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    Submitted by:Chintan vaghelaM.Tech 2ndyear

    122061241

    Submitted to:

    Prof. A.K. Jain

    Dept-ice

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    AIM OF LHC HISTORY

    OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION PARTICLE PHYSICS PRINCIPLES STRUCTURE OF LHC FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF LHC HIGGS BOSON OR GOD PARTICLE REFERENCES

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    LHC - the aim of the collider:To smash protons moving at 99.999999% of

    the speed of light into each other and sorecreate conditions a fraction of a secondafter the big bang.

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    1982 : First studies for the LHC project

    1983 : Z/W discovered a proton antiproton

    collider.

    1989 : Start of LEP operation

    1994 : Approval of the LHC.

    1996 : Final decision to start the LHC construction

    2000 : Last year of LEP operation above 100 GeV2002 : LEP equipment removed

    2003 : Start of LHC installation

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    2005 : Start of LHC hardware commissioning

    2008 : Start of (short) beam commissioning

    Powering incident on 19th Sept.

    2009 : Repair, re-commissioning and beam commissioning

    2010 : Start of a 2 year run at 3.5 TeV/beam

    2011 : Quarkgluon plasma achieved.

    2012 : Higgs-boson particle found.2013:Beginning of the first long shutdown, to prepare the

    collider for a higher energy and luminosity.

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    1. What do particle physicists do?

    2. What are the structure and function of theparts of the LHC?

    3. What are some LHC topics of interest tophysicists?

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    "Particle physics is the unbelievable in pursuit of theunimaginable. To pinpoint the smallest fragments ofthe universe you have to build the biggest machine

    in the world. To recreate the first millionths of asecond of creation you have to focus energy on anawesome scale.

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    People have long asked, "What is the world made of ?

    "What holds it together ?

    Physicists hope to fill in their answers to thesequestions through the analysis of data fromLHC experiments.

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    Why do we observe matter and almost no antimatter if webelieve there is a symmetry between the two in theuniverse?

    What is this "dark matter" that we can't see that has visiblegravitational effects in the cosmos?

    Why can't the Standard Model predict a particle's mass? Are quarks and leptons actually fundamental, or made up of

    even more fundamental particles? Why are there exactly three generations of quarks and

    leptons? How does gravity fit into all of this?

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    The Energy Frontier,using high-energy colliders todiscover new particles and directly probe thearchitecture of the fundamental forces.

    The Intensity Frontier, using intense particle beams touncover properties of neutrinos and observe rareprocesses that will tell us about new physics beyond theStandard Model.

    The Cosmic Frontier, using underground experiments

    and telescopes, both ground and space based, to revealthe natures of dark matter and dark energy and usinghigh-energy particles from space to probe newphenomena.

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    12/4112www.scholarpedia.org/article/Dark_energ

    y

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    WHAT ARE QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS?

    Quantum fluctuation = the temporary change in the amountof energy in a point in space.

    Due to Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

    t = h/2

    Conservation of energy can appear to be violated, but only

    for small times.

    Allows creation of particle-antiparticle pairs of virtualparticles.

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    Instead of creating many particles in particle factories,physicists collide two streams of particles at a time, eachwith extremely high energy

    The energy of the collisions in the LHC increase by one orderof magnitude the energies in previous studies

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    The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is located in a circular tunnel27 km (17 miles) in circumference. The tunnel is buriedaround 100 m (about the size of a football field)

    underground.

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    It straddles

    the Swiss

    and Frenchborders on

    the outskirts

    of Geneva.

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    Why is luminosity important?

    Luminosity determines theprobability of collision

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    What is luminosity?Luminosity is the number of particles per

    unit area per unit time times the opacity ofthe target

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    Cross section of a sample particle beam

    is pictured. Assume targets arecompletely opaque, with an opacity of 1.

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    What is luminosity?

