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Page 1: Language of Independence

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!"# %&'()&(# *+ ,'-#.#'-#'/#01 2#331 %#&4#

51 /*66#(#76#8#6 -3)9:#; :;)-#';: "&8# #</#66#'; ;#/"'=/&6:4=66: &'- :;16=:;=/ -=8#3:=;1 ;* >#/*9# .3*+#::=*'&6 9):=/=&':=' & "=("61 /*9.#;=;=8# &'- -#9&'-='( 9):=/ ='-):;31? 5&'1*+ ;"#9 +*/): *' :;)-1='( &'- .6&1='( @&AAB C"=6# &6:* >#='(&C&3# ;"&; 9)/" *+ ;"#=3 6=8='( 9&1 ># 9&-# .6&1='( 9*3#/*99#3/=&6B -&'/#7*3=#';#- :;16#:D 3*/4B +)'4B %&;='?

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

, >#(=' C=;" >&:=/ K+3=/&' 3#.#3;*=3# &'- -3)9 6&'()&(#=' LMNO &'- ;"#' ='/*3.*3&;# ;"# 9&;"#9&;=/: &'- 6&'()&(# *+

,'-=&' 3"1;"9 ;* +*39 /*9.6#< &'- :*."=:;=/&;#- (3**8#:? !"#4#1 =: ):='( ;"# E8*=/#F ;* :.#&4 &66 ;"# .&3;: .6&1#- >1 #&/"6=9>B ;* &/"=#8# & "=(" 6#8#6 *+ :='(='( :*'(: C"=6# .6&1='(=';3=/&;# &'- #8*68='( (3**8#:? P*C&-&1:B -3)99#3: '##- ;*#'"&'/# ;"#=3 :4=66: C=;" ;"# &>=6=;1 ;* :='( >&/4(3*)'- 8*/&6:B):)&661 C=;" :=9.6# &'- 3#.#&;='( (3**8#:? Q"&; , :;3=8# +*3 =:& 6#8#6 *+ ='-#.#'-#'/# ;"&; >3#&4: ;"=: >&:=/ 9*6- *+='-#.#'-#'/#?

K+3=/&' %&'()&(#:DR;)-#';: +=3:; 6#&3' ;* :='( ;"# R;&'-&3- K+3=/&' LMNO >#66

+3*9 ;"# SC# .#*.6# *+ R*);"#3' T"&'&? !"# SC# ."3&:# =:E9&;#4.* 9&;#4.* 4.6# 4) @&F I;"# E4F =: :=6#'; =' 4.6#J? !"#>#66 I3=-# /19>&6J .6&1: *' &66 :166&>6#: #</#.; E;#4F IE;##4FJ

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C"=/" 9&34: ;"# #9.;1 M '- &'- U 3- >#&;? P*;=/# =' #<&9.6# L>#6*C ;"&; ;"# :166&>6# E@&F =: &/;)&661 >#&; *'#? SC# .&;;#3':-* '*; ;1.=/&661 >#(=' *' >#&; LV ;"#1 #'- *' >#&; L? !"=: 8*/&6."3&:# /6#&361 9&34: ;"# LMNO .)6:# C=;" #&/" >#&; &6=('#-C=;" ;"# :166&>6#: ;#4B ;#4B 4.6#B @&?

!"# ."3&:# >#6*C #:;&>6=:"#: ;"# >#66 *' ;"# 3=-# /19>&6&'- ;"# W7>#&; ):='( ;"# >&:: -3)9? X'/# 1*) &3# /*9+*3;&>6#:.#&4='( &'- .6&1='( ;"# 9&;#4.* >#66B :.#&4 ;"# >&:: -3)9I0YJ W7.)6:# ):='( ;"# ,'-=&' :166&>6#: E;& 4& -= 9=?F Z*) C=66'*;=/# ;"# ;#':=*' .*=';: *' >#&;: M &'- U I4&B -=J &'- ;"#3#:*6);=*' .*=';: *' L &'- W I;& 9=J? RC=;/" >&/4 &'- +*3;">#;C##' >#66 &'- 0Y 6&'()&(#:?

S< LD 9&;#4.*

K 9*3# &/&-#9=/ 9#;"*- *+ &'&61A='( &'- :.#&4='( ;"#>#66 =: >&:#- *' 6*'( &'- :"*3; :;3*4#:D [)&3;#3 '*;#: &3#E6*'(F &'- O ;" '*;#: &3# E:"*3;?F Y*='( ;"=:B 1*)3 &C&3#'#::9&1 :"=+; +3*9 & LMNO ;* & \NO *3=#';&;=*'?

