Las Delicias, El Salvador

Water Supply ProjectImplementation Proposal Phase I

Trip Dates: May 2012Presented to TAC: March 6, 2012

Presentation Outline

• Overview of Las Delicias Community• Current Water Supply System and Challenges• Proposed Improvement to Water System

– Summary of alternative analysis– Phase I (May 2012)

• New Water Tank at Intermediate Elevation• New Supply pipeline and distribution pipeline

– Phase II (Fall 2012)• New pump (or VFD)• Improvements to distribution system• Control system improvements and pumping at night

• Logistics and Implementation

Las Delicias, El Salvador

Las Delicias

Las Delicias, El Salvador• Community Facts

– ~600 homes, 2700 residents– 15 miles NW of San Salvador– On Western Slopes of Volcan San Salvador– Homes Spread Out, but Las Delicias is

Bordered by Several Similar Communities– Water Storage & Piping System installed 20

years ago With Water Delivery by Truck– Well and Pump Installed < 5 years ago– Residents are Poor (<$10/week income)– Community Well-Organized through

Adesco and NGOs (FIAT & FIMRC)– Able to spend about $5 per household on

water each month

Project History • Project FIAT and FIMRC have been active in Las Delicias for > 5 years• Initial Contact with Project FIAT (Dave H.)

January 2009• Application to EWB-USA

March 2009• Project Approved

May 2009• Preliminary Assessment Visit

July 2009• First Assessment Trip

July 2010• Second Assessment Trip

November 2011

Map of Las Delicias Water System

DOWNHILL

Current Las Delicias Water Supply & Storage System

• Pump Runs 6 Hours a day 4 days/week ~ 26 hr/wk.

• Pump flow rate: 175-200 GPM.

260 Homes Served by Tanque 3

33 Homes Served

by Tanque 2291 Homes Served by Tanque 1

DOWNHILL

Map of current Las Delicias Water System from ADESCO with approx house locations indicated

Summary of Existing Water SystemOVERALL COMMUNITY OF LAS DELICIAS CURRENT FROM TANK 1 CURRENT FROM TANK 2 CURRENT FROM TANK 3# homes = 584 430 Assumptions # homes = 291 # homes = 33 # homes = 260# people = 2628 1935 4.5 people/house # people = 1310 # people = 148.5 # people = 1170Demand gal/day 65,700 48,375 25 gal/day Demand gal/day 32,738 Demand gal/day 3,713 Demand gal/day 29,250

175 gal/min pump rate Tank Volume 35,000 Tank Volume 11,000 Tank Volume 25,000 time to fill (h) 3.33 time to fill (h) 18 time to fill (h) 2.38 from well from spring from well

OVERALL in 2011 from 2007 map Supplied by Tanque 1 Supplied by Tanque 2 Supplied by Tanque 3TRAMO # # Homes in

