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1
Broca’s area is responsible for speaking ability.
Wernicke’s area functions for language comprehension.
Language areas
Lateralization of hemispheres
corpus callosum
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Cerebellum – compares motor cortex output with what is happening in body. Important for acquiring physical skills (procedural memory)
Basal nuclei – inhibits unwanted movements. Associated with Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease
Coordination and smooth movements require additional input
Basal nuclei inhibits muscle tone
selects and maintains purposeful muscle activity while inhibiting useless movement
monitors and controls slow, sustained contractions (posture)
Hypotonia - low muscle tone
normal
EEG records synchronous firing of pyramidal neurons in cortex (many combined dipoles). EEG measures combined activity of ~10 million neurons
Basic EEG (‘brainwaves’)
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Basic EEG (‘brainwaves’)A set of interconnected brain areas that fxn in motivation, emotion, and memory
Limbic association cortex
Involves both cortical and subcortical regions
“Feeling and reacting brain” vs. thinking brain of frontal cortex. Fear, anger, pleasure and sexual drive
Reward and punishment centers exist
Limbic systemReceives signals right from thalamus when experiencing fearful stimuli (emotional stimuli)
Amygdala is associated with hippocampus, learning.
Limbic system: amygdala
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Short-term memory – stored for a few minutes and can contain only a few items or concepts (like a phone number). Items can get ‘bumped’ from STM.
Long-term memory – lasts years or more –generally stored in cortex. Includes factual info about the world, and personal events.
Memory HippocampusShort-term memory is converted to long-term memory using signals involving the hippocampus
Hippocampus is an area where new neurons can be produced.
Newly acquired
information
Usually
permanently lost Rapid retrieval
Inability to
retrieve“Forgetting” “Remembering”
Searching and
readout
Short-term
memory stores
(Practice)
Consolidation
Long-term
memory stores Slower retrieval, except for
thoroughly ingrained memories,
which are rapidly retrieved
Usually only
transiently unable
to access stores
Storage in temporal lobes, limbic system, cerebellum
How we rememberIn Alzheimer’s disease, abnormal proteins
cause damage to neurons (amyloid beta, tau)
The hippocampus is the first to be affected
Alzheimer’s disease
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Idea that areas of the brain distinctly focus on one sense has been discarded
There is a lot of ‘cross-talk’ between the senses (i.e. what you see influences what you hear and so on)
Our brain is not really a ‘swiss army knife’
Then Now
Figure 5.28Page 173Cervical
cord
Thoracic
cord
Lumbar
cord
Sacral
cord
Cervical nerves
Thoracic nerves
Lumbar nerves
Sacral nerves
Coccygealnerve
Cauda
equina
Dermatome - a patch of skin innervated by the same spinal nerve
Spinal cord
Spinalnerve
Vertebra
Meningeslayers
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Nerve- a bundle of peripheral axons.
Spinal nerves contain afferent and efferent fibers.
Cell body ofefferent neuron
Cell body ofafferent neuron
From receptors
To effectors
Interneuron
Spinal nerve
Stimulus
Biceps(flexor)
contracts
Handwithdrawn
Triceps(extensor)
relaxes
Ascending pathwayto brain
Response
Reflex arc
Receptor
Afferent pathway
Integrating center
Efferent pathway
Effector organs
Integrating center(spinal cord)
Thermalpain receptor
in finger
Efferent Pathway
Effectororgans
AfferentPathway
Withdrawal reflex