133.1 133.6

136.6 138.0

142.3 144.5 144.6

158.7 160.0

164.1 175.0

187.5

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0

Cincinnati (Hamilton) Minneapolis (Hennipin)

Charlotte (Mecklenberg) Pittsburgh (Allegheny)

Raleigh (Wake) Nashville (Davidson)

Birmingham (Jefferson) Columbus (Franklin)

Atlanta (Fulton) Baltimore (Baltimore City)

Boston (Suffolk) New Orleans (New Orleans)

Louisville (Jefferson) Indianapolis (Marion)

Virginia Beach Virginia Beach) Kansas City (Jackson)

Providence (Providence) Memphis(Shelby)

Portland (Multnomah) Oklahoma City (Oklahoma)

Salt Lake City (Salt Lake) Seattle (King)

Washington (DC) Milwaukee (Milwaukee)

Chicago(Cook) Richmond (Richmond)

St. Louis (St. Louis City) San Jose (Santa Clara)

Orlando (Orange) San Francisco (San Francisco)

Las Vegas (Clark) Jacksonville(Duval)

Austin (Travis) Houston (Harris)

San Diego (San Diego) Sacramento (Sacramento)

Phoenix (Maricopa) Dallas(Dallas)

Tampa (Hillsborough) Cleveland (Cuyahoga)

Buffalo (Erie) Riverside(Riverside)

Los Angeles (Los Angeles) Denver (Denver)

Hartford (Hartford) New York (New York)

San Antonio (Bexar) Miami (Miami-Dade)

Philadelphia (Philadelphia) Detroit (Wayne)

175

Chart 104: Mortality Rates (per 100,000), By Race, from Heart Disease:

Milwaukee County: 2006-2010

245.5

192.8

108.6

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


176

Chart 105: Latino Infant Mortality Rates (per 1,000 live births): 2007-2013

Central Counties of the Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas

3.41 3.65

3.83 4.11

4.28 4.36 4.40 4.44 4.48

4.69 4.71 4.79 4.82 4.84 4.90 5.00 5.02

5.20 5.37 5.41 5.49 5.50 5.59 5.61 5.66 5.70 5.73

5.92 5.97 5.98 6.12 6.26 6.41 6.43 6.45 6.48 6.53 6.64

7.04 7.18 7.33

8.29 8.37

8.78 10.78

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

Miami (Miami-Dade) San Jose (Santa Clara)

San Diego (San Diego) Seattle (King)

Columbus (Franklin) New York (New York)

Atlanta (Fulton) Los Angeles (Los Angeles) Sacramento (Sacramento)

Portland (Multnomah) Salt Lake City (Salt Lake)

Riverside(Riverside) Las Vegas (Clark)

Austin (Travis) Nashville (Davidson)

San Francisco (San Francisco) Houston (Harris) Boston (Suffolk)

Charlotte (Mecklenberg) Minneapolis (Hennipin)

Chicago(Cook) Phoenix (Maricopa)

Washington (DC) Raleigh (Wake)

Memphis(Shelby) Kansas City (Jackson)

Birmingham (Jefferson) Oklahoma City (Oklahoma)

St. Louis (St. Louis City) Louisville (Jefferson)

Dallas(Dallas) Orlando (Orange)

Milwaukee (Milwaukee) Providence (Providence)

San Antonio (Bexar) Detroit (Wayne)

Denver (Denver) Indianapolis (Marion) Tampa (Hillsborough)

Jacksonville(Duval) Philadelphia (Philadelphia)

Hartford (Hartford) Buffalo (Erie)

Cincinnati (Hamilton) Cleveland (Cuyahoga)

177

Chart 106: Infant Mortality Rates (per 1,000 live births) By Race: 2007-2013

Milwaukee County and Waukesha County

14.42

5.67

4.45

6.41

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Black WhiteNH-‐Mke WhiteNH-‐Waukesha Latino

178

Chart 107: Births to Latino Teenage Mothers in Nation’s Largest Metro Areas: 2009-2013

% of all births among Latinos to teenage mothers

5.7 7.4 7.4

7.8 7.9

8.2 8.3 8.3

8.7 8.9

9.5 9.5

9.8 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.9 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.1 11.1

11.5 11.7 11.7 11.8

12.3 12.9 13.0 13.0 13.2 13.3

13.6 13.9 14.1 14.3

14.6 14.7

15.5 15.6

15.9 17.9

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

Miami Virginia Beach

Pittsburgh Baltimore

Washington Jacksonville

San Francisco Richmond

New Orleans New York

Birmingham St. Louis

Atlanta Seattle

Cincinnati Louisville Nashville

Orlando San Jose

Boston Columbus

Tampa Raleigh

Charlotte San Diego

Detroit Indianapolis Los Angeles Sacramento

Minneapolis Chicago

Memphis Portland

Riverside Las Vegas

Milwaukee Kansas City

Austin Salt Lake City

Houston Denver

Philadelphia Dallas

Phoenix Providence

San Antonio Cleveland

Oklahoma City Hartford Buffalo

179

Chart 108: Births to Teenage Mothers, By Race, in Milwaukee County: 2009-2013

% of all births to teenage mothers

Chart 109: Births to Teenage Mothers, By Race, in Waukesha County: 2009-2013

% of all births that are to teenage mothers

18.1

3.4

13.1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20


9.0

2.3

9.3

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0


180

Chart 110:

Births to Teenage Mothers, By Race, in Milwaukee County: 2009-2013 % of all births that are to teenage mothers in individual years

21.2

18.2

14.8

4.3 2.9 2.9

15.7

11.7 11.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

2009 2011 2013


181

Chart 111: Births to Teenage Mothers, By Race, in Waukesha County: 2009-2013

% of all births that are to teenage mothers in individual years

3.0

2.1 1.9

9.8

6.8 7.5

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

2009 2011 2013

WhiteNH Latino

182

Chart 112: Low Birthweight Babies, by Race, in Milwaukee County: 2009-2013

% of all births less that 2500 grams

Chart 113: Low Birthweight Babies, by Race, in Waukesha County: 2009-2013

% of all births less that 2500 grams

14.1

6.6 6.9

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16


10.8

6.6 6.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


183

EDUCATION AND SCHOOLING

Educational Attainment

Milwaukee Latinos continue to lag, especially behind the WNH population, in

educational attainment. As Chart 114 shows, while virtually all WNH adults (over age 25)

in metro Milwaukee hold at least a high school degree (94.9 percent), fewer than two-

thirds of Latinos in the region are similarly credentialed. The percentage of Latino high

school graduates also lags well behind the figure for black Milwaukeeans (80.7 percent).

Similarly, the percentage of Milwaukee Latinos who are college graduates is very low – at

13.6 percent, it is barely one-third of the WNH rate (Chart 115). Latino-white disparities in

educational attainment remain deeply entrenched in Milwaukee.

