Language Arts The Eight Units of Grammar Review The Eight Units
of Grammar Review
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a word that states a word that states b A b A Person b An b An
Idea (Abstract Nouns) b A b A Thing Place
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Kinds of Nouns
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A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a
statement Linking Subject predicate be verbs
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b Action verbs express mental or physical action. Something is
being done by someone or something. Action verbs are TRANSITIVE or
INTRANSITIVE! Action verbs can have a direct object or both a
direct and indirect object. Action Verbs Action Verbs
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Linking Verbs Linking Verbs b Linking verbs make a statement by
connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it.
Linking verbs are INTRANSITIVE! Linking verbs contain a predicate
noun or adjective. Pay attention to irregular verb forms!
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Verb Forms (using to work) Verb Forms (using to work) b
Principal Parts Base form workBase form work Present Participle
(is/are) workingPresent Participle (is/are) working Past Tense
workedPast Tense worked Past Participle (has/have) workedPast
Participle (has/have) worked b Perfect Tenses Present Perfect has,
have workedPresent Perfect has, have worked Past Perfect had
workedPast Perfect had worked Future Perfect will have workedFuture
Perfect will have worked
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Verb Forms (using to work) Verb Forms (using to work) b
Progressive Forms Present Progressive is/are workingPresent
Progressive is/are working Past Progressive was/were workingPast
Progressive was/were working Future Progressive will be
workingFuture Progressive will be working b Progressive Perfect
Tenses Present Perfect Progressive has/have been workingPresent
Perfect Progressive has/have been working Past Perfect Progressive
had been workingPast Perfect Progressive had been working Future
Perfect Progressive will have been workingFuture Perfect
Progressive will have been working
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Modifies (or describes) a noun or pronoun. Is that a wool
uniform? There are five branches on that bush. Did you find your
mechanical pencil? Answers these questions:
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Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Answers the questions: How? Bob ran quickly. Sue left yesterday.
When? We went there. Where? It was too cold! To what degree or how
much?
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Degrees of Comparison Comparative Compares two. Can be formed
with er or more. Superlative Compares three or more. Can be formed
with est or most.
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b Interjections Can be set off with a comma or an exclamation
point.Can be set off with a comma or an exclamation point. Wow! I
loved the movie. Oh, I made a mistake. b Proper Nouns & Proper
Adjectives Proper nouns begin with a capital letter.Proper nouns
begin with a capital letter. Proper Adjectives are formed from
proper nouns and are capitalized.Proper Adjectives are formed from
proper nouns and are capitalized.
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b Commas Use a comma to separate items in a series.Use a comma
to separate items in a series. Use a comma b/t 2 or more adjectives
that come before a noun.Use a comma b/t 2 or more adjectives that
come before a noun. Use a comma to separate the simple sentence in
a compound sentence.Use a comma to separate the simple sentence in
a compound sentence. Use commas after words, phrases, and clauses
that come at the beginning of sentence.Use commas after words,
phrases, and clauses that come at the beginning of sentence. Use
commas to separate appositives, nouns of direct address, or
interrupters.Use commas to separate appositives, nouns of direct
address, or interrupters.
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b Dates and Letters Use commas to separate:Use commas to
separate: The month and the day from the year Between the city and
the state After the state if the address is within a sentence Use a
comma after the greeting and after the closing in a friendly
letter.Use a comma after the greeting and after the closing in a
friendly letter. Use a colon after the greeting in a business
letter.Use a colon after the greeting in a business letter.
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b Titles Use quotation marks for the titles of short worksUse
quotation marks for the titles of short works Short story, poem,
chapter of a book, magazine or newspaper article, or title of a
song. Underline the titles of long works.Underline the titles of
long works. Book, magazine, newspaper, play, musical, movie, TV
series, painting, albums, or musical works Capitalize all important
words in a title.Capitalize all important words in a title.
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The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It
may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea. The pronoun is
a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may substitute for a
person, place, thing, or idea. Personal, Possessive, and Reflexive
/Intensive Pronouns I, me, mine you, your, yours she, her, hers,
it, its we, us, our, ours they, them, their, theirs myself yourself
Indefinite Pronouns anybody each either none someone, one, etc.
