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ecorded intrinsic optical signals in response to grating stimuli in the visual cortexf juvenile wild-type (WT) and mGluR5-knockout (KO) mice. In normally rearedT mice, cortical responses exhibited strong bias towards horizontal orientation.n the other hand, in WT mice reared for 1 week continuously with goggles thatxtremely elongated visual images vertically, cortical responses changed to showeak bias towards vertical orientation. Normally reared KO mice showed weakerorizontal bias than the WT mice. The goggle KO mice did not show clear modifica-ion compared with the WT mice. Thus, it is suggested that the innate formation andxperience-dependent modification of orientation selectivity in the mouse visualortex partly depends on the activation of mGluR5.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1204

3-d23 Neural activity in monkey’s cortical area MST during adap-ation of ocular followingomoyo Ofuji 1,2, Aya Takemura2

Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba,sukuba, Japan; 2 Neuroscience Research Institute, AIST, Tsukuba, Japan

cular following response (OFR) is a slow tracking eye movement in response tohe planar motion at ultra-short latency, which helps to stabilize gaze on that moveithin the plane of fixation. Previous single unit recordings and chemical lesion

tudies have reported that the OFR is mediated by a pathway that includes theedial superior temporal (MST) area of the cortex and the ventral paraflocculus

f the cerebellum. On the other hand, the previous behavioral study revealed thedaptability of the OFRs of the monkey (Miles and Kawano, 1986). And, there isuch evidence to suggest that the cerebellum is the critical site for motor learning.

n the present study, to understand how the MST contributes to the adaptation ofhe OFRs, we recorded single unit activities from the MST area in the step-downequences. In the first 50 trials, the step-down sequences immediately producedecreases in ocular following responses, but no changes in neuronal activities ofhe most MST neurons.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1205

3-d24 Reduced transcallosal inhibition during watching unilateralovement through mirroriroyuki Ohtsuka1, Daisuke Matsuzawa1, Kenji Numata2, Susumuoshida1, Ken Nakazawa1, Eiji Shimizu1

Dept Integrative Neurophysiol, Univ of Chiba, Japan; 2 Ibaraki Prefecturalniversity of Health Sciences, Japan

irror Therapy (MT) for hemiplegia facilitates symmetrical bilateral movementsith illusory visual feedback of the movement and modulates ipsilesional hemi-

phere. To investigate the mechanism of MT, we examined transcallosal inhibitonTI) as ipsilateral silent period (iSP) evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulationTMS) during action observation of unilateral movement through mirror. Fourteenealthy volunteers were enrolled. Using TMS applied to right motor cortex, wessessed iSP of the right abductor pollicis brevis during two conditions; watch-ng right thumb movement (CONTROL) and right thumb movement reflected in a

irror (MIRROR). Compared to the CONTROL condition, the iSP durations wereignificantly shortened in the MIRROR condition. The results suggest that, in MIR-OR condition, the TI from ipsilateral to contralateral motor cortex is reduced. MTould activate bilateral motor network and thereby improve affected limb.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1206

3-e01 Process and brain activation regions of the functional recov-ry of hemiplegia patients with somatosensory deficitakashi Murayama1,2, Kenji Numata3, Takahiro Kawakami2,omonari Tosaka2,3, Nobuo Oka4, Masaru Oga3, Jun Takasugi1

Dept Integrative Neurophysiology, Chiba Univ, Chiba; 2 Chiba Rehabilitationenter, Chiba; 3 Ibaraki Pref. University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki; 4 Chibayogo Center, Chiba

e investigated the process of the post-CI therapy(CIT) functional recovery of hemi-legia patients with somatosensory deficit(SD). Four subcortical stroke patientsith mild right hemiplegia participated. Two(SDP) of them were suffering from

evere SD due to thalamic legion. Motor-sensory evaluation and fMRI(I-II fingerapping) were assessed at 3 periods:pre-,post-CIT and 3 months after. The motor

unction were improved in all subjects,without recovery of SD in SDP. fMRI showedctivation of contralateral SM1,SMA and cerebellum(CB) at all periods. Also, webserved the change of activation patterns in CB that accompanies the motor recov-ry. Additionally in SDP, the activation of BA40 and PMv was observed at all periods.t is suggested by these SDP results that the higher sensorimotor regions highly com-