However, notwithstanding these low rates and wide disparities, the educational

attainment of Milwaukee Latinos has been increasing since 2000. As Tables 48-49 show,

the percentage of Milwaukee Latinos over age 25 with at least a high school degree

increased from 52.3 percent in 2000 to 66.4 percent in 2014. This was the 10th highest rate

of increase among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas during this period. Between

2000-2014, the percentage of Milwaukee Latinos with at least a bachelor’s degree also

increased, from 10.4 percent to 13.6 percent. This was the 18th highest rate of increase

among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas during this period.

(Charts 116-119) array the rates of educational attainment for Latinos in the nation’s 50

largest metropolitan areas, in 2000 and in 2014. The key findings:

• In 2000, Milwaukee ranked 37th in the percentage of Latinos over 25 years old

with at least a high school degree. By 2014, Latino Milwaukee had improved to

27th.

• In 2000, Milwaukee ranked 39th in the percentage of Latinos over age 25 with at

least a bachelor’s degree. In 2014, that ranking remained essentially unchanged:

Milwaukee ranked 38th among the 50 large metros.

Educational attainment in Latino Milwaukee, then, is a mixed bag: low overall rates in

2014, especially compared to the white non-Hispanic majority; clear improvement between

2000-2014 in educational attainment, especially in the percentage of high school degree

holders; and modest improvements in Latino Milwaukee’s level of educational attainment

compared to Latino communities in big metros around the country.

184

The Latinoisation of Milwaukee School Enrollments

As we examined in the section of this study on demographic trends, the growing

Milwaukee Latino community accounts for lion’s share of the metro area’s net population

growth since 2000, and all of the city of Milwaukee’s net population growth since then.

Therefore, it is not surprising that growth in the number Latino schoolchildren in

Milwaukee accounts for all of the net growth in K-12 enrollments in the region.

• Table 50 shows trends in enrollment in metro Milwaukee K-12 schools between

1997 and 2014. Total non-Hispanic enrollment declined by over 32,000 during

this period, while Latino enrollment grew by almost 22,000. The trends are

almost identical in public and private schools.

• Table 51 breaks down these enrollment trends (in public and private schools) for

the four counties of metro Milwaukee. The same pattern – rapid Latino growth,

shrinking non-Hispanic enrollment—occurred in each county (although the

pattern was most pronounced in Milwaukee County).

• Table 52 arrays enrollment trends in public schools, for WNH and Hispanic

students, in the City of Milwaukee, Milwaukee County Suburbs, and the WOW

Counties (Waukesha, Ozaukee, and Washington), between 1987-2016. In all

jurisdictions, there has been a huge percentage increase in Latino enrollments,

although the numerical increases in the suburbs have been relatively modest,

especially compared to the city. White non-Hispanic enrollments have dropped

in all three jurisdictions over the past twenty years.

• The upshot of these trends, as shown graphically in Charts 120-122, has been a

dramatic Latinoisation of school enrollments in all of the major Milwaukee

jurisdictions over the past thirty years. Between 1987-2016, the Latino share of

total City of Milwaukee enrollments grew from 8.0 percent to 25.3 percent; in

the Milwaukee County suburbs, the Latino percentage grew from 1.8 percent to

13.6 percent of the total; and in the WOW counties, Latino enrollments grew

from 1.4 percent to 7.3 percent of the total.

• Although metro Milwaukee’s Latino students remain highly concentrated in City

of Milwaukee schools, a marked spatial decentralization of regional enrollments

has occurred over the past decade. As Table 53 shows, as recently as 2006-07,

almost 75 percent of all metro Milwaukee Latino students attended K-12 schools

185

in the City of Milwaukee. By 2015-16, that percentage has dropped to 65.0

percent, with discernible increases in both the Milwaukee County and WOW

suburbs. The change over the past thirty years, from 1987-2016, is graphically

displayed in Charts 123-124.

Latino Segregation in Metro Milwaukee Schools

Despite the evidence of growing suburbanization of Latino enrollments in metro

Milwaukee over the past decade (Table 53), a high percentage of Latino schoolchildren

attend schools that sociologists of education call “hypersegregated”: schools in which 90

percent or more of the students are non-white minorities. As Chart 125 shows, 41.8 percent

of Latino students attended hypersegregated schools in Milwaukee in 2013-14, a level that

placed 12th among the nation’s 50 largest metropolitan areas in the percentage of Latino

students attending such schools. Again, this is not surprising, given the indexes of

residential segregation discussed earlier and the fact that school assignments, with the

abandonment of system-wide desegregation policies such as busing, are made on the basis

of (segregated) neighborhoods. Indeed, as Chart 126 shows, using the index of

dissimilarity as a measure of Latino-WNH student segregation, Milwaukee ranks 9th

among the 50 metros in segregation – virtually the same ranking as on overall measures of

population segregation presented earlier.

Table 54 offers data on the percentage of Latino students attending hypersegregated

schools in the City of Milwaukee’s three main school networks: the Milwaukee Parent

Choice Program (MPCP) voucher schools; the Non-District Charter schools; and

Milwaukee Public Schools. Latino segregation is high in all three types of schools, but

highest in the non-MPS institutions.

The Privatization of Latino Schooling in Milwaukee

Chart 127 shows the degree to which metro Milwaukee Latino students, to a greater

extent than Latino students in any other large metropolitan area in the U.S., attend private

schools. By 2011-12, the most recent data available for all metro areas, 16.8 percent of all

metro Milwaukee Latino students attended private schools. Given the expansion of

voucher schools in the city over the past five years, this percentage has undoubtedly

increased since then.

186

Latino Student Achievement: Comparative NAEP Scores

The “National Assessment of Educational Progress” (NAEP) is “the largest nationally

representative and continuing assessment of what America’s students know and can do in

various subject areas.”5 Unfortunately, comparative NAEP scores are available for only a

limited number of “urban school districts” and only for public school districts, so the data

do not encompass entire metropolitan areas, nor do they cover the variety of school

settings in which Milwaukee Latino children are increasingly educated. In addition,

Milwaukee has not yet reported its 2015 NAEP scores to the National Center on

Educational Statistics, so comparisons for Milwaukee Latino students are limited to a few

other urban public school districts and to 2013.

These Latino student NAEP scores (and their error margins), for 4th and 8th grade reading

and math, are presented in Tables 55-58, and comparative scores for white, black, and

Hispanic students in MPS are presented in Table 59.

