Latin America and Its Latin America and Its IndependenceIndependence

1800 - 18301800 - 1830

Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

Part OnePart One: : Latin America in 1800Latin America in 1800

Part Two:Part Two: Causes of Causes of Latin American Latin American RevolutionsRevolutions

Part Three:Part Three: The RevolutionsThe Revolutions Part Four:Part Four: Results of Results of

the Revolutions the Revolutions

Part One: Latin America in 1800Part One: Latin America in 1800

A. Geography of an A. Geography of an EmpireEmpire

Spanish colonies - 1/3 Spanish colonies - 1/3 of the Americasof the Americas

Portuguese - Portuguese - Controlled BrazilControlled Brazil

Part One: Latin America in 1800Part One: Latin America in 1800

B. GovernmentB. Government 1. Run by peninsulares 1. Run by peninsulares

(Royalists)(Royalists)

• Spanish or Portuguese Spanish or Portuguese

appointedappointed

• Supported by the militarySupported by the military

2. Majority of people 2. Majority of people

had no voicehad no voice

Part One: Latin America in 1800Part One: Latin America in 1800

C. EconomicC. Economic 1. Mercantilism1. Mercantilism

• Support Mother countrySupport Mother country

• Supply raw materials to Supply raw materials to

mother countrymother country

• Manufacturing Manufacturing

restrictedrestricted

• Peninsulares run mines Peninsulares run mines

and tradeand trade

Part One: Latin America in 1800Part One: Latin America in 1800

D. Social OrderD. Social Order Stratified - Based on Stratified - Based on

bloodblood• 1. Peninsulares - 1. Peninsulares -

Spanish born in SpainSpanish born in Spain• 2. Creoles - Spanish 2. Creoles - Spanish

born in Americaborn in America• 3. Mestizo - Spanish 3. Mestizo - Spanish

and Indian bloodand Indian blood• 4. Mulattoes - Spanish 4. Mulattoes - Spanish

and African bloodand African blood• 5. Indians5. Indians• 6. Africans6. Africans

Part Two: Causes of Latin Part Two: Causes of Latin American RevolutionsAmerican Revolutions

1800 - 18301800 - 1830

Part Two: Causes of RevolutionPart Two: Causes of Revolution

A. Political CausesA. Political Causes 1. Napoleon’s 1. Napoleon’s

takeover of Spain & takeover of Spain & Portugal - 1808Portugal - 1808

2. “Taxation without 2. “Taxation without consultation” - angers consultation” - angers creoles (no say)creoles (no say)

Part Two: Causes of RevolutionPart Two: Causes of Revolution

B. Economic CausesB. Economic Causes Trade RestrictionsTrade Restrictions

• Supply raw materials to Supply raw materials to mother country (e.g. mother country (e.g. coffee, sugar, hides, coffee, sugar, hides, silver)silver)

• Hurt development of Hurt development of manufacturingmanufacturing

• Forced to remain Forced to remain dependentdependent

Part Two: Causes of RevolutionPart Two: Causes of Revolution

C. Social CausesC. Social Causes 1. Peninsulares and 1. Peninsulares and

Creoles - racist attitude on Creoles - racist attitude on lower classeslower classes

2. 3/5ths of population - 2. 3/5ths of population - Indians (except Chile & Indians (except Chile & Argentina)Argentina)

3. Freed Slaves - forced 3. Freed Slaves - forced military service and taxesmilitary service and taxes

4. Indians - Forced labor in 4. Indians - Forced labor in mines (mita) and taxed mines (mita) and taxed goods (repartimiento)goods (repartimiento)

Part Two: Causes of RevolutionPart Two: Causes of Revolution

D. Intellectual CausesD. Intellectual Causes

1. Enlightenment ideas1. Enlightenment ideas

• Free trade & speech, Free trade & speech,

equality before lawequality before law

““Man is born free and Man is born free and

everywhere he is in chains” everywhere he is in chains”

(Rousseau)(Rousseau)

American and French American and French

Revolutions successfulRevolutions successful

“My children, this day comes to us . . . Are you ready to receive it? Will you be free? Will you make the effort to recover from the hated Spaniards the lands stolen from your forefathers 300 years ago?”

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1810)

Part Three: The Part Three: The RevolutionsRevolutions

1800 - 18301800 - 1830

Part Three: The RevolutionsPart Three: The Revolutions A. 1807 - 1825 - All Spanish A. 1807 - 1825 - All Spanish

& Portuguese colonies in N. & Portuguese colonies in N. & S. America gain their & S. America gain their independenceindependence

B. Led by Simon Bolivar B. Led by Simon Bolivar (Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, (Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, and Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela) and Jose de Venezuela) and Jose de San Martin (Peru, San Martin (Peru, Argentina, Chile)Argentina, Chile)

C. Never able to unify all C. Never able to unify all peoplespeoples

D. Peninsulares driven from D. Peninsulares driven from powerpower

Part Four: Results of RevolutionsPart Four: Results of Revolutions

A. Political ResultsA. Political Results 1. Creoles assume 1. Creoles assume

powerpower 2. Republics 2. Republics

proclaimed in name proclaimed in name only only

3. Military dictators 3. Military dictators (caudillos) emerge(caudillos) emerge

4. Political instability4. Political instability• Venezuela 52 different Venezuela 52 different

governments in 1800sgovernments in 1800s

Part Four: Results of RevolutionsPart Four: Results of Revolutions

A. Political Results A. Political Results ContinuedContinued 5. Fight over borders5. Fight over borders 6. Catholic Church - 6. Catholic Church -

vies for controlvies for control 7. Monroe Doctrine - 7. Monroe Doctrine -

Europeans don’t come Europeans don’t come back - U.S. and Britain back - U.S. and Britain will dominate new will dominate new statesstates

Part Four: Results of RevolutionsPart Four: Results of Revolutions

B. Economic ResultsB. Economic Results 1. Wars disrupt trade 1. Wars disrupt trade

with Spain - hurt state with Spain - hurt state economicallyeconomically

2. Peasants forced 2. Peasants forced into military - hurts into military - hurts farm productionfarm production

3. Private farms 3. Private farms (haciendas) seized(haciendas) seized

4. Countries exploited 4. Countries exploited by Great Britain and by Great Britain and U.S. U.S.

Part Four: Results of RevolutionsPart Four: Results of Revolutions

C. Social ResultsC. Social Results 1. Some slaves 1. Some slaves

granted freedom for granted freedom for military servicemilitary service

2. Legal Equality in 2. Legal Equality in name onlyname only

3. Racism remains3. Racism remains 4. Indians, blacks, 4. Indians, blacks,

mestizoes & mulattoes mestizoes & mulattoes - few gains- few gains