Language Revival

8/12/2019 Language Revival

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Language revivalis when people try to make alanguagethat is not spoken, or is spoken very little,

spoken more often again.Language deathis what happens when a language is not used by the

people who spoke it before. Language revival wants to save a language that is dead or endangered.

TheHebrew languagewas once a language that was not used, but because the language was

revived, people now speak and use it again. Many languages today are now trying to be revived.

Language revitalization, language revivalor reversing language shiftis the attempt by interested

parties, including individuals, cultural or community groups, governments, or political authorities, to

reverse the decline of a language. If the decline is severe, the language may

beendangered, moribund,sleeping (see Wesley Leonard's work), orextinct.In these cases, the goal

of language revitalization is often to recover the spoken use of the language. Although the goals of

language revitalization vary by community and situation, a goal of many communities is to return a

language that is extinct or endangered to daily use. The process of language revitalization is the

reverse oflanguage death.

"There are various ethical, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits of language revival - for example,

historical justice, diversity and employability, respectively.

Theory

Reversinglanguage shifthas been an area of study among sociolinguists, includingJoshua Fishman,

in recent decades. Reversing language shift involves establishing the degree to which a particular

language has been 'dislocated' in order to determine the best way to assist or revive the language.

Revival linguistics

Ghil'ad Zuckermannproposes Revival Linguisticsas a new linguistic discipline and

paradigm. "Zuckermann's term 'Revival Linguistics' is modelled upon 'Contact Linguistics'

(


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According to Zuckermann, "revival linguistics combines scientific studies of native language

acquisition and foreign language learning. After all, language reclamation is the most extreme

case of second-language learning. Revival linguistics complements the established area

ofdocumentary linguistics,which records endangered languages before they fall asleep."[3]

Zuckermann proposes that "revival linguistics changes the field of historical linguistics by,

for instance, weakening the familytree model,which implies that a language has only one

parent."[3]

[edit]

Steps in reversing language shift

Joshua Fishman's model for reviving threatened (or sleeping) languages, or for making themsustainable,

[4][5]consists of an eight-stage process. Efforts should be concentrated on the earlier

stages of restoration until they have been consolidated before proceeding to the later stages. The

eight stages are as follows:

1. Acquisition of the language by adults, who in effect act as language apprentices

(recommended where most of the remaining speakers of the language are elderly and

socially isolated from other speakers of the language).

2. Create a socially integrated population of active speakers (or users) of the language (at this

stage it is usually best to concentrate mainly on the spoken language rather than the written

language).

3. In localities where there are a reasonable number of people habitually using the language,

encourage the informal use of the language among people of all age groups and within

families and bolster its daily use through the establishment of local neighbourhood

institutions in which the language is encouraged, protected and (in certain contexts at least)

used exclusively.

4. In areas where oral competence in the language has been achieved in all age groups

encourage literacy in the language but in a way that does not depend upon assistance from

(or goodwill of) the state education system.

5. Where the state permits it, and where numbers warrant, encourage the use of the language in

compulsory state education.

6. Where the above stages have been achieved and consolidated, encourage the use of the

language in the workplace (lower worksphere).

7. Where the above stages have been achieved and consolidated encourage the use of the

language in local government services and mass media.

8. Where the above stages have been achieved and consolidated encourage use of the

language in higher education, government etc.

This model of language revival is intended to direct efforts to where they are most effective and to

avoid wasting energy trying to achieve the later stages of recovery when the earlier stages have not

been achieved. For instance it is probably wasteful of effort to campaign for the use of the language

on television or in government services if hardly any families are in the habit of using the language.
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[edit]Factors which help an endangered language to progress

David Crystal,in his book Language Death,[6]

proposes six factors which may help a language to

progress. He postulates that an endangered language will progress if its speakers:

1. increase their prestige within the dominant community2. increase their wealth

3. increase their legitimate power in the eyes of the dominant community

4. have a strong presence in the education system

5. can write down the language

6. can make use of electronic technology

[edit]Specific examples

Total revival of a "dead"language (in the sense of having nonative speakers)into a self-sustaining

community of several millionfirst languagespeakers has happened only once, in the case of

theHebrew language,now thenational languageofIsrael.In this case, there was a unique set ofhistorical and cultural characteristics that facilitated the revival (seeRevival of the Hebrew language).