5 See National Center for Educational Statistics description of NAEP, accessed at: http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/about/

187

Chart 114: Percentage of Population Over 25 Years Old With At Least a

High School Degree, By Race Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2014

Chart 115: Percentage of Population Over 25 Years Old With At Least a

Bachelor’s Degree, By Race Metropolitan Milwaukee: 2014

80.7

94.9

66.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Black White Latino

12.7

39.0

13.6

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

Black White Latino

188

Table 48: Latino Educational Attainment: 2000-2014

Percentage of Latinos with at Least a High School Diploma, Age 25 and older


Raleigh 43.0 62.9 46.2 Portland 49.1 66.3 34.9 Las Vegas 47.9 64.0 33.5 Houston 44.5 59.4 33.4 Los Angeles 44.0 58.6 33.1 Chicago 48.6 64.4 32.5 Dallas 42.9 56.0 30.5 Phoenix 49.3 63.7 29.2 Riverside 49.4 63.7 28.9 Milwaukee 52.3 66.4 26.9 Providence 50.2 63.3 26.2 Charlotte 48.6 61.1 25.8 San Diego 53.5 67.1 25.4 Miami 63.5 79.2 24.7 Atlanta 51.7 63.1 22.2 San Jose 54.8 66.8 21.9 New York 56.4 68.8 21.9 Hartford 56.8 69.0 21.5 San Francisco 56.1 67.8 20.9 Denver 55.1 66.3 20.2 Philadelphia 54.8 65.7 19.9 Austin 58.6 69.9 19.3 San Antonio 62.3 73.5 18.0 Sacramento 61.4 72.4 17.9 Boston 58.6 68.7 17.2 Buffalo 61.9 72.5 17.2 Oklahoma City 50.1 58.7 17.1 Tampa 65.8 76.8 16.7 Orlando 71.6 83.6 16.7 Salt Lake City 56.5 62.7 10.9 St. Louis 74.3 82.3 10.8 Nashville 54.5 60.2 10.4 Minneapolis 61.5 67.8 10.3 Louisville 64.4 71.0 10.3 Jacksonville 79.5 86.4 8.7 Cleveland 63.8 69.4 8.7 Washington 59.6 64.7 8.6 Detroit 65.3 69.2 6.0 Kansas City 61.4 65.0 5.8 Pittsburgh 80.7 85.3 5.6 New Orleans 71.0 73.0 2.8 Columbus 67.9 69.8 2.8 Seattle 69.9 71.5 2.2 Birmingham 57.9 58.8 1.5 Virginia Beach 85.2 85.4 0.2 Baltimore 75.3 73.7 -2.1 Cincinnati 72.9 71.3 -2.3 Indianapolis 58.9 57.2 -3.0 Memphis 52.4 48.8 -6.9 Richmond 68.8 61.9 -10.1

189

Table 49: Latino Educational Attainment: 2000-2014

Percentage of Latinos with at Least a Bachelor’s Degree, Age 25 and older


Los Angeles 6.9 11.4 64.7 Portland 10.1 15.3 51.6 New York 11.7 17.6 50.3 San Diego 10.7 16.0 49.8 Chicago 8.9 13.3 49.2 Houston 8.5 12.5 47.0 San Francisco 12.4 18.1 45.5 Hartford 11.0 15.8 43.9 Riverside 6.0 8.6 43.3 San Antonio 10.6 15.1 42.9 Providence 8.5 12.0 41.7 Phoenix 7.8 10.9 39.7 Las Vegas 6.4 8.9 39.1 Sacramento 11.9 16.2 36.1 Austin 14.7 19.8 35.1 Denver 10.7 14.0 31.1 Milwaukee 10.4 13.6 30.8 Raleigh 15.3 19.9 30.4 Miami 18.9 24.5 29.7 Philadelphia 11.8 15.3 29.5 San Jose 11.1 14.3 28.8 Boston 15.3 19.6 27.9 Buffalo 15.6 20.0 27.9 Dallas 8.8 11.1 25.5 Charlotte 11.9 14.8 24.7 Orlando 17.0 20.5 20.4 St. Louis 24.0 28.8 20.0 Salt Lake City 9.4 11.2 19.1 Jacksonville 21.4 25.4 18.6 Virginia Beach 19.6 22.9 16.8 Seattle 17.4 20.3 16.5 Pittsburgh 31.6 36.1 14.1 Columbus 21.6 24.4 13.0 Kansas City 13.3 14.7 10.8 Tampa 16.2 17.9 10.8 Louisville 17.2 18.9 9.8 Washington 21.8 23.9 9.7 Detroit 16.0 17.4 8.6 Atlanta 16.1 17.4 8.0 Minneapolis 16.7 17.8 6.8 Cleveland 13.0 13.9 6.6 Oklahoma City 9.6 10.0 3.6 Nashville 14.2 13.9 -1.9 Baltimore 28.2 26.9 -4.6 New Orleans 20.8 19.3 -7.2 Richmond 20.2 18.7 -7.3 Indianapolis 16.7 13.9 -16.9 Cincinnati 27.7 22.4 -19.1 Birmingham 17.3 11.8 -31.9 Memphis 14.1 9.3 -33.8

190

Chart 116: Percentage of Latinos Over Age 25 With

At Least a High School Degree in Largest Metro Areas: 2000

42.9 43.0 44.0 44.5

47.9 48.6 48.6 49.1 49.3 49.4 50.1 50.2

51.7 52.3 52.4

53.5 54.5 54.8 54.8 55.1 56.1 56.4 56.5 56.8

57.9 58.6 58.6 58.9 59.6

61.4 61.4 61.5 61.9 62.3

63.5 63.8 64.4 65.3 65.8

67.9 68.8

69.9 71.0 71.6

72.9 74.3 75.3

79.5 80.7

85.2

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

Dallas Raleigh

Los Angeles Houston

Las Vegas Charlotte Chicago Portland Phoenix

Riverside Oklahoma City

Providence Atlanta

Milwaukee Memphis

San Diego Nashville San Jose

Philadelphia Denver

San Francisco New York

Salt Lake City Hartford

Birmingham Austin Boston

Indianapolis Washington Sacramento Kansas City Minneapolis

Buffalo San Antonio

Miami Cleveland Louisville

Detroit Tampa

Columbus Richmond

Seattle New Orleans

Orlando Cincinnati

St. Louis Baltimore


Virginia Beach

191


At Least a Bachelor’s Degree in Largest Metro Areas: 2000

6.0 6.4

6.9 7.8

8.5 8.5 8.8 8.9

9.4 9.6 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.7 10.7 11.0 11.1

11.7 11.8 11.9 11.9

12.4 13.0 13.3

14.1 14.2

14.7 15.3 15.3 15.6 16.0 16.1 16.2

16.7 16.7 17.0 17.2 17.3 17.4

18.9 19.6

20.2 20.8

21.4 21.6 21.8

24.0 27.7

28.2 31.6

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

Riverside Las Vegas

Los Angeles Phoenix

Providence Houston

Dallas Chicago

Salt Lake City Oklahoma City

Portland Milwaukee

San Antonio Denver

San Diego Hartford San Jose

New York Philadelphia

Charlotte Sacramento

San Francisco Cleveland

Kansas City Memphis Nashville

Austin Raleigh Boston Buffalo Detroit Atlanta Tampa

Minneapolis Indianapolis

Orlando Louisville

Birmingham Seattle Miami

Virginia Beach Richmond

New Orleans Jacksonville

Columbus Washington

St. Louis Cincinnati Baltimore Pittsburgh

192


At Least a High School Degree in Largest Metro Areas: 2014

48.8 56.0 57.2

58.6 58.7 58.8 59.4 60.2 61.1 61.9 62.7 62.9 63.1 63.3 63.7 63.7 64.0 64.4 64.7 65.0 65.7 66.3 66.3 66.4 66.8 67.1 67.8 67.8 68.7 68.8 69.0 69.2 69.4 69.8 69.9 71.0 71.3 71.5 72.4 72.5 73.0 73.5 73.7

