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Larger Wafer-based Solar Cells and Modules
Introduction
Michael SchmelaManaging Director TaiyangNews
Overview on larger waferformats for solar modules
Shravan ChunduriHead of Technology TaiyangNews
Value analysis of 440W+ bifacial modules based on M6 wafers
Winfried WahlHead of Product Management &Chief EngineerLONGi Solar
One major trend highlighted in our recent TaiyangNews Advanced Solar Module Report is that leading producers are increasingly introducingmodels using larger wafer formats. There are good reasons for this move.
This webinar will discuss the implications of using larger wafers for solar modules. After an overview on larger wafer-based modules fromTaiyangNews; LONGi Solar will provide its analysis on bifacial high power modules using M6 wafers, and Aiko, one of the world’s largest solarcell manufacturers, will talk about the benefits of producing large solar cell formats.
November 18, 2019 at 15:00 – 16:00 CET
Solar Industry Trends to Design Modules with Higher Power Ratings and Lower BOS Needs
Advantages of using large cells in solar modules
Vincent LauInternational Sales DirectorAiko Solar
Larger Wafer-based Solar Cells and Modules
Shravan K. Chunduri,
Head of Technology,
TaiyangNews
Two companies, two platforms:
• Open solar news platform
• All information can be accessed for free
online
• Daily updates of solar market & technology
news
• Technology reports
• Market surveys on production equipment &
processing consumables
• Consulting & Communications
• Communication Strategy
Development
• Technical Research & Consulting:• Status & Trends in wafer, cell &
module technologies• Trends in production equipment
& process consumables • Market intelligence on advanced
cell architectures
MISCHCO
Advanced Solar Module Technologies Report 2019The TaiyangNews Report on Advanced Module Technologies 2019 is our 3rd edition providing insights into the latest updates on solar panels. This report also looks into fairly new developments in module making - using much larger wafers and so-called 'paving' interconnection.
All TaiyangNews PV technology reports and market surveys are available for free at:
www.taiyangnews.info/reports
PV products based on larger wafer formats• Module products based on larger wafer formats
were already featured in our last year’s report on Advanced Module Technologies 2018
• LG’s NeoN R, an IBC module, and its PERxmodule NeoN 2 both were based on 161.75 mm cell size with respective wattage of 365 and 340 W
• JinkoSolar’s Cheetah modules were based on 158.75 mm cell size with rated power of 335 W
• What is more interesting: Canadian Solar was able to join 330+ W club even with its multicrystalline product with larger 166 mm wafer formats
365
340335 335
320330340350360370
Back contact MBB (12) 5-BB; half cell MBB (9); halfcell
LG - 161.75 LG - 161.75 JinkoSolar -158.75
Canadian Solar- 166
Module products used larger wafer formats in 2018
… a trend that started already last year
In this year report….
Except for few, the majority of high-power modules is based on larger wafer formats, though different sizes
380370370370370365360
350350350350345345345345340340340340340340340340340340
320330340350360370380390
REC
SunPower
Solaria
LONGi - 16
6.75
LG -161
.75
LONGi -166.7
5
TW SOLAR
TW SOLAR
LONGi -166.7
5
Jolywood - 157
.2
Jolywood - 158
.75
Jolywood - 157
.35
Jolywood - 157
.35
Jinko -158
.75
Canadian Solar…
TW SOLAR
Talesun 158.7
5
Talesun
Suntech - 1
58.75
Seraphim
Risen - 1
58.75
LG -161
.75
JA Solar
GCL 158.75
Canadian Solar…
POW
ER (W
)
Rated Output Power of 60-cell Modules from Selected Suppliers
In this year report….
Except for few, majority of the high-power modules are based on larger wafer formats, though different sizes
Larger wafer formats● One of the simplest ways to increase module power is to increase
the wafer size
● Industry moved from M0 with 156 mm to M2 with 156.75 mm side length in 2017
● M2 was more or less a standard in 2018
● Now there is a race to increase wafer size – M6 with 166.75 mm is already commercialized
● M6 wafers have 12% higher surface area compared to M2 with proportional power gain
● Further higher wafers sizes – M10 and M12 – are already in pipeline
While up to M4 format is compatible with existing tool set, M6 requires considerable change in production, at least regarding handling
In this year report….
