Upload
scott-rayes
View
213
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Language in Asia
Bill Baxter29 October 2007
Overview
• Actually, not all of Asia (mostly, South, Southeast, and East)
• That excludes (for example) Iraq, Iran, Asian part of Russia…
• So many languages, so little time
Map of Southern Asia
Main topics
• Spoken language ≠ written language
• Spoken language in Asia• Written language in Asia• Language and history• Europe discovers the languages
of Asia
Spoken vs. written language
• Spoken language is primary; written language is secondary• Everybody talks (almost); only some write.
Speech is built into our biology; writing isn’t.• Many spoken languages have no written form.• Writing is only ~ 5,000 years old; spoken
language is probably much older (maybe 40,000 - 80,000 years old?).
• The same language can be written with different scripts; different languages can be written with the same script. (Languages may look alike but sound very different, and vice versa)
Each dot represents a (spoken) language:
Source: http://www.ethnologue.com/, 25 October 2005
Families of (spoken) languages
• Descended from a common ancestral language
• Ex. 1: Romance languages (47, including French, Spanish, Italian), descended from Latin (attested)
• Ex. 2: Germanic languages (53, including German, Dutch, English, Swedish), descended from “Proto-Germanic” (not attested, but can be reconstructed from the daughter languages)
The Indo-European family (449)
Includes most languages of Europe, but also Indo-Iranian.
Selected language families of Asia (1)
• Indo-Iranian branch of IE : Indic (= Indo-Aryan, 219) and Iranian languages (87)
• Dravidian (73): Brahui (in Pakistan); Tamil (in India and Sri Lanka), Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, etc.)
• ‘Altaic’ (66): Turkic (40), Mongolian (14), Tungusic (12; = ‘Manchu-Tungus’ = ‘Tungus-Manchu’) in Northern Asia
• Japanese, Korean (probably related to each other, maybe part of Altaic
(continued…)
Language families of Asia (2)
• Sino-Tibetan (403): Chinese (14), Tibetan (53), Burmese, LOTS of minority languages
• Austronesian (1268) (‘Southern islands’): Malay/Indonesian, LOTS of minority languagesmay include Tai-Kadai (76) (Thai, Lao; and related languages, mostly in China)
• Hmong-Mien = Miao-Yao (35): minority languages in China and SE Asia.
• Austroasiatic (169) (‘Southern Asian’): Vietnamese, Khmer = Cambodian, LOTS of minority languages in SE Asia, some in India.
Indo-Iranian: Iranian branch
Languages of India (Indo-Iranian and others)
Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684A.gif
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Languages of India (Dravidian)
Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684A.gif
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Languages of India (Sino-Tibetan)
Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/map/T028684A.gif
© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
The Altaic family (controversial)
Source: http://ehl.santafe.edu/maps/Altaic.gif, 25 Oct 2005
The Turkic family (part of Altaic?)
Language families of Asia (2)
• Sino-Tibetan (403): Chinese (14), Tibetan (53), Burmese, LOTS of minority languages
• Austronesian (1268) (‘Southern islands’): Malay/Indonesian, LOTS of minority languagesmay include Tai-Kadai (76) (Thai, Lao; and related languages, mostly in China)
• Hmong-Mien = Miao-Yao (35): minority languages in China and SE Asia.
• Austroasiatic (169) (‘Southern Asian’): Vietnamese, Khmer = Cambodian, LOTS of minority languages in SE Asia, some in India.
The Sino-Tibetan family
The Austronesian family
Tai-Kadai
Source: http://www.proel.org/mundo/tai3.gif, 25 Oct 2005
Hmong-Mien (=
“Miao-Yao”)
Source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic?idxStructId=379726&typeId=17, 29 Oct 2007
Language groups in China
The Austroasiatic family
How are language families identified?
• Shared items of basic vocabulary (items not likely to be borrowed), showing regular sound correspondences.
• Where possible, shared morphology (prefixes, suffixes, etc., with grammatical functions)
• Members of the same family may look very different because of the accumulation of changes over time; and languages can be structurally similar without belonging to the same family.