76.8 79.2

82.3 83.6

85.3 85.4 86.4

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

Memphis Dallas

Indianapolis Los Angeles

Oklahoma City Birmingham

Houston Nashville Charlotte

Richmond Salt Lake City

Raleigh Atlanta

Providence Phoenix

Riverside Las Vegas

Chicago Washington Kansas City Philadelphia

Denver Portland

Milwaukee San Jose

San Diego Minneapolis

San Francisco Boston

New York Hartford

Detroit Cleveland Columbus

Austin Louisville Cincinnati

Seattle Sacramento

Buffalo New Orleans San Antonio

Baltimore Tampa Miami

St. Louis Orlando

Pittsburgh Virginia Beach

Jacksonville

193


At Least a Bachelor’s Degree in Largest Metro Areas: 2014

8.6 8.9 9.3

10.0 10.9 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.8 12.0

12.5 13.3 13.6 13.9 13.9 13.9 14.0 14.3 14.7 14.8 15.1 15.3 15.3

15.8 16.0 16.2

17.4 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.9 18.1

18.7 18.9 19.3 19.6 19.8 19.9 20.0 20.3 20.5

22.4 22.9

23.9 24.4 24.5

25.4 26.9

28.8 36.1

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0

Riverside Las Vegas Memphis

Oklahoma City Phoenix

Dallas Salt Lake City

Los Angeles Birmingham

Providence Houston Chicago

Milwaukee Cleveland

Indianapolis Nashville

Denver San Jose

Kansas City Charlotte

San Antonio Philadelphia

Portland Hartford

San Diego Sacramento

Atlanta Detroit

New York Minneapolis

Tampa San Francisco

Richmond Louisville

New Orleans Boston Austin

Raleigh Buffalo Seattle

Orlando Cincinnati

Virginia Beach Washington

Columbus Miami

Jacksonville Baltimore St. Louis

Pittsburgh

194

Table 50: The Latinoisation of K-12 School Enrollment in Metro Milwaukee: 1997-2014

Public and Private Schools

1997-98 2005-06 2013-14 % change 97-14

Total Enrollment 294,750 292,640 284,414 -3.5% Total Non-Hispanic 275,419 262,777 243,159 -11.7% Total Hispanic 19,331 29,863 41,255 +113.4% Hispanic % of Total 6.6% 10.2% 14.5% Total Public 243,305 243,485 235,761 -3.1% Public Non-Hispanic 226,486 217,839 201,418 -11.0% Public Hispanic 16,819 25,656 34,343 +104.2% Hispanic % of Total 6.9% 10.5% 14.6% Total Private 51,445 49,145 48,653 -5.4% Private Non-Hispanic 48,933 44,938 41,741 -14.7% Private Hispanic 2,512 4,207 6,912 +175.2 Hispanic % of Total 4.9% 8.6% 14.2%

Note: The most recent available comprehensive private school enrollment data is from 2011-‐12.

195

Table 51: The Latinoisation of K-12 Enrollments in Metropolitan Milwaukee

Public and Private Schools, By County: 1997-2014

Category 1997-98 2013-14 % change 1997-2014

Milwaukee County Total Enrollment 187,382 174,877 -6.7% Total Non-‐Hispanic Enrollment 170,163 140,409 -17.5% Total Hispanic Enrollment 17,219 34,468 +100.2% Hispanic as % of Total 9.2% 19.7% Waukesha County Total Enrollment 69,158 71,903 +4.0% Total Non-‐Hispanic Enrollment 67,478 66,689 -1.2% Total Hispanic Enrollment 1,680 5,214 +210.4% Hispanic as % of Total 2.4% 7.3% Washington County Total Enrollment 22,835 23,160 +1.4% Total Non-‐Hispanic Enrollment 22,549 22,119 -1.9% Total Hispanic Enrollment 286 1,041 +264.0% Hispanic as % of Total 1.3% 4.5% Ozaukee County Total Enrollment 15,375 14,474 -5.9% Total Non-‐Hispanic Enrollment 15,229 13,942 -8.5% Total Hispanic Enrollment 146 532 +264.4% Hispanic as % of Total 0.9% 3.7%

196

Table 52: White Non-Hispanic and Latino Public School Enrollment Trends in Metro Milwaukee,

By Selected Jurisdictions: 1987-2016

1987-88 1995-96 2015-16 % ∆ 1995-2015

%∆1987-2015

City of Milwaukee* White Non-Hispanic 32,254 23,248 15,634 -32.8% -51.5% Hispanic 7,291 11,859 26,614 +124.4% +265.0% Milwaukee County Suburbs

White Non-Hispanic 40,173 43,659 35,847 -17.9% -10.8% Hispanic 819 1,785 7,390 +314.0% +802.3% WOW Counties White Non-Hispanic 74,761 83,951 78,967 -5.9% +5.6% Hispanic 1,091 1,802 6,921 +284.1% +534.4%

*City of Milwaukee totals include MPCP and Non-District Charter enrollments

197

Chart 120: The Changing Ethnic and Racial Composition of School Enrollments

in the City of Milwaukee: 1987-2016 % of total enrollments by race and ethnicity

*Note: 2015-16 enrollments include MPCP and Non-district charter students as well as MPS

53.4

35.2

8.0 3.4

59.8

23.6

12.1

4.5

54.3

14.9

25.3

5.5 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Black White Latino Others

1987-88

1995-96

2015-16

198

Chart 121: The Changing Ethnic and Racial Composition of Public School Enrollments

in the Milwaukee County Suburbs: 1987-2016 % of total enrollments by race and ethnicity

8.0

87.6

1.8 2.6 7.8

84.3

3.4 4.5 10.3

65.7

13.6 10.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0


1987-88

1995-96

2015-16

199

Chart 122: The Changing Ethnic and Racial Composition of Public School Enrollments

in the WOW County Suburbs: 1987-2016 % of total enrollments by race and ethnicity

0.7

97.5

1.4 0.4 1.5

94.4

2.0 2.1 2.7

83.5

7.3 6.5 0

20

40

60

80

100

120


1987-88

1995-96

2015-16

200

Table 53: The Geography of Latino Public School Enrollments in Metro Milwaukee: 1987-2016

