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LATIN AMERICA AND WWI

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EMERGING GLOBAL INVOLVEMENT Have you noticed as you get older that you have more and more responsibilities? As the United States grew and developed in the early 1900s, it took on more responsibilities globally (around the world). As its interests expanded, the United States became increasingly interested in the affairs of foreign nations. The United States had a vested interest in acquiring foreign markets to sell finished goods in, as well as raw materials that could be used to make finish goods in U.S factories. The process of a stronger nation taking over a weaker nation for resources and foreign markets is known as Imperialism. This era in history is known for American Imperialism

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WHY EXPAND? The U.S. Navy began to expand in the 1880s, building steel-hulled warships with steam engines and the latest in weapons. Alfred T. Mahan argued that as foreign trade grew, a nation must have a strong navy in order to protect its shipping routes. The navy, in turn, would need bases located throughout the world where ships could refuel and restock supplies. Americans had also fulfilled manifest destiny, or the divine mission to expand its borders from ocean to ocean. Therefore, people interpreted this accomplishment to mean that the United States needed new frontiers beyond the current borders.

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AMERICAN INFLUENCE IN CHINA American trade with China began in the 1780s through the port of Canton. By the late 1800s, however, Americans were afraid that their economic opportunities in China may be limited. Germany, Japan, Russia, Great Britain, and France all had an imperialistic demand in China. Each nation was therefore given a sphere of influence, or a region where the designated nation would be given exclusive trading, mining, or economic right.

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OPEN DOOR POLICY In 1899, Secretary John Hay tried to ensure economic opportunity for the United States. He asked the European powers to keep an open door to China. He wanted to ensure through his Open Door Policy that the U.S. would have fair access to the Chinese market. The European powers, however, met his request with a cool response. Because of all of the foreign imperialist nations attempting to take advantage of China, a group of Chinese citizens known as the Boxers, fought against any European or Western power trying to imperialize China. This event was known as the Boxer Rebellion.

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THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR In 1989, the United States began to acquire new territories, making it an imperial power. Most of these territorial gains resulted from the Spanish American War.

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CAUSES OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 1.) Yellow Journalism - During the war, publishers like William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer competed for readers for their newspapers. These individuals printed the most sensational stories and pictures they could find about the war. These stories exaggerated and distorted events for emotional effect of the readers. 2.) Sinking of the Maine The United States battleship Maine exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba. 266 Americans were killed. Through the sensationalized writing of yellow journalism, the American public blamed the Spanish

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EFFECT OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR The war lasted 4 months with most of the fighting taking place in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. The United States won and received the following: Cuba was granted its independence from Spain U.S. received the Philippines to the United States in return for 20 million dollars. Puerto Rico and Guam were also awarded to the United States. In addition to these lands, the United States also annexed Hawaii, as well as obtained Samoa via a treaty with Great Britain. http://www.history.com/topics/spanish-american-war

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AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER: LATIN AMERICA Having acquired numerous overseas colonies through military/economic conquests, the United States found itself increasingly involved in conflicts trying to protect their new interests and territories. Of particular interest to the United States was Latin America. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 stated that there was to be no foreign influence by any nation allowed in the Western Hemisphere. However, growing problems in both Venezuela and the Dominican Republic led to threats of possible European involvement. Theodore Roosevelt added what was known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which required the United States to intervene immediately if a problem were to occur in Latin America, and act as an international police force.

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THE BIG STICK POLICY With the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine as its justification, the United States intervened in Latin America numerous times. The United States needed to maintain economic stability and protect their investments in Latin America, to prevent European involvement in the hemisphere. This action of protecting foreign investment and preventing European involvement in the western hemisphere was known as the Big Stick Policy.

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CAUSES OF WWI The four main causes of World War I can be memorized by recalling the word MAIN. M ilitarism the glorification of military power rose in many nations of Europe. This development led to fear and suspicion as nations became more willing to use military force to attain their national goals. There was an arms race, in which nations would compete with each other to expand their armies and navies. One of the fiercest rivalries was between Britain and Germany.

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CAUSES OF WWI A lliance System This increase suspicion due to militarism caused nations to from alliances (partnerships with other countries). Countries that formed alliances agreed to defend each other in case of attack. By 1914, there were several alliances; including the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente- Britain, Russia, and France

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CAUSES OF WWI I mperialism Imperialism is when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation. Usually the weaker nation has something the stronger nation needs; raw materials, foreign markets, strategic geographic location Britain, France, Germany, competed for colonies and economic power. France and Germany competed especially for colonies in Africa Britain and Germany competed industrially The British felt threatened due to Germany rapidly industrializing.

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CAUSES OF WWI N ationalism Nationalism can be used to bring people together, but it also can be a source of conflict. In the early 1900s, aggressive nationalism was a source of conflict. Germany and France- Nationalism was strong in both Germany and France. Germany was now unified and proud of its military and industrial strength. Meanwhile, France wanted to regain its position as a leading European power. They were constantly in competition with one another. Pan-Slavism- form of nationalism in Eastern Europe that encouraged the bringing together of all Slavic peoples. The empire of Austria-Hungary opposed this Slavic nationalism.

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FREEDOM OF THE SEAS AND GERMAN SUBMARINE WARFARE In 1915, Germany (Central Power) was determined to use its submarines to stop trade between the Allies and the United States. Therefore, Germany announced a warzone around Great Britain, meaning German U-boats would sink any unauthorized ships in the war zone. The United States believed in freedom of the seas, and that they could trade with anyone with whom they wanted. The Germans responded with a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, which meant that they attack an unauthorized ship without warning This policy of unrestricted submarine warfare was the cause of entry of the United States into WWI

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THE UNITED STATES ENTRY INTO WWI War officially broke out in Europe in 1914, after the heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire was assassinated,. Because of the Alliance System, most major European powers joined the conflict. To start the war, the United States was neutral. In 1917, however, the United States entered WWI for various reasons. The United States had strong ties with the Allies, both from an economic and cultural standpoint. Before their entry into WWI, the United States traded exclusively with the Allies, which angered the Central Powers.

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SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/lusitania

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WWI PROPAGANDA Aided by their control of the transatlantic cable, the allies conducted an effective propaganda campaign in the United States. The United States portrayed the war as one civilized, democratic nations against the barbaric monarchy of Germany. http://www.google.com/search?q=wwi+propagand a&safe=active&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X &ei=vgE7U5ijGue- 2gX26YHoCw&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1280&bih= 930&surl=1