    L = f n N1N2 whereA

    f is the revolution frequency (c/27 km)n is the number of bunches in one beam in the

    storage ring. (2808 bunches)Ni is the number of particles in each bunch

    (billions)A is the cross section of the beam (40 m)

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    To help identify the explosion of

    particles produced when protons

    are smashed together, particle

    detectors typically include a

    powerful magnet. LHCb is noexception. The experiments very

    great size magnet consists of two

    coils, both weighing 27 tonnes,

    mounted inside a 1,450 tonne

    steel frame. Each coil is

    constructed from 10 pancakes,

    wound from almost 3,000 metres

    of aluminium cable.

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    Some Magnet Facts 58 different kind of magnets

    ~93 000 magnets Superconducting magnets sit in 1.9 K bath of

    superfluid helium at atmospheric pressure

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    Not your everyday

    ordinary magnets!

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    Some Magnet Facts

    Dipole magnets:

    cause protons to follow circular path

    produce magnetic field 100 000 times earths magneticfield

    1232 dipole magnets

    14.3 meters long; 35 tons each

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    Some Magnet Facts

    Other magnets

    focus proton beam-see diagram cause resulting particles to curve

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    6 areas around

    circumference that

    will collect andanalyze data

    ATLAS

    CMS

    ALICE

    LHCb

    TOTEM (minor study)

    LHCf (minor study)

    hepoutreach.syr.edu/.../accel_overvi ew.html

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    Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)

    Large detector like ATLAS Inside a large solenoid with magnetic field

    100 000 times that of earth

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    A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE)

    Collides iron ions to study conditions right after bigbang.

    Expect to see ions break apart into quarks andgluons.

    Time Projection Chamber (TPC) exams andreconstructs particle trajectories.

    Also has muon spectrometer

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    Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb)

    Searches for beauty quarks as evidence ofantimatter

    Series of small detectors stretch 20 meters in length

    around collision point

    Detectors move easily in tiny precise ways to catchunstable, short-lived beauty quarks

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    What role does the Higgs Boson Particle Play?

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    Higgs Boson

    particle interactswith particles,

    thus slowing

    them down.

    This results inenergy

    converted into

    mass.

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    THE HIGGS MECHANISM

    1.To understand the Higgs mechanism, imagine thata room full of physicists quietly chattering is like

    space filled only with the Higgs field....

    2. a well known scientist walks in, creating a

    disturbance as he moves across the room, and

    attracting a cluster of admirers with each step ...

    3. this increases his resistance to movement, in other

    words, he acquires mass, just like a particle moving

    through the Higgs field ...

    4. if a rumour crosses the room ...

    5. it creates the same kind of clustering, but this time

    among the scientists themselves. In this analogy,

    these clusters are the Higgs particles.

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    Gluon fusion: Two hadrons such as proton and anti proton are smash

    together and make Tevatron . by Tevatron binding get

    Higgs Boson particle.

    Higgs strahlung: If fermion collide with anti fermion, and it carriessufficient energy it emits Higgs Boson particle .

    Vector Boson fusion: Two fermions collide is that two exchange of virtual

    W or Z Boson. colliding fermions do not need to be

    same type. it emits Higgs Boson particle.

    Top Fusion: This process involves two colliding gluons .which each decay

    in to a heavy quarkanti quark pair. each pair can then

    combine to form Higgs Boson particle .

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    www.particleadventure.org/frameless/beyond_start.html

    US Particle Physics: Scientific Opportunities A Strategic Plan

    for the Next Ten Years Report of the Particle Physics Project

    Prioritization Panel , 29 May 2008 p.7 http://www.hep.lu.se/atlas//thesis/egede/thesis-

    node10.html#fig:HiggsProduction

    Raman Sundrum (Johns Hopkins Univ,KITP Teachers

    Conference, 5/31/2008

    lhcb-public.web.cern.ch/.../Magnet-en.html

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity#In_scattering_theory_and_

    accelerator_physics

    www.symmetrymagazine.org/cms/?pid=1000095