Large Renewables - Hydrogen Energy Systems: Gathering and Transmission Pipelines

for Windpower and other Diffuse, Dispersed Sources

William C. Leighty, The Leighty FoundationDr. Masaru Hirata, University of Tokyo

Dr. Kazuhiko O’Hashi, Nippon Steel Corp.Dr. Hitoshi Asahi, Nippon Steel Corp.

Jacques Benoit, AMEC JapanGeoffrey Keith, Synapse Energy Economics

World Gas Conference 2003, Tokyo, 3 June 03

Large Renewables - Hydrogen Energy Systems: Gathering and Transmission Pipelines

for Windpower and other Diffuse, Dispersed Sources

William C. Leighty, The Leighty FoundationDr. Masaru Hirata, University of Tokyo

Dr. Kazuhiko O’Hashi, Nippon Steel Corp.Dr. Hitoshi Asahi, Nippon Steel Corp.

Jacques Benoit, AMEC JapanGeoffrey Keith, Synapse Energy Economics

“… an Eco – Responsible Future”

“Opportunities… to sustainable development”

“… sustainable gas system”

Sustainable:

“Meeting our needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

UNCED, Our Common Future, 1989

– Immediate:

• GW / GCC serious

• CO2 capture and sequestration

– Finally:

• Renewable energy sources

• Large new gathering and transmission systems

“Opportunities…to sustainable development”

Focus: Large-scale windpower

• Lowest cost renewable

• Very large resources worldwide

• Most is stranded: new transmission

• Synergy with

– NG pipeline transmission; geologic storage ?

– Biomass gasification

– Coal gasification: “near zero emissions” plants

ProposedNorth East

AsiaPipelineNetwork

Loop

“ Wind Power –Hydrogen Hybrid Systems and Natural Gas Pipeline Systems in Northeast Asia “

K. O’Hashi, Nippon Steel

M. Hirata, Shibaura Institute

K. Ono, Kyoto University

Shall these pipelines be built of hydrogen-capable line pipe ?

• Pass through, near renewables-rich areas

• Future: NG depleted• “hythane” ® transition: CH4 CH4 + H2 H2• 100 % hydrogen, fuel cell grade (99.999 %)• Incremental investment ?• Enhance pipeline NPV ?• ESFE: Eastern Siberia to Far East pipeline project • IHPF: International Hydrogen Pipeline Forum• Design ? Materials ? None exists

Large

Renewable

Resources ?

Windpower - HydrogenHybrid Systems

By Dr. K. O’Hashi 20 Dec 99

Source: “Overview of the Transportation of Wind-Generated HydrogenUsing Natural Gas Pipeline Network in Northeast Asia” August, 2000By: Asian Pipeline Research Center, Shibaura Institute of Technology

ProposedAlaska HighwayANS Gas Pipeline

Project

“ALCAN” Route

Foothills Pipe Lines Ltd.

Canada

ANS* gas: value-added strategy

• Convert CH4 H2 + CO2 at ANS,via SMR

• Pipeline H2 south to markets: vehicles• Sequester CO2 at ANS, O&G fields• Solve CO2 problem at source• Maintain reservoir pressure:

enhance O+G recovery-- $ billions

• Future: renewables transmission on ROW

* ANS: Alaksa North Slope

ProposedAlaska HighwayANS Gas Pipeline

Project

“ALCAN” Route

Foothills Pipe Lines Ltd.

Canada

Renewable Energy Sources

• Distant

• Dispersed

• Diffuse

• “Stranded”

• Diverse

• Time-varying –– Hourly

– Daily

– Seasonally

– Randomly, unpredictably

RHS: Renewables-hydrogen service for pipelines

• New specification

• 100% GH2; low energy density, volume

• High volume

• High pressure

• Long distance

• High purity: five nines, for FC

• Great Plains Wind: Huge, Stranded

• Big Market: Hydrogen Fuel, not Grid

• Accelerate Conversion

The Great Plains Wind Resource

How shall we bring the large, stranded, Great

Plains wind to market ?