However, during several periods in the past,literary languageswithoutnative speakersnonetheless

enjoyed great prestige and practical use aslingua francas,often counting millions of fluent speakers

at a time. In many such cases, a decline in the use of the literary language, sometimes precipitous,

was later accompanied by a strong renewal. This happened, for example, in the revival ofClassical

Latinin theRenaissance,and the revival ofSanskritin the early centuries A.D. Many of these literary

languages, although having few or no native speakers, were far from "dead", and were quite often

used even inextemporaneousspeech. This type of situation exists to this day inArabic-speaking

areas, where the literary language (Modern Standard Arabic,a form of theClassical Arabicof the 6th

century A.D.) is taught to all educated speakers and is used in radio broadcasts, formal discussions,etc.

[citation needed]

In addition, literary languages have sometimes risen to the level of becomingfirst languagesof very

large language communities. An example is standardItalian,which originated as a literary language

derived from the language of 13th-centuryFlorence,especially as used by most important Florentine

writers such asDanteandBocaccio.This language existed for several centuries primarily as a literary

vehicle, with few native speakers; even as late as 1861, on the eve ofItalian unification,the language

only counted about 500,000 speakers, many non-native, out of a total population of c. 22,000,000.

The subsequent success of the language has been through conscious development, where speakers

of any of the numerousItalian languageswere taught standard Italian as asecond languageand

subsequently imparted it to their children, who learned it as a first language.[citation needed]

Note that in the case of Italian, and similar situations such as the eventual dominance of

modernGerman,Czech,Finnishand other languages that originated as largely or purelyliterary

languages,is that even though these literary languages by themselves had at one point few or no

native speakers, they were dialects of existing spoken languages that already had large communities

of native speakers hence the language cannot reasonably be said to have been "dead".

Furthermore, many of the speakers who eventually adopted the languages were already speakers of

closely related languages (e.g. otherRomance languagesorGermanic languages). The uniqueness

of the revitalization of Hebrew is that before its revival, there were no native speakers of anyvariety of

Hebrew, and the early community that led to its revitalization was composed largely of speakers of the

unrelatedYiddish language(a variety ofMiddle High German).[citation needed]
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Other than Hebrew, there are no cases of completely dead languages revived into communities of

larger than a few thousand speakers (often composed largely of enthusiasts, and often not passed on

from one generation to the next). TheCornish,though still used in the home into the 20th century, had

spent a century extinct as a visible community language. Its revival started in 1904 and there are now

a growing number of speakers, currently in the thousands, some of whom were brought up bilingually.

The development of revivedPrussianstarted in the second half of the 20th century by the work

ofVytautas Maiulisand others.[citation needed]

Official attempts to revitalise languages under threat from extinction, such as the promotion ofIrishin

both theRepublicandNorthern Ireland(seeGaelic

revival),WelshinWales,GalicianinGalicia,BasqueinBasque Country,

andCatalaninCataloniahave met with mixed success.[citation needed]

In China, too, a few groups ofManchu languageenthusiasts are trying to revive the language oftheir

ancestorsusing available dictionaries and textbooks, and even occasional visit to Qapqal Xibe

Autonomous CountyinXinjiang,where the relatedXibe languageis still spoken natively.[7]

Some Amerindian groups have attempted to revive moribund languages.[8]

Hundreds of rare languages have teaching materials available on the web for use by members of the

community as well as anyone who wants to learn them.[9]

About 6,000 other languages can be

learned to some extent by listening to recordings made for other purposes, such as religious texts,

where translations are available in more widely known languages.[10][11]

Often the organization reviving the language chooses a particular dialect, evenstandardizesone from

several variants, and adds new forms, mainly modern vocabulary, throughneologisms,extensions of

meaning for old words,calquesfrom sibling languages (Arabic for Modern Hebrew, Welsh and Breton

for Cornish), or plain borrowings from the modern international languages. Supporters of other

variants can feel that the chosen form is not "the real one", and that the original purpose of the revivalhas been defeated.

In recent times alone, more than 2000 languages have already becomeextinctaround the world. Still

others have only a few known speakers; these languages are calledendangered languages.