2011# Homes in 2007 from

map

Demand gallons

2011

Pipe Diameter

inches

Distance from map

meters

Supplied by Tanque # on map

via

TRAMO # from Tank 1

# Homes3 TRAMO # from Tank 2

# Homes5 TRAMO # from Tank 3

# Homes7

1 upper 15 22 1688 2 311 1 1 upper 15 0 01 lower 8 900 2 710 1 1 upper 1 lower 8 0 02 48 51 5400 2 546 1 1 upper 2 48 0 02a 7 6 788 1 137 1 2 2a 7 0 02b 25 27 2813 2 421 1 2a 2b 25 0 02c 9 8 1013 1 144 1 2 2c 9 0 03 42 37 4725 2 140 1 2 & 1 lower? 3 42 0 03a 40 46 4500 1.25 298 1 3 3a 40 0 03b 18 9 2025 1.25 160 1 3 3b 18 0 06 upper 37 29 4163 2 144 1 CallePrin Upper 6 upper 37 0 06 lower 0 1 492 1 6 lower 0 0 06a 6 6 675 1 226 1 6 6a 6 0 010 17 16 1913 1.25 130 1 CallePrin Upper 10 17 0 011 19 14 2138 1 342 1 CallePrin Lower 11 19 0 04 13 4 1463 1 90 2 0 4 13 05 20 21 2250 2 979 2 0 5 20 07 upper 16 42 1800 2 429 3 0 0 7 upper 167 lower 42 4725 2 572 3 7 upper 0 0 7 lower 428 10 14 1125 1 362 3 7 upper 0 0 8 109 18 18 2025 2 455 3 7 lower 0 0 9 189a 2 1 225 0.5 125 3 9 0 0 9a 29b 7 9 788 1 236 3 9 0 0 9b 712 10 9 1125 1 232 3 CallePrin Lower 0 0 12 10Calle Prin Upper 22 41 2475 2 468 3 7 lower 0 0 Calle Prin Upper 22CallePrin Lower 32 3600 2 377 3 CallePrin Upper 0 0 CallePrin Lower 32NewNW 57 6413 3 CallePrin Lower 0 0 NewNW 57NewSW 44 4950 3 CallePrin Lower 0 0 NewSW 44

Challenges to Las Delicias Water Supply System• High electric cost

– Typical ADESCO revenue from water fee ~$2300/mo

– Typical monthly cost for water system ~$2000/mo (mostly electicity ~$1500/mo)

– Pumps run about 26 hr/wk– Not taking advantage of nightime off-peak

rates– Power factor on pumps leads to monthly fine

of $50/month.• Inequitable water distribution

– Some homes report receiving water <1x/week and low flowrates

– “Valvulero” controls distribution via valves to zones (“Tramo”) throughout community

– Large number of new homes at low elevation• Culture of scarcity where residents hoard

water when it is flowing• Water Quality:

– Effectiveness of in-line chlorination is not clear

Electric BillMonthly Income for Las Delicias ADESCO

Water System Expenses

Alternatives Analysis Summary

• Drilling another well ($3500 for hydrogeological study) We spoke with a hydrologist in country and drilling a new well at higher elevation is considered to have low probability for success.

• Solar power for pump (eliminated due to high cost >$50K)• Additional tank locations (three considered – current location

on public land and co-located with current tank) Other locations require land purchase which could be costly and time consuming.

• VFD (variable frequency drive – possibility but must consider approx. 10% loss in pump efficiency at lower head)

• New pump for better efficiency at lower head.

Proposed Updates to Las Delicias Water System

• Objectives– Utilize existing and new tank at intermediate elevation to supply water to lower half of

Las Delicias with lower pumping head required.– With new pump (or VFD on existing) and supply line reduced electricity costs due to

lower head will result in more water for the community.– Improved distribution system more equitable water supply to all homes (especially

at lower elevations)• Phase I (May 2012)

– New Water Tank at Intermediate Elevation– New Supply pipeline and distribution pipeline

• Phase II (Fall 2012)– New pump (or VFD added to existing)– Improvements to distribution piping system– Improving power factor for pump via capacitors to eliminate penalty.– Enabling pumping during nighttime to take advantage of lower rates by adding a timer

circuit to the pump controller. (approx. 20% savings)

117 Homes Served by Tanque 3

33 Homes Served

by Tanque 2

154 Homes Served by Tanque 1

Proposed Water Distribution System

280 Homes Served by New Tank

DOWNHILL

Modified water systemOVERALL COMMUNITY OF LAS DELICIAS PROPOSED FROM NEW TANK ADJUSTED FROM TANK 1 ADJUSTED FROM TANK 3# homes = 584 430 Assumptions # homes = 280 # homes = 154 # homes = 117# people = 2628 1935 4.5 people/house # people = 1260 # people = 693 # people = 526.5Demand gal/day 65,700 48,375 25 gal/day Demand gal/day31,500 Demand gal/day 17,325 Demand gal/day 13,163

175 gal/min pump rate Tanks Volume 28,600 Tank Volume 35,000 Tank Volume 25,000 time to fill (h) 2.72 time to fill (h) 3.33 time to fill (h) 2.38 from well from well from well

