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Session: New Developments and State of the Art in Trace Evidence Examinations
Laser Ablation ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis: A Decade of Experience
BundeskriminalamtForensic Science Institute
Germany
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis
1996 Trace Symposium San AntonioWilfried StoeckleinThe Forensic Analysis of Float GlassCharacterization of Glasses fromInternational Sources
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis
The Forensic Analysis of Float Glass -Characterization of Glasses from International SourcesW. Stoecklein, 1996
Elemental analysis of 61 glasses of global origin(28 Europe, 19 U.S.A., 14 Japan)(38 colorless, 21 green, 2 brown)(13 producers, 7 countries)
Elemental analysis (ICP-MS, WDXRF)Determination of RI
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis
The Forensic Analysis of Float Glass -Characterization of Glasses from International SourcesW. Stoecklein, 1996
Liquid digestion:0,5-2 mg of cleaned glass fragments (from bulk) +
hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, perfluoric acid
Hot plate fuming to dryness
Resolvation with 5 % nitric acid containing Rh int. std
ICP-MS
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis
The Forensic Analysis of Float Glass -Characterization of Glasses from International Sources
Results
10 % of the examined glasses were indistinguishable by RI.
Full differentiation of all glasses was possible by ICP-MS.
Selection of elements which proved highest discrimination.
Characterization of glass origin (Japan, U.S.A., Europe).
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis
The forensic Analysis of Float Glass -Characterization of Glasses from International Sources
ConclusionQuantitative analysis of 30 elements by ICP-MS improves evidential value of glass examination.
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis:
Laser Ablation
Lase
r
Glass
Lase
rLa
ser
Glass
Lase
r
carrier gas (He)
Plasma~7000 °C
carrier gas and sample MS
Total destruction & ionisation of the sample
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis:
• Measurements possible on small samples
(~0,5 mm; ~ 0,02 in)
• No sample preparation (time saving)
• “Quasi non-destructive” analysis due to small sample
uptake
• No problems measuring on rough surfaces (as in µ-XRF)
• Quantitative analysis of 20 major, minor and
trace elements in one analytical run
Why LA-ICP-MS ?
History of instrumentation
1992 Installation of ICP-MS Fisions PQ2+
1996 Addition of UV-laser ablation system (1064 nm)
1997 Exchange of UV by Infrared laser ablation (266 nm)
2003 Replacement of old system with new LA-ICP-MS system (213 nm)
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis:
ICP-MS Fisions PQ2+ IR-laser ablation VG Microprobe
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis:
LA
MSICP -
• Until now SRM NIST 612 (50 ppm) is used for quantitative
analysis of float glasses
• Better results by using a standard:
• with the same matrix (composition of main elements)
• with concentration of trace elements in the same range
as typical float glass
Why matrix matched standards ?
both are not given by NIST 612
FGS 1 standard(low concentration)
d = 9 cmh = 8 cm
R&D Project BKA - SCHOTT AG:Development of new calibration standards
BKA-FGS 1:diameter: 10 mm thickness: 3 mm
R&D Project BKA - SCHOTT AG:Development of new calibration standards
NITECRIME activities on glass
• EU network project 2001-2005
• Main focus on float glass (highest forensic interest)
• Development of a protocol for glass analysis with LA-ICP-MS
• Evaluation of new calibration standards
Workpackage 3.1 Instrumental validation ETH Zürich
Two interlaboratory tests (3.1.1. & 3.1.2)
Workpackage 3.2 Glass BKA
Two interlaboratory tests (3.2.1 & 3.2.2)Introduction of new matrix matchted standards (FGS 1 & 2)
In total: Four interlaboratory tests dealing with glassThree interlaboratory tests with similar set-up
NITECRIME activities on glass
Instrument combinations:
193 nm
213 nm
266 nm
266 nm high power
Sector field ICP-MS
Quadrupole ICP-MS
Laser Ablation Mass spectrometer
Participants of collaborative exercises
Curtin University of Technology, Perth, AustraliaFBI, QuanticoFlorida International University, MiamiETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology NFI, Rijswijk, The NetherlandsUS Customs, SpringfieldBKA, Wiesbaden, Germany
NITE CRIME Summary 1/2
• Similar quantitative results by labs with completely different LA-ICP-MS combinations (most RSD << 10 % intra-laboratory).