K 9*3# 9):=/&6B 6&'()&(#7>&:#- &..3*&/"B -#8#6*.#- >12&9#: ]*#;;='(B =: ;* ='/*3.*3&;# ;"# :166&>6#: E:&'(F &'- E:=F &::"*C' =' S<? M >#6*C? RC=;/" >&/4 &'- +*3;" +3*9 9&;#4.* *+LMNOB :&'(N:= *+ \NO &'- ;"# 0Y =' W ):='( ,'-=&' :166&>6#:? ,';"# '*;&;=*' >#6*C &66 E3#:;:F +3*9 S<? L "&8# >##' #6=9='&;#-?

S<? MD :&'(N:=

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!"# >&:: -3)9 /&' &6:* ># 3#&6=A#- ):='( &66 LM .)6:#: >1:.#&4='( +*)3 :#;: *+ ; 4=;& I; 4= ;)"J C=;" ;"# >*6- ;9&34='( #&/" E>#&;F IS<? UJ?

K; ;"=: .*='; C# "&8# W :.*4#' ."3&:#:D 9&;#4.*B :&'(N:=B;& 4& -= 9=B &'- ;&4=;&? 5=< ;"#:# ). +3##61B +*/):='( *' #&/"6=9> &: -#+='#- >1 ;"# 6&'()&(# 1*) :.#&4? S<&9.6# U >#6*C='/*3.*3&;#: &66 +*)3 :.*4#' ."3&:#:?

S< UD ;&4=;& 0Y

P*C C# C=66 #<&9='# ;C* ;3&-=;=*'&6 SC# -3)9 ."3&:#:):='( *)3 C#&4 "&'- *' -3)9 :#;? !"# :.*4#' ."3&:#:I8*/&>6#:J &3# -#3=8#- +3*9 ;"# '&9#: *+ ;"# ;3&-=;=*'&6-3)9:D ;*;*@= &'- 4&(&'? ^*3 ;*;*@=B ;"# :166&>6#;E.3*'*)'/#- IE;*#FJ =: .6&1#- &: &' *.#' ;*'# *' +6**3 ;*9 &'-

;"# :166&>6#@= IE<FJ =: .6&1#- &: & .3#::#- ;*'# *' +6**3 ;*9 I+*3#<&9.6#J? K'*;"#3 &..3*&/" =: ;* .6&1 @= *' "=(" ;*9 &'- ; *'+6**3? R"*C' >#6*CB ;"# ;*;*@= ."3&:# &'- 6&'()&(# =: >3*)(";=';* *)3 .3#8=*): C*34?

S<? WD ;*;*@=

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!"# 4&(&' =: 4'*C' &: ;"# F>&>1F *+ ;"# SC# -3)99='(#':#9>6#? ,; .6&1: *' ;"# *++ >#&;: &'- ):)&661 3#'-#3: #=;"#3 &L7>#&; *3 M7>#&; ."3&:# C=;" 9&'1 .*::=>61 8&3=&;=*':? ^*3 ;"=::;)-1 C# C=66 6**4 &; ;"# L7>#&; ."3&:# ;"&; =: :.*4#' &: E4&(&'?F ,+ 1*) ;"='4 *+ E*9 .&" .&"F ;"# E*9F =: ;"# >#&; I0YJ &'-

;"# E.&"F =: ;"# *++7>#&; 4&(&' .&=3? R"*C' >#6*C =: ;"# 4&(&'.6&1#- *' :'&3# I:'&3#: *++JB *3 &: 3=9 /6=/4:?

S<? _D 4&(&'

K W;" &'- "=("#3 6#8#6 ;* *)3 C*34 C*)6- ># ;* .6&1 ;"#>#66B >#&;B &'- 4&(&' ):='( ;"# 6=9>: KPY :.#&4 ;"# ;*;*@=?K6;#3'&;=8#61B .6&1 ;*;*@= C"=6# :.#&4='( 4&(&'? !"# W;" 6#8#6`:.#&4='( & ."3&:# ;"&; =: '*; ."1:=/&661 .6&1#-`=: "*C 1*)-#8#6*. ;"# :4=66 ;* :='( :*'(: C"=6# -3)99='( :*."=:;=/&;#-

(3**8#:?R)99&31D &; ;"=: .*='; C# "&8# W K+3=/&' 6&'()&(#:D9&;#4.*B :&'(N:= I>#66J &'- ;*;*@=B 4&(&' I-3)9:J? Q# &6:*"&8# ;"# >&:: -3)9 =' :6*C &'- +&:; ,'-=&' :166&>6#:D ;& 4& -=9= I>#&;J &'- ;&4=;& I+=66#- ).J? K; &66 ;=9#: :")++6# #8#316&'()&(#?

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a3*::7b"1;"9:Q=;" & :;3*'( +*)'-&;=*' #:;&>6=:"#- ):='( ;"# .3#8=*):

."3&:#: C# /&' :.#&4 &'- .6&1 ;"# 9&'1 &8&=6&>6# /3*::73"1;"9:`MB UB WB \B O`=':=-# LMNO? Q=;" &'1 /3*::73"1;"9 C#/&' &..61 9)6;=.6# "=;: ;* #&/" :;3*4#B &'- 3*;&;# ;"# #';=3#."3&:# ;* -=++#3#'; 6*/&;=*': =':=-# *+ LMNO? !"# .*::=>=6=;=#:9&1 :##9 -&)';='(B >); 4'*C ;"&; #&/" 8&3=&;=*' =: & .*;#';(3**8# ;"&; =: '*; C&:;#-?

M /3*::73"1;"9 IM abJR"*C' >#6*C =: ;"# +=3:; M /3*::73"1;"9 3#'-#3#- C=;"

;"# C#&4 "&'- *' :'&3# -3)9 &'- C=;" 6&'()&(#? K6:* .6&1 ;"#."3&:# C"=6# :.#&4='( 9&;#4.*B :&'(N:= &'- 0Y? R"*C' &3#-*)>6# &'- ;3=.6# "=;: *+ ;"# ."3&:# C=;" 6&'()&(#? Z*) /&' &6:*&..61 W "=;: C=;" E;& 4& -= 9=?F a*';=')# :.#&4='( ;"# *;"#36&'()&(#: I>#66B 0YJ?

S<? \D M ab

M ab b*;&;=*'

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!C#68# I+3*9 LMNOJ -=8=-#- >1 M IabJ #[)&6: \B C"=/" =:;"# ')9>#3 *+ .*::=>6# 3*;&;=*': >#+*3# 3#;)3'='( ;* ;"#*3=(='&6 :;&3;='( .*:=;=*' *' >#&; L? K: 1*) #<.6*3# ;"#3*;&;=*': C=;" LB MB U "=;: I:='(6# "=; :"*C'JB 1*)3 &C&3#'#:: *+;"# -*C'>#&; 9&1 :;&3; ;* -=9='=:"D EC"#3#c: ;"# LdF R.#&4='(9&;#4.* "#6.: 1*) 3#&6=(' 1*)3 /*9.&:: ;"&; 9&1 ># :)++#3='(+3*9 ;#9.*3&31 E3"1;"9 /)6;)3# :"*/4?F

!"# 4#1 =: ;* 3#9&=' *' & (=8#' ."3&:#: +*3 &: 6*'( &:.*::=>6#B :.#&4='( &66 ;"# 6&'()&(#: C=;" ;"# :&9# -3)99='(9#/"&'=/:? a*':=-#3 ;"=: & +*39 *+ 1*(& &'- 9#-=;&;=*' ;"&;&66*C: 1*) ;* -3=+; =';* &'- &3*)'- &66 &:.#/;: *+ ;"# #';=3#(3**8#? Z*) C=66 -=:/*8#3 -#;&=6: &'- -#.;": 1*) /*)6- "&8#'#8#3 =9&(='#-?

S<? eD M ab 3*;&;=*':

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U a3*::73"1;"9!C#68# -=8=-#- >1 U #[)&6: WD ;"# ')9>#3 *+ 3*;&;=*':

.*::=>6# C=;" ;"# U ab? Q"=6# 3#;&='='( ;"# W =' ;"# >&:: -3)9B;"# U ab 3#:)6;: & UDW :#':=>=6=;1B C"=/" =: & 9)/" 9*3#-#9&'-='( &'- =';3=/&;# ."3&:#? R='(6# "=;: &3# :"*C' >#6*C?K6:* ='/*3.*3&;# -*)>6# &'- ;3=.6# "=;: ):='( ; 4 &'- ; 4=;:166&>6#:?

S<? OD U ab

W a3*::73"1;"9!"# W ab "&: ;"3## .*:=;=*': &'- /&' ># .6&1#- &: :='(6#

I:"*C' >#6*CJ &'- -*)>6# "=;: C=;" #&/" .*:=;=*'?

S<? fD W ab

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W ab g 0Y =' U0#/&):# ;"# >&:: -3)9 =: &6:* =' ;"# W abB C# /&' /"&'(#=; +3*9 & W7.)6:# ;* & U7.)6:#? !"=: 3#:)6;: =' & WDU @)<;&.*:=;=*'&: :"*C' >#6*C C=;" #&/" :='(6#7"=; .*:=;=*'?

S<? LhD W ab g 0Y =' U

\ ab

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!"# \ ab "&: *'61 ;C* .*:=;=*':B *' &'- *++B #&/" .6&1#-C=;" & :='(6# "=;? ,' ;"# +=3:; .*:=;=*' '*;=/# ;"&; ;"# +=3:; ;&4=;&."3&:# =: E*'F IC=;"J ;"# >#66B &'- ;"# M '- ;&4=;& =: E*++F ;"# >#66B3#8#&6='( ;"# ='"#3#'; +6=. *+ ;"# >#66? ,' ;"# M '- I*++J ab.*:=;=*' ;"# 3#:)6;='( &6=('9#'; C=;" ;"# >#66 =: *++B *++B *'B *'B*'B *'? ^*3 ;"=: ."3&:# :.#&4 ;C* :#;: *+ ;&4=;& *3 ;&4& ;&4&-=9=;* &6=(' C=;" *++ &'- *' .*:=;=*':?

S<? LLD \ ab

O ab!C#68# -=8=-#- >1 O i L?_? 0&:=/&661B 1*) C=66 .6&1 -*;;#-

O;" '*;#: ;"&; -*)>6# ;"# -*;;#- [)&3;#3 0Y =' W? ,' ;"=:)'*3;"*-*< ;3#&;9#'; ;"# >#66 &'- -3)9 &6=(' =' *'61 ;C*.*:=;=*':D >#&; L &'- >#&; W? K66 *;"#3 >#66 &'- -3)9 :;3*4#:C#&8# =' &'- &3*)'- #&/" *;"#3 =' & :*3; *+ E+6&9 -&'/#?F !*:.#&4 ;"# O 1*) :&1 E;& 4& -= 9= ;& 4& @) ')?F Z*) 9&1 &6:*'*;=/# ;"&; ;"# E9&;#4.*F 6&'()&(# +=;: /*9+*3;&>61 ;* ;"#."3&:#? K6:* :"*C' =' S<? LM =: ;"# >&:: -3)9 =' UB 3#:)6;='( ='& /*9.6#< ODU /*9>='&;=*'?

b#+#3 ;* ;"# 8=-#* 6='4 ;* :## &'- "#&3 &66 ;"# #<&9.6#: =';"=: &3;=/6#? !"# 8=-#* &6:* -#9*':;3&;#: & )'=[)#*3/"#:;3&;=*' *+ ;"# O ):='( & :=9.6# 3#-)/;=*' .3='/=.6# IOB WBMB LJ &'- -=8=-='( ;"# ."3&:# =';* UUMB UMUB MUU?

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S<? LMO ab

a*'/6):=*'!"=: &3;=/6# *' ='-#.#'-#'/# #<.6*3#- ;"# .*C#3 &'-

6&'()&(# *+ K+3=/&' LMNO (3**8#B =';#(3&;#- C=;" "=("#376#8#6,'-=&' 9&;"#9&;=/:? K: -3)99#3:B C# 6*8# 3"1;"9 .)AA6#:j&: 6*'( &: C# &3# '*; .)AA6#- >1 ;"#9? Q"#' #<.6*3='( &'1'#C =-#&B C# '##- ;* ;&4# :9&66 :;#.:B ;* (* -##. >#6*C ;"#:)3+&/# &'- :)33#'-#3 &66 ;"# ;#':=*' &'- (3&8=;1 C# 9&1 +##6C"#' :;#..='( *);:=-# *+ *)3 /*9+*3; A*'#? Q=;" .3&/;=/# &'--#8*;=*' & 6&'()&(#7>&:#- 9#;"*- 9&1 >#/*9# &' #::#';=&6;**6 +*3 1*) ;* &/"=#8# ;"# "=("#:; 6#8#6 *+ ='-#.#'-#'/# &'-*C'#3:"=. *+ &'1 =-#&?