Total USA Wind Resource Estimate: PNL-7789 (1991)USA electric energy consumed in year 2000 =~ 3,500 TWh (billion kWh)

North Dakota

Texas

Kansas

South Dakota

Montana

Nebraska

Wyoming

Oklahoma

Minnesota

Iowa

Colorado

New Mexico

Idaho

Michigan

New York

Illinois

California

Wisconsin

Maine

Missouri

TOTALS

TWh / year MW (nameplate, at 40% CF)

1,210 345,320

1,190 339,612

1,070 305,365

1,030 293,950

1,020 291,096

868 247,717

747 213,185

725 206,906

657 187,500

551 157,249

481 137,272

435 124,144

9,900 2,840,000

73 20,833

65 18,550

62 17,694

61 17,409

59 16,838

58 16,553

56 15,982

52 14,840

10,500 TWh 3,000,000 MW

Example Flowgate InterfacesMAPP – Mid-continent Area Power Pool

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

Montana

Wyoming

Colorado

Kansas

SouthDakota

NorthDakota

Minnesota

Wisconsin

Illinois

Missouri

NebraskaIowa

NDEX

MHEX

WNE_WKS

ECL-ARP

COOPER_S

MNEXFTCAL_S

NI_WUMS

Exporting From 12 Windiest Great Plains StatesNumber of GH2 pipelines or HVDC electric lines necessary to export total wind resource

Wind energy source: PNL-7789, 1991 * at 500 miles average length

$ 401

17

19

22

26

29

30

35

41

41

43

48

50

$ BillionTotal

CapitalCost *

890

40

40

50

60

60

70

80

90

100

100

100

100

3 GWexportHVDClines

$ 5344012,849,3169,984TOTALS

2417124,144435New Mexico

2419137,272481Colorado

3022157,249551Iowa

3626187,500657Minnesota

3629206,906725Oklahoma

4230213,185747Wyoming

4835247,717868Nebraska

5441291,0961,020Montana

6041293,9501,030South Dakota

6043305,3651,070Kansas

6048339,6121,190Texas

6050345,3201,210North Dakota

$ BillionTotal

CapitalCost *

6 GW36” GH2 export

pipelines

WindGen

MW(nameplate)

(40% CF)

AEP,TWhState

Harvesting Stranded Great Plains Wind

• Extant grid: insignificant

• New electric lines

– HVAC

– HVDC

– Double – six – phase (Osborne, MISO)

• New hydrogen gas pipelines

• “E-Pipe”, EPRI “continental supergrid”

– superconducting LVDC

– 100 GW electric

– 100 GW liquid hydrogen

– Rock tunnel 100 m subsurface

– Access for wind? Elec or H2? On-ramp? Storage?

Superconducting “Energy Pipeline”

Paul Grant, EPRI

~ 100 GW electrical + 100 GW LH2

Natural Gas Pipelines in Shield Tunnel “Energy Engineering”, Nippon Steel, 2001

ALL Denmark’s energy from wind

• ALL energy -- elec, oil, gas --replaced by wind

• Prof. Bent Sorensen, Roskilde Univ, DK

• World Hydrogen Energy Conference, June 02, Montreal

• Convert fraction to H2, store in two extant salt caverns

• USA do same ? Vehicle fuel ?

May 03, Palm Springs, CA

Stuart electrolyzer will produce H2 fuel from windpower for city FCEV* buses

* FCEV: fuel cell electric vehicle

Bald Eagle Power Company Inc. Offshore Long Island, NY

• Applied for ACOE permits:

– Offshore, shallow continental shelf

– 402 sq miles, 9 sites, S shore

– Public Notice expected mid – 03

• “SeahorseTM” wind farms, 7,000 MW

• All wind energy converted to hydrogen offshore

• 1 billion kg hydrogen per year: fuel all LA cars

• Demo Phase I: ~20 MW

• Phase II: Max 1,925 turbines, 3.6 MW each

THINK: Multi-GW scale, beyond “Cherry Picking”

• Best wind sites

• Close to transmission

• No-cost transmission: access, wheeling

• Limited: game over soon

• Wind must pay ALL transmission costs:

– “stranded”

– Capacity Factor (CF) problem

• Wind cost doubles ?