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oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1207

3-e02 Effect of timing of error feedback on prism adaptation in airtual shooting taskakumi Ishikawa, Yutaka Sakaguchi

Grad. School of Information Systems, UEC, Tokyo, Japan

e ran a behavioral experiment on prism adaptation in a virtual shooting task,sking how the timing of error feedback affected the adaptation of visuomotor trans-ormation. Specifically, we provided visual information of the hit location eitherynchronized with or delayed to the expected hit timing, and examined whetherr not the magnitude of aftereffect differed in two conditions. Note that in thisask, subjects could not notice the hit timing (or the task end) unless the taskrogram provided sensory cue, but could “expect” it based on the experience inhe previous trials. When the timing of presentation of the hit location was greatlye.g., 1 second) discrepant from those in previous trials, the amount of aftereffectignificantly diminished compared to the case that they agreed. This suggests theossibility that visuomotor learning may be triggered by the expectation of the tasknd, as well as by actual sensory cues telling the task end.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1208

3-e03 Analysis of autonomic response to sound-induced emotionuuki Ooishi1, Makio Kashino1,2,3

NTT Communication Science Labs, Japan; 2 ERATO,JST, Atsugi, Japan;Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan

any studies about auditory perception has been done using psychophysical andeurophysiological measurement. Recently, emotion induced by sound or musicas become a hot topic. The basis of most emotional analyses has been subjectivessessment. In this study, we aimed at an objective estimate of emotion inductionrom the viewpoint of autonomic response. Healthy males aged 20 to 30 years par-icipated. We measured the finger photoplethysmograph (PPG), from which we canerive information about noradrenergic activity mediated by adrenergic receptor1. Subjects listened to several sounds presented at various sound pressure levels

n a relaxed condition while sitting on a sofa. The degree of the decrease of PPGmplitude varied in accordance with not only the sound pressure levels but alsoith the type of sound. The effect of the type of sound correlated with subjective

ssessment, indicating that the ratio of the change of PPG amplitude may be anndex of emotion induction.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1209

3-e04 Effect of electrical stimulation of femur on blood pressuren anesthetized ratstsuko Suzuki, Mayura Shimura

Health Science University, Japan

he present study determines if bone stimulation affects blood pressure in annhibitory and/or excitatory manner, and its reflex pathways in anesthetized rats.

ale Wistar rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital and artificially ventilated.wo small holes 3–4 mm apart were manually drilled into the femur down to theone marrow and two needles were inserted into the holes, and an electrical squareave current was passed between the needles (0.5 ms, 20 Hz, for 20 s). Electrical

timulation of the femur at 5 and 10 mA produced an intensity-dependent decreasen blood pressure. This response was abolished by severance of the femoral and sci-tic nerves ipsilateral to the stimulation. Furthermore, the renal sympathetic efferenterve (as a representative index of vasoconstrictor) activities decreased followinghe stimulation. These results suggest that electrical stimulation of the femur reflex-vely decreased blood pressure. It can be inferred that the afferent nerve pathways the somatic afferent nerves, and the efferent nerve pathway is the sympatheticasoconstrictor.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1210

3-e05 Lateral parabrachial neurons mediate thermosensory sig-aling required for heat defense

azuhiro Nakamura1,2, Shaun F. Morrison1

Oregon Natl Primate Res Ctr, Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, OR, USA; 2 Career-ath Promot’n Unit for Yng Life Scientists, Kyoto Univ, Japan