Note: Results for float glass, not for std material!Note: Results for embedded glass, not for fragments!
• A protocol for optimised laser ablation conditions (as given in the fourth interlaboratory test) improved both the precision and the accuracy of quantitative results.
• The new matrix matched float glass standards FGS 1 and FGS 2 can be used as calibration or tuning standards for the quantitative analysis of float glass.
NITE CRIME Summary 2/2
Latkoczy, Becker et al. J. For. Sci. 2005; 50(6):1327-1341
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis:
Reanalysis of the 63 float glasses of global origin by LA-ICP-MS
Six replicate measurements App. 80 µm crater diameter
Single shot Time resolved analysis
10 Hz, 10J/cm2
Crater dimension: 5 - 100 µm
Nd:YAG-laser 213 nm
Smaller than a hair
LA-ICP-MS in Forensic Glass Analysis:
Variation of main & minor element concentration of 63 float glasses of global origin
B o x - W h i s k e r P l o t s f o r 6 3 f l o a t g l a s s e s ; c o n c e n t r a t i o n s m a i n & m i n o r e l e m e n t s i n µ g / g
N a M g A l S i K C a5 0
5 0 0
5 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0
M e d i a n 2 5 % - 7 5 % 1 0 % - 9 0 % O u t l i e r E x t r e m e v a l u e
Variation of trace element concentration of 63 float glasses of global origin
B o x - W h i s k e r P l o t s f o r 6 3 f l o a t g l a s s e s ; c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r t r a c e e l e m e n t s i n µ g / g
T i M n S r Z r L a P b0 , 5
5 , 0
5 0 , 0
5 0 0 , 0
5 0 0 0 , 0
M e d i a n 2 5 % - 7 5 % 1 0 % - 9 0 % O u t l i e r E x t r e m e v a l u e s
Differentiation of origin by potassium and aluminum content
A l u m i n u m ( µ g / g )
Pota
ssiu
m (µg
/g)
0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 00
2 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
E u r o p eU . S . A .J a p a n
Differentiation of container glass from float glass
Data set of 63 float glasses of global origin
Data set of 20 container glasses of German origin
Differentiation of container glass from float glass
f l o a t c o n t a i n e r
g l a s s e s
0
2 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0
39K
f l o a t c o n t a i n e r
g l a s s e s
0
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
49Ti
f l o a t c o n t a i n e r
g l a s s e s
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
3 5 0
4 0 0
55Mn
f l o a t c o n t a i n e r
g l a s s e s
0
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0
42Ca
C a / M g
Pb [µ
g/g]
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 60
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
1 4 0
1 6 0
1 8 0
2 0 0
2 2 0
2 4 0
f l o a t g l a s s e sc o n t a i n e r g l a s s e s
Differentiation of container glass from float glass
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time [sec]
Cou
nts
perS
econ
d
30 secIntegrationTime
Fragment 6271 µg
Time resolved analysis signal of Cerium from fragment 6
Analysis of small fragments
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time [sec]
Cou
nts
perS
econ
d
12 secIntegrationTime
Fragment 4193 µg
Time resolved analysis signal of Cerium from fragment 4
Analysis of small fragments
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time [sec]
Coun
tspe
rSec
ond
5 secIntegrationTime
Fragment 3
Time resolved analysis signal of Cerium from fragment 6
Analysis of small fragments
Findings
0,1-1,5 % lower RSD are achieved when excluding the results of the two measurements of fragment 3.
Care should be taken when investigating very small and flat fragments, where only one or two shots are possible due to quantification problems with short TRA signals resulting in poorer reproducibilities.