OVERALL in 2011 from 2007 map WITH CONNECTION "B" Supplied by Tanque 1 Supplied by Tanque 3TRAMO # # Homes in

2011# Homes in 2007 from

map

Demand gallons

2011

Pipe Diameter

inches

Distance from map

meters

Supplied by Tanque # on map

via

Accessible?2

Tramo from

New with B

# Homes2 Tramo #2 Homes Tramo #3 Homes2

1 upper 15 22 1688 2 311 1 0 1 upper 15 0 01 lower 8 900 2 710 1 1 upper 0 1 lower 8 0 02 48 51 5400 2 546 1 1 upper 0 2 48 0 02a 7 6 788 1 137 1 2 0 2a 7 0 02b 25 27 2813 2 421 1 2a 0 2b 25 0 02c 9 8 1013 1 144 1 2 0 2c 9 0 03 42 37 4725 2 140 1 2 & 1 lower? 0 3 42 0 03a 40 46 4500 1.25 298 1 3 Yes 3a 40 0 0 0 03b 18 9 2025 1.25 160 1 3 Yes 3b 18 0 0 0 06 upper 37 29 4163 2 144 1 CallePrin Upper Yes 6 upper 37 0 0 0 06 lower 0 1 492 1 Yes 6 lower 0 0 0 0 06a 6 6 675 1 226 1 6 Yes 6a 6 0 0 0 010 17 16 1913 1.25 130 1 CallePrin Upper Yes 10 17 0 0 0 011 19 14 2138 1 342 1 CallePrin Lower Yes 11 19 0 0 0 04 13 4 1463 1 90 2 0 0 0 0 05 20 21 2250 2 979 2 0 0 0 0 07 upper 16 42 1800 2 429 3 0 0 0 7 upper 167 lower 42 4725 2 572 3 7 upper 0 0 0 7 lower 428 10 14 1125 1 362 3 7 upper 0 0 0 8 109 18 18 2025 2 455 3 7 lower 0 0 0 9 189a 2 1 225 0.5 125 3 9 0 0 0 9a 29b 7 9 788 1 236 3 9 0 0 0 9b 712 10 9 1125 1 232 3 CallePrin Lower Yes 12 10 0 0 0 0Calle Prin Upper 22 41 2475 2 468 3 7 lower 0 0 0 Calle Prin Upper 22CallePrin Lower 32 3600 2 377 3 CallePrin Upper Yes CallePrin Lower 32 0 0 0 0NewNW 57 6413 3 CallePrin Lower Yes NewNW 57 0 0 0 0NewSW 44 4950 3 CallePrin Lower Yes NewSW 44 0 0 0 0

Summary of potential changes in water distribution system

CURRENT SYSTEM• Storage

– Tanque 1: 35,000 gal– Tanque 2: 11,000 gal– Tanque 3: 25,000 gal

• Pump supplies water to Tanques 1 & 3 at 175 gpm, ~4 days per week

• Spring supplies water to Tanque 2 (and other tanques)

• Homes serviced by Tanques1. 2912. 333. 260

PROPOSED MODIFICATION• Storage

– Tanque 1: 35,000 gal– Tanque 2: 11,000 gal– Tanque 3: 25,000 gal– New Tank (combination): 28,600 gal

• Current 65 HP Pump supplies water to Tanques 1 & 3 at 175 gpm

• New 20 HP pump will supplywater to new tank at 175 gpm with much lower head and energy savings.

• Homes serviced by Tanques1. 1542. 333. 117New: 280

New tank reduces demand of water from Tanques 1&2 (which require high head) by roughly 50%

Map of Current Water System (section relevant for EWB-MAP modifications)

RED lines – supply lines to tank (uphill by pump)BLUE lines – distributions lines by gravity

DOWNHILL

Exisiting 11,000

gallon tank

Proposed update to Water System (section relevant for EWB-MAP modifications)

RED lines – supply lines to tank (uphill by pump)BLUE lines – distributions lines by gravity

NEW

SUP

PLY

LIN

E 1

NEW DISTRIBUTION LINE 2c

NEW DISTRIBUTIO

N

LINE 2a

NEW

DI

STRI

BUTI

ON

LI

NE

2bNEW TANK

A

B

C

D

E

F

DOWNHILL

New Tank Design – Location and Coupling with Old Tank

Design of New Tank – 3D view of Block/Rebar construction

Tank Design response to J. Knight concerns

• Concrete block vs poured concrete. Block recommended by local Structural Engineer (Daniel Rivera).