Percentage Distribution of Where Latino Students Attended K-12 Public Schools

Place 1987-88 1995-96 2006-07 2015-16

City of Milwaukee 79.2 76.8 74.8 65.0 Milwaukee County Suburbs 8.9 11.6 12.7 18.1 WOW Counties 11.9 11.7 12.4 16.9

*City of Milwaukee totals include MPCP and Non-District Charter enrollments

201

Chart 123: Percentage Distribution of Where Latino Students Attended K-12

Public Schools in Metro Milwaukee: 1987-1988

Chart 124: Percentage Distribution of Where Latino Students Attended K-12

Public Schools in Metro Milwaukee: 2015-16

*Including MPCP and Independent Charters

79.2

8.9

11.9

City of Milwaukee

Milwaukee Co. Suburbs

WOW Counties

65.0

18.1

16.9

City of Milwaukee

Milwaukee Co. Suburbs

WOW Counties

202

Chart 125: Latino Schoolchildren Attending Hypersegregated Schools: 2013-14

% of Latino students attending 90% minority schools

*Note: Public school enrollment data for Miami, Nashville, Oklahoma City, Philadelphia, Portland, Riverside, San

Diego, and Seattle is from 2012-13. Private school data for all metros is from 2011-12.

0.02 1.0 1.0

2.2 2.3 2.6 3.4

4.8 5.4

6.5 6.6 6.9

9.2 9.4 10.0

11.9 14.7 14.9

17.1 17.4 17.6

19.4 22.9

24.1 24.6 24.8

27.5 30.1

31.1 31.3 31.5

34.4 34.8

36.7 39.1

40.1 40.3

41.7 41.8

44.8 46.0

47.9 48.2

50.1 50.4

51.5 54.0

56.4 56.7

74.1

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

Portland Nashville

Pittsburgh Louisville

Jacksonville Seattle

Virginia Beach Salt Lake City

Cleveland Cincinnati

Raleigh St. Louis

Tampa Minneapolis New Orleans

Columbus Sacramento

Birmingham Orlando

Indianapolis Baltimore

Kansas City Oklahoma City

Richmond Hartford

Buffalo Charlotte

Detroit Denver

Philadelphia Las Vegas

Washington, D.C. Boston Austin

Providence Atlanta

Phoenix Memphis

Milwaukee San Diego

Dallas Chicago

Riverside Miami

San Francisco San Antonio

San Jose Houston


203

Chart 126: Segregation of Latino Public Primary School Students

Hispanic/White Not-Hispanic Dissimilarity Index for the Largest Metropolitan Areas: 2010-11

31.3 31.4 31.6

39.0 39.2

41.4 42.3 42.4 43.4

44.6 47.0 47.3 48.0 48.8

51.4 52.3 53.0 53.4 53.7 54.0 54.2 54.3 55.3 55.5 56.3 56.6 56.8 57.0 57.2 57.4 57.8 57.9 58.4 59.0 59.6 60.3 60.5 61.4 62.0 62.2

63.8 64.2 64.4 65.2 65.9 66.2 66.9

70.0 70.2

72.4

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

Jacksonville Virginia Beach

Raleigh Seattle

Pittsburgh Tampa

St. Louis Portland Orlando

Cincinnati Louisville Baltimore

Sacramento Riverside

Richmond Las Vegas

Birmingham Minneapolis

Salt Lake City San Antonio

Columbus Kansas City

Detroit Austin Miami

New Orleans Indianapolis

Oklahoma City Charlotte

Washington, D.C. Nashville

Phoenix Atlanta

San Diego Denver

San Jose Dallas

Houston Memphis

San Francisco Philadelphia

Milwaukee Hartford

Providence Cleveland

Chicago Buffalo

New York Boston

Los Angeles

204

Table 54: Percentage of Latino Students Attending Hypersegregated Schools

By Selected School Types: 1995-2016 Percentage of Latinos attending 90% minority schools

Schoolyear MPCP Non-District

Charters MPS

1995-96 N/A N/A 26.4 2000-01 28.4 N/A 45.5 2006-07 56.7 19.3 52.3 2015-16 80.8 89.0 55.1

205

Chart 127: Percentage of Latino Schoolchildren Enrolled in Private Schools in

The Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Areas: 2011-12

0.4 0.5

0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8

2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.7

3.1 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2

4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.9

5.2 5.4

5.6 5.6

6.9 7.1

7.4 8.8

10.0 10.2

16.8

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

Oklahoma City Seattle

Sacramento Riverside Las Vegas Nashville

Raleigh Austin

Portland Houston

Dallas Atlanta

Charlotte Phoenix

Salt Lake City Memphis

Denver Birmingham

Hartford Richmond

San Antonio Virginia Beach

Washington, D.C. San Jose

Detroit Louisville Baltimore

Providence Tampa

Buffalo Indianapolis

Miami Minneapolis Philadelphia

Boston Orlando

Kansas City Cincinnati New York

San Francisco Chicago

Columbus Cleveland

Jacksonville Los Angeles

Pittsburgh St. Louis

New Orleans Milwaukee

206

Table 55: Latino Student NAEP Scores in Selected Urban School Districts: 2013

4th Grade Math District NAEP Average

Scale Score Standard Error

Atlanta 233 (2.7) Austin 237 (1.2) Baltimore City 227 (3.9) Boston 233 (1.1) Charlotte 242 (2.0) Chicago 230 (1.2) Cleveland 221 (2.6) Dallas 235 (1.1) Detroit 214 (2.9) District of Columbia (DCPS) 226 (2.3) Houston 235 (1.0) Los Angeles 224 (0.9) Miami-Dade 238 (1.2) Louisville (Jefferson) 224 (0.9) Milwaukee 227 (2.2) New York City 228 (1.5) Philadelphia 217 (2.2) San Diego 228 (1.6) Tampa (Hillsborough) 238 (1.3)


8th Grade Math District NAEP Average


Atlanta 262 (3.7) Austin 273 (1.3) Baltimore City N/A N/A Boston 275 (1.8) Charlotte 279 (3.4) Chicago 270 (1.4) Cleveland 252 (3.4) Dallas 277 (1.1) Detroit 243 (4.0) District of Columbia (DCPS) 262 (3.6) Houston 279 (1.2) Los Angeles 258 (1.3) Louisville (Jefferson) 265 (3.7) Miami-Dade 275 (1.3) Milwaukee 266 (2.2) New York City 263 (1.7) Philadelphia 261 (4.1) San Diego 260 (2.2) Tampa (Hillsborough) 278 (1.9)

207


4th Grade Reading District NAEP Average




8th Grade Reading District NAEP Average



208

Table 59: NAEP Average Scale Scores by Race: 2013

Milwaukee Public Schools District

Race

4th Reading 8th Reading 4th Math 8th Math

White 223 262 246 282

Black 190 232 209 247

Hispanic 200 253 227 266

209

INCARCERATION TRENDS

Mass incarceration –in particular, the stunning rates of imprisonment for African

American males-- has become a major issue in the United States. Unfortunately, it is very

difficult to get reliable data on incarceration rates in cities or metropolitan areas across the

country. For the purposes of comparison, we present here data, drawn from the U.S.