Glass case
Physical examinations/ GRIM case report
Chemical examinations
(ICP-MS, SEM, XRF)case report
samples distinguishable
Step by step approach in forensic glass analysis
Side view
mean RI (pre-ablation) = 1,51927 ± 3x10-5
Investigation of change of RI by LA interaction
FBI/BKA homogeneity study2006
• FBI laboratory bought commercial window pane
FBI: GRIM, ICP-OES BKA: LA-ICP-MS
• measurements on 44 fragments from the same source
Flat Sheet DiagramSheet – 48”x48” Squares – 4”x4”
144143142141140139138137136135134133
132131130129128127126125124123122121
120119118117116115114113112111110109
108107106105104103102101100999897
969594939291908988878685
848382818079787776757473
727170696867666564636261
605958575655545352515049
484746454443424140393837
363534333231302928272625
242322212019181716151413
121110987654321
- 4 inch samples- 1 inch samples
• RI analysis – glass displays homogeneity– The sheet does not show any trend in variation but
varies as a whole within the expected range.
• ICP-OES analysis – glass displays homogeneity– There are no noticeable trends in the sheet.– The error associated with the method is larger than
the variation in the sheet.
Results of the homogeneity study
Analysis of variance
significant influence of sample inhomogeneities on LA-ICP-MS results for several elements (Al, Zr, Hf, Pb)
- due to the high spatial resolution of the method (sampling of 2 µg instead of mg) micro heterogeneity of the glass
Results of the homogeneity study
LA-ICP-MS: RSD for the mean values of 44 samples
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
Li Na
Mg Al K C
a Ti Mn Fe Rb Sr Zr Sn Ba La Ce
Nd Hf
Pb
Match criterion
Glass fragments originating from different sources
Glass fragments originating from the SAME source
=Error Type II
=Error Type I
• Hotellings T²-Test:– requires more measurements than elements (i.e.20)– impractical
• T-Test:– often two fragments of the same glass can be
discriminated– too many Type I errors
• N-sigma criteria:– best choice for our application
Possible match criteria
Amount of errors type I and type II in dependence on n and m
1
10
100
1000
2--02--
12--
22--
33--
03--
13--
23--
34--
04--
14--
24--
36--
06--
16--
26--
310
--010
--110
--210
--310
--520
--6
Match criteria (n-Sigma & m "allowed" elements)
Num
ber o
f err
ors
Fehler 1. Art
Fehler 2. Art
Optimization of the match criterion
Error type IError type II
Optimised Match Criterion
• 4-sigma criterion
• 0 element may be distinguishable
• FBI-Glass: 44 data sets, 946 pairwise comparisons
Type I errors: 10 (1,06 %)
• 05_Stat: 63 data sets, 1953 pairwise comparisons
Type II errors: 3 (0,15 %) =
Summary
• Introduction of matrix matched std FGS 1 & 2
• NITE CRIME activity: LA-ICP-MS produces accurate data for the comparison of float glasses (protocol)
• FBI/BKA glass project (micro homogeneity & type I error)
• Reanalyses of 63 float glasses of global origin (type II errors)
• Optimized match criterion: 4-sigma criterion
• Further validation led to ISO 17025 accreditation of LA-ICP-MS method in May 2007
• Routine application in casework
Thanks to Maureen Bottrell, Jodi Webb & Robert Koons (FBI).Special thanks to Dr. Peter Weis, Marc Dücking, Peter Watzke/BKA.
Thanks to all NITECRIME members for their support, especially:J. Almirall, FIU, U.S.A.J. Buscaglia, R. Koons, FBI Academy, U.S.A.D. Günther, C. Latkoczy, ETH Zürich, SwitzerlandS. Montero, G. van der Peijl, NFI, NetherlandsJ. Watling, Curtin University, Perth Australia,V. Zdanowicz, U.S. Customs, U.S.A.
A. Walther, SCHOTT AG, for the good co-operation.
Thanks