Latin American Independence

Movements

Unit 5: The Long Nineteenth Century, 1750-1900 CE

AP World History

Haitian Revolution Began on August 22, 1781 Slave uprising against the French Francois Dominique Toussaint

L’Ouverture organized a small military group

In order to overcome powerful countries wanting to claim Haiti (France, England, and Spanish) Toussiant played powers off of one another, finally allying with French

Haitian Revolution

Napoleon’s rule resulted in Toussiant’s death

Jean-Jacques Dessalines was former slave who took over

General Leclerc sent by Napoleon to deal with Haitians, bloody battles occurred

Ended on November 28, 1803

Legacy of Haitian Revolution

Symbol of freedom and hope to the rest of slaves in North America

Slave owners became aware of chance of rebellion of slaves

Slave shelters built by slave owners in case of an uprising

Latin America - Mexico 1810 – Father Hidalgo (Catholic

Priest) wanted political freedom, to end slavery, and improve living conditions for Mexico’s poor

Leads Native Americans & mestizos in armed movement

1811 – insurrection is put down by Spanish army

Hidalgo is captured and executed

Latin America - Mexico

1813 – Jose Maria Morelos (Catholic priest) declares independence; takes over after Hidalgo

Captures large portion of southern Mexico

1815 – is ultimately defeated by the Spanish & executed

Revolution now controlled by creole landowners

Latin America - Mexico 1821- full independence

is granted after creoles declare independence

Led by Augustin de Iturbide

Made himself emperor Was deposed in 1823 Mexico declares itself a

republic in 1823 Costa Rica, El Salvador,

Guatemala, & Honduras soon follow

Mexico – unique because of lack of immigrant population

Latin America - Mexico 1876 – Porfirio Diaz begins

35 year rule of Mexico (eliminated opposition, but encouraged economic growth)

1910 – Middle class begins movement for election reform – escalates into 10 year rebellion (Mexican Revolution)

1921 – New constitution written – limited foreign investment, restricted church ownership of property, & education reform

Latin America – South America

1810 - Simon Bolivar (Creole from Venezuela) – known as “the liberator” starts a revolt in northern South America

Leads to independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, & Ecuador

1826 – all of Spanish South America has been liberated by Bolivar

Latin America - Brazil 1808 – Napoleon invades Portugal

–royal family flees to Brazil (monarchy is transferred)

Former king was a liberal ruler - brought reforms in education, military academies, art & medicine

Rio de Janeiro is made the capital Dom Pedro (son of João) rules

after King returns to Portugal September 1822 – won full

independence and chooses constitutional monarchy as form of government

Did not have to endure a prolonged, bloody revolution

Latin American – 19th Century Problems

Geography – hindered trade, commerce, transportation and economy

Colonial heritage – not ready for independence

Rigid Social Order Catholicism dominated daily

life