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o drive rapid thermoregulatory responses to maintain body temperature duringhanges in ambient temperature, thermal information from the skin ascends tohe preoptic area (POA), which then sends command signals to peripheral effec-ors. Here, we show that a population of neurons in the dorsal part of the lateralarabrachial nucleus (LPBd) is activated by skin warming and projects directly tohe POA. Mimicking skin warming, activation of rat LPBd neurons inhibited thepontaneous activity of cutaneous vasoconstrictor (CVC) component of the suralympathetic nerve and increased tail skin temperature–responses consistent withncreased body heat dissipation. Inactivation of LPBd neurons or blockade of glu-amate receptors in the LPBd eliminated the skin warming-induced inhibition ofhe spontaneous sural CVC activity. These results indicate that neurons in the LPBediate the afferent pathway for warm signaling from the skin to the POA that is

equired to defend body temperature in hot environments.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1211

3-e06 Abdominal expiratory nerve activity pattern and arteriallood pH in the decerebrate neonatal ratakito Iizuka

Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan

ffects of hypercapnic acidosis on patterns of the abdominal expiratory activityas examined in the decerebrate, vagotomized and paralyzed neonatal rat at P1–3nder artificially ventilation with volume and frequency of 75 �l and 80 times/min.he body temperature was kept at 37 ◦C. Under 3% CO2, the arterial blood pH (pHa)as about 7.4, and the phrenic nerve showed unstable rhythmic inspiratory bursts.ail pinch increased respiratory frequency. Furthermore, the iliohypogastric nerve,hus abdominal muscle nerve, showed expiratory burst activity, which had singlepindle shape in many cases. Increase in CO2 level from 3 to 12% led lower pHa (about.1), larger cycle period (from below 1 to about 2 sec) and larger abdominal expi-atory activity. In many rats, the iliohypogastric nerve showed bi-phasic dischargesonsisted of the pre- and post-inspiratory discharges, having larger amplitude in theormer discharge compared with latter. The present results indicated that the hyper-apnic acidosis changed the abdominal expiratory pattern from mono- to bi-phasicn the neonatal rat.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1212

3-e07 Activation of dorsal raphe nucleus is involved in the arousalesponse during yawning in ratsatsuko Kubota, Tomomi Ohtsuka, Seiichiro Amemiya, Ichiro Kita

Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

awning is known to be typically associated with the induction of an arousal reponse,hough the neural mechanisms responsible for the arousal response during yawningre still unknown. We previously have reported that corticotrophin-releasing factorCRF) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are involved inhe arousal response accompanied by yawning behavior in rats. It is suggested thatRF affects activation of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR),hich can be involved in sleep-arousal response. We examined the involvementf DR neurons in the arousal response during yawning with c-Fos immunohisto-hemistry. Microinjection of L-glutamate into the PVN induced a frequent yawningccompanied by an arousal shift in the electrocorticogram as well as an activation ofR neurons. Pretreatment with CRF antagonist (icv) significantly antagonized both

he arousal response and activation of DR neurons. These results suggested thathe arousal response accompanied by yawning might be mediated by DR neuronsrojected from PVN CRF neurons.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1213

3-e08 Dynamic relationships between R-R and Q-T intervals andts possibility for autonomic nervous function evaluationifa Jiang1, Sachio Nagasaki2, Hanxiao Ye1, Qing Zhou1, Haisunang1, Shishao Liu1, Qun Su3

Zhejiang Chinese Medical University College of Information & Technology,angzhou China; 2 Gifu University, Japan; 3 The 1st Affliated Hospital ofhejiang University, Japan

he aim of this study is: (1) to elucidate the dynamic relationship between R-Rnterval and Q-T interval variability, (2) utilizing Q-T interval variability for auto-

omic nervous function evaluation. 10 health normal subjects and 10 severe asepticatients were recruited for this study. In each subject, 3 sections data of 300 s con-ecutive ECG recordings were taken for analysis. By comparing heart rate variabilitynd Q-T interval variability we find that Q-T interval variability is dynamically influ-nced by heart rate variability. High frequency component of heart rate variability