Census Bureau as well as the State of Wisconsin Department of Corrections, on Latino

incarceration rates in the state. Although these are statewide data, in light of the heavy

concentration of Latinos in the Milwaukee metropolitan area, it is likely, though obviously

not certain, that Milwaukee trends mirror the state pattern.

Charts 128 and 129 show the incarceration rates for Latino males and females, ages 20-

64, in all fifty states. 1.95 percent of Latino males in Wisconsin were incarcerated in 2010,

which ranked as the 34th highest level among the 50 states (a far cry from the highest in the

nation ranking for black male incarceration in Wisconsin in 2010). Fewer than one-tenth of

one percent of Wisconsin Latinas were incarcerated in 2010, placing Wisconsin 38th on

this measure.

Table 60 reveals how male incarceration rates have grown in Wisconsin since 1970, for

all three racial groups, but especially, as is well known, for African America males. Latino

male incarceration rates grew rapidly between 1980 and 1990, but have declined since

then. The Latino male incarceration in Wisconsin in 2010 was one-sixth as high as the rate

for African American males.

Finally, Table 61 arrays, for all racial groups in Wisconsin in 2013, the percentage of

males in selected age cohorts who were in prison or under the supervision of the State

Department of Corrections; in other words, “in the system.” The rates for all three racial

groups are the highest in the cohorts between 25-44, with the Latino male rates higher than

WNH male rates, but substantially lower than the African American male rates. The

highest rate of being “in the system” for Latino males is in the 35-44 age cohort (7.1

percent); for African American males between 30-34, by contrast, over one-third are in

prison, on parole, or on probation; and for non-Hispanic white males, the highest “in the

system” cohort is 25-29 year olds, with a rate of 5.1 percent.

210

Chart 128: Incarceration Rates for Latino Males: 2010

% of Latino males, ages 20-64, in correctional facilities, by state

0.75 0.85

1.18 1.37 1.43 1.44 1.49 1.55 1.69 1.73 1.75 1.81 1.81 1.85 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.98 2.14 2.31 2.36 2.45 2.53 2.59 2.60 2.66 2.74 2.81 2.84 2.88 2.99 3.02 3.03 3.08 3.15 3.16 3.18 3.28 3.30 3.33 3.42 3.51

3.94 4.55 4.70

5.55 5.96

6.57 12.58 12.74

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00

Delaware Maryland

Hawaii Virginia Illinois

North Carolina Maine

Florida Tennessee Alabama

Alaska New Jersey Washington

New York Missouri

Nevada Wisconsin Michigan

Iowa California

Rhode Island Indiana

Utah Nebraska

Oregon Minnesota

Vermont Kansas

Louisiana Arkansas

Massachusetts Wyoming

Texas New Mexico

New Hampshire Georgia

Idaho North Dakota

Montana South Carolina

Connecticut Ohio

Colorado Arizona

Kentucky South Dakota

Oklahoma Pennsylvania

Mississippi West Virginia

211

Chart 129: Incarceration Rates for Latino Females: 2010

% of Latino females, ages 20-‐64, in correctional facilities, by state

0.005 0.042 0.056 0.067 0.068 0.072 0.076 0.080 0.088 0.101 0.102 0.102 0.109 0.123 0.132 0.135 0.135 0.142 0.151 0.167 0.187 0.190 0.191 0.192 0.195 0.199 0.205 0.209 0.217 0.225 0.246 0.253 0.284 0.286 0.296 0.298 0.315 0.323 0.329 0.354 0.358 0.377 0.380 0.408 0.435 0.460

0.568 0.594

0.645 2.270

0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500

Delaware Maryland

North Carolina Virginia

Maine Rhode Island

New York Illinois

Michigan Tennessee

New Jersey South Carolina

Wisconsin Nevada Georgia Florida Indiana

Massachusetts Oregon

Arkansas California

Washington New Hampshire

Iowa Louisiana

Ohio Mississippi

Kansas Missouri

North Dakota Texas

Pennsylvania Oklahoma Kentucky Nebraska

New Mexico Hawaii

South Dakota Montana

Utah Vermont Colorado

Alaska Arizona

Idaho Wyoming

Connecticut Minnesota

Alabama West Virginia

212

Table 60: Race and Male Incarceration in Wisconsin: 1970-‐2010

% of males, over 18, in correctional facilities

Group 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Black 3.4 4.1 7.0 12.1 11.9

White 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.9

Latino N/A 1.7 3.0 2.3 1.9

Table 61: Percentage of Wisconsin Males, By Age and Race, In Prison

Or Under Supervision of the Department of Corrections: 2013

Age Cohort Black White Latino

18-24 17.2 2.6 2.8

25-29 31.0 5.1 5.6

30-34 33.5 4.8 6.6

35-44 25.6 3.2 7.1

45-54 17.2 2.2 5.3

55+ 7.9 0.8 3.1

213

POLITICS

If “demography is destiny,” the trends in Latino population growth in metropolitan areas

across the country hint at profound impacts on local (and national) politics. Questions of

immigration, labor market impacts, borders, voting rights, and “sanctuary cities,” to name

just a few issues flowing from the growing Latino presence in metro areas, are already

generating considerable political heat and likely to continue growing in salience.6

The charts below present some baseline data on Latino partisanship, voter turnout, and

estimates of the Latino share of voters in city electorates. Our data is on the big cities at the

center of America’s largest metropolitan area.

In terms of partisan affiliation, as Chart 130 shows, 98 percent of Latinos are registered

as Democrats in Milwaukee, tied with Minneapolis for the highest rate of urban Latino

Democratic party registration in the country.

Estimates are that 56 percent of registered Latino voters turned out in Milwaukee in the

2012 presidential election (Chart 131), ranking Milwaukee toward the middle (28th) of the

50 big cities analyzed here. Milwaukee’s Latino turnout was much higher than low Latino

turnout cities like Dallas (21 percent), Houston (24 percent), or San Antonio (29 percent);

on par with New Orleans, Phoenix, and Columbus (all at 56 percent); and less than high

Latino turnout cities like Minneapolis (78 percent); San Francisco (77 percent); and

Denver (71 percent).

Finally, Latino voters represent a relatively small share of the Milwaukee city electorate

(only 9 percent), and, by extrapolation, a much lower portion of the metro Milwaukee

electorate (Chart 132). In emerging gateway cities such as Birmingham, Memphis, Atlanta,

and Nashville –with burgeoning Latino communities but large numbers of non-citizens

among them—Latinos represent a tiny fraction of the city electorate, less than three percent

in all those cases. Thus, the relative size of Milwaukee’s Latino electorate places it in the

middle of the 50 cities analyzed here: far smaller than places like Miami, San Antonio,

Hartford, Riverside, Providence, or Los Angeles, where Latinos make up over one-third of

the city’s electorate, but far larger than a host of gateway cities where immigrants have yet

to be incorporated into the formal political process.

