Lane Departures

Lane DeparturesLane Departures

By:By:

Deborah S. McAvoy, M.S., P.E., PTOEDeborah S. McAvoy, M.S., P.E., PTOE

Tapan K. Datta, Ph.D., P.E.Tapan K. Datta, Ph.D., P.E.


What are Lane Departures?What are Lane Departures? Vehicles leaving their designated laneVehicles leaving their designated lane

Crossing the CenterlineCrossing the Centerline Leaving the RoadwayLeaving the Roadway

Where do Lane Departures Occur?Where do Lane Departures Occur? Low Traffic VolumesLow Traffic Volumes High Travel SpeedsHigh Travel Speeds Rural Highways and RoadwaysRural Highways and Roadways


Why do Lane Departures Occur?Why do Lane Departures Occur? Distracted DrivingDistracted Driving Driver FatigueDriver Fatigue Driver Drowsiness or Falling AsleepDriver Drowsiness or Falling Asleep Driving Under the InfluenceDriving Under the Influence

Distracted DrivingDistracted Driving

National Highway Traffic Safety National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates 25% of all Administration (NHTSA) estimates 25% of all crashes involve driver distractioncrashes involve driver distraction

Distracted DrivingDistracted Driving Drivers concentrate on something other than Drivers concentrate on something other than

operating their vehiclesoperating their vehicles


Physical DistractionsPhysical Distractions Searching for music on the radioSearching for music on the radio Changing CD’sChanging CD’s Talking on a cell phoneTalking on a cell phone Drinking/eatingDrinking/eating Reading while drivingReading while driving Talking to passengers/childrenTalking to passengers/children


Cognitive DistractionsCognitive Distractions Gazing out the windowGazing out the window Wandering thoughtsWandering thoughts Road RageRoad Rage Aggressive moodAggressive mood BoredomBoredom FatigueFatigue

Drowsy/Fatigued DrivingDrowsy/Fatigued Driving

NHTSA estimates falling asleep is responsible NHTSA estimates falling asleep is responsible for :for : 100,000 crashes per year100,000 crashes per year 40,000 injuries per year40,000 injuries per year 1,550 fatalities per year1,550 fatalities per year

Drowsy/Fatigued DrivingDrowsy/Fatigued Driving

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Late night/early morning or mid-afternoon crashesLate night/early morning or mid-afternoon crashes Crash is likely to be seriousCrash is likely to be serious Involves a single vehicle leaving the roadwayInvolves a single vehicle leaving the roadway Crash occurs on a high-speed roadwayCrash occurs on a high-speed roadway The driver does not attempt to avoid the crashThe driver does not attempt to avoid the crash The driver is aloneThe driver is alone

US-2 Road Safety AuditUS-2 Road Safety Audit

Sponsored by OHSPSponsored by OHSP Conducted by Wayne State University-Conducted by Wayne State University-

Transportation Research Group Summer of Transportation Research Group Summer of 20052005

Limited ScopeLimited Scope Crash AnalysisCrash Analysis

US-2 US-2

One of two main east-west routes in the UPOne of two main east-west routes in the UP Located along the northern shore of Lake Located along the northern shore of Lake

MichiganMichigan Highly Scenic Route Highly Scenic Route

Passes through several recreational areasPasses through several recreational areas High percentage of Recreational Vehicles and High percentage of Recreational Vehicles and

Commercial TrucksCommercial Trucks

US-2 ProjectUS-2 Project

US-2 Study Area, Crystal Falls to St. IgnaceUS-2 Study Area, Crystal Falls to St. Ignace

US-2 Crash AnalysisUS-2 Crash Analysis

Preliminary Crash AnalysisPreliminary Crash Analysis Detailed Crash Analysis of high-crash Detailed Crash Analysis of high-crash

segmentssegments Corridor Crash AnalysisCorridor Crash Analysis

High Deer Crash LocationsHigh Deer Crash Locations Speeding Related Crash LocationsSpeeding Related Crash Locations Run-off-the-Road Crash LocationsRun-off-the-Road Crash Locations