• Assumed strength of concrete (2000-3000 psi acceptable – steel strength controls) Local Engineer accepted 3000 psi concrete although 2000 psi concrete will work as well.

• Tank seal at base of wall – We will look into this in further detail and will add it if necessary. We will contact seal manufacturer and seek advice of a water engineer before making a decision.

• Supply pipes will be connected to both tanks with shutoff valve to each.

Proposed update to Water System (section relevant for EWB-MAP modifications)

RED lines – supply lines to tank (uphill by pump)BLUE lines – distributions lines by gravity

NEW

SUP

PLY

LIN

E 1

NEW DISTRIBUTION LINE 2c

NEW DISTRIBUTIO

N

LINE 2a

NEW

DI

STRI

BUTI

ON

LI

NE

2bNEW TANK

A

B

C

D

E

F

DOWNHILL

Design of Additional Pipelines for- supplying water to tank- distributing water

636638640642644646648650652654656

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Elev

ation

(m)

Distance from Connection to Main Supply Pipe (m)

Profile of New Supply Pipe

ElevationA

B

C

105 m

240 m

D

638 m640 m

643 m

651 m

Elevation:640 m

655 m

Supply Pipe 1 Pipe Profile NEW TANK

Tee connect

to 6” pipe

Gate Valve

45° Elbow

90° Elbow with

anchorGate Valve

90° Elbow

90° Elbow

Pipe Exit

PIPE FITTINGS

Tee with Manual Air release valve

Tee with Manual drain valve

Road Crossing

Road Crossing

Estimate of head losses in supply pipe 1 (smooth PVC)

4” PVC sufficient to keep major and minor losses to <10% of the elevation change

Item 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3" 3-1/2" 4"D_pipe (in) 1.029 1.36 1.59 2.047 2.445 3.042 3.521 3.998D_pipe (m) 0.026 0.035 0.040 0.052 0.062 0.077 0.089 0.102A (m^2) 5.37E-04 9.37E-04 1.28E-03 2.12E-03 3.03E-03 4.69E-03 6.28E-03 8.10E-03A (cm^2) 5.37 9.37 12.81 21.23 30.29 46.89 62.82 80.99V (m/s) 20.50 11.74 8.59 5.18 3.63 2.35 1.75 1.36Re 5.36E+05 4.05E+05 3.47E+05 2.69E+05 2.26E+05 1.81E+05 1.57E+05 1.38E+05f 0.0117 0.0125 0.0130 0.0139 0.0145 0.0153 0.0159 0.0164

h_L major (m) 3593.8 955.5 454.9 137.0 58.9 20.9 10.4 5.7h_L minor (m) 267.7 87.7 47.0 17.1 8.4 3.5 2.0 1.2h_L major (% of z) 4667.3% 1240.9% 590.8% 177.9% 76.5% 27.1% 13.5% 7.4%h_L minor (% of z) 347.6% 113.9% 61.0% 22.2% 10.9% 4.6% 2.5% 1.5%

Supply Pipe 1 Trenching• Based on recommendations from EWB Water Resource Guidelines and

advice from Tony Sauder:– 70 cm trench depth (45 cm depth acceptable except in road crossing) with pipe

buried below 50 cm– 10 cm bedding (2-12 mm soil) if stones/rocks present in trench– Back-fill with soil that is free of lumps, from stones (>3 cm), and from organic

matter– PVC pipe joined in trench and cure for >10 hr prior to pressurizing. Keep joints

exposed to check for leaks. Expansion joints not necessary– For road crossing, may bury PVC pipe inside steel or concrete pipe (ID > diameter

of PVC joints); final decision to be made in the field after evaluating potential for erosion