6 For an important analysis of these political trends, see Marisa Abrajano and Zoltan L. Hajnal, White Backlash: Immigration, Race, and American Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015).

214

Chart 130: Partisan Affiliation of Latinos in the Nation’s Largest Cities

% of voting age Latinos registered Democrat or Republican: 2012

20

93

70

92

63

70

45

42

26

24

21

92

60

97

74

88

19

32

51

57

60

17

32

98

98

19

55

75

48

45

79

46

66

50

64

42

93

46

58

31

88

47

62

57

94

96

46

73

66

10

7

10

8

4

8

16

4

8

3

8

5

8

2

3

6

9

33

9

18

11

14

36

2

1

14

22

7

27

15

9

12

14

7

3

16

6

27

16

11

7

18

8

14

5

4

22

19

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Atlanta Austin

Baltimore Birmingham

Boston Buffalo

Charlotte Chicago

Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus

Dallas Denver Detroit

Hartford Houston

Indianapolis Jacksonville Kansas City

Las Vegas Los Angeles

Memphis Miami

Milwaukee Minneapolis

Nashville New Orleans

New York Oklahoma City

Orlando Philadelphia

Phoenix Pittsburgh

Portland Providence

Raleigh Richmond Riverside

Sacramento Salt Lake City


San Francisco San Jose

Seattle St. Louis

Tampa Virginia Beach

Washington

Percent Latino Registered Democrats Percent Latino Registered Republicans

215

Chart 131: Latino Voter Turnout: 2012

% participation of registered voters in 2012 presidential election

21 24

29 31

33 36 36

39 42

45 47

49 50 51 52

53 53 53 53

54 56 56 56 56 57 58 58 59 59

60 61 61

62 62 62 62 63 63 63 64 65 65 66 66 66 66

69 71

77 78

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Dallas Houston

San Antonio Virginia Beach

Richmond Detroit Austin

Salt Lake City Providence

Seattle Indianapolis

Buffalo New York

Washington Cleveland

Hartford Orlando

Memphis Chicago

Birmingham Columbus

New Orleans Milwaukee

Phoenix Charlotte

Los Angeles Baltimore

Kansas City Jacksonville Kansas City

Tampa Riverside


Atlanta Pittsburgh San Diego

Portland Miami


Las Vegas Nashville

Philadelphia Sacramento

Boston San Jose

Denver San Francisco

Minneapolis

216

Chart 132: Latino Share of the City Electorate: 2012

Latino % of all voters

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6

7 7 8 8 8 9

10 11 12

15 16

18 18 19 20 20

21 21

22 23 24 24 25

32 33

34 37

55 67

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Birmingham Memphis


Pittsburgh Atlanta

Baltimore Nashville

Richmond Columbus

Indianapolis New Orleans Minneapolis

Detroit Raleigh

Portland Charlotte

Seattle Washington Kansas City

Oklahoma City Virginia Beach

Jacksonville Salt Lake City

Cleveland Buffalo

Milwaukee Philadelphia Kansas City

San Francisco Boston Denver


Chicago Tampa Austin Dallas

San Diego Phoenix

New York Orlando San Jose Houston

Los Angeles Providence

Riverside Hartford

San Antonio Miami

217

SOURCES

Tables 1-9; Charts 1-11: National Historic Geographical Information System (hereafter cited as NHGIS). 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census, SF3. Accessed at: https://www.nhgis.org/documentation/tabular-data; U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Community Survey, Tables B01001; B01001i; B01001h, 2014. (Hereafter cited as ACS). Chart 12: ACS, Table B05002i, 2010-2014. Chart 13: ACS, Table B03001, 2010-2014. Chart 14: ACS, Table B05006, 2010-2014. Tables 10-12: ACS, Table B05005, 2006-2010; Table S0502. Charts 15-16: ACS Table B05006, 2006-2010. Charts 17-18: ACS Table B05003i, 2014. Charts 19-21: ACS Table S0201, 2014. For Birmingham, Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Louisville, and Pittsburgh, 2014 data not available; data drawn from ACS Table S0201, 2011-13. Charts 22-23: Estimates of the number of unauthorized Latinos in counties by the Migration Policy Institute, “Unauthorized Immigrant Population Profiles.” Accessed at: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/us-immigration-policy-program-data-hub/unauthorized-immigrant-population-profiles. Total foreign-born Latino population from ACS, Table S0201, 2009-2013. Charts 24-25: County-to-County migration flows calculated from U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Census Flows Mapper.” Accessed at: http://flowsmapper.geo.census.gov/map.html. Chart 26; Table 13: William H. Frey, “New Racial Segregation Measures for Large Metropolitan Areas: Analysis of the 1990-2010 Decennial Censuses.” Accessed at: http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/dis/census/segregation2010.html Chart 27: ACS, Table S1602, 2014. Table 14: NHGIS (data on linguistic isolation, 1990, 2000); ACS Table S1602, 2014. Chart 28-31: ACS Table B16006, 2014; ACS Table B16006, 2009-2013 Table 16: ACS, Table B16004, 2006-2010. Charts 32-35: ACS Table S0201, 2014; ACS Table S0201, 2011-13. Chart 36: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population: Social and Economic Characteristics, Metropolitan Areas, Section 5 of 6. (1990 CP-2-1B). Inflation adjustments

218

made via CPI calculator of Bureau of Labor Statistics, accessed at: http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm Chart 37: Brown University, US2010. Data accessed at: http://www.s4.brown.edu/us2010/su2/SuMsaIncD.aspx?metroid=33340 Chart 38: ACS, Table B19001i, 2014. Chart 39: Same as Charts 37 and 38. Chart 40: ACS, Table B19001i, 2014. Metro area Latino median household income then adjusted using U.S. Department of Commerce, Regional Price Parities. Accessed at: http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1 Chart 41: ACS, Table B19001i and Table B19001h, 2014. Table 17: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population: Social and Economic Characteristics, Metropolitan Areas; Brown University, US2010. Data accessed at: http://www.s4.brown.edu/us2010/su2/SuMsaIncD.aspx?metroid=33340; ACS, Table B19001i and Table B19001h, 2014. Chart 42: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014. Table A-1, p. 29. Accessed at: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p60-252.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing Milwaukee, WI MSA, 1980, 1990, and 2000; ACS, Table 19001i, 2014. Chart 43: ACS, Table 19001i, 2014. Chart 44: ACS, Table 19001b; Table 19001i; Table 19001h, 2014. Chart 45: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014. Table B-1, p. 43. Accessed at: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p60-252.pdf. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population and Housing Milwaukee, WI MSA, 1980, 1990, and 2000; ACS, Table S0201, 2014. Chart 46, Table 19: Brandeis University, diversitydata.org. Accessed at: http://diversitydata.org/Data/Rankings/Show.aspx?ind=217&sortby=Name Chart 47-48, Table 20: ACS, Table S0201, 2014; Table S1701, 2014; and Table S0201, 2011-13. Table 18: Same as Charts 46 and 47. Chart 49: ACS, Table S1703, 2014. Chart 50: ACS, Table S1703, 2010-2014.