Interrogative Pronouns who whom what which whose Demonstrative
Pronouns this that these those
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The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It
may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea. The pronoun is
a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may substitute for a
person, place, thing, or idea. Subject Pronouns I You He She It We
You They These are used for the subjects of sentences or after
linking verbs. Object Pronouns Me You Him Her It Us You Them These
are used within the predicate as direct or indirect objects and
objects of a preposition.
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A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun, or a phrase or
clause functioning in the sentence as a noun. The word or word
group that the preposition introduces is its object of the
preposition. They received a postcard from Barry telling about his
cruise to Alaska.
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The preposition never stands alone ! preposition noun pronoun
object of preposition object can have more than one object object
can have modifiers You cant see the dirt under the carpet. Her text
message to Ali and Raven brought good news. It occurred during the
last hurricane.
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Common Prepositions aboard about above across after against
along among around at before behind below beneath beside between
beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over
past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up
upon with within without
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b Prep Phrases as Adjectives Begins with a preposition and ends
with a noun/pronounBegins with a preposition and ends with a
noun/pronoun Used to modify a noun or pronoun.Used to modify a noun
or pronoun. Usually follow directly after the noun or
pronoun.Usually follow directly after the noun or pronoun. b Prep
Phrases as Adverbs Begins with a preposition and ends with a
noun/pronounBegins with a preposition and ends with a noun/pronoun
Used to modify a verb, adjective or adverb.Used to modify a verb,
adjective or adverb. Can be ANYWHERE within the sentence.Can be
ANYWHERE within the sentence.
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b Participles A verb form used as an ADJECTIVE.A verb form used
as an ADJECTIVE. Use the present participle or past participle form
of a verb as the verbal.Use the present participle or past
participle form of a verb as the verbal. b Participial Phrases Is
made up of a participle and its accompanying words and functions as
an ADJECTIVE.Is made up of a participle and its accompanying words
and functions as an ADJECTIVE. May contain a direct object,
prepositional phrases, and adverbsMay contain a direct object,
prepositional phrases, and adverbs
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b Gerunds A verb form used as NOUN.A verb form used as NOUN.
Subject, Direct Object, Object of a Preposition, Predicate Nouns
Use the present participle form of a verb as the verbal.Use the
present participle form of a verb as the verbal. b Gerund Phrases
Is made up of a gerund accompanied by an adjective, adverb, a
direct object, or a prepositional phrase.Is made up of a gerund
accompanied by an adjective, adverb, a direct object, or a
prepositional phrase. Functions as a NOUN (subject, direct object,
object of a preposition, or a predicate noun)Functions as a NOUN
(subject, direct object, object of a preposition, or a predicate
noun) Use a possessive noun or pronoun BEFORE the gerund.Use a
possessive noun or pronoun BEFORE the gerund.
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b Infinitives A verb form used as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an
ADVERB.A verb form used as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERB. Formed
with the word to and the base form of the verb.Formed with the word
to and the base form of the verb. b Infinitive Phrases Is made up
of an infinitive and the words that complete the meaning.Is made up
of an infinitive and the words that complete the meaning. Functions
as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERBFunctions as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE,
or an ADVERB
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Clauses Clause a group of words that has a subject and a
predicate. Phrase contains a subject or a Predicate but not both
Subordinate clause doesnt express a complete thought and cant stand
alone
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Adjective Clauses Modifies a noun or pronoun A relative pronoun
such as who, whom, whose, which, or that usually introduces the
clause Where and when may also introduce an adjective clause
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Essential & Nonessential Clauses An essential clause
identifies the noun or pronoun it modifies AND its not set off by
commas. A nonessential clause gives extra information about the
noun or pronoun it modifies AND its set off by commas.
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Adverb Clauses A subordinate clause used as an adverb. A
subordinating conjunction introduces an adverb clause. Use a comma
after an adverb clause that begins a sentence.
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Noun Clauses Is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Use who
and whoever as subjects of noun clauses. Use whom and whomever as
objects in noun clauses.