Tagalog and Malay (~ Indonesian):some basic vocabulary
TAGALOG INDONESIAN TAGALOG INDONESIAN
1 BLOOD dugo darah 17 MOON buwan bulan
2 BONE buto tulang 18 NAME ngalan nama
3 DIE param mati 19 NEW bago baru
4 DOG aso anjing 20 ONE isa esa
5 EAR tenga telinga 21 SALT asin asin
6 EGG itlog telur 22 STONE bato batu
7 EYE mata mata 23 SUN araw matahari
8 FIRE apoy api 24 TAIL buntot ekor
9 FISH isda ikan 25 THIS ito, iri ini
10 FULL puno penuh 26 TONGUE dila lidah
11 GIVE bigay kasi 27 TOOTH ngipin gigi
12 HAND kamay tangan 28 TWO dalawa dua
13 HORN sungay tanduk 29 WATER tubig air
14 I, ME alp aku 30 WIND (n.) hangin angin
15 KNOW alam kenal, tahu 31 YEAR taon tahun
16 LOUSE kuto kutu 32 YOU (sg.) ikaw awak
Tagalog and Malay (similar words)
TAGALOG MALAY TAGALOG MALAY
1 BLOOD dugóq darah 17 MOON buwan bulan
2 BONE buto tulang 18 NAME ngalan nama
3 DIE patáy mati 19 NEW bago baru
4 DOG áso anjing 20 ONE isa esa
5 EAR taqinga telinga 21 SALT asin asin
6 EGG itlog telur 22 STONE bato batu
7 EYE mata mata 23 SUN araw matahari
8 FIRE apóy api 24 TAIL buntot ekor
9 FISH isdáq ikan 25 THIS ito, iri ini
10 FULL puno penuh 26 TONGUE dila lidah
11 GIVE bigay kasi 27 TOOTH ngipin gigi
12 HAND kamáy tangan 28 TWO dalawa dua
13 HORN sungay tanduk 29 WATER tubig air
14 I, ME ako aku 30 WIND (n.) hangin angin
15 KNOW alam [< Arabic] kenal, tahu 31 YEAR taqón tahun
16 LOUSE kuto kutu 21 YOU (sg.) ikaw awak
Regular sound correspondences
• Tagalog /t/ = Malay /t/:
Tagalog Malay
1 EGG itlog telur
2 DIE mata mata
3 EYE bigat berat
4 HEAVY bigat berat
5 YEAR taqón léhér
6 TO SLEEP tulug tahun
Regular sound correspondences
• Tagalog /g/ = Malay /r/:
Tagalog Malay
1 EGG itlog telur
2 SAND pasig pasir
3 HEAVY bigat berat
4 NEW bago baru
5 NECK liqig léhér
6 TO SLEEP tulug tidur
Tone languages (Chinese & others)
• The same consonants and vowels, pronounced with different pitch contours or tunes, indicate different words (not just different emotional attitudes)
• Tone languages include • the various ‘dialects’ of Chinese• some (not all) other Sino-Tibetan languages• Vietnamese• Kra-Dai languages (including Thai)• Hmong-Mien languages
Tones in Mandarin Chinese
• 妈 ( 媽 ) mā ‘mother’• 麻 ( 麻 ) má ‘hemp’• 马 ( 馬 ) mǎ ‘horse’• 骂 ( 駡 ) mà ‘scold, attack verbally’• 吗 ( 嗎 ) ma (sentence-final particle
indicating a yes-no question)
( 妈 is the simplified character, 媽 is the traditional
character.)
An example sentence
• 妈骂马 ; 马骂妈吗 ?媽駡馬 ; 馬罵媽嗎 ?Mā mà mǎ; mǎ mà mā ma?‘Mother scolds the horse; does the horse scold Mother?’
Origins of writing in eastern Asia
• Chinese writing (begins ~13th century BCE): spreads to Korea, Japan, Vietnam
• Alphabetic systems (ultimately traceable to the Aramaic version of the Semitic alphabet):• Early (Brahmi and other central Asian scripts)• Later (Arabic alphabet adapted for Persian, Urdu,
etc.)• New scripts influenced by older ones
• Chinese-like scripts invented from scratch• Korean Hangeul alphabet (invented from scratch)
Stages in the development of Chinese writing:
• Pottery markings (~ 3000 B.C.E.?)• ‘Oracle bones’ (13th-11th c. B.C.E.)• Inscriptions on bronze vessels (13th-3d c.
B.C.E.)• Brush and ink on bamboo or silk (rag paper
invented ~ 105 C.E.); printing• Script reform (Japan after 1945; China from
1950s): ‘simplified’ characters (fewer variant characters, fewer strokes in each character)
• Computer fonts and encodings
Oracle bones(turtle plastron)
Máo gōng dǐng 毛公鼎 , ca. 900 BCE(Taipei, Former Palace Museum)
Shāng 商 dynasty bronze inscription, ~1100 BCE
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
作作作作作作
‘ made [for] Father Dīng [this] precious treasured vessel’
A Chinese typewriter (1970’s)
Asahi Shimbun on the World Series (today)
Rソックスが4ム3で勝利 3年ぶり7度目の世界王者 2007年 10月29日 13時 11 分 米大リーグのワールドシリーズ(4戦先勝制)第4戦、レッドソックス(ア・リーグ)対ロッキーズ(ナ・リーグ)戦が28日(日本時間29日)、コロラド州のデンバーであり、松坂と岡島が所属するレッドソックスが、ロッキーズに4ム3で4連勝し、3年ぶり7度目のワールドチャンピオンに輝いた。 松井 稼頭央
MATSUI Kazuō
Chosun Ilbo on the World Series (2005)
[weol.deu.si.ri.jeu] si.ka.go hwa.i.teu sak.seu, ...