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s easy to influence on Q-T interval variability than low-frequency component. Thisesults on the value of LF/HF of Q-T variability is low than the value of heart rateariability. The results implied that Q-T variability is another important index forutonomic nervous function evaluation.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1214

3-e09 Evidence for central chemoreception of medullary rapheespiratory neuronsasae Hosogai, Satoshi Matsuo

Div Adapt Physiol, Univ of Tottori, Yonago, Japan

uch evidence suggests that the midline region of the brainstem is involved inhe control of respiration. Recently, several studies have shown the presence ofhemosensitive neurons in the medullary raphe nuclei. The present study aimed todentify the chemosensitivity of respiratory neurons in the medullary raphe nuclei.he experiments were performed on pentobarbitone-anesthetized or decerebrate,aralyzed, vagotomized and artificially ventilated rats. Extracellular recordings wereade from respiratory neurons in the midline medullary tegmentum. Recorded neu-

ons were classified into inspiratory (I)throughout, I-frequency modulated, Pre-I,ost-I, Expiratory (E) and E-frequency modulated neurons. These neurons were

ested for responsiveness to hypercarbic ventilatory challenge. When end-tidal CO2oncentration was raised, 3 types of response by the raphe respiratory neuronsere demonstrated in that the spike discharge either (1) increased, (2) decreasedr (3) showed noresponse. These results suggest that some respiratory neurons inhe raphe nuclei are chemosensitive.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1215

3-e10 Glutamatergic projection from the ventromedial part of theeriaqueductal gray to the contralateral ventrolateral medulla in theatatsuro Oka, Shigefumi Yokota, Toshiko Tsumori, Yukihiko Yasui

Department Anat. & Morphol. Neurosci., Shimane University Sch. Med.,zumo, Japan

e examined the organization of projections from the ventromedial part of the peri-queductal gray (PAGvm) to the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), using tract-tracingechnique, immunohistchemistry and in situ hybridization. After biotinylated dex-ranamine (BDA) injection into the PAGvm, BDA-labeled axons were distributedilaterally with a contralateral predominance in the VLM, and a column of plexus ofhem was found throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the VLM. The distribu-ion field of BDA-labeled axons was overlapped with that of tyrosine hydroxylaseTH)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the VLM; some of the BDA-labeled axon ter-inals were in close apposition to dendrites and somata of the TH-ir neurons. We

urther demonstrated that most of the PAGvm neurons labeled with Fluoro-Goldnjected into the contralateral VLM were positive for vesicular glutamate transportermRNA. The data suggest that PAGvm neurons may exert excitatory influence onH-ir neurons in the VLM for the control of autonomic functions.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1216

3-e11 Glutamatergic projection from the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus tohe hypoglossal nucleus in the rathigefumi Yokota, Toshiko Tsumori, Tatsuro Oka, Jianguo Niu, Yuk-

hiko YasuiDept of Anat & Morphol Neurosci, Shimane Univ Sch of Med, Izumo, Japan

ypoglossal nucleus (HGN) motoneurons innervate all tongue muscles and areital for maintenance of upper airway patency during inspiration, and Kölliker-Fuseucleus (KF) is considered to be involved in the control of upper airway muscles. Inhis study, neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization of projections from theF to the HGN was examined. As a result, we first indicated that moderate numbersf axon terminals from the KF were distributed in the HGN and some of them were inontiguity with dendrites and somata of the HGN motoneurons, and that asymmetri-al synapses were made between these axon terminals and motoneurons. Secondly,e demonstrated that the KF axon terminals with vesicular glutamate transporter(VGLUT2) immunoreactivity were in close apposition to the HGN motoneurons.inally, it was revealed that almost all the HGN-projecting KF neurons expressedGLUT2 mRNA. These results suggest that output signals from the KF may exert

xcitatory influence upon the HGN motoneurons for maintenance of upper airwayatency.

oi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1217