PRESENTATION

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DEFINITION:

Language is the human ability to acquire and use

complex systems of communication, and a

language is any specific example of such a

system. The scientific study of language is called

linguistics.

Synonyms:

Tongue, speech, mother tongue, native tongue,

dialect, vernacular, bhasha, informal lingo.

WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

Language is the most important aspect in the life of all

beings. We use language to express inner thoughts and

emotions, make sense of complex and abstract thought,

to learn to communicate with others, to fulfill our wants

and needs, as well as to establish rules and maintain our

culture.

NATIONAL LANGUAGE:

URDU:

Urdu is historically associated with the Muslims

of the region of Hindustan. It is the national

language and lingua franca of Pakistan, and an

official language of six Indian states and one of

the 22 scheduled languages in the Constitution

of India.

The name of Urdu is short form of “Zuban-e-

Urdu-e-Mualla”

PROVISIONAL LANGUAGES:

PUNJAB SINDH BALACHISTAN KHYBER

PAKHTUNKWA

70% people of

Pakistan speaks

Punjabi

The language

spoken in

province Sindh is

sindhi

Balochi, Urdu,

Pashto, and

Brahui are the

provincial

language of

Baluchistan.

The provincial

language of

Khyber-

Pukhtunkhwa is

Pashto

87% of Lahore

population

speaks Punjabi

Sindhi is 2nd most

common

language in

Pakistan

It is the main

language spoken

in Baluchistan

This language is

also spoken

widely in

adjacent regions

of Afghanistan

68% of

Islamabad

population

speaks Punjabi

Other language

of Sindh such as

lasi, Kutchi, Thari

and Sindhi

Saraiki.

apart from

Brahui, Hazaragi,

and the Balochi

dialects of

Pashto.

Other languages

of the province

include Chitrali,

Kohistani, and

Hindko.

REGIONAL LANGUAGES:

KASHMIRI BRAHUI HINDKO SHINA SARAIKI

Kashmiri is an

ancient Dardic

language

spoken in Azad

Kashmir,

Gilgit–Baltistan

and Punjab

provinces of

Pakistan.

Brahui is a

Dravidian

language of

central and

east-central

Baluchistan.

Hindko name is

derived from

Hindu Kush

mountains.

It is very similar

to northern

dialects of

Punjabi.

Shina is a

Dardic

language

spoken by a

plurality of

people in

Gilgit–Baltistan

of Pakistan.

Saraiki is

spoken in

southern

Punjab.

Multan,

Lodhran,

Bahawalpur,

Bhakkar,

Rahim Yar

Khan,

Muzaffargarh

etc.

There are over

100,000

Kashmiri

speakers in

Pakistan.

1–1.5% of the

Pakistani

population has

Brahui as their

first language.

Spoken in

Haripur,

Abbottabad,

Mansehra,

Peshawar,

Kohat,

Nowshera,

Swabi.

Chilas, Dareil,

Tangeer, Gilgit,

Ghizer,

Kohistan.

There were

321,000

speakers of

Gilgiti Shina.

More than 18

million Saraiki

live in Pakistan

and nearly 100

thousand

Saraiki live in

other countries.

OTHER LANGUAGES:

ENGLISH LANGUAGE:

English is one of the official languages of Pakistan (the other being

Urdu) and is widely used in the executive, legislative and judicial

branches as well as to some extent in the officer ranks of Pakistan's

armed forces. Pakistan's Constitution and laws are written in English.

ARABIC:

Arabic is the religious language of Muslims. The Quran, Sunnah, Hadith

and Muslim theology is taught in Arabic with Urdu translation. A majority

of Pakistan's Muslim population has had some form of formal or informal

education in the reading, writing and pronunciation of the Arabic

language as part of their religious education.

PERSIAN:

Persian was the language of Muslims in South Asia before the advent of

the British and was the official and cultural language of the Mughal

Empire. It is still spoken and understood by a few in Pakistan as a literary

language. Many Dari (Persian) speaking refugees from Afghanistan have

settled in Pakistan permanently.