70 cm trench depth

10 cm bedding

10 cm

50 cm

Valve Boxes

• Design options– Obtain pre-cast valve boxes with lockable lids locally – Build from bricks and mortar with metal lids

• Specifications– 4” Pipe centered about 55 cm below ground level– Box should extend 10 cm above ground level– Internal dimensions roughly 45cmx45cm– Place support under valve

Photos of current valve boxes installed in Las Delicias

Valve Box Design

Drawing of valve boxes to be constructed at Las Delicias

Thrust Anchors for Elbows &Tees

From Russ Turner, Tetratech

Summary of May 2012 ImplementationKeys to Success:

• Success assured by working closely with:– Local community providing excavating equipment, funds, land and

labor.– Local Rotary Club and Structural Engineer Daniel Rivera providing

funds, logistics and expertise.– NGO – Project FIAT helping with funds, logistics and volunteers as well

as arranging for a cement mixer. FIAT has vast experience doing these types of projects in El Salvador.

– The Honorary Consul of El Salvador in Philadelphia is working with one of our members (Paolo) to help coordinate the project with the local Mayors office. She has also informed us that she will arrange to allow us to ship components (such as pumps) to the country tax and duty free.

– NGO - FIMRC providing local health related services to the community and EWB by helping us define objectives and measure results.

Summary of Finances for Implementation

• Local community provides excavation equipment, land, material transportation and field labor (assume avg. 4 people, 8 hrs/day for duration of project)

• Chapter currently has about $28,500 available for this project including.– $15,000 Rotary Grant (must be used by September – specifically ear-

marked for tank)– $8,000 from Project FIAT– $5,500 in chapter funds

• Costs are estimated at about $27,000 including:– Tank estimate - $12,500– Piping estimate - $10,500– Transportation estimate $4,000– We plan to raise additional funds to cover gap costs between now and

May. We will delay piping if funds prohibit completion until the Fall.

Logistics and Implementation Plan • Engineer – Daniel Rivera of Local Rotary in San Salvador will

coordinate with local government, obtain building permit, help organize material delivery and oversee installation through periodic visits.

• Project FIAT volunteers will coordinate with local community, organize material deliveries, hire an albañil, provide secure space for materials, provide cement mixer, supply working volunteers and provide lodging and transportation for EWB volunteers.

• Local community will provide land, excavating equipment and labor as well as help in transporting materials to site.

• EWB volunteers will provide supervision, project management and labor. EWB volunteers will cover entire 5 week installation.

Schedule for Implementation

Contingency Plans (worst case scenarios) for Implementation

• Project can proceed even if EWB members are not present every day.

• Control runoff and use tarps if heavy rains become problematic.

Material Procurement

• Project Fiat has executed many similar projects. They know exactly where the type of materials used on this project can be obtained locally. Project FIAT will provide a locked building close to the tank site where materials can be securely stored.

• All material will be sourced locally. All materials are common everyday building materials.

• Daniel Rivera has reviewed the material list and did not have any issues with our selections. (He did recommend using grade 40 rebar instead of 60 and we followed his recommendation)

• The area near the village includes heavy industry and business enterprise and the community is only 15 miles from a major city. We foresee no major issues sourcing materials.

Plans for Phase II Implementation (Fall 2012)

• Install new pump (or VFD)• Install Power Factor Correction Capacitors• Install Timer Circuit to allow Night time

Operation• Install additional distribution pipes.

Metrics

• Increase water supply by ~40% without increasing operating cost

• Increase in % of homes receiving sufficient water (at least 2x per week)

Concluding Remarks

• Project is sustainable through community involvement and use of:– Locally available materials– Standard construction techniques typical to the area.– Adding to existing water system infrastructure using

identical technologies. O&M will be the same as they are doing now.

– The community already has people in place to operate and maintain the water system.

• Community will benefit through better distribution and more abundant supply with no increase in operating cost.