219

Chart 51: ACS, Table S1703; ACS Table S0201. Table 21: ACS, Table DP03, 2010-2014; ACS Table 1703, 2010-2014. Chart 52: ACS, Table S0201, 2014. Chart 53: Brandeis University, diversitydata.org. Accessed at: http://diversitydata.org/Data/Rankings/Show.aspx?ind=217&sortby=Name Chart 54: Same as Chart 52. Table 22: Brandeis University, diversitydata.org; ACS, Table S0201, 2014. Chart 55: ACS, Table DP03, 2010-2014. Table 23: ACS, Table S0201, 2014; ACS Table B22005i, 2014; ACS Table B22005b, 2014; ACS Table B22005h, 2014. Chart 56: ACS Table S0201, 2007; ACS Table B22005i, 2007. Chart 57: ACS Table S0201, 2014; ACS Table S0201, 2011-13 (for missing 2014 metros). Table 24: Same as Charts 56 and 57 Chart 58: Brandeis University, diversitydata.org. Accessed at: http://diversitydata.org/Data/Rankings/Show.aspx?ind=217&sortby=Name Chart 59: ACS, Table S0201, 2014; ACS Table S0201, 2011-13 (for missing 2014 metros). Tables 25-26: Same as Charts 58-59. Charts 60-63: ACS, Table S0201, 2014; ACS, Table S0201, 2011-13 (for missing 2014 metros). Charts 64-67: ACS, Table B23002i, 2014 Charts 68-71: ACS, Tables B23002i, B23002b, and B23002h, 2014. Tables 27-38: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population: Social and Economic Characteristics, Metropolitan Areas, Section 4 of 6 (1990-CP-2-1B); ACS, Tables B23001, B23002i, 2014. Charts 72-78: ACS, Table B24010, 2014; Table B24010i, 2014. Charts 79-83: ACS, Tables B24010, B24010i, B24010b, and B24010h, 2014.

220

Charts 84-85: ACS/EEOC Tabulation, Detailed Census Occupation by Earnings, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity for Worksite Geography: Civilians employed at work 16 years and over, 2006-2010; Tables EEO-ALL11W; EEO-CIT11W; and EEO-NCIT11W. Hereafter cited as EEOC Tabulation. Accessed at: http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=EEO_10_5YR_EEOALL11W&prodType=table Chart 86: EEOC Tabulation, 2006-2010, Table EEO-ALL11W; Filtered for production occupations; all aggregated. Charts 87-88: EEOC Tabulation, 2006-2010, Table EEO-ALL11W for all occupations. Charts 89-90: EEOC Tabulation, 2006-2010, Tables EEO-CIT11W, and EEO-NCIT11W. Charts 91-92: Same as Charts 84-85. Table 39: U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics.” Employment by place of Work. Accessed at: http://onthemap.ces.census.gov/ Tables 40-43; Charts 93-96: U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Survey of Business Owners,” 2007 and 2012. Accessed at: http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t Charts 97-98: ACS, Tables C27001i, C27001b; and C27001h, 2014. Table 44: ACS, Tables C27001i, C27001b; and C27001h, 2009; and ACS, Tables C27001i, C27001b; and C27001h, 2014. Chart 99: ACS, Table C27001i, 2009. Charts 100-102: ACS, Table C27001i, 2014. Tables 45-47: ACS, Table C27001i, 2009 and 2014. Charts 103-113: County population figures and death statistics compiled from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and accessed via the CDC WONDER data warehouse. Accessed at: http://wonder.cdc.gov/ Charts 114-115: ACS, Table S0201, 2014; ACS, Table S0201, 2011-13; ACS, Table B15001, 2014. Table 48-49: Same as Charts 114-115; Brandeis University, diversitydata.org. Accessed at: http://diversitydata.org/Data/Rankings/Show.aspx?ind=235&sortby=Name Charts 116-117: Brandeis University, diversitydata.org: Accessed at: http://diversitydata.org/Data/Rankings/Show.aspx?ind=235&sortby=Name Charts 118-119: Same as Charts 114-115.

221

Table 50-51: National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), ElSi express tables, Public and Private School Enrollments by Race/Ethnicity. Accessed at: http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/elsi/expressTables.aspx Table 52: Same as Tables 50-51; Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, WISEdash Data Files by Topic, Enrollments by Race/Ethnicity, 2015-16. Accessed at: http://dpi.wi.gov/wisedash/download-files Chart 120: Same as Table 52. Milwaukee Parent Choice Program (MPCP) enrollments by race and ethnicity graciously shared by researchers at the Public Policy Forum (Milwaukee), compiled from their annual survey of MPCP schools. Charts 121-124; Table 53: Same as Tables 50-51; Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, WISEdash Data Files by Topic, Enrollments by Race/Ethnicity, 2015-16. Accessed at: http://dpi.wi.gov/wisedash/download-files Chart 125: National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), ElSi express tables, Public and Private School Enrollments by Race/Ethnicity. Accessed at: http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/elsi/expressTables.aspx Chart 126: Brandeis University, diversitydata.org: Accessed at: http://diversitydata.org/Data/Rankings/Show.aspx?ind=37&sortby=Name Table 54: National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), ElSi express tables, Public and Private School Enrollments by Race/Ethnicity. Accessed at: http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/elsi/expressTables.aspx; Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, WISEdash Data Files by Topic, Enrollments by Race/Ethnicity, 2015-16. Accessed at: http://dpi.wi.gov/wisedash/download-files; MPCP raw data shared by Public Policy Forum. Chart 127: National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), ElSi express tables, Public and Private School Enrollments by Race/Ethnicity. Accessed at: http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/elsi/expressTables.aspx Tables 55-59: National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES), NAEP Data Explorer. Accessed at: http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/dataset.aspx Charts 128-129: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2010 Decennial Census, Table PC03. Table 60: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Decennial Census, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010, Table PC03. Table 61: State of Wisconsin, Department of Corrections, Special Compilation of Inmate, Parole, and Probation Data: 2013. Charts 130-132: Compiled from: L2. "Votermapping." Bellevue, WA. Accessed from http://www.l2political.com/products/technology/votermapping/ August 2015.

Documents

Latino Milwaukee Study 2016...Table 14: Limited English Speaking Latino Household Rates in Largest Metro Areas: 1990-2014 60 Chart 28: Language Spoken At Home: Percentage of Latinos