The Great Plains Wind Resource

350 Sq Mi

4,0

00

MW

of

Na

me

pla

te

Win

d G

en

era

tio

n

53

x 5

3 g

rid

50

0 m

sp

acin

g

2,8

09

win

d

ge

ne

rato

rs a

t

1,4

00

kW

ea

ch

~ 6

75

sq

km

~ 3

25

sq

mil

es

29 k

m

29 k

m

Tra

nsm

issi

on

~ 8

50 s

q k

m

~ 3

50 s

q m

i

“Distributed Collection”4,000 MW of Nameplate Wind Generation150 x 19 grid 500 m spacing

2,850 wind generators at 1,400 kW each

~ 750 sq km

10 km

75 km

~ 750 sq km

~ 300 sq mi

$0.00

$0.01

$0.02

$0.03

$0.04

$0.05

$0.06

$0.07

$0.08

$0.09

$0.10

H2-A H2-B H2-C ELEC-D ELEC-E ELEC-F ELEC-G

Cost of Dakotas Wind Energy in Chicago$ US per kWh in year 2010

Total Transmission Costs and Losses

Wind Generated Unsubsidized COE

“Electrical Transmission”Scenario

CollectionSystem

AC to HVDCConverterStation

HVDC to ACConverterStation

"STIFF"AC grid

End users

WindGenerators

WindGenerators

1,000 miles+ / - 500 kv HVDC

North Dakota Chicago

Stuart Energy“Hydrogen Energy Station”

SIE

ME

NS

HV

DC

lin

e

+/-

50

0 k

v

No

rth

Da

ko

ta

win

d n

ee

ds

11

5 n

ew

lin

es

at

3,0

00

MW

ea

ch

Tw

elv

e P

lain

s

sta

tes

win

d n

ee

ds

89

0 n

ew

lin

es

at

3,0

00

MW

ea

ch

Zion nuclear plant: 2 of 3 tower systems

HVDC potential: 6 bipoles @ 3,000 MW = 18,000 MW

How much can we upgrade capacity of extant ROW and structures,

with “no net loss of perceived or real safety or tranquility” ?

Stuart Energy“Hydrogen Energy Station”

Distribution

Problem !

Electrolyzers Compressors

GeneratorsICE, CT, FC

AC gridWholesale

End usersRetail

WindGenerators

WindGenerators

1,000 miles

Hydrogen GasPipeline

36" diameter

~ 1,000 psi

Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains

Liquefy Aircraft Fuel

Storage: 120 GWh

Hydrogen Transmission Scenario

• Low-pressure electrolyzers

• “Pack” pipeline: ~ 1-2 days’ storage = 120 GWh

“Hydrogen Transmission Scenario”Collection Topology Options:

Electrolyzer and Rectifier Location

Electrolyzer

H2O

H2

O2

Electrolyzer

H2O

H2

O2PE

PE

To Compressor orHydrogen Pipeline

To Compressor orHydrogen Pipeline

PE: Power Electronics

Electrolyzer

10 MWWindplant +Electrolyzers

5 MWBiomass

Plant

Compressor

Meter, gasqualitycontrol

Compressor

Meter, gasqualitycontrol

Pipe Flange Pipe Flange

H2 H2

ShutoffValve

ShutoffValve

12" Hydrogen Gas Pipeline

Pipeline

Delivery Nodes

• Simple

• Low cost

• Large or small

• Closely spaced

“Hydrogen Transmission” Scenario• Electricity delivery• Low-pressure electrolyzers

