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IRON• Iron allowed greater clearing of land
• King Janak and his story of furrowing of land
• Indrasurasir means Plough bearing Indra
• Balram indicated carrying plough and called Haladhari
• Plough were made out of iron now called Praviradant and
Pravira
• With more lad under cultivation iron allowed greater
surplus productionsurplus production
• With rising surplus rose the expected demands of the
leader
• Bhag & Shulk were now collected from the people as tax
• Kings officers who collected tax were called Bhagdhuka
• As Vaishyas paid mostly the Bhag, Bali and Shulk they
became synonymous as Balikrit
AGRICULUTRE BECAME PRIME• Satapatha Brahmana elaborates about
ploughing rituals
• Sugarcane agriculture in Atharva Veda
• Yava (Barely) was grown
• Godhunam became the name for Wheat• Godhunam became the name for Wheat
• Vrihi became name for Rice
KING
• Aitriya rahmana speaks of Kings titles
• Raja – King of Centre
• Virat – King of North
• Bhoja – King of South• Bhoja – King of South
• Samarata – King of East
• Swarat – King of West
• Chakravarti - King of all 5 directions
RATNINMAHISI
• Chief QueenVISATA / YUVARAJ
• Second Queen / Crown PrincePUROHIT
• Royal PriestSENANI
• Military CommanderGRAMINI
• Head of VillagesSUTA
• Chief Charioteer• Chief CharioteerKSHATTA
• Chief Chamberlin/DwarpalBHAGADHUKA
• Chief Revenue CollectorSANGHAIHITRA
• Chief TreasurerAKSHAVAPA
• Court OrganizerPALAGAL
• Chief JesterGOVIKARTAN
• Organizer of Hunt
Rajanorajakrithah and Arajanorajakrithah
ROYAL SACRIFICESRajasurya
– At time of coronation
– Aksha was played during this sacrifice
– Varun god of morals was the priest of the sacrifice
Ashwamedha
– Establishes unquestionable control over land
– Tilling of land was a important ceremony– Tilling of land was a important ceremony
Vajpeya
– Drink of Strength for middle age rulers
– Chariot race was a ceremony
FORMS OF MARRIAGE
DHARMAYA
• BRAHMA - Marriage without money
• DAIVA - Father gives daughter to priest
• ARSA – Girl married with exchange of cows
• PRAJAPATYA - Boys father asks for girl from girls father• PRAJAPATYA - Boys father asks for girl from girls father
ADHARMAYA
• ASUR - Girl is sold
• GANDHARVA – Love Marriage
• RAKSHASA – Girl abducted and forcefully married (Popular in Kshatriya)
• PAISACHA – Girl intoxicated to sleep with