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ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6 Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: Example we considered last time: For linear circuits For any Proportionality: Scaling of all independent sources Superposition: Response of circuit to several sources 1 Scaling of all independent sources scales all circuit variables. is equal to sum of responses to each individual source.

Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

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Page 1: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.Example we considered last time:Example we considered last time:

For linear circuits

For any

Proportionality: Scaling of all independent sources

Superposition:Response of circuit to several sources 

1

Scaling of all independent sources scales all circuit variables.

is equal to sum of responses to each individual source. 

Page 2: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Last time: Nodal Analysis.

Idea:If knownIf known 

Then:

Reference node.All voltages will be calculated with respect to this reference.

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Page 3: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Last time: Example of Nodal AnalysisNode 2

Node 1Node 3

Let’s choose Node 4 as a reference node hence V = 0

Node 4

reference node, hence V4 = 0.

3

Page 4: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Last time: Nodal Analysis ‐ Equation patternNode 2

Node 1Node 3

Let’s choose Node 4 as a reference node hence V = 0

Node 4

reference node, hence V4 = 0.

Currents from current h h

Sum of conductances of the elements connected

Other nodal voltages multiplied by MINUS conductances of the

4

sources that enter the node

the elements connected to node multiplied by 

nodal voltage

by MINUS conductances of the elements connecting other nodes to the equation node.

Page 5: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Last time: Nodal analysis of circuits containing voltage sources

Can not find current even if nodal voltages are known. What to do?

Example we have considered last time

Supernode A contains Node 1 and Reference Node, hence: 

Supernode B contains Node 4 andSupernode B contains Node 4 and  Node 5, hence: 

Summary: In this circuit there are five non‐reference nodes and two voltage sources, hence only three unknown nodal voltages:

5

nodal voltages:

Page 6: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Example 2

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Page 7: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Example 3 – with dependent current source

Reference node

Unknown nodal voltages

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Page 8: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Example 4 – with dependent voltage source

Reference node

Unknown nodal voltages:

But hence

Only are unknown

Also

KCL at node 4:

KCL at supernode:

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Page 9: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Mesh analysisIn its basic form it is suitable for planar circuits onlyIn its basic form it is suitable for planar circuits only.

Hence not as universal as nodal analysis but more convenient in certain cases.

EXAMPLE – circuit containing four meshes (loops with no loops inside)

ACTION ITEMS1. Assign current to each mesh.2. Write KVL for each mesh.3. Solve system of linear equations for mesh currents.4. Find actual currents and voltages.

Mesh 1:

Mesh 2:

Mesh 3:

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Mesh 4:

Page 10: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Mesh analysis: Example 1.

1. Assign current to each mesh.2. Write KVL for each mesh.

3. Solve for mesh currents:

4. Find actual currents and voltages.

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Page 11: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Mesh analysis: Example 2.

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Page 12: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Mesh analysis of circuits containing current sources.Voltage drop across current source is not definedVoltage drop across current source is not defined.

However, presence of current source reduces number of equations by one.

EXAMPLE – circuit containing four meshes and two current sources

Four meshes, hence, four mesh currents:

BUT:

Only two mesh currents remain unknown.Hence, only two equations are needed.Write KVL for supermeshes.

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f p

Page 13: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Example 1.

Four meshes, hence, four mesh currents:

BUT:

Hence only two unknowns: and

Observe:

KVL for mesh 2:

KVL for supermesh 1+3+4:

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Page 14: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Example 1 ‐ cont.

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Page 15: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Example 2.

Two mesh currents:

BUT:

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Page 16: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Nodal analysis of circuits with OpAmps.Example 1Example 1.

i t l h t

KCL at Node 2:

virtual short

No current into OpAmp

KCL at Node 3:

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Page 17: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Nodal analysis of circuits with OpAmps.Example 2Example 2.

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Page 18: Last time: Proportionality and Superposition.oe/Leon/ESE271S13/Lecture06.pdf · Last time: Proportionality and Superposition. Example we considered last time: For linear circuits

ESE 271 / Spring 2013 / Lecture 6

Example 3.

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