• Pack pipeline: ~ 1-2 days’ storage = 120 GWh

Electrolyzers CompressorsGenerators

ICE, CT, FC

AC grid

Wholesale

End users

Retail

WindGenerators

WindGenerators

1,000 milesHydrogen Gas Pipeline

36" diameter~ 1,000 psi

Storage: 120 GWhat 1000 - 500 psi

Annual Profit / Loss-- Generation of Wind

Energy, Transmission, and Delivery of

Electricity,

With PTC, Wind Capital Cost = $ 700 / kW

(700)

(600)

(500)

(400)

(300)

(200)

(100)

-

100

36-C

-FC

36-C

-CT

36-N

C-F

C

36-N

C-C

T

18-N

C-F

C

18-N

C-C

T

HV

DC

-A

HV

DC

-B

HV

DC

-C

Mil

lio

ns

of

$2

00

1Annual Profit / Loss

Wind Energy Generation, Transmission

Wholesale Delivery of Electricity

With PTC; Wind Capital Cost = $ 700 / kW

Electrolyzers Compressors

GeneratorsICE, CT, FC

AC gridWholesale

End usersRetail

WindGenerators

WindGenerators

1,000 miles

Hydrogen GasPipeline

36" diameter

~ 1,000 psi

Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains

Liquefy Aircraft Fuel

Storage: 120 GWh

Tabletop Solar-Hydrogen Demo

Hydrogen is NOT a clean, abundant energy

source !

Hin

de

nb

erg

Ma

y,

19

37

La

ke

hu

rst,

NJ

Sa

fer

tha

n g

as

oli

ne

?

Tw

elv

e G

rea

t P

lain

s st

ate

s w

ind

ne

ed

s~

40

0 H

2 g

as

Pip

eli

ne

s

6,0

00

MW

ea

ch

36

” d

iam

ete

r,

65

ba

r

hyco99.ppt 2

abc

Air Products H2 / CO Pipeline - Texas Gulf Coast

MONT BELVIEU

PORTARTHUR

BEAUMONT

BAYPORT

BATTLEGROUND

PASADENA

CITY OFHOUSTON

CLEARLAKE

GULF OF MEXICO

BAYTOWN

ORANGE

225

610

10

45

73

10

10

LAPORTE

LAKECHARLES

Approx. 60 Miles

HYDROGEN

CO

SYNGAS

Air Products Facilities

Approx. 60 Miles

BAYTOWN

“We know how to pipeline hydrogen” Air Products

~ 10,000 miles of GH2 pipeline, worldwide

hyco99.ppt 3

abc

Air Products H2 PipelineBaton Rouge/New Orleans, Louisiana

CARVILLE

PLAQUEMINE

GEISMAR

CONVENT

LAPLACE

GARYVILLE

BATON ROUGE

NOLANEW ORLEANS

LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN

CHALMETTE

BELLE CHASE

Air Products Facilities

Hydrogen Pipeline

TAFT

GEISMAR

hyco99.ppt 4

abc

Rotterdam Pipeline System

ROTTERDAMROTTERDAM

PERNIS

ROZENBURGROZENBURG

ZWIJNDRECHTZWIJNDRECHT

ToTo Moerdijk Moerdijk

Industrial Gas Pipeline

APAP Pernis Pernis

APAP Botlek Botlek

APAPEuropoortEuropoort

ARCOCARSON

ARCOCARSON

MOBILTORRANCE

MOBILTORRANCE

TEXACOWILMINGTONTEXACOWILMINGTON

DOMINGUEZCHANNEL

DOMINGUEZCHANNEL

ULTRAMARWILMINGTONULTRAMARWILMINGTON

SHELL(SHUT DOWN)

SHELL(SHUT DOWN)

ARTESIA BEACH FRWY.ARTESIA BEACH FRWY.

TOSCOWILMINGTON

TOSCOWILMINGTON

FLETCHER(SHUT DOWN)

FLETCHER(SHUT DOWN)

TOSCOCARSON

TOSCOCARSON

110110110

1

405

405

110

VAN NESSVAN NESS

AVE.AVE.

