English has many c_________ rules because it is _____

___ of the rules and vocabulary each group of people b_______ to Britain with them.

At the very beginning, British people spoke C_____.

Then, three Germanic tribes:______ ______ ______ and V_____ from Scandinavian countries invaded Britain and brought with them their languages. The language they crea

ted is the_____ English. Old English c___________ of an Anglo-Saxon base p_____ words from the languages of Denmark and Norway.

onfusing made

up

rought

elticAngles Saxons Jutes

ikings

Old onsisted

Revision

lus

Old English was the ______ language of England until

the 12th century when Normans c________ England and _

____ ______ of the Country. The Normans spoke F_____

which had an i______ on English although it did not r____

English as the first language. In 1399, H_________ becam

e King of England and he used English for all official occasions.

Modern English began during the R__________ in th

e 16th century. Pronunciation u_________ huge changes during this period. However, this is not _____ ____ of the cha

nges. It’s certain that this p________ will continue.

official

onquered

took control rench

mpact eplace

enry IV

enaissance

nderwent

the end

rocess

1. throughout history1. throughout history 在整个历史进程中在整个历史进程中2. That is why… 这就是为什么……这就是为什么……3. confusing rules3. confusing rules 令人困惑不解的规则令人困惑不解的规则4. be made up of 由……组成由……组成5. rules and vocabulary5. rules and vocabulary 规则和词汇规则和词汇

throughout: prep. 1.( 表时间）从始至终，在…期间2. （表地域）遍及…

在整个考试期间他坐在那儿一个字也没写。Throughout the exam, he sat there without Throughout the exam, he sat there without writing a single word.writing a single word.

这消息传遍了全国。The news spread throughout the The news spread throughout the countrycountry.

That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. (p22)

正因为如此，英语才成了一种具有许多令人困惑不解的规则的语言。

1. 问题是我们找不到合适的时间。 The problem was that we couldn’t find

a suitable time. 2. 我们学校不再是以前的样子了。 Our school is no longer what it used t

o be. 3. 这是鲁迅曾经生活过的地方。 That is where Lu Xun once lived.

The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. （ 2007 上海）

A. when B. why

C. whether D. that

The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them. (p22)

英语是由每个进入不列颠的人群所说语言中的规则和词汇构成的。

Each class in our school is made up of fifty-five students.

be made up of 由……组成（主动为 make up)

Fifty-five students make up each class in our school.

我们学校每个班由 55 名学生组成。

1. 编造 Make up a story.2. 补足 , 弥补 我们需要五十元以弥补损失。 We need $50 to make up the loss. 3. 化装 她花了一个多小时才打扮好。 It took her more than an hour to make her

self up.

Someone is coming, but I can't make out who it is.Can you make this length of cloth into a suit?

Desks can Desks can be made ofbe made of wood. wood.Wine Wine is made fromis made from rice. rice.

由……制成由……制成

弄懂弄懂 ,, 分辨分辨

把……制成……把……制成……

It’s the sort of work that ________ a high level of concentration. (2007 山东）

A. calls for B. makes up

C. lies in D. stands for

Everybody in the village likes Jack

because he is good at telling and

_________ jokes ．（ 2005 江苏） A. turning up 　 　 B. putting up

C. making up 　　 D. showing up

1.Invade2.2.They each had their…They each had their…33. mix…with…4. create4. create55. It is certain that…66. consist of77. ...find it hard to decide which words …88. This is because…

1.Invade2.2.They each had their…They each had their…33. mix…with…4. create4. create55. It is certain that…66. consist of77. ...find it hard to decide which words …88. This is because…

① 侵入 , 侵略诺曼人于 1066 年入侵英国。The Normans invaded England in 1066.② 侵犯 , 侵扰 侵犯某人的权利 invade sb’s rights③ 拥入 , 大批进入这个城市涌来了一批游客。 The town was invaded by a crowd of tourists.④ ( 疾病等 ) 侵袭这种疾病侵袭了他的身体。The disease invaded his body.invasion n.

each

They each have an English dictionary.

=Each of them has an English dictionary.

There’re many tall buildings on each/ either side of the street.

注意 主谓语单复数的不同及原因

注意 不可用 every, every 用于三者或三者以上。

They each had their own language and Anglo-Saxon (the base of Old English) developed from mixing these languages with Celtic. (p22) 这三个日尔曼部落分别有自己的语言，作为古英语基础的盎格鲁 - 撒克逊语就是在这三种语言与凯尔特语相交汇的过程中发展起来的。

使混和 , 搀和 , 混淆 , 搞混mix joy with sorrow.Oil doesn't mix with water.

喜悲交集水火不相融。

mix up mix up 使弄不清；使混乱；混淆；使弄不清；使混乱；混淆；

His explanation just mixed me up His explanation just mixed me up more. more.

I always mix up the twins.I always mix up the twins.

我总是把这对双胞胎弄混。我总是把这对双胞胎弄混。

他的解释令我更加糊涂了。他的解释令我更加糊涂了。

It’s certain that… 肯定 , 一定（此处不可用sure ）他明天肯定会来。It’s certain that he will come tomorrow.He is sure /certain to come tomorrow.be certain / sure of / about 对……有把握在英语学习方面他对语法把握不大。He is not certain/ sure of grammar in English learning.某一位 , 某个 A certain Mr. Li called on you yesterday.

The language consisted of an Anglo-Saxon base plus words from the languages of Denmark and Norway. 它以盎格鲁 - 撒克逊语为基础，加上丹麦语和挪威语的词汇构成。consist of / be made up of 由……构成 ; 包含这个研究小组由两名中国科学家和三名美国专家组成。The research team consists of two Chinese scientists and three American experts.联合王国包括大不列颠与北爱尔兰。The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.plus: 加，加上（介词）＝ added toTwo plus five is seven.

When we speak English today, we sometimes find it hard to decide which words or phrases to use. (p22)如今，我们在说英语时，有时发现很难确定到底该选哪些单词或词组。

1. It is quite difficult to find one’s family history.2. Do you consider it necessary to send more people to help them? 3. It was at midnight that he heard a crying softly.

The chairman thought _______necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting . （ 2005 全国Ｉ）A. that 　　 B. it 　　 C. this 　 D. him

It wasn’t until nearly a month later __________ I received the manager’s reply. （ 2005 全国Ｉ）A. since 　 B. when 　 C. as 　 D. that

The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help. 　（ 2005 全国 III ）A ． it 　　 B ． she 　 C ． which 　D ． He

It was some time _______ we realized the truth. 　（ 2005 山东）A. when B. until C. since D. before

1. contribute to2. take control of3. replace4. despite5. have an impact on6. result in7. raise8. adopt

Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English.很多因素使得英语发展成这种新的类型。

It was believed that smoking had contributed to his early death.

人们相信是抽烟使他过早死亡。

1) 为造成某一结果而作出贡献； 促成……的因素：

锻炼能促成更强健的体魄。Exercise contributes to better health.

causedcaused

Many people are willing to contribute their money to Hope Project.

2) 捐 (款 );捐献 ;投稿 contribute/donate … to …

He contributed an article to China Daily.

许多人愿意把他们的钱捐赠给希望工程。

他为《中国日报》撰写了一篇文章。

contribution n.make great contributions to对……作出巨大贡献

under control 在控制之下 ; out of control 失去控制 lose control of 失去控制 The English conquered this country an

d took control of it. 英国人征服了这个国家并掌控了它。 The fire lasted half an hour before it wa

s under control. 大火持续了半小时才得到控制。 He lost control of the plane. 他控制不了飞机了。

1) 代替（＝ take the place of)Electric lights have replaced candles. 电灯已经取代了蜡烛。

2) 放回原处报纸读完后请放回原处。When you have finished reading the newspaper, please replace it.

despite prep.= in spite of 不管 ,尽管 ,任凭尽管他病了，他还去上班。He went to work despite his illness.

尽管他年事已高，他还在学驾驶。Despite the advanced years, he is learning to drive.虽然他花费了许多时间 ,但是他就是不擅长音乐。He is not good at music despite the fact that he has spent much time on it.

In spite ofIn spite of

Despite such a big difference in ____ towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special. (2007湖北）

A. point B. idea

C. attitude D. sight

have an impact on 对……有影响他的思想对他后来的研究有很大影响。His ideas had a great impact on the research afterwards.

那一刻他的话对你有怎样的影响 ?What kind of impact did his words have on you at that moment?

result in=lead to/cause 导致……结果他的粗心致使比赛失败了。His carelessness resulted in the loss of the game.result from 由于……而产生 ; 作为…… . 的结果Sickness often results from eating too much.因为吃得太多而病了。as a result of 由于……的结果as a result 　　结果• 由于下大雨 , 我们得呆在家里 .• We had to stay at home as a result of the heav

y rain. =It rained heavily. As a result, we had to stay at

home.

As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area . (2007陕西 )

A. need repairing

B. needs to repair

C. needs repairing

D. need to repair

At this point, many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans.

在此期间 , 很多英国人沦为诺曼人的仆人 , 他们为诺曼人饲养牲畜 , 给他们做饭。

raise v.饲养 ; 养育 How did you manage to raise such a big fa

mily on such small income? 你是如何设法用这么少的收入养活这么一

个大家庭的。

Raise your right hand if you can answer my question.In order to make everyone hear him clearly, he raised his voice.They are going to raise money for the school buildings.

at this/that point 在这时 / 那时

举起

提高

筹集

就在那时我认出他来了。At that point, I recognized him.

By the latter half of the 14th century, English was adopted by all classes in England. (p23)到 14世纪后半叶，英国各阶层都使用了英语。vt. ⑴ 采用 ;采纳 ;吸收校长决定采纳她的建议。The headmaster decided to adopt her suggestions.他采用了我们的教学方法。He adopted our methods of teaching. ⑵ 过继 ,收养 许多美国家庭收养孩子。Many American families adopt children.

vt. & vi.( 使 ) 适应 , ( 使 ) 适合She knew how to adapt herself.她懂得如何适应环境。vt.改编 , 改写Many of Dickens' books have been adapted as films.狄更斯的许多书都已改编成电影。

(1) Students are not allowed to talk in class.

(2) Our class is made up of 54 students.

(3) Most people in Japan think they belong to the middle class.

(4) She belonged to that class of people, who only think of themselves.

(5) The school is very famous, in fact, I think it is among the first-class schools.

English was adopted by all classes.

1. undergo2. style 2. style 风格风格3. dialect 3. dialect 方言方言4. process 4. process 进程进程 ,, 过程过程5. depend on

Pronunciation also underwent huge changes during this period. (p23) 在此期间，英语发音也经历了巨大变化。

undergo-underwent-undergonevt. (1) 经历 ; 经受 ;忍受在取得成功之前你可能得忍受失望和失败之苦。You may have to undergo disappointment and failure before achieving success. (2) 接受 (治疗 ,检查等 ) 所有新来的都要接受体检。All the freshmen will undergo a medical examination.

There are many different dialects of English depending on where people live. (p25)依人们居住地的不同，方言有很多不同的种类。 ①相信 ;信赖 [(+on/upon)]你可以相信他。You can depend on him.Jane is a person to be depended upon. ②依靠 ,依赖 (+on/upon) 好的身体要靠优质的食品 ,新鲜的空气和足够的睡眠。Health depends on good food, fresh air and e

nough sleep.

--- Are you going? --- It all depends. =It / That / depends.

It depends on whether you want to do it or not.

( 口语 ) 看情况

③依 ......而定 ;取决于 (+on/upon) 价格取决于质量。The price depends on the quality.

Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for. (2007 江苏）

A. what B. why

C. how D. whether

— Could I use your computer for a few moments, please?

— . I’m not using it myself. （ 2007陕西）

A. Come on B. It depends

C. Go ahead D. That’s great

1. 这就是为何英语是一种有许多令人困惑不解的规则的语言。

2. 英语是由每个进入不列颠的人群所说语言中的规则和词汇构成的。

That’s why English is a language with so many confusing rules.

The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them.

3. 他们分别有自己的语言，盎格鲁 - 撒克逊就是在这三种语言与凯尔特语相交汇的过程中发展起来的。They each had their own language and Anglo-Saxon developed from mixing these languages with Celtic.

4. 他们所创造的语言就是我们今天所称的古英语。

The language they created is what we now call Old English.

5. 事实上如果我们现在听了古英语也肯定听不懂了。

6. 这是因为英语中有许多对单词和词组有相近的意思。

In fact ， it is certain that we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today.

This is because many pairs of words and phrases have similar meanings in English.

7. 很多因素使得英语发展成这种新的类型。

8. 早期的侵略后，凯尔特语被替换成英语。

9. 法语却没有取代英语而成为英国的第一语言。

Many factors contributed to the development of this new type of English.

After the earlier invasion, Celtic had been replaced with English.

French did not replace English as the first language.

10. 尽管这一事实，法语还是对英语产生了巨大的影响。Despite this fact, French still had an impact on the English language.

11. 在这期间，许多英语人成为诺曼人的仆人，为他们饲养牲畜，给诺曼人做饭。At this point, many English people worked as servants who raised animals and cooked for the Normans.

12. 在诺曼人控制之后，单词变复数又被法语中单词变复数的方法所取代。

13. 到 14世纪后半叶，英国各阶层都使用了英语。

After the Normans took control this was replaced by the French way of making plurals.

By the latter half of the 14th century, English was adopted by all classes in England.

14. 由于这个原因，近代英语包括了许多拉丁词汇和希腊词汇。

15. 在此期间，英语发音也经历了巨大变化。

16. 英语在未来是不是还要继续变化这个问题其实很容易回答。

Because of this, Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words.

Pronunciation also underwent huge changes during this period.

The question of whether English will continue changing in the future is easy to answer.

17. 一个人来自什么地方也会影响到其说话风格。

18. 可以肯定的是，这样的变化过程还会持续，人们还会不断发明新的词汇和新的表达法。

Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.

It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.