US-2 Speed StudiesUS-2 Speed Studies

Location 85th

Percentile Speed

Speed Deviation

Maximum Speed

Minimum Speed

Range Sample

Size

Gladstone, Near Mather Road

64 mph 9 mph 73 mph 51 mph 22 mph 104

Bark River, Rest Area 64 mph 9 mph 108 mph 49 mph 59 mph 277

Bark River, Near Hannahville B-1


Bark River, Near D 58 mph 3 mph 81 mph 36 mph 45 mph 206

Escanaba, Near Lake Bluff


Escanaba, Near 18.3 61 mph 6 mph 64 mph 48 mph 16 mph 53

Rapid River 57 mph 2 mph 67 mph 38 mph 29 mph 104

Crystal Falls 60 mph 5 mph 72 mph 29 mph 43 mph 103

Iron Mountain, Near US-141


Iron Mountain, Near Pine Mountain


Naubinway* 65 mph 10 mph 74 mph 50 mph 24 mph 106

Garden Corners* 64 mph 9 mph 75 mph 53 mph 22 mph 104

Milakokia Lake* 66 mph 11 mph 70 mph 53 mph 17 mph 103

US-2 Speed Studies US-2 Speed Studies Commercial VehiclesCommercial Vehicles

Type of Vehicle 85th

Percentile Speed

Speed Deviation

Maximum Speed

Minimum Speed

Range Sample

Size

Commercial

Trucks

61 mph 6 mph 67 mph 29 mph 38

mph

122

Logging Trucks 61 mph 6 mph 61 mph 47 mph 14

mph

16

US-2 Crash AnalysisUS-2 Crash Analysis

Focus Segment Crash Location MapFocus Segment Crash Location Map

SV = Single Vehicle CrashSV = Single Vehicle Crash

HO = Head-on CrashHO = Head-on Crash

RE = Rear-end CrashRE = Rear-end Crash

US-2 Crash TrendsUS-2 Crash Trends

Yearly Crash Trends along US-2 (2001-2003)Yearly Crash Trends along US-2 (2001-2003)

1746

1519

1630

1400

1450

1500

1550

1600

1650

1700

1750

1800

2001 2002 2003

Total Crashes

166

192

156

4 7 5

70

166

132

0

50

100

150

200

250

2001 2002 2003

Injury Crashes

Fatal Crashes

PDO-RORCrashes

Monthly Variation of Crashes along US-2 Monthly Variation of Crashes along US-2

(2001-2003)(2001-2003)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Fre

qu

ency

Fatal Crashes 2001

Fatal Crashes 2002

Fatal Crashes 2003

Injury Crashes 2001

Injury Crashes 2002

Injury Crashes 2003

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Fre

qu

ency PDO-ROR Crashes 2001

PDO-ROR Crashes 2002

PDO-ROR Crashes 2003

Time of Day Variation of Crashes along US-2Time of Day Variation of Crashes along US-2

(2001-2003)(2001-2003)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

6am-9am 9am-3pm 3pm-7pm 7pm-9pm 9pm-11pm 11pm-6am

Time of Day

Fre

qu

ency 2001

2002

2003

Property Damage Only – Run-off-the-Road Crashes

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

6am-9am 9am-3pm 3pm-7pm 7pm-9pm 9pm-11pm 11pm-6am

Time of Day

Fre

qu

ency 2001

2002

2003

Injury and Fatal Crashes

Light Condition Variation of Crashes along US-2 Light Condition Variation of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003)(2001-2003)

63%

4%

3%

30%Daylight

Daw n

Dusk

Dark



66%4%

4%

26%

Daylight

Dawn

Dusk

Dark

Road Condition Variation of Crashes along US-2 Road Condition Variation of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003)(2001-2003)

36%

16%23%

15%

0% 9%

0%

1%

Dry

Wet

Icy

Snowy

Muddy

Slushy

Debris

Other



59%20%

11%

5% 0% 4%

0%

1%

Dry

Wet

Icy

Snowy

Muddy

Slushy

Debris

Other

753752

668715 764

260 262

239 246229

8 8 5 118

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1998.5 1999 1999.5 2000 2000.5 2001 2001.5 2002 2002.5 2003 2003.5

Years

Fre

qu

ency Total Crashes

Injury Crashes

Fatal Crashes

Involving Drivers Under the Influence of Alcohol (1999-2003)

260

314305

242270

126 135

98

142

106

9 10 3 11 50

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1998.5 1999 1999.5 2000 2000.5 2001 2001.5 2002 2002.5 2003 2003.5

Years

Freq

uenc

y Total Crashes

Injury Crashes

Fatal Crashes

Annual Trend of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003)Annual Trend of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003)

Speeding-Related Crashes (1999-2003)

202

156

107 111130

97

89 63 68

94

5 5 2 4 40

50

100

150

200

250

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Years

Cra

sh F

req

uen

cy

Total Crashes

Injury Crashes

Fatal Crashes

Involving Unbelted Drivers (1999-2003)

Annual Trend of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003)Annual Trend of Crashes along US-2 (2001-2003)

Deer-Related Crashes (1999-2003)

4393

4656491952985228

95119118117116

0 0 0 00

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Years

Cra

sh

Fre

qu

en

cy

Total Crashes

Injury Crashes

Fatal Crashes

Type of crashes along US-2 (2001-2003)Type of crashes along US-2 (2001-2003)

40%

4%39%

11%4% 2%

Single Vehicle

Head-On

Rear-End

Angle

Sideswipe

Other

Crash Causation along US-2Crash Causation along US-2 Detailed analysis of the 848 fatal crashes, Detailed analysis of the 848 fatal crashes,

injury crashes and PDO-ROR crashes (2001-injury crashes and PDO-ROR crashes (2001-2003)2003) REASON FOR CRASH

NUMBER OF CRASHES (Three Year Totals)

Lost control 267

Failed to yield 149

Unable to stop 128

Deer-related 83

Fell asleep 67

Distracted driver 56

Passing 48

Vehicle malfunction 15

Pedestrian 8

Improper use of vehicle 5

Alcohol-related 5

Fled the scene 5

Health-related 4

Other animal-related 4

Speeding 3

Road debris 1

Lost Control CrashesLost Control Crashes

Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 191 Crashes191 Crashes 71.5%71.5%