The UN estimates that more than half of the languages spoken today have fewer than 10,000

speakers and that a quarter have fewer than 1,000 speakers and that, unless there are some efforts

to maintain them, over the next hundred years most of these will become extinct.

TheEndangered Language Fundis a fund dedicated to the preservation and revival of endangered

languages.

[edit]EuropeInEurope,in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the use of both local and learnedlanguagesdeclined

as the central governments of the different states imposed their vernacular language as the standard

throughout education and official use (this was the case in theUnited

Kingdom,France,Spain,ItalyandGreece,and to some extent, inGermanyandAustria).[citation needed]

In the last few decades, localnationalismandhuman rightsmovements have made a

moremulticulturalpolicy standard in European states; sharp condemnation of the earlier practices of

suppressing regional languages was expressed in the use of such terms as "linguicide". Campaigns

have raised the profiles of local languages to such an extent that in some European regions, the local

languages have acquired the status ofofficial languages,along with the national language.

TheCouncil of Europe's action in this area (seeEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority
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kipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Language_revitalization&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Language_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revitalization#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revitalization#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revitalization#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revitalization#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revitalization#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xibe_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qapqal_Xibe_Autonomous_Countyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qapqal_Xibe_Autonomous_Countyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataloniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vytautas_Ma%C5%BEiulishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Prussian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language


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Languages)is in contrast to theEuropean Union's granting of official status to a restricted number of

official languages (seeLanguages of the European Union).[citation needed]

On the other end of the spectrum,Latin,the learned language in which higher education and

academic communication were carried out in Europe for many centuries, thus providing a cultural link

to the continent across all of its universities until the aforementioned period, has also been the objectof a language revival movement and is precariously growing in number of speakers (cf.Living Latin),

although, as a language which is native to no people, this movement has received little support from

governments, national or supranational.[citation needed]

[edit]Asia

TheAinu languageof the indigenousAinu peopleof northern Japan is currently moribund, but efforts

are underway to revive it. A 2006 survey of theHokkaidoAinu indicated that only 4.6% of Ainu

surveyed were able to converse in or "speak a little" Ainu.[12]

As of 2001, Ainu was not taught in any

elementary or secondary schools in Japan, but was offered at numerous language centres and

universities in Hokkaido, as well as at Tokyo'sChiba University.[13]

[edit]Criticism

The concept of protecting languages from extinction is considered unnecessary by some, such as

writerKenan Malik.Malik argues that it is "irrational" to try to preserve all the world's languages as

language death is natural and in many cases inevitable even with intervention. It is also argued that

language death improves communication by ensuring more people speak the same language, this

may benefit the economy and reduce conflict.[14][15]

Revived Language

A revived languageis one that, having experienced near or complete extinction as either a spoken or

written language, has been intentionallyrevivedand has regained some of its former status.[citation needed]

The most frequent reason for extinction is the marginalisation of local languages within a wider

dominantnation state,which might at times amount to outright political oppression. This process normally

works alongside economic and cultural pressures for greatercentralisationandassimilation.Once a

language has become marginalised in this way, it is often perceived as being "useless" by its remaining

speakers, who associate it with low social status and poverty, and consequently fail to pass it on to the next

generation.

[edit]Ainu

Main article:Ainu language

TheAinu languageof the indigenousAinu peopleof northern Japan is currently moribund, identified by

Japanese scholars as a "dying language" since the 1920s.[1]

A 2006 survey of theHokkaidoAinu indicated

that only 4.6% of Ainu surveyed were able to converse in or "speak a little" Ainu.[1]

As of 2001, Ainu was not

taught in any elementary or secondary schools in Japan, but was offered at numerous language centres
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and universities in Hokkaido, as well as at Tokyo'sChiba University.[2]

An Ainu language radio station was

established in Hokkaido in 2001, andmangabooks have been produced in the language.[3]

The work of researcherKayano Shigeruhas been prominent in the revival of Ainu, including the recording

of the Ainu oral epics known asyukar.Shigeru also began theNibutani Ainu Language Schoolin 1983, thefirst Ainu school in Japan.

[4]

[edit]Barngarla

Main article:Barngarla language

Barngarla(Parnkalla, Banggarla) is anAustralian Aboriginal languageof theBarngarla peopleinEyre

Peninsula,South Australia,Australia.It is currently being revived byGhil'ad Zuckermann(University of

Adelaide)and the Barngarla community, based on 170-year-old documents.[5]

[edit]Belarusian

Main article:Belarusian language

The whole nation ofBelarusianswas "invisible" 150 years ago, with the area's people being known

asLitvins,from the name of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania,to whom the Belarusian land belonged. The

nation was under heavyPolonization,followed byRussification.The language recovered after theRussian

Revolution,followed by another period of neglect.

A second chance of revival appeared after thedissolution of the Soviet Union,followed by significant

increase of interest in Belarusian culture, language and historical heritage. The government ofAlexander

Lukashenkohas been accused of associating these interests with opposition to his policy of union

withRussia.As of 2005,Minsk,the capital ofBelarus,does not have a single school with education carried

out in the Belarusian language.

[edit]Chochenyo

Main article:Chochenyo language

TheMuwekma Ohlone Tribeof California has revitalized the Chochenyo language, which was last spoken

in the 1930s.[6][7][8]

As of 2009, many students were able to carry on conversations in Chochenyo.[9]

[edit]Cornish

Main article:Cornish language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayano_Shigeruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayano_Shigeruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayano_Shigeruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibutani_Ainu_Language_School&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibutani_Ainu_Language_School&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibutani_Ainu_Language_School&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barngarla_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barngarla_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barngarla_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barngarla_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barngarla_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnkalla_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnkalla_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnkalla_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chochenyo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chochenyo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chochenyo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone#Present_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone#Present_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone#Present_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origo_Mundi_kynsa_gwersow.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone#Present_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chochenyo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnkalla_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barngarla_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barngarla_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibutani_Ainu_Language_School&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayano_Shigeruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_University


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The opening verses of Origo Mundi, the first play of theOrdinalia(themagnum opusof medieval Cornish literature),

written by an unknown monk in the late 14th century

Cornishwas used as a community language inCornwall,United Kingdom, until the late 18th century. A

limited number of people did continue to use the language throughout the 19th and possibly the early 20th

centuries.Literaturefrom the Medieval and Tudor periods, and substantial fragments, including grammars,

from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries survived, which allowed Cornish to be revived in the early 20th

century as part of theCeltic Revival.The revival of the language was known for disputes over orthography

during the late 20th century, until aStandard Written Formwas agreed in 2008. The number of Cornish

speakers is now in the thousands and growing, and the language is now taught in some schools. UNESCO

recently reclassified the language from "extinct" to "critically endangered".[10]

[edit]Hawaiian

Main article:Hawaiian language

On six of the seven inhabited islands ofHawaii,Hawaiian was displaced by English and is no longer used

as the daily language of communication. The one exception isNiihau,whereHawaiianhas never been

displaced, has never been endangered, and is still used almost exclusively. Native speakers of Niihau

Hawaiian speak among themselves in a way significantly different from the Hawaiian of the other islands

so different that it is unintelligible to non-Niihau speakers of Hawaiian.

Efforts to revive the language have increased in recent decades. Hawaiianlanguage immersionschools

are now open to children whose families want to retain (or introduce) Hawaiian language into the next

generation. The localNPRstation features a short segment titled "Hawaiian word of the day". Additionally,

the Sunday editions of theHonolulu Star-Bulletinfeature a brief article called Kauakukalahale, written

entirely in Hawaiian by a student.

[edit]Hebrew

Main article:Revival of the Hebrew language

First Hebrew school in Rishon Lezion
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Hebrew was revived as a spoken language two millennia after it ceased to be spoken, and is considered a

language revival "success story". The language was extinct as a spoken language until the 19th century

when it was revived byEliezer Ben-Yehuda;prior to that, though respected and preserved as the holy

language ofJudaism,it was considered impractically archaic or too sacred for day-to-day communication,

although it was, in fact, used as an international language between Jews who had no other common

tongue, with several Hebrew-medium newspapers in circulation around Europe at the beginning of the 19th

century, and a number of Zionist conferences being conducted exclusively in Hebrew. It is now, however,

spoken by over 7,000,000 people. Most of these live inIsrael,where Hebrew is the official and most

commonly spoken language, but many inJewishcommunities outside Israel have undertaken its study.