Except for few, majority of the high-power modules are based on larger wafer formats, though different sizes
Contact
Shravan K. Chunduri
+91 996 327 0005
Analysis of 440Wp + Bifacial
Modules Based on M6 Wafer
November 18th, 2019
LONGI Solar is the world's leading mono-crystalline solar module manufacturer, known for developing and
focusing on the most cost efficient PV solutions
LONGI’s C-Si mono integrated industry chain includes ingot to wafers and cells to modules
Mono Wafer
Mono Ingot
Mono Cell
Mono Module
Mono Power Plants
Introducing LONGi and LONGi Solar
3
40%Global mono wafer capacity
LONGi accounts for 40% of
mono wafer capacity in the
world in 2018(Source: PV-infoLink 2018 global PV manufacturers capacity,
production statistics）
28
36
50
65
8.816
2530
0
13
25
38
50
63
75
2018 2019（planning） 2020（planning） 2021（planning）
Wafer（GW） Module（GW）
LONGi mono wafer & module capacity
LONGi Capacity Planning
Area
+2983.6 mm2
+12.21 %
Area
+767.7 mm2
+3.14 %
Area
+1393.5 mm2
+5.70 %
Ø 216 Ø 217 Ø 229
156.75 x 210 158.75 x 223 166 x 223161.7 x 211
M2 versus M6 Wafer (and M4)
392.0WReference
404.3W+3.14%
414.3W+5.70%
440.0W+12.21%
60 Cells 300-325 Wp 295-320 Wp 305-330 Wp 350-370 Wp
72 Cells 360-385 Wp 355-380 Wp 365-390 Wp 420-445 Wp
Phase Out 2019 Phase Out 2019 Actual Product From Q3 2019
Cell Full-Cell M2
Monofacial
Full-Cell M2
Bifacial
M2 Half-Cut
Mono-/Bifacial
M6-Half-Cut
Mono-/Bifacial
Hi-MO 4Hi-MO 3Hi-MO 2Hi-MO 1
Overview of HiMO Generations
Hi-MO 3 Family (M2 Wafers)
Bifacial Monofacial2x60 Halfcut Cells 2x72 Halfcut Cells 2x60 Halfcut Cells2x72 Halfcut Cells
LR6-72 HBDLR6-60 HBD LR6-72 HPH LR6-60 HPH LR6-60 HPB
3rd Generation of HiMO Series
Hi-MO 4 Family (M6 Wafers)
Bifacial Monofacial2x60 Halfcut Cells 2x72 Halfcut Cells 2x60 Halfcut Cells2x72 Halfcut Cells
LR4-72 HBDLR4-60 HBD LR4-72 HPH LR4-60 HPH LR4-60 HPB
4th Generation of HiMO Series• Half-Cut cells
• Upgraded PERC technology
• Efficiency up to 22.5%
• 6 bus bars
Reference Baseline: Monofacial PERC
10.1% - grass
14.5% - cement
15.8% - sand
20.6% - white coating
Hainan,China
Ding’an, Hainan ChinaChennai, IndiaThuwal, Saudi Arabia
PahrumpLivermore
9.8% - gravel
Pahrump (NV), USA
8.0% - gravel (tracker)
Livermore (CA), USA
11% - sand
Thuwal, Saudi Arabia19.3% - white gravel
Chennai, India
LONGi Bifacial Global Research Test Fields
Test Installations in various Environments
Gains in line with Expectations
275 MW, Sihong, China
20 MW, Golmud, China
41 MW,Guiping, China
39 MW, Wuhai, China
380 MW, Aswan, Egypt
400 kW, Komatsu, Japan
224.5 MW, Georgia, USA
246 MW, Texas, USA
220 MW, Tlaxcala, Mexico
half cell module project full cell module project
LONGi Bifacial Global Installations
Customer Installations approx. 2.5 GW
as per Q4 2019750 kW, Bavaria, Germany
390Wp 440Wp
Configuration: 4 rows @14 modules, 28 in series
2.75MW
-11.6%
Number of modules / mounts
-6.1%
mounts cost
-2.2%
Land occupation
-12.8%
Combiner box
-9.1%
Cables
-8.0%
Installation of modules / mounts
-11.6%
Pile foundation
LONGi Bifacial System Comparison M2 vs M6
4,444,31
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
LC
OE
(€0.0
1/k
Wh
)
Cost
(€0.0
1/W
)
Modules and other BOS Fixed mounts Pile foundation Installation Cables Initial land cost Combiner box LCOE
LCOE reduced by
~2.9%
Power-related
BOS costs reduced by
6.3%
