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Recent functional neuroimaging studies in bi- and multi-lingualism converge on the observation that the same core set of brain regions subserve all languages, irrespective of proficiency and age of aquisition (Indefrey, 2006; Sebastian, Laird, & Kiran, 2011) but that language proficiency is a critical variable (Abutalebi, 2008; Hernandez & Li, 2007). The nature of language networks in individuals with bilingual aphasia has been less studied (Abutalebi, et al., 2009;Sebastian, Sandberg, & Kiran, 2012) but has high potential for clinical impact.

INTRODUCTION  

OBJECTIVES  

fMRI  RESULTS  PATIENTS CONTROLS

EFFECTIVE  CONNECTIVITY  METHODS  (DCM)  

1. Patients and controls both show overlapping activation for English and Spanish in LMTG only. More regions are activated for Spanish relative to English.

2. With regards to patients, 3 of the 4 patients were more proficient in Spanish pre and post-stroke. These patients show DCM results show stronger connections and input region parameters for English relative to Spanish.

3. The more diffuse BOLD signal activation in Spanish relative to English, but more modulation of networks for English relative to Spanish is an interesting paradox.

4.  It raises the question of whether stronger connections are an indication of less efficiency.

REFERENCES  Sebastian, R., Kiran, S., & Sandberg, C. (2012). Semantic processing in Spanish–English bilinguals with aphasia. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 25(4), 240-262. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.01.003.  Sebastian, R., Laird, A. & Kiran, S. (2011). Meta-analyses of the neural representation of first language and second language. Applied Psycholinguistics. DOI:10.1017/S0142716411000075.

Summary of fMRI results: Several regions of common overlap in activation for patients and controls (>75% overlap) Equal # of participants show activation for English and Spanish •  LMTG More # of participants show activation for Spanish relative to English •  LIFGtri, Left PCG, Left SMA, LITG,

RSTG, RMTG More # of participants show activation for English relative to Spanish •  None

Speech  Language  and  Hearing  Sciences,    Boston  University,  Boston,  MassachuseLs,  USA  

 

Swathi  Kiran,  Teresa  Gray,  Kushal  Kapse,  &  Talia  Raney  

Language  Networks  in  English-­‐Spanish  bilinguals  with  and  without  aphasia  

 

METHODS  Participants •  Four Spanish-English speaking non-brain damaged bilinguals (NBB) and four

chronic bilingual adults with aphasia (BAA)

•  Patients experienced a single, unilateral ischemic stroke in the distribution of the left middle cerebral artery.

Stimuli/Task •  Word Triplet Judgment: 60 items in each language balanced for frequency,

non-cognateness and word-association in each language. Participants were required to match the target on the top to the word most similar in meaning from the bottom.

•  Size Judgment: 60 stimulus triplets consisting of consonant letter strings were presented, and participants were required to match the target on the top most similar in size to two options at the bottom.

fMRI design •  MR images were acquired at Boston University’s Center for Biomedical

Imaging on a 3T Phillips scanner. •  T1 images were acquired with the following parameters: 140 sagittal slices,

1mm3 voxels, TR=8.2ms. BOLD images were collected using the following parameters: 31 axial slices, 3mm3 voxels, TR=2s.

•  MR data was analyzed in SPM8. Structural images were coregistered to pre-processed functional images and both were normalized to the MNI template.

•  Lesion masks were drawn in MRIcron on each patient’s T1 image and were used in normalization to minimize deformities during warping (Brett et al., 2001).

•  GLM analysis for all correct responses. Contrast evaluated:

07  

10  

13  

24  

07   10   13   24  

English  Seman/c   Spanish  Seman/c   Size  Judgment  

English  semanIc-­‐Spanish  SemanIc   Spanish  semanIc-­‐English  SemanIc    

Spanish  seman/c  –  Spanish  size    

English  seman/c  –English  size    

Table:  Percent  of  par/cipa/ons  showing  a  significant  above  threshold  (T>3.5)  ac/va/on  in    the  regions  below  