SEPULVEDABLVD

SEPULVEDABLVD

ANAHEIMSTREET

ANAHEIMSTREET

91

710

19

LONGBEACH ARPT.

LONGBEACH ARPT.

190th St.190th St.

CARSON H2CARSON H2

WILMINGTONH2

WILMINGTONH2

AIR PRODUCTS FACILITY

EXISTING H2 PIPELINE

PROPOSED H2 PIPELINE

Air Products CompanyREFINERY ACTIVITY

LOS ANGELES BASIN, CALIFORNIA

CompositeReinforced Line

Pipe (CRLP)

42” diameter3,400 psi

.75” X70 steel.75” composite

NCF Industries and

TransCanada Pipelines

ASME International Pipeline Conference and Exposition,

Calgary, AB, Canada, October 02.

Composite – Reinforced Line Pipe (CRLP) 3,400 psi, .75” X70 steel plus .75” composite

NCF Industries and TransCanada PipelinesASME International Pipeline Conference and Exposition,

Calgary, AB, Canada, October 02.

Composite exterior

Low-alloy steel liner

Norsk Hydro Electrolyzers

2,000 kW each

Compressor

Reciprocating

Natural gas

3,000 hp

Electric Motor

Drive

“Hydrogen Transmission” ScenarioHydrogen Fuel DeliveryHigh-pressure electrolyzers

High-pressElectrolyzers

GeneratorsICE, CT, FC

AC gridWholesale

End usersRetail

WindGenerators

WindGenerators

1,000 miles

Hydrogen GasPipeline

18 - 36" diameter

~ 1,000 psi

Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains

Liquefy Aircraft Fuel

Storage: 120 GWh

Electrolyzers Compressors

GeneratorsICE, CT,

FC

AC gridWholesale

End usersRetail

WindGenerators

WindGenerators

1,600 kmGH2

Pipeline

Cars, Buses,Trucks, Trains

Liquefy Aircraft Fuel

H 2

Biomass orCoal

Gasification

O 2

Syngas

CT, ICE GeneratorElectricity

Grid

Reactors Chemicals

Water-shiftReactionH 2

CO 2

CO 2

Sequestration

H20

CO 2 Sequestration

Sequestration

H20

H20

Geologic Hydrogenstorage ?Geologic Oxygen storage ?

“Zero Emissions” Coal Synergy

• ND, MT, WY are wind and coal states• Oxygen byproduct of electrolysis to

“zero emissions” coal gasification plants• 4,000 MW windplant produces –

~ 3.1 million tons O2 per yearvalue ~ $ 19.17 / ton at coal plant$ 59 million per year delivered O2

• Share transmission; CF improve ?• Is “zero emissions” coal “clean” ?• Will CO2 sequestration work ?

Dakotas

Gasification

Company

Beulah, ND

“Raw gas” : H2 + CO2 + CO + CH4 + H2O

Hydrogen Fuel Cost in MinneapolisFrom Dakotas Gasification Company (DGC) Lignite

Lignite – source GH2 * at DGC plant, Beulah, ND @ 1 atm $ 4.44 / MscfGGEE * = $ 1.58 / gal

Volume: 55 billion scf / year = 56 million gallons gasoline(Assume C-sequestration, included in cost)

Annual and 400 miles transmission pipeline and compression costs$350 M pipeline @ 12% CRF = $ 42 MPipeline O&M = $ 5 MCompression energy = $10 MTotal annual cost = $ 57 M / 56 M gallons = $ 1.02 / gal

Wholesale price of GH2 fuel in Minneapolis, end-of-pipe $ 2.60 / gal

Distribution and fuel station cost $ 0.79 – 1.45 / gal

Retail price of GH2 fuel in Minneapolis $ 3.39 – 4.05 / gal

Drive train efficiency ratio: FCEV / ICEV (gasoline) = 2Equivalent retail price GH2 fuel per vehicle-mile $ 1.70 – 2.03 / gal