LCOE example:
PV station in Cologne, Germany. First-year power generation: 1.080 kWh/kWp;
80% debt with 4% interest rate; 2.4% discount rate; 20-year straight line depreciation
LONGi Bifacial System Comparison M2 vs M6
Hi-MO4 440Hi-MO3 390
2,41 2,33
3,62 3,49
4,804,65
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
LC
OE
(€0.0
1/k
Wh
)
Cost
(€0.0
1/W
)
Total cost LCOE(High irradiation) LCOE(Medium irradiation) LCOE(Low irradiation)
Hi-MO4 440Hi-MO04 440m
LCOE~3.1%
Less than themonofacial
modules
LCOE calculation:
High / Medium / Low yield: 2.000 / 1.500 / 1.000 kWh/kWp first-year power generation for monofacial modules (Bifacial gain: 8%)
80% debt with 4% interest rate; 2.4% discount rate; 20-year straight line depreciation
LONGi System Comparison Monofacial vs Bifacial
Simulation
Outdoor power generation
Awarded in 2017 & 2018
Awarded in 2019
Winner of the TÜV Rheinland’s ‘All Quality Matters’
from 2017 to 2019
LowIrradiance
Performance
Power Temperature Coefficient
IAM
Product Performance
75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91
LONGi LR6-60BP-300M
A/310Wp
B/285Wp
LONGi LR6-60PE-310M 2
LONGi LR6-60PE-310M 1
Sample 2
C/275Wp
D/300Wp
G/280Wp
A/310Wp
F/270Wp
G/265Wp
E/280Wp
Sample 1
Monthly power generation of 2018.11~2019.5 (Wh/Wp)
Mono biPERC N-PERT Mono PERC Mono Multi MWTMulti
Summary and Conclusions
• Step from M2 to M6 wafer based products → 12.2 % higher cell area
→ 15 % more power / module
→ lower BOS cost
→ same Voc / string length
• Bifacial versions (double glass) → 8-15 % bifacial gain
→ 5 years more warranty (30 y)
→ <0,45 % / a degradation
• Lowest LCOE: Mono PERC + bifacial + M6 →
Thank You for Your Attention
LONGi Solar Technology GmbH
Sebastian-Kneipp-Str. 41
60439 Frankfurt
Germany
Winfried Wahl
Head of PM, Chief Engineer
+49 175 5354021
2019/11/18 www.aikosolar.com 1
Aiko Solar Energy Technology Co., Ltd.
Advantages of using large cells in solar modules
Company History
Founded
in Foshan
PERC Production
Commenced
Yiwu 2.65GW
Production Base
Initiated.
Single/Bifacial
PERC Capacity
Reached 3.98GW
Bifacial PREC
Mass Production
and Shipment
Started
Full Square Mono
PERC Cell Efficiency
Break Through 22.5%
415W Module Power
Output by 158.75mm
Full Square Mono Cells
2www.aikosolar.com2019/11/18
2009 2016 2017 2018Q1 2018Q3 2019Q1 2019Q3 2019Q4
Bifacial SE-
Efficiency
Break Through
2222%
Mass
Production
of Mono
Cells
World’s First Pilot Run of
1 166 mm Mono PERC Cells
Pioneer of Bifacial Cell
Measurement & Binding
Bifacial PERC
Shipment:
3.0GW+ / Global No.1
PERC Shipment :
8.7GW+
Won the 21st China
Patent Excellence
Award
Manufacturing Bases
Yiwu Base
Phase 1 3.8GW
Phase 2 3.8GW［Capable of producing cell dimension larger than 166mm (200mm)］
2019 High Efficiency Mono PERC Capacity 13GW
Guangdong Base
1.6GW
Tianjin Base
3.8GW
3www.aikosolar.com2019/11/18
www.aikosolar.com 42019/11/18
Cell/Wafer Dimension Roadmap
2000 2010 2016 202020182014
5W improved each year
500W
450W
400W
370W
360W
250W
160W
Technology Drive
20042002 2006 2008 2012 2019
Linear region
Exponential region
156.75
158.75
Half-cut
166
161.7
156.75
Mono
Facial
4.0 eraTop-runner
370WBifacial milestone
156.75
Bifacial156.75
PERC
156.75125125
4.5 era
2019Q3
5.0era
158.75Pseudo Square
156.75Pseudo Square
M2
161.7Pseudo Square
M4
www.aikosolar.com2019/11/18 5
158.75
Pseudo