[edit]Kaurna

Main article:Kaurna language

Kaurnais anAustralian Aboriginal languageof theKaurna peopleinAdelaide,South Australia,Australia. It

is currently being revived by theKaurna Warra Pintyandi,a committee of Kaurna Elders and youth,

teachers, linguists and other researchers based at theUniversity of Adelaide.

[edit]Latin

Main article:Contemporary Latin

Latin in use on anATM.

Latin was historically the language of theRoman Empire,but spread through Europe and beyond, thanks

partially to its role in theRoman Catholic Churchand in higher register.

Feature films and broadcasting have been conducted in Latin. Two notable examples include

1976'sSebastianebyDerek Jarmanand Paul Humfress, andMel Gibson'sThe Passion of the

Christ(which also contains long sections in Aramaic.)Harry Potterhas even been translated into Latin

andancient Greek.[11]

Somewhat like Sanskrit, Hebrew, Maori and Manx, Latin has never been entirely out of view, and has

always had some speakers, but a lack of native speakers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaurna_Warra_Pintyandi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaurna_Warra_Pintyandi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaurna_Warra_Pintyandi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastianehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastianehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastianehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jarmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jarmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jarmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gibsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gibsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gibsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican_latin_atm.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican_latin_atm.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican_latin_atm.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican_latin_atm.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revived_languages#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gibsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jarmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastianehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaurna_Warra_Pintyandi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revived_languages&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda


9/15

[edit]Lazuri, aka Laz

Main article:Laz language

TheUNESCO Atlas of the Worlds Languages in Danger (2010)declares Lazuri as a language that is

definitively endangered. Lazuri is a Southwest Caucasian language spoken by ca 30,000 people as their

mother tongue along the East Black Sea coast of Turkey and in some parts of the Autonomous Republic

ofAdjara(Salminen, 2007). The region where the Lazi people live is called Lazona (Benninghaus, 1989).

Because Lazuri is primarily an oral language, and all new speakers tend to grow up bilingual (typically

speaking Lazuri and Turkish), the language is at risk of extinction (e.g., Yuksel-Sokmen & Chasin, 2008).

Although the Lazuri alphabet was first established around the late 20s by a native folklorist, named

Iskender Tsitasi, who published periodicals and poems until 1938, there were many obstacles to learn and

to teach Lazuri due to the lack of language learning resources and limited documentation of the language

(interview with language activistsmail Avc Bucakliiin Istanbul, April 2012). Hence, Lazuri remained a

primary spoken language until Lazoglu and Feuerstein re-introduced the Lazuri Alboni or Alphabet in Latin

letters in 1984 and started to publish periodicals, called 'Ogni' (Did you hear). The first L azuri Dictionary

(Bucaklii & Uzunhasanolu, 2006) was among the first one to adopt the Lazuri Alboni. The Little Princeby

Antoine de Saint-Exupery become the first book which has been formally translated into the Lazuri Alboni

by Sinan Albayrakolu (2011) who worked four years on the Turkish to Lazuri translation. Also, in 2011

theBosphorus University of Istanbulstarted to offer Lazuri as an elective class for beginners. With the

recent establishment of the Lazika Yayin Kolektif (Lazika Publication Collective) in 2010, current and future

generations of students, teachers, authors, and scholars of Lazuri are encouraged to contribute to theprocess of language revitalization, thus paving the way for a Lazuri Literature.

[edit]Leonese

Main article:Leonese language

Leonese was recognised as a seriously endangered language by UNESCO, in 2006. The only legal

reference to this language is in theAutonomy Statute of Castile and Len.The Province of Len

government supports the knowledge of this language through courses, by celebrating "Leonese Language

Day" and by sponsoring literary efforts in the Leonese language, such as "Cuentos del Sil", where ninewriters from teenagers to people in their eighties develop several stories in Leonese. The Leonese Local

Government uses the Leonese language in some of their bureaus, organizes courses for adults and in

2007 organized Leonese Language Day. The Leonese Local Government official website uses the

Leonese language. The Leonese language is taught in two schools of Len city since February 2008. The

local authority for education said it would be taught in all Leonese schools next course.