TURKIC LANGUAGES:

Turkic languages were used by the ruling Turco-Mongols (or

Mughals) and earlier Sultans of India many of whom have

settled in Pakistan. There are pockets of Turkic speakers

found throughout the country, notably in the valleys in the

countries northern regions which lie adjacent to Central Asia,

western Pakistani region of Waziristan principally around

Kanigoram where the Burki tribe dwells and in Pakistan's

urban centers of Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad.

The word Urdu is of Turkic origin, as Urdu was originally

called Zuban-e-Ordu-e- Mualla or The language of the exalted

city, Urdu meaning army' in Turkish but the term is used for

'the King's city' or the capital of the ruler in India.

MINOR LANGUAGES:

Other languages spoken by linguistic minorities

include the languages listed below, with speakers

ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands. A

few are highly endangered languages that may soon

have no speakers at all.

1. Haryanvi 9. BROKSKAT

2. Aer language 10. Mandeal

3. Badeshi 11. Burushaski

4. Bagri 12. Chitrali

5. Balti 13. Chiliso

6. Bateri 14. Burig

7. BHADRAWAHI 15. Dari

8. MALVI 16. Dameli

17. Dogri 33. Kalsha-Mun

18. Dehawri 34. Kalkoti

19. Chagtang 35. Kamviri

20. Goaria 36. Kati

21. Domaki 37. Khetrani

22. Gawar-bati 38. Khowar

23. Gowro 39. Kohistani Indus

24. Gujrati 40. Koli-kachi

25. Gojri 41. Koli-parkari

26. Gurgala 42. Koli-Wadiyara

27. Hazargi 43. Lasi

28. Jandavra 44. Loarki

29. Jadgali 45. Marvari

30. Kabutra 46. Memoni

31. kachchi 47. Od

32. Kalami 48. Ormuri

48.Palula

49.Sansi

50.Savi

51.Shina-Kohistani

52.Sindhi bhil

53.Torwali

54.Uyghr

55.Ushojo

56.Bagri

57.Wakhi

58.Waneci

59.Yidgha

60.Zagskar

CLASSIFICATION:

INDO-EUROPEAN:

Most of the languages of Pakistan belong to the Indo-

Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. They

are divided between two major groups: Indo-Aryan (the

majority, including Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Hindko, and Saraiki,

among others), and Iranian (including Pashto, Dari, Balochi,

and Khowar, among others).

Some of the important languages in the Indo-Aryan group are dialect

continuums. One of these is Lahnda, and includes Western Panjabi (but

not the Panjabi of India and Pakistan), Northern Hindko, Southern Hindko,

Khetrani, Saraiki, and Pahari-Potwari, plus two more languages outside of

Pakistan. The other is Marwari, and includes Marwari of Pakistan and

several languages of India (Dhundari, Merwari, Marwari, Mewari, and

Shekhawati). A third is Rajhastani, and consists of Bagri, Gujari in

Pakistan and several others in India: Gade Lohar, Harauti (Hadothi), Malvi,

and Wagdi.

OTHER:

The following three languages of Pakistan are not part of the

Indo-European language family:

Brahui (spoken in central Baluchistan province) is a

Dravidian language. Its vocabulary has been significantly

influenced by Balochi.

The Balti dialect of Ladakhi (spoken in an area of southern

Gilgit–Baltistan) is a Tibetan language of the Tibeto-Burman

language family

Burushaski (spoken in Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, and Ishkoman

valleys in Gilgit–Baltistan) is a language isolate with no

written script

WRITING SYSTEM:

All languages of Pakistan are written in Nasta’liq, a modified

Perso-Arabic script. The Mughal Empire used Persian as the

court language during their rule over South Asia. During this

time, Nasta’liq came into widespread use in South Asia. The

influence remains to this day. In Pakistan, almost everything

in Urdu is written in the script, concentrating the greater part

of Nasta’liq usage in the world.

Balochi and Pashto are written in Perso-Arabic script.

The Shahmukhī script is a local variant of the Urdu alphabet,

a modified Persian alphabet, which has been used by the

Punjabi Muslims of Punjab to write Punjabi language.