* GH2 means compressed gaseous hydrogen

* GGEE = gallon of gasoline energy equivalent: H2 = 325 Btu / scf; gasoline = 116,000 Btu / gal

Wind-Hydrogen Fuel Cost in Chicago

No PTC subsidy

Wind-generated electricity in ND $ 0.045 / kWhHydrogen conversion and 1,000 miles transmission 0.052 / kWh

_________Wholesale price of GH2 fuel in Chicago, end-of-pipe $ 0.097 / kWhEquivalent per-gallon-gasoline-energy price * $ 3.49 / galDistribution and fuel station cost $ 0.79 – 1.45 / gal

________________Retail price of GH2 fuel in Chicago $ 4.28 – 4.94 / galDrive train efficiency ratio: FCEV / ICEV = 2Equivalent retail price GH2 fuel per vehicle-mile $ 2.14 – 2.47 / gal

* 1 GJ = 278 kWh; 1 gallon gasoline = 0.13 GJ (HHV) = 36 kWh @ $ 0.08 / kWh = $ 2.89 / gallonHHV means higher heating value of hydrogen.GH2 means compressed gaseous hydrogen

Competition for renewable-source hydrogen fuel

• From NG by SMR (steam methane reformation)

• From coal by gasification, with CO2 sequestration

• Nuclear: electricity, heat

IRHTDF

• International Renewable HydrogenTransmission Demonstration Facility

• Pilot-scale pipeline system

• Can we deliver renewable-source H2 fuel to major urban markets for $2.00 / gallon-gasoline-energy-equivalent?

• Necessary: critical path to conversion ?

Iowa Energy Center, 2521 Elwood Dr., Suite 124, Ames, IA 50010-8263 515-294-8819 FAX -9912

* Ames, ISU

* Ft. Dodge

NHTDF

Biomass and Wind Catchment Areas,

with Delivery Pointsto GH2 pipeline

IRHTDF: generation, conversion, collection, storage, transmission corridor

GH2 geologic storage ?

O2 pipeline

*

I R H T D F• Pilot scale renewables-hydrogen system

Generation

Conversion

Collection

Transmission

Storage

Distribution, end users

Synergy: O2, seasonal

• ~ 10 – 100 MW

• 50 - 100 km pipeline

• Defining it reveals R+D to precede it

• Next steps: Propose RFP

I R H T D F

• Multiple renewables sources

• Demonstration, through “back yards”

• Allay public fears of H2

• Building it proves feasibility, acceptance

• Operating it proves technology maturity

economics

safety

• $ 40 – 50 million investment

• Upper Midwest location ?

Why hydrogen transmissionfor Great Plains wind ?

• Lower cost / kWh than electric ?

• Nascent market: vehicle fuel

• Can’t build 900 new 3 GW electric lines

• Storage

• Underground: more secure, acceptable, permittable ?

How shall we bring the large, stranded, Great Plains renewables to market ?

• Delivered COE: can renewables compete ?

• Whole-system design, optimization:

– Generation

– Collection

– Transmission

– Storage

– Distribution

– End-use

– Intelligence: control, integrate

Conclusions

• “Eco-responsible”, “Sustainable”• CO2 emissions-free

• Renewable-source: transition, final

• What’s incremental cost of making new NG pipelines RHS-capable?

• Improve NPV of a new NG pipeline?

• No regrets

• Opportunity for NG industry

• Start with IRHTDF pilot pipeline; soon

Large Renewables - Hydrogen Energy Systems: Gathering and Transmission Pipelines

for Windpower and other Diffuse, Dispersed Sources

William C. Leighty, The Leighty FoundationDr. Masaru Hirata, University of Tokyo

Dr. Kazuhiko O’Hashi, Nippon Steel Corp.Dr. Hitoshi Asahi, Nippon Steel Corp.

Jacques Benoit, AMEC JapanGeoffrey Keith, Synapse Energy Economics

Your card: mail you CD, this presentation

World Gas Conference 2003, Tokyo, 3 June 03