[edit]Manx

Main article:Manx language
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Use of Manx on the national museum; note the smaller font size of the Manx.

Manx is a language spoken in theIsle of Man,which is in theIrish Sea,between Scotland, England, Ireland

and Wales. Manx ceased to function as a community language during the first quarter of the 20th century,

but was revived by enthusiasts at a time when there were still a number of native speakers alive. Although,

at one point, no native speakers of the language were alive and it may have been officially classified as

"dead" in 1975, the revival appears to have gained strength in recent years. There is a regular programme

in Manx onManx Radio.As of 2006 there were forty-six pupils undergoing their education through the

medium of Manx at theBunscoill Ghaelgagh.

[edit]Mori

Main article:Mori language

Mori is the indigenous language ofNew Zealand,where it was commonly spoken until the 20th

century.

[12]

In recent times initiatives have been taken to revitalize Mori as a spoken language .[13]

[edit]OccitanGascon

Main article:Aranese language

Aranese signage inBossst,Val d'Aran
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The Aranese language, a standardized form of the Pyrenean Gascon variety of the Occitan language

spoken in the Aran Valley, in northwestern Catalonia is still spoken. Once considered to be an endangered

language[citation needed]

, spoken mainly by older people, it is now experiencing a renaissance; it enjoys co-

official status withCatalanandCastilian(Spanish) within the Aran Valley, and since 1984 has been taught

in schools.[14]

[edit]Palawa kani (Tasmanian language)

Main article:Palawa kani

Palawa kani is an attempt to revive various Tasmanian dialects in a single combined form.

The originalTasmanian languages,which may have number a dozen or more, became extinct in 1905

when the last native speaker died. As part of community efforts to retrieve as much of the original

Tasmanian culture as possible, efforts are made to (re)construct a language for the indigenous community.Due to the scarcity of records, Palawa kani is being constructed as a composite of the estimated 6 to 12

original languages.

Theresa Sainty and Jenny Longey were the first two "language workers" to work on the project in 1999.

[edit]Sanskrit

A revived language being put to another use, theAgni,andPrithvimissiles of India.

Sanskritwas a pan-Indian language inVedictimes but lost its prominent place amongst spoken dialects in

modern India. A number of attempts to revive Sanskrit have been made from the 18th century onwards.

However, it has been challenged in this role by various community languages ,Hindi,UrduandEnglish.

Many of India's and Nepal's scientific and administrative terms are named in Sanskrit, as a counterpart of

the western practice of naming scientific developments inLatinorClassical Greek.TheIndian guided

missile programthat was commenced in 1983 byDRDOhas named the five missiles (ballistic and others)

that it has developed asPrithvi,Agni,Akash,NagandTrishul('Akash', 'Nag' and 'Trishul' are, however,

Hindi; though written the same in theDevanagariscript, these three words in Sanskrit are - both for

pronunciation and transliteration - 'Akasha', 'Naga', and 'Trishula'). India's first modern fighteraircraftis

namedHAL Tejas.
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Neo-Sanskrit is spoken in around 4 villages in India. The Matturvillage in centralKarnataka,Shimoga

district claims to have native speakers of Sanskrit among its population. Historically the village was given

by kingKrishnadevarayaof theVijayanagara Empireto Vedic scholars and their families. People in his

kingdom spokeKannadaandTelugu.[15]

Samskrita Bharati(Sanskrit: , IPA:sskr tbrti)is anon-profit organisationworking

toreviveSanskrit,also termedSanskrit revival.The organization has its headquarters inNew Delhi,

andU.S.chapter headquarters inSan Jose, California.The Samskrita Bharati office inBangaloreis called

"Aksharam" and houses a research wing, library, publication division, and audio-visual language lab for

teaching spoken Sanskrit.

[edit]Wampanoag

Main article:Massachusett language

In the 21st century,Wampanoagbecame the firstNative American languagein the United States to be

revived, with young children brought up in the language.[16]

[edit]

Revival of the Hebrew languageFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

History of theHebrew language

Biblical Hebrew

Mishnaic Hebrew

Medieval Hebrew

Ashkenazi Hebrew

Sephardi Hebrew

Yemenite Hebrew

Hebrew Language Revival

Modern Hebrew

V
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Documents

Language Revival