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Submitted by:Chintan vaghelaM.Tech 2ndyear
122061241
Submitted to:
Prof. A.K. Jain
Dept-ice
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AIM OF LHC HISTORY
OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION PARTICLE PHYSICS PRINCIPLES STRUCTURE OF LHC FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF LHC HIGGS BOSON OR GOD PARTICLE REFERENCES
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LHC - the aim of the collider:To smash protons moving at 99.999999% of
the speed of light into each other and sorecreate conditions a fraction of a secondafter the big bang.
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1982 : First studies for the LHC project
1983 : Z/W discovered a proton antiproton
collider.
1989 : Start of LEP operation
1994 : Approval of the LHC.
1996 : Final decision to start the LHC construction
2000 : Last year of LEP operation above 100 GeV2002 : LEP equipment removed
2003 : Start of LHC installation
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2005 : Start of LHC hardware commissioning
2008 : Start of (short) beam commissioning
Powering incident on 19th Sept.
2009 : Repair, re-commissioning and beam commissioning
2010 : Start of a 2 year run at 3.5 TeV/beam
2011 : Quarkgluon plasma achieved.
2012 : Higgs-boson particle found.2013:Beginning of the first long shutdown, to prepare the
collider for a higher energy and luminosity.
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1. What do particle physicists do?
2. What are the structure and function of theparts of the LHC?
3. What are some LHC topics of interest tophysicists?
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"Particle physics is the unbelievable in pursuit of theunimaginable. To pinpoint the smallest fragments ofthe universe you have to build the biggest machine
in the world. To recreate the first millionths of asecond of creation you have to focus energy on anawesome scale.
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People have long asked, "What is the world made of ?
"What holds it together ?
Physicists hope to fill in their answers to thesequestions through the analysis of data fromLHC experiments.
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Why do we observe matter and almost no antimatter if webelieve there is a symmetry between the two in theuniverse?
What is this "dark matter" that we can't see that has visiblegravitational effects in the cosmos?
Why can't the Standard Model predict a particle's mass? Are quarks and leptons actually fundamental, or made up of
even more fundamental particles? Why are there exactly three generations of quarks and
leptons? How does gravity fit into all of this?
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The Energy Frontier,using high-energy colliders todiscover new particles and directly probe thearchitecture of the fundamental forces.
The Intensity Frontier, using intense particle beams touncover properties of neutrinos and observe rareprocesses that will tell us about new physics beyond theStandard Model.
The Cosmic Frontier, using underground experiments
and telescopes, both ground and space based, to revealthe natures of dark matter and dark energy and usinghigh-energy particles from space to probe newphenomena.
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12/4112www.scholarpedia.org/article/Dark_energ
y
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WHAT ARE QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS?
Quantum fluctuation = the temporary change in the amountof energy in a point in space.
Due to Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
t = h/2
Conservation of energy can appear to be violated, but only
for small times.
Allows creation of particle-antiparticle pairs of virtualparticles.
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Instead of creating many particles in particle factories,physicists collide two streams of particles at a time, eachwith extremely high energy
The energy of the collisions in the LHC increase by one orderof magnitude the energies in previous studies
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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is located in a circular tunnel27 km (17 miles) in circumference. The tunnel is buriedaround 100 m (about the size of a football field)
underground.
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It straddles
the Swiss
and Frenchborders on
the outskirts
of Geneva.
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Why is luminosity important?
Luminosity determines theprobability of collision
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What is luminosity?Luminosity is the number of particles per
unit area per unit time times the opacity ofthe target
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Cross section of a sample particle beam
is pictured. Assume targets arecompletely opaque, with an opacity of 1.
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What is luminosity?
L = f n N1N2 whereA
f is the revolution frequency (c/27 km)n is the number of bunches in one beam in the
storage ring. (2808 bunches)Ni is the number of particles in each bunch
(billions)A is the cross section of the beam (40 m)
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To help identify the explosion of
particles produced when protons
are smashed together, particle
detectors typically include a
powerful magnet. LHCb is noexception. The experiments very
great size magnet consists of two
coils, both weighing 27 tonnes,
mounted inside a 1,450 tonne
steel frame. Each coil is
constructed from 10 pancakes,
wound from almost 3,000 metres
of aluminium cable.
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Some Magnet Facts 58 different kind of magnets
~93 000 magnets Superconducting magnets sit in 1.9 K bath of
superfluid helium at atmospheric pressure
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Not your everyday
ordinary magnets!
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Some Magnet Facts
Dipole magnets:
cause protons to follow circular path
produce magnetic field 100 000 times earths magneticfield
1232 dipole magnets
14.3 meters long; 35 tons each
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Some Magnet Facts
Other magnets
focus proton beam-see diagram cause resulting particles to curve
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6 areas around
circumference that
will collect andanalyze data
ATLAS
CMS
ALICE
LHCb
TOTEM (minor study)
LHCf (minor study)
hepoutreach.syr.edu/.../accel_overvi ew.html
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Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)
Large detector like ATLAS Inside a large solenoid with magnetic field
100 000 times that of earth
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A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE)
Collides iron ions to study conditions right after bigbang.
Expect to see ions break apart into quarks andgluons.
Time Projection Chamber (TPC) exams andreconstructs particle trajectories.
Also has muon spectrometer
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Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb)
Searches for beauty quarks as evidence ofantimatter
Series of small detectors stretch 20 meters in length
around collision point
Detectors move easily in tiny precise ways to catchunstable, short-lived beauty quarks
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What role does the Higgs Boson Particle Play?
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Higgs Boson
particle interactswith particles,
thus slowing
them down.
This results inenergy
converted into
mass.
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THE HIGGS MECHANISM
1.To understand the Higgs mechanism, imagine thata room full of physicists quietly chattering is like
space filled only with the Higgs field....
2. a well known scientist walks in, creating a
disturbance as he moves across the room, and
attracting a cluster of admirers with each step ...
3. this increases his resistance to movement, in other
words, he acquires mass, just like a particle moving
through the Higgs field ...
4. if a rumour crosses the room ...
5. it creates the same kind of clustering, but this time
among the scientists themselves. In this analogy,
these clusters are the Higgs particles.
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3
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Gluon fusion: Two hadrons such as proton and anti proton are smash
together and make Tevatron . by Tevatron binding get
Higgs Boson particle.
Higgs strahlung: If fermion collide with anti fermion, and it carriessufficient energy it emits Higgs Boson particle .
Vector Boson fusion: Two fermions collide is that two exchange of virtual
W or Z Boson. colliding fermions do not need to be
same type. it emits Higgs Boson particle.
Top Fusion: This process involves two colliding gluons .which each decay
in to a heavy quarkanti quark pair. each pair can then
combine to form Higgs Boson particle .
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www.particleadventure.org/frameless/beyond_start.html
US Particle Physics: Scientific Opportunities A Strategic Plan
for the Next Ten Years Report of the Particle Physics Project
Prioritization Panel , 29 May 2008 p.7 http://www.hep.lu.se/atlas//thesis/egede/thesis-
node10.html#fig:HiggsProduction
Raman Sundrum (Johns Hopkins Univ,KITP Teachers
Conference, 5/31/2008
lhcb-public.web.cern.ch/.../Magnet-en.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity#In_scattering_theory_and_
accelerator_physics
www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000095