Wet Road ConditionsWet Road Conditions 41 Crashes41 Crashes 15.4%15.4%

Dry Road ConditionsDry Road Conditions 33 Crashes33 Crashes 12.4% 12.4%


Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road ConditionsIcy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 163 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes163 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes

7 Type A Injury7 Type A Injury 12 Type B Injury12 Type B Injury 28 Type C Injury28 Type C Injury

9 Head-On ROR Crashes9 Head-On ROR Crashes 3 Fatal Crashes3 Fatal Crashes 1 Type A Injury1 Type A Injury 1 Type B Injury1 Type B Injury 1 Type C Injury1 Type C Injury


Wet Road ConditionsWet Road Conditions 32 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes32 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes

3 Type A Injury3 Type A Injury 7 Type C Injury7 Type C Injury

3 Head-On ROR Crashes3 Head-On ROR Crashes 2 Type A Injury2 Type A Injury


Dry Road Conditions Dry Road Conditions 25 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes25 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes


5 Sideswipe Crashes5 Sideswipe Crashes 1 Type A Injury1 Type A Injury 1 Type C Injury1 Type C Injury

2 Head-On ROR Crashes2 Head-On ROR Crashes 1 Fatal Crash1 Fatal Crash 1 Type C Injury1 Type C Injury

Failed to Yield CrashesFailed to Yield Crashes





Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road ConditionsIcy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 5 Angle (2 ROR)5 Angle (2 ROR)

2 Type A Injury2 Type A Injury 2 Type C Injury2 Type C Injury

1 Rear-End1 Rear-End 1 Type C Injury1 Type C Injury


Wet Road ConditionsWet Road Conditions 17 Angle Crashes (7 ROR)17 Angle Crashes (7 ROR)

1 Fatal Crash (ROR)1 Fatal Crash (ROR) 4 Type A Injury4 Type A Injury 5 Type B Injury5 Type B Injury 4 Type C Injury4 Type C Injury

4 Head-On Crashes (1 ROR)4 Head-On Crashes (1 ROR) 2 Type B Injury2 Type B Injury 1 Type C Injury1 Type C Injury

4 Rear-End Crashes (1 ROR)4 Rear-End Crashes (1 ROR) 2 Type B Injury2 Type B Injury 1 Type C Injury1 Type C Injury

Failed to Yield CrashesFailed to Yield Crashes Dry Road ConditionsDry Road Conditions

72 Angle Crashes (22 ROR)72 Angle Crashes (22 ROR) 4 Fatal Crashes4 Fatal Crashes 15 Type A Injury15 Type A Injury 13 Type B Injury13 Type B Injury 33 Type C Injury33 Type C Injury

12 Head-on Crashes (1 ROR)12 Head-on Crashes (1 ROR) 1 Type A Injury (ROR)1 Type A Injury (ROR) 2 Type B Injury2 Type B Injury 6 Type C Injury6 Type C Injury

9 Single Vehicle Crashes (6 ROR )9 Single Vehicle Crashes (6 ROR ) 2 Type B Injury2 Type B Injury 4 Type C Injury4 Type C Injury

Unable to Stop CrashesUnable to Stop Crashes





Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road ConditionsIcy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 7 Rear-End Crashes (3 ROR)7 Rear-End Crashes (3 ROR)

5 Type C Injury5 Type C Injury 4 Angle Crashes (3 ROR)4 Angle Crashes (3 ROR)

1 Type B Injury1 Type B Injury 1 Type C Injury1 Type C Injury


Wet Road ConditionsWet Road Conditions 32 Rear-end Crashes (6 ROR)32 Rear-end Crashes (6 ROR)


5 Angle Crashes (1 ROR)5 Angle Crashes (1 ROR) 1 Fatal Crash (ROR)1 Fatal Crash (ROR) 1 Type B Injury1 Type B Injury 3 Type C Injury3 Type C Injury

2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes 1 Type A Injury1 Type A Injury


Dry Road ConditionsDry Road Conditions 54 Rear-end Crashes (3 ROR)54 Rear-end Crashes (3 ROR)

3 Type A3 Type A 8 Type B8 Type B 43 Type C43 Type C

6 Single Vehicle Crashes (5 ROR)6 Single Vehicle Crashes (5 ROR) 1 Type B1 Type B 3 Type C3 Type C

Driver Fell Asleep CrashesDriver Fell Asleep Crashes



Dry Road ConditionsDry Road Conditions 49 Crashes49 Crashes 73.1%73.1%


Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road ConditionsIcy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes

2 Type B Injury2 Type B Injury 1 Sideswipe ROR Crash1 Sideswipe ROR Crash

1 Type A Injury1 Type A Injury


Wet Road ConditionsWet Road Conditions 13 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes13 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes


1 Head-on Crash1 Head-on Crash 1 Fatal Crash1 Fatal Crash


Dry Road ConditionsDry Road Conditions 42 Single Vehicle Crashes (41 ROR)42 Single Vehicle Crashes (41 ROR)


3 Head-on ