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8/7/2019 Language is One of the Most Important Things People Use to Communicate 3
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The Effects of Language on the Social Mobility of
Latinos.
Cherie Skidmore
Indiana University east
April 22, 2011
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Abstract
How does language affect the social mobility of Latino in
America? Language influences all aspects of ones life whether
they speak English, Spanish or both languages. Language can have
an effect on education, health, employment and causes
discrimination, which in turn affect ones social mobility in
life. In addition, if they are bilingual it can cause different
effects, negative or positive on ones life. Outcomes will be
different if someone is bilingual compared to if someone only
speaks Spanish. The social mobility of Latino is limited due to
the constraints of language. They have a harder time improving
their life because the language barrier can hold them back. It
is hard to move up in life when so many things are limited by
the language one speaks.
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Introduction
Language has a large effect on social mobility. When a
person cannot communicate effectively with those around them, it
is harder for them to excel and move up in the world. Language
affects health, education, employment and causes discrimination.
These things all affect social mobility. When language conflicts
arise, things cannot be done. Many Latinos speak only Spanish,
while others are bilingual. When a person cannot communicate in
a way that can be understood by those around them they might not
receive the help they need, or they may lose out on something
due to misunderstandings. Ones health could turn for the worse
if you cannot explain what is wrong or receive the care you
need. One can lose out on a good education if there language
keeps them from learning what they need to know, and keeps them
from graduating from high school or going to college. In
addition, any employment they might be able to get will be
limited if an employer is not able communicate with the employee
well.
A large majority of Latinos live in poverty are unable to
move out of it. Language is one of the things that hinder this.
Language affects all of their life and is one of the harder
things to change, as a person gets older.
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Health
One of the most important things that are affected by language
is a persons health. Many Latinos come to the United States and
only speak Spanish and it is not as easy for them to pick up
another language. Because of this, they might not get the
healthcare they need, as they cannot communicate their
needs.Many of them are reluctant to seek care because the
experiences can be negative for them because of the language
barrier.In addition, Latino parents area lot more apt to say
that their children are in poorer health than parents that are
not Latino (Tiara, 2006).
One way language affects their health is by limiting their
access to health care. As many of them do not speak English,
they have a hard time making appointments, explaining to a
doctor or nurse what is wrong and understanding any questions
about their problem, or information about after care and any
information about the sickness they might have. They receive
less preventive services and less access than people who speak
English (Taira, 1999). This increases how often they are sick
and their chances at having a serious illness.
Not being able to communicate will healthcare workers also
causes many of Latinos to avoid seeking healthcare until the
last possible minute because they only speak Spanish. When they
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wait so long to receive needed care, it makes things worse.
They could have an infection that could have spread far, they
could have missed out on having cancer detected in its early
stages and an injury might not be able to be repaired as well or
repaired at all because they waited. In addition, many Latinos
see caregivers as less caring when there is a language barrier
between them and that also makes them avoid seeking healthcare,
when they might see it as a negative experience(Sandoval-
Griffen, 2009). One example is of a young man who had a growth
on his leg and went to an emergency room to seek care. Because
of his lack of English, he left withhaving received no help at
all. The healthcare givers were not fully able to understand
what was wrong and told him they could not help him. It was days
later he got lucky to come across a mobile clinic with a Spanish
speaker who was able to help him and tell he had a fungus and
give him medicinefor him (Sandoval-Griffen, 2009). He had to
wait longer to receive care because he only spoke Spanish and
that is a problem many of Latinos deal with. Having to go to
multiple places to seek help delays medical care for the
problems at hand and can end with serious complications and
consequences. One Latinos had injured his back and after seeking
care at multiple places, he was finally able to be seen at one
hospital with a translator. Due to the time he had to travel and
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time taken to get help, it caused more damage to his back and he
now has serious back problems and is unable to work anymore.
This person has now been left with in poverty because he cannot
work, taking away his chances at social mobility.
There is also a problem for them when it comes to receiving
prescriptions, as many are of the instructions for them are not
translated or not translated correctly. In one investigation
done it was discovered that in the majority of states a
pharmacy was not required to provide anything translated for
them or any kind of verbal explanation of the medicine (Sangha,
2011). Many computer programs used by pharmacies have an error
rate of 50% (Sangha, 2011). Many phrases not translated are
apply topically, for 7 days, for 30 days, apply to
affected areas, with juice, take with food, and once a
day (Sangha, 2011) .More efficient methods are needed for
translating instructions for prescriptions by either changing
the computer programs they have or having access to a
translator. When one does not understand how to correctly take
the medicine they have or have the instructions translated
incorrectly that is very dangerous for them. It could make them
sicker, cause damage to their body or even kill them. There is
an increased chance of overdosing on the prescribed medicine or
not getting enough to take care of the illness at hand.
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There have been a few studies documenting the healthcare
problems Latinos face. One study was done using Symbolic
interactionism. Using this can help to increase understanding
into the experiences of those used in the study. It used
ethnographic methods to describe immigrant Mexican-origin
adolescents' experiences accessing health care in the U.S. and
identified their perceived barriers to and facilitators of
accessing health care services(Garcia, & Duckett, 2009). They
interviewed 14 Latino youth who had not been in the US very long
and did not speak English. They asked them to describe in detail
their experiences in trying to get healthcare. All the
participants said language barrier was the reason for having
problems in receiving healthcare (Garcia, & Duckett, 2009). They
said it was harder to receive care when they did not speak
English and they had more negative experiences because of that
(Garcia & Duckett, 2009).One example given by one of the
participants was when he had a fractured arm. He had to leave
one clinic and look for help in another because they first had
no one there to speak Spanish and he could not communicate with
anyone so he could receive the needed care (Garcia & Duckett,
2009).
Another study that was done gavequestionnaires to 645
Latinos, 584 Caucasians, and 514 AfricanAmericans who were from
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California. They questioned the participants about how they
rated their health, how often they got sick, and how often they
sought medical care when they were, how often they got checkups
and routine care. Results from the study showed that the Latino
participants rated their health more often as below average than
the Caucasian and African Americanparticipants did( Garcia, &
Duckett, 2009). They also were sick more often and only a small
percentage, 35% sought medical care when they were ill, with
most who did seek care, was only doing so when theyno longer
able to handle how they felt. Latinos also how fewer checkups
and less routine care than the Caucasian and African American
participants( Garcia, & Duckett, 2009).
All of the things that have been mentioned above as
problems for Spanish speaking Latinos. When they speak English,
things are very different for them. They can easily make
appointments, there less confusion when they speak with
healthcare givers and they are more willing to seek help quicker
when sick, as the language barrier is gone. They have fewer
worries when they can be understood and their experiences are
more positive which encourage them to continue to seek help
more.
Education
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Without an education a person will go nowhere, they will not be
able to move out of poverty. Without aneducation, one cannot
attend college and get agood job.Language limits what one learns
in school when they cannot speak English. 45% of Latino students
are English language learners (Cortina, 2006). From adolescence
and up,having to learn a second language is harder and can take
more time, which can slow students learning at school. Latinos
students are performing more poorly on national tests than
others with only According to the 2005 National Assessment of
Educational Progress, only 13% of fourth-grade Hispanic students
and 15% of eighth-grade students met proficiency reading
standards (Cellitti, 2008).
There are many ELL interventions that exist and many do not
work because they did not give enoughhelp to these students.
The teachers focus on academic skills and not enough on language
skills (Cellitti, 2008). There are two main types that are used.
One is a bilingual education class, where the class is taught in
the students home language and also in English. This way has
been shown to help students learn English and to keep up with
other students academically. Many people are against bilingual
education believing school should be English only. The other way
is the immersion class where it is taught completely in English
as many think this is the best way to learn English the
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fastest(Musetti, Salas & Perez, 2009). In addition, many areas do
not even have these programs nor any Spanish-speaking faculty in
which to help students and communicate with them and their
families.Non-English speaking students are absent more, have
lower grades, have higher dropout rates, and attend college
less.
Teachers who have not taken classes on Bilingual education may
not be able to relate to minority children and because of this,
they may treat them differently. Children quickly notice this
and then are often intimidated when in the classroom. "Many
young people may know some English but do not speak it in
classrooms for fear of being ridiculed by peers and criticized
by teachers.(Musetti, Salas & Perez, 2009). So many people
think that because a lot of Latinos do not speak English they do
not want their children to learn English, but the truth is, this
is a big misconception. The majority ofLatinosknow that English
is importantfor their children to succeed and achieve in the US
(Roach, 2006). In order for anyone to be able to fully achieve
in the society of today they need to know English. Latino
families are the most likely to be using another language at
home than other groups. Due to not having enough info, and long
days at work, parents may not know when, how, or where to get
help for their childrens education. Children then go without
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getting the full and good education most other students receive.
Many times Latinos students are more often pushed into the
easier classes and more often put in special education classes
than Caucasian students (Roach, 2006).
Many of these Latino childrenstruggle in school because they
have a harder time doing the work as they lack the needed
English skills. They become frustrated and angry when they
cannot do their work and are not able to get extra help. They
have a low graduation rate because of this. Many drop out of
school because they give up. In one study of immigrant Latino,
students who came to the US when they were in the 9th grade or
earlier, showed the students had a hard time graduating. Out of
490 students followed using administrative data from the New
York City School system, only 22 percent graduated from High
School after four years(Cortina, 2006). Another thing that adds
to low graduation rates is when Latino students have to take ESL
classes they have less opportunity to take academic content
classes they need to graduate and the more time taking ESL
classes the more they miss out on. Therefore, they end up
lacking the required high school classes and knowledge for
entrance into a college (Cortina, 2006).The majority end up not
getting into college and being left with dead end jobs in their
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future.They missout on a chance at good education and bettering
their life.
College is dream many immigrant Latino adolescents have but
cannot achieve because they speak no or not enough English. Even
though a majority of Hispanics value higher education, 87% to be
exact, only 13 % actually have a college degree (Roach, 2006).
Many times, they lack they good grades to get into these
schools, if they even finishhigh school in the first place.
Most colleges requireSAT scores and many of these students are
unable to get the scores needed to be admitted to the
colleges.SAT tests require someone to be fluent in English to be
able to score high enough. This lack of education is why many
Latinos are in poverty and why many cannot get out of it.
Employment
Americans like to make the assumption that everyone thinks
like we do and that people from other places should just
naturally assimilate(Cultural and language barriers, 2002). The
truth is that language gets in the way of having working
communication and createsproblems in the workplace.
A high number of Latinos have a lot of education and experience
in their home country, but because they lack the English skills
needed, thesethings may not be recognized and do them any good
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(Cultural and language barriers, 2006). They could have been a
doctor before moving to the US, but because they lack the
language skills, they are stuck in a low paying job. Experience
does not matter much when you cannot communicate well. Even with
a good education from their home country, many Latinos are stuck
in the same jobs as uneducated Latinos.
When a person speaks only a little English, they can be
intimidated or frustrated when they attempt to communicate with
supervisors or coworkers who only speak English and vice versa.
Some workers may pretend they know what is being talked about,
but the truth is, they just may not know. In a variety of jobs,
this can beextremely dangerous. A recent Journal article that
was written about the increasing number of Latino workers
working in constructionstated that workers who speak little or
no Englishhave a higher risk of being in an accident on the job
because of not fully understanding safety standards(Cultural and
language barriers, 2002). Training on site is available through
varies places to help lessenmany language barriers and improve
safety conditions. Many contractors are using this
training,while many others act as like lets do nothing until
we are forced to, which may end up being very expensive for
themwhen there are high costs of injuries or deaths while on the
job(Cultural and language barriers, 2002).Other employers are
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the same. They know there is help availablethat can increase
communication and lesson the language gaps, but because they do
not want to spend the money or the time, they do not take
advantage of what offered. It is not until something bad
happens, such as an injury or a death, that something is done.
Either they seek help so they will be in less trouble or they
are forced to do things that will improve language problems.
Not speaking English not only lessens the chances of
getting a job but also increases the chances being injured on
the job. Regular safety training does not work well with Spanish
speakers as most times the training is only in English and there
is no alternative way for the workers to learn it. This results
in less than successful safety training. In one construction
site a petroleum tank link was to be locked and shut off so
welding could be done, but due to a language barrier with some
of the Latinos workers, it was not shutoff and an explosion
happened. There had been a problem with the communication of the
Spanish-speaking construction workers and the English-speaking
operators at the site (Vasquez& Stalnaker, 2004).
Not all language barriers may cause such bad consequences, but
they can add to to a lack of productivity, mistakes being made
or general lack of trust between the employer and
workers(Vasquez & Stalnaker, 2004), all of which one would not
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have to worry about if communication were more clear. Many
employers will not hire Spanish speakers because they believe
language barrier can slow down the work being done. Mistakes on
the job can be made if someone does not completely understand
directions or instructions, causing to lose their job many
times. Moreover, many Latino employees do not have any trust for
their employers because of the lack of communication. They
cannot always be sure what is being said to them or about them,
leaving questions to what was said. One example is of some
employees who worked for a landscaping company. The majority of
the workers spoke no English at all and the others understood
only a few words. Even though they continued to work for this
company, they were not sure if they could trust their employers.
They felt that they made fun of them and even purposely left
checks short. This was not the case. The problem with the checks
was when they spoke about the missing hours, they were not able
to communicate to the secretary what they wanted and as she did
not understand them, she did not look into the missing hours and
nothing was done. In addition, what they though was them be
laughed at was just the employer joking around and assuming they
understood.
Also, even when workers speak English pretty good, the slang
that is used veryoften by Americans can create problems for
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Latino workers.For example, a person not familiar with
anexpression could easily misunderstand the saying off the top
of my head. One example is from a Latina worker who said she
was extremely confused when she heard a person say she had a
toboggan on. She was attempting to visualize this other person
with a sled open herhead(Cultural and language barriers, 2002).
We do not realize how easy we have it being understood by those
around us. Notknowing these words does not mean a person is
notintelligent or able, but that theyjust have not learned these
words that are used so much by others.
Discrimination
Speaking Spanish in a country where the majority speak
English can cause many problems and the worst is discrimination.
Being discriminated against because of your language can cause a
person to lose out on employment, education, healthcare, social
services and cause problems with everyday things.
Discrimination is when because of something that makes you
different, like speaking a different language, someone treats
you wrong, such as denying you a job or an apartment because of
this difference.
Many Latinos are discriminated against because they do not
speak English. 46 percent of Latinos feel like the language
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barrier was the biggest source of discrimination (Kilgore,
2011). This happens because many people think they choose not to
learn English. This is not true though as many do want to but
find it difficult to learn another language. Many Latinos do not
have the time to due to jobs and family care. When they do have
time to take English classes, many times it does not help much.
This is because for many of these people during those times is
the only time they really use English at all. Many live with
only Spanish speakers, work with only Spanish speakers and only
know Spanish speakers. Therefore, actually learning and
remembering what they are being taught is hard when they almost
never use outside of class.
Many people also think that when Latinos do not speak
English they do not deserve to be treated the same as other
people who do. Many people use this language barrier to their
advantage to use or trick Latinos who do not speak English. Many
Latinos have faced this problem when renting an apartment. They
do not completely understand what the property owner says at
times and end up signing a lease that is for more time than they
want a higher rent than expected and making them responsible for
repairs. Many are also turned down for apartments because when
property owners see they are not English speakers they choose
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not to rent to them and tell they the place is renteddo not call
them back and even hang up on them.
Many Latinos are also discriminated against when looking
for employment. While in some jobs it is necessary to have
fluent English language skills, others it is not. Many Latinos
are turned down for a job just because someone does not want to
give them a chance because they speak Spanish. In addition,
others who do get hired can face discrimination by being told
that because they do not speak English or enough English that
they cannot be paid as much as those who do. They also lose out
on pay raises and promotions because they are seen as lacking a
needed skill because of the language barrier and are not given a
chance to prove otherwise.
Latinos that are in school even face discrimination from
teachers and other faculty as they sometimes see them as not
being as intelligent because they cannot understand everything
and do not always do as good as those who speak English. They
discriminate against them by treating them differently and
keeping them back from doing what they are capable of doing.
Many are treated meanly by staff at schools because they believe
they need to speak English and are not trying and when ESL
classes are provided they believe they are receiving special
treatment that they do not deserve.
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Healthcare is one other thing in which Latinos can face
much discrimination. Many places offer translators but many
still are unwilling to offer this help to those who do not speak
English. Some healthcare givers also do not offer the same
quality of care to Latinos who do not speak English because they
feel, as they do not understandthem it does not matter what they
due. They might rush through and barely say anything, giving a
prescription and sending them away. While other have ordered
unneeded procedures, causing these Latinopatient to pay out more
money (Bard, Goettler, & Collins, 2009). When the patients do not
understand what the doctor is saying they sometimes agree to
something without realizing what or if it is necessary, costing
lots of money. They are treated differently. In one study showed
how Latinopatients received less pain medication than others for
injuries (Bard, Goettler, & Collins, 2009) and receive less
follow-up or referrals because of discrimination (Bard,
Goettler, & Collins, 2009).
One of the most recent ways Latinos are facing
discrimination is from English-only laws being created in the
US. There exist three big arguments that are always mentioned in
favor of these English-only laws. First, it will increase
economic mobility for immigrants; second, it will unify
immigrants to mainstream America by embracing our core values;
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and lastly, it will force those immigrants to assimilate who
tend to be reluctant in learning the language (Rodriguez,
2009). We live in this global economic society where English and
Spanish are always second and fourth in the most spoken and as
the most desirable languages, with 508 million people speaking
English and 392 million speaking Spanish (Rodriguez, 2009).
Eventhough people try to say differently, census data states
that the majority of Latinos learns and speaks English, and only
2.5 percent speak only Spanish (Rodriguez, 2009).The statistics
prove that mostLatinos are not reluctant to learn the English or
integrate themselves into American society. If English were made
the national language it would not create this immediate social
awareness of inequality in which it would create equality. If
this were so then any of the 29 states that have declared
English the governments official language(Rodriguez, 2009)
would have already experienced this social equality already.
So many educational systems throughout the world embrace
bilingualism as an important value, and yet The US embraces
shadowing other languages, which are not only of economic, but
alsoof cultural importance in the US. It is a necessary
thingthat the US does away with this incorrect notion that
English only will solve systematic problems in our immigration
policies or that it will work as a saving grace for inequality
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(Molina-Villegas, 2004). The more we continue to hide the real
issues the more we distance ourselves from actually solving the
real social problems in our time that arerooted on
misconceptions as well as systematic and historical
inequality(Molina-Villegas, 2004).
When Latinos are discriminated against it hinders their
social mobility because people who feel because they do not
speak English they do not deserve the same treatment as those
who do. Denying them this equal treatment and the same rights
takes from them many chances of moving up in life, especially as
so many live in poverty and already face many challenges due to
their race and languages then makes things even harder.
Other effects
Language has an effect on other things that can affect social
mobility also. One example is when Latinos speak English they
have an increased rate of exposure to violence.In one study done
the researchers hypothesized that youth who are more fluent in
English would report greater exposure to violence than
students with lower English fluency (Kataoka, Langley & Stein,
2009).These findingshave beenconsistent with multiple other
studies that have been done before.
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There is also an increase in alcohol use among Latinoswho
speak English, than those who speak just Spanish. Latinos have
higher rates of drinking alcohol than do white or blacks
(Eptzein, Botvin & Diaz, 1999).
In one study, it was looked at the connection between language
spoken and alcohol use. In the study, they interviewed 1,295
middle school students who were Latinos (Eptzein, Botvin & Diaz,
1999). They were given questionnaires then and at one year
later. They measured alcohol use and language. Results showed
there was an increase in alcohol usage among the ones who spoke
English and Spanish. Moreover, when checked a year later the
bilingual speakers had an even higher usage of alcohol. In the
first part 50% of bilingual speakers had drank alcohol and that
increased to 67% in the one year follow-upEptzein, Botvin &
Diaz, 1999. Bilingual speakers also had a higher percentage in
having gotten drunk Eptzein, Botvin & Diaz, 1999.
Conclusion
There are many things that need to be done to help Latinos who
are unable to speak English and stuck where they are because of
that. More opportunities are needed to help them learn English.
The few English language programs that exist are not enough.
These Latinos need to have more immersion in the English
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language and need more opportunities for it. More thorough
English classes needed to be offered and be offered more than
just a couple of times a week.
Schools also need to offer ESL classes that will not take
away from the students class times, so they will not be behind
in the classes needed to graduate. Teachers and school faculty
also need to be better educated in understanding these bilingual
students. Bias need to be erased from schools. They need
education on diversity.
Diversity is something all people need to be more educated
about. Colleges need to make it a requirement, along with
foreign language classes, for all degrees, so when these people
go to work there might be more understanding that will exist and
dealing with people who speak another language might be made a
little easier and better for people.
For many Latinos to have more chances at social mobility
discrimination needs to be gone. Many people just lack an
understanding or the intelligence to treat these people no
different from others. Discrimination keeps many from good jobs,
an education and even having a good home. If people were just
more willing to listen and give others who are a different a
chance things could be changed even more, but so many are just
blind to their ignorance.
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So many are stuck in poverty and are unable to get out
because their language holds them back, but if the US could
worker harder like many of these Latinos due learning the
English language might be something more easily attained by the
many Latinos in the US.
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Cellitti, A. (2008). Beyond educational interventions.Latino
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Cortina, R. (2006). Bridging language barriers.School Business
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Cultural and language barriers. (2002). Barriers to Successful
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Epstein, J. A., Botvin, G. J. & Diaz, T. (1999). Alcohol use
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Garcia, C. M. & Duckett, L. J. (2009). No teentiendo y tu no me
entiendes: Language barriers among immigrant latino
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Kataoka, S., Langley, A., Stein, B.,Jaycox, L., Zhang, L.,
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Kilgore, K. (2011). Anti-Hispanic Discrimination Still Felt
Around the Country. Retrieved from
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http://markets.chron.com/chron/news/read?GUID=18063853.
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