LANGUAGE SIMPLIFICATION:

A CASE STUDY ON INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH CHILDREN

An Undergraduate Thesis

Submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements

for Sarjana Sastra Degree

Ayu Wulandari

1109010002

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH PURWOKERTO

FEBRUARY 2015

Language Simplification: A Case…, Ayu Wulandari, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015

Language Simplification: A Case…, Ayu Wulandari, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015

iv

MOTTO

� Il n'y a de dieu qu'Allah. Il n’y a que toi qui peux me donner, l’espoir de

pouvoir accèdé. There is no God except Allah, there is no one but You who

can give me the hope to be able to reach (Ayu Wulandari).

� Quand on veut une chose, tout l’univers conspire á nous permettre de

réaliser notre rêve. When a person really desires something, all the

universe conspire to help that person to realize her dream (Anonymous).

� Dream for God will embrace your dream (Andrea Hirata, Author).

� Tidak ada hasil yang mengkhianati usaha (Elvira Devinamira, Miss Universe

Indonesia 2014).

Language Simplification: A Case…, Ayu Wulandari, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015

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DEDICATION

This undergraduate thesis is dedicated for:

� My greatest parents that always loving me, “Thanks for being there at ups

and downs. You may not be perfect, but you are the most precious gifts

God has ever given to me. I know you always want the best for me.”

� My beloved sister, brother-in-law, and my niece, “Thank you so much for

helping and supporting me.”

� Dwi Ariyanti, “Dear, my best friend. Actually, best friend is hard to find,

harder to leave, and impossible to forget. Thank you so much for being

my best friend. I promise you, we will still be best friend forever. Aamiin.”

� All of my beloved friends in Faculty of Letters; Dwi, Mba Ari, Dimas, Anggi,

Aldi, Wilmar, Ami, Tyas, Mas Rony, Sovi, Astri, Uti, Beni, Yayu, Riasti,

Bayu, Sandra, Wafa, Fina, Agif, Isna, Mutia, Akbar, Fuad, Wiku and others,

“Hey you guys, sorry I can’t mention all of you one by one, but thank you

so much for coloring my life. Good luck for you all.”

� All of my friends in ASEAN Youth Leaders Association and Ikatan Duta

Mahasiswa Generasi Berencana Propinsi Jawa Tengah 2013, “Thanks

much for the supports, guys. Let’s dream big. See you on top!”

� For my friends; Letnan Dua (Letda) Doni P. Utomo S.T.Han and Letnan

Dua Laut (Letda P.) Indra Pratama S.T.Han, “Thank you so much for

inspiring me, guys. You both are awesome and inspiring.”

� For Letnan Satu Penerbang (Lettu Pnb.) Wiradinata, “Thank you.

Sometimes I have to stand alone to prove that I can still stand.”

Language Simplification: A Case…, Ayu Wulandari, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Allah S.W.T. who has given guidance and

blessing so that I can finish and accomplish this undergraduate thesis as a partial

fulfillment of the requirement for Sarjana Sastra degree at English Department,

Faculty of Letters, University of Muhammadiyah Purwokerto.

In the process of finishing this undergraduate thesis, I am indebted for

uncounted helps and great supports which have been sincerely given by some

people besides me. Herewith, I would like to deeply thank to:

� Sulasih Nurhayati, S.S., M.Hum., as the Dean of Faculty of Letters who

has given many supports and motivation to me.

� Khristianto, S.S., M.Hum., as the advisor who has spent so much time

and care for guiding and advising me. Hopefully, this undergraduate

thesis can be a worthy gift for him.

� All lecturers of Faculty of Letters, who have given me invaluable

knowledge.

Last but not least, I hope that this undergraduate thesis can give some

contribution for English Department of Faculty of Letters, University of

Muhammadiyah Purwokerto.

Purwokerto, February 2015

Ayu Wulandari

Language Simplification: A Case…, Ayu Wulandari, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015

vii

LANGUAGE SIMPLIFICATION:

A CASE STUDY ON INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH CHILDREN

AYU WULANDARI

1109010002

ABSTRACT

This research aims to investigate the types of language simplification (LS)

produced by Indonesian and English children of two and a half years old, and to

find out the factors of the language simplification. This is a qualitative research

on psycholinguistics. The data source of this research are children of Indonesian

and English natives. Then the data of this research are only the utterances

containing forms of language simplification.

This study employs a key theory of language simplification from Clark and Clark

(1977) and also Rini’s research findings (2000). To support the analysis, it also

applies theories of behaviorism and nativism on language acquisition,

phonological processes, and speech production mechanism.

Based on the analysis, this research reveals that the language

simplifications produced by Indonesian subject includes final segments omission,

consonant clusters reduction, unstressed syllables omission, syllables

reduplication, initial sound omission, middle vowel and voiced alveolar sound

omission, and also consonants subtitution. Meanwhile, LS in the English native

subject are final segments omission, consonant clusters reduction, unstressed

syllables omission, syllables reduplication, initial sound omission, and consonants

subtitution. Consonant clusters reduction is the mostly found in the children’s

utterances because it is the hardest to produce. Then the lowest number of

language simplification in both subjects is the syllables reduplication.

Another finding of this study is three factors identified to be the reasons of

language simplification in the children’s talk. The first is the children have not

sufficiently acquired the correct phonological contrast, or minimal pairs. Second,

the children simplifies due to the practical reason, to ease their communication.

Last, language simplification is merely an effect of the immature-development of

the speech production system.

Keywords: language simplification, Indonesian native, English native, young

children, language production.

Language Simplification: A Case…, Ayu Wulandari, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015

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PENYEDERHANAAN BAHASA:

STUDI KASUS PADA ANAK PENUTUR BAHASA INDONESIA DAN PENUTUR

BAHASA INGGRIS

AYU WULANDARI

1109010002

INTISARI

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki jenis-jenis penyederhanaan

bahasa (LS) yang diproduksi oleh anak penutur bahasa Indonesia dan anak

penutur bahasa Inggris yang berumur dua setengah tahun, serta untuk

menemukan faktor-faktor penyederhanaan bahasa. Penelitian ini merupakan

penelitian kualitatif dalam lingkup psikolinguistik. Sumber data dari penelitian ini

adalah anak penutur bahasa Indonesia dan anak penutur bahasa Inggris.

Kemudian data penelitian ini hanyalah ujaran-ujaran yang mengandung bentuk-

bentuk penyederhanaan bahasa.

Penelitian ini menggunakan teori utama tentang penyederhanaan bahasa dari

Clark dan Clark (1977) dan juga hasil penelitian penyederhanaan bahasa dari Rini

(2000). Untuk mendukung analisa, penelitian ini juga menggunakan teori

mengenai proses fonologi, mekanisme produksi ujaran, serta teori behaviorism

dan nativism dalam pemerolehan bahasa.

Berdasarkan analisa, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penyederhanaan

bahasa yang diproduksi oleh anak penutur bahasa Indonesia meliputi final

segments omission, consonant clusters reduction, unstressed syllables omission,

syllables reduplication, initial sound omission, middle vowel and voiced alveolar

sound omission, dan consonants subtitution. Sementara itu, penyederhanaan

bahasa pada anak penutur bahasa Inggris adalah final segments omission,

consonant clusters reduction, unstressed syllables omission, syllables

reduplication, initial sound omission, dan consonants subtitution. Consonant

clusters reduction adalah tipe penyederhanaan bahasa yang paling banyak

ditemukan dalam ujaran kedua anak tersebut karena paling sulit untuk

diproduksi. Sedangkan jenis penyederhanaan bahasa yang paling sedikit

ditemukan pada kedua anak tersebut adalah syllables reduplication.

Hasil temuan lainnya dari penelitian ini adalah ada tiga faktor yang teridentifikasi

menjadi penyebab penyederhanaan bahasa. Yang pertama adalah anak belum

cukup memperoleh perbedaan fonologi atau minimal pairs yang benar. Yang

kedua, mereka menyederhanakan bahasa berdasarkan alasan kepraktisan, untuk

meringankan komunikasi mereka. Yang terakhir, penyederhanaan bahasa selalu

merupakan sebuah efek dari perkembangan sistem produksi ujaran yang belum

matang.

Kata kunci: penyederhanaan bahasa, penutur bahasa Indonesia, penutur bahasa

Inggris, anak kecil, produksi bahasa.

Language Simplification: A Case…, Ayu Wulandari, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ................................................................................................................ i

VALIDATION SHEET .......................................................................................... ii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .......................................................................... iii

MOTTO ........................................................................................................... iv

DEDICATION .................................................................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... vi

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... vii

INTISARI ........................................................................................................viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1

A.1. Background of the Research ................................................................... 1

A.2. Problems of the Research ....................................................................... 6

A.3. Objectives of the Research ...................................................................... 7

A.4. Significance of the Research.................................................................... 7

A.5. Limitation of the Research ...................................................................... 7

A.6. Organization of the Research Report ...................................................... 8

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................ 9

B.1. Theoritical Framework ............................................................................ 9

B.1.1. Language Simplification Theory of Clark and Clark ......................... 9

B.1.2. Phonological Processes .................................................................. 14

B.1.3. Speech Production Mechanism ..................................................... 18

Language Simplification: A Case…, Ayu Wulandari, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015

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B.1.4. Behaviorism and Nativism Theory on Language Simplification .... 20

B.2. Review of Related Researches ............................................................... 23

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................... 27

C.1. Type of the Research ............................................................................. 27

C.2. Data and the Source of the Data ........................................................... 28

C.3. Method of Collecting Data .................................................................... 29

C.4. Technique of Collecting Data ................................................................. 30

C.5. Method of Analyzing Data ..................................................................... 31

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 33

D.1. Data Description .................................................................................... 33

D.2. Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 35

D.3. Discussion .............................................................................................. 70

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................................................. 87

E.1. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 87

E.2. Suggestion .............................................................................................. 88

BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 89

APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 92

Language Simplification: A Case…, Ayu Wulandari, Fakultas Sastra UMP, 2015