#Subjects  Ac/va/on  in  English  

Ac/va/on  in  Spanish  

Anterior  Language  and  Speech  Processing  LeN  Inferior  Frontal  Gyrus  (p.  Orbitalis) 8   50.00%   50.00%  LeN  Inferior  Frontal  Gyrus  (p.  Triangularis) 8   62.50%   87.50%  LeN  Inferior  Frontal  Gyrus  (p.  Opercularis) 8   25.00%   62.50%  Right  Inferior  Frontal  Gyrus  (p.  Orbitalis) 8   12.50%   50.00%  Right  Inferior  Frontal  Gyrus  (p.  Triangularis) 8   25.00%   62.50%  Right  Inferior  Frontal  Gyrus  (p.  Opercularis) 8   25.00%   62.50%  LeN  Middle  Frontal  Gyrus 8   62.50%   50.00%  Right  Middle  Frontal  Gyrus 8   25.00%   62.50%  LeN  Precentral  Gyrus 8   50.00%   87.50%  LeN  SMA 8   37.50%   87.50%  Right  SMA 8   25.00%   50.00%  

Anterior  and  Basal  Temporal  LeN  Temporal  Pole 8   0.00%   50.00%  LeN  Inferior  Temporal  Gyrus 8   50.00%   75.00%  

Posterior  Language  LeN  Superior  Temporal  Gyrus 8   25.00%   50.00%  Right  Superior  Temporal  Gyrus 8   62.50%   75.00%  LeN  Middle  Temporal  Gyrus 8   75.00%   75.00%  Right  Middle  Temporal  Gyrus 8   50.00%   75.00%  LeN  SupraMarginal  Gyrus 8   12.50%   62.50%  Right  SupraMarginal  Gyrus 8   62.50%   25.00%  

AQenIon  and  Working  Memory  LeN  Superior  Frontal  Gyrus 8   50.00%   62.50%  Right  Superior  Frontal  Gyrus 8   12.50%   62.50%  

85  

86  

87  

89  

Overall  Dominance   LifeIme  Exposure   Confidence   Current  Exposure  

PaIents   English   Spanish   English     Spanish   English   Spanish  BAA07   Spanish   0.098   0.90   0.045   1   0.018   0.981  BAA10   Spanish   0.040   0.959   0.151   1   0   1  BAA13   Spanish   0.159   0.840   1   1   0.031   0.968  BAA24   Balanced   0.550   0.449   0.459   1   0.5   0.5  Controls  NBB85   Balanced   0.539   0.460   0.684   0.633   0.844   0.155  NBB86   Spanish   0.141   0.858   0.476   0.970   0.445   0.554  NBB87   Balanced   0.416   0.583   0.476   0.970   0.76   0.234  NBB89   Spanish/Balanced   0.387   0.612   0.192   1   0.707   0.292  

In this study, using fMRI and DCM, we examine language networks in normal Spanish-English bilinguals and in individuals with bilingual aphasia. First, we examined patterns of activation on a word synonym task in English and in Spanish in both patients and controls. •  We hypothesized overlapping activation in language regions for both English

and Spanish but also language specific activation foci.

Next, we examined effective connectivity (using DCM) in the two language networks. •  We hypothesized that patterns of connectivity will reflect BOLD signal changes,

and differences in network connectivity will emerge for the two languages.

LIFG  

LMTG  

LSFG  

LMFG  

07  

Red: English (xp) is significantly stronger than Spanish (xp),Blue: Spanish (xp) is significant stronger than English (xp), gray is non-significant

LPCG  

LIFG  

LMTG  

RSTG  

RMTG  

10   13  

No significant differences in connection for 24

Inference    t.test  between  English  and  Spanish  connec/on  strength  and  input  regions  for  significance  

Average  Bayesian  Parameter  Average  (BPA)  was  computed  for  English  and  Spanish  

Parameters  Regional  and  connec/on  parameters  (Ep)    were  extracted  across  each  model  

Best  fit  model    

Exceedance  Probability  (xp)for  search  of  best  fit  model  using  Bayesian  Model  Selec/on  (BMS)  for  each  model  

For  each  pa/ent,  model  space  constructed  for  English/Spanish  with  common  VOIs  

Selec/on  of  VOIs  Voxel  of  interest  (VOIs)  created  by  construc/ng  a  5  mm  sphere  around  the  peak  ac/va/on  voxels  

EFFECTIVE  CONNECTIVITY  RESULTS  FOR  PATIENTS  

CONCLUSIONS