Square Mono
M4 161.7
Pseudo
Square Mono
The area is
25,825 mm2
/ 5.7% larger
than M2
The area is
24,431 mm2
The area is
25,015 mm2
/ 2.4% larger than
M2
M2 156.75
Pseudo
Square Mono
Mono Wafer Roadmap- 211 Ingot
158.75
Full Square
166
Pseudo Square
M6
161.7
Pseudo Square
M4 Plus
www.aikosolar.com2019/11/18 6
158.75
Full Square
Mono Cell
The area is
25,199 mm2/
3.14% larger
than M2
M6 166
Pseudo Square
Mono Cell
The area is
27,415 mm2 /
12.21% larger
than M2
Mono Wafer Roadmap- 223 Ingot
M4 Plus 161.7
Pseudo Square
Mono Cell
The area is
26,114 mm2/
6.89% larger
than M2
www.aikosolar.com2019/11/18 7
156.75
M2
158.75 Full
Square
158.75
Pseudo
Square
161.7
Pseudo
Square
M4
161.7
Pseudo
Square
M4 Plus
166
Pseudo
Square
M6
Mono Wafer Roadmap
158.75Full Square
Mono Cell
The area is
25,199 mm2
/ 3.14% larger
than M2
M6 166Pseudo Square
Mono Cell
The area is
27,415 mm2
/ 12.21% larger
than M2
158.75Pseudo Square
Mono Cell
The area is
25,015 mm2 /
2.38% larger
than M2
The area is
24,431 mm2
M2 156.75Pseudo Square
Mono Cell
M4 161.7
Pseudo Square
211 Diagonal Line
The area is
25,825 mm2
/ 5.7% larger
than M2
M4 Plus 161.7
Pseudo Square
223 Diagonal
Line
The area is
26,114 mm2
/ 6.89% larger
than M2
www.aikosolar.com 82019/11/18
166+MBB+Front-rear Sides Binned
No definite advantages of MBB solution on 156.75 size cells
Obvious advantages of MBB solution on 166 size cells
156.75 158.75 166161.7
5.5W
7.5W
6.06W
6.2W
6.14W
5.35W
5.42W
5.42W
12BB9BB5BB
Cell Power Output of Different Cell Size & Busbars
5.77W
5.95W
5.82W
5.57W
5.62W
5.59W
Module Power Output of Different Cell Sizes & Busbars
156.75 158.75 166161.7
12BB9BB5BB
400
410405 415
425420
430
450440
400W
500W
450W
385
395390
9.5W
Advantages of Large Dimension size cells
385W
405W415W
425W
450W
156.75 Mono
PERC
158.75
Pseudo
mono PERC
158.75 Full
square mono
PERC
161.7 Pseudo
mono PERC
166 Pseudo
mono PERC square mono
All sizes of cells correspond to 72pc module power
2019/11/18
大尺寸在组件端的优势
9
The output of 166-module is 65W higher than M2 module, and 35W higher than G1 module.
Module conversion rate reaches 20.27%.
Technology Roadmap – Dimension Enlargemnet
2019-Frist Year of 166 Era
Market share of large dimension:
>60% by 2020
>90% by 2021
M2 will fade out from the market in
1-2 quarters.
2019/11/18 www.aikosolar.com 10
4% 5%9%
24%
210
35%
67%
90%95%
3%
Forecast of Wafer Dimension Development
Source: PV Infolink
Market share of large dimensions
accelerate faster than expected.
2019/11/18 www.aikosolar.com 11
Source: ITRPV 2019
Based on ITRPV 2019 research, the market share of
Bifacial Cells will increase significantly.
It will reach to 50% by 2026, 60% by 2029.
30%
40%50%
60%
10%15%
35%
50%
70%
90%
20%25%
35%39%
42%50%
45%
60%
80%
Bifacial Trend
ITRPV 2019
Aikosolar
ITRPV 2019
Aikosolar
www.aikosolar.com 122019/11/18
Bifacial Cells Metrology and Classification
• More handleable to implement bifacial metrology and
classification at cell end• No additional investment in online testing
equipment for module factories
• Bifacial efficiency classification, EL selection and bifacial color
classification simultaneously
High qualityHigh power
generation
www.aikosolar.com 132019/11/18
差7℃
差57℃
High quality
Same bifacial module tiled(Reinforced irradiance on the back)，Big hotspot on the back side（working zone temperature
112.7℃）.
Tilt 30 degree,Hot spot on the back side.（ working zone temperature
62.5℃）.
Bifacial Cells Metrology and
Classification
Without rear side classification, module’s hotspot effect will be larger due to the enhanced light intensity.
Place：Yiwu
Time: NoonTerm: Bifacial module
Device: Thermal ImagerTo test hot spot effect for bifacial module
without rear side classification. Effectively screen out the battery
with abnormal back side efficiency,
avoiding back side inefficient cells
from the source.
www.aikosolar.com 142019/11/18
High power generation
Rear Eff/背面效率 16.0%
Bifacial Cells Metrology and
Classification
Classification Standard: Front side 0.1% & Rear side 0.5%
From 1st July 2019 on, Aiko Solar fully provide bifacial cells
with bifacial metrology and classification.
Maximize frontal efficiency and consistent back efficiency
2019/11/18 www.aikosolar.com
Aiko Solar Solutions & Products
Type Single Bifacial
158.75
MBB
Single
158.75
MBB
Bifacial
161.7
MBB
Single
161.7
MBB
Bifacial
166
MBB
Single
166
MBB
Bifacial
156.75
Shingled
Bifacial
158.75
Shingled
Bifacial
Design
Efficiency 22.15%
Front：
22.15%
Back：＞
16%
22.5%
Front：
22.5%
Back：
＞16%
22.5%
Front：
22.5%
Back：
＞16%
22.5%
Front：
22.5%
Back：
＞16%
Front：
22.1%
Back：
＞16%
Front：
22.1%
Back：
＞16%
Module
Output
（60pcs）325W
Front：
330W
Back：＞
235W
340W
Front：
340W
Back：
＞245W
350W
Front：
355W
Back：
＞250W
370W
Front：
370W
Back:
＞265W
Front：
355W
Back：
＞255W
Front：
355W
Back：
＞255W
Module
Output
（72pcs）390W
Front：
395W
Back：＞
285W
410W+
Front：
410W+
Back：
＞295W
420W
Front：
420W
Back：
＞300W
450W
Front：
450W
Back:
＞320W
Front：
425W+
Back：
＞305W
Front：
440W+
Back：
＞305W
The rear efficiency is calculated based on CTM98.5%,1000W/m2 illuminance / STC with (5BB+Half-cut+LCR)/(MBB+Half-cut) material
7
High EfficiencyAverage Efficiency >22.5%
High ReliabilityFirstly Bifacial Cell Certified
( PID 192H )
Higher OutputModule Power Output 450W
Thank You
Bifacial Cells Metrology and Classification
Q & A
Advanced Solar Module Technologies Report 2019The TaiyangNews Report on Advanced Module Technologies 2019 is our 3rd edition providing insights into the latest updates on solar panels. This report also looks into fairly new developments in module making - using much larger wafers and so-called 'paving' interconnection.
All TaiyangNews PV technology reports and market surveys are available for free at:
www.taiyangnews.info/reports
TaiyangNews Technique Session at CSPV Conference on 22. Nov 2019:
Time Topic Speaker Company
13:30 - 13:40 Overview high efficiency solar cells Shravan K. Chunduri Taiyang News, Germany
13:40 - 13:50 Overview TOPCon solar cells Jochen Rentsch Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Germany
13:50 - 14:05 PECVD solutions for passivated contact solar cells Sherlock Pu Meyer Burger AG, Switzerland
14:05 - 14:20 LPCVD solutions for passivated contact solar cells Raymond de Munnik Semco Smartech
14:20 - 14:35 APCVD solutions for passivated contact solar cells Glen Chen Schmid Group, Germany
14:35 - 14:50 High efficiency passivated contact solar cell improvements via wet chemical technology Holger Kühnlein RENA Technologies GmbH,
Germany
14:50 - 15:05 The role of silver pastes in processing passivated contact solar cells Derek Xiang Zhao Heraeus Group, Germany
European production technology for processing passivated contact solar cells
Thanks for joining. And talk to you soon again at our upcoming event at CSPV 2019 in shanghai
Thanks for joining. And talk to you soon again at our upcoming webinar on ‘Bifacial Solar Module Technology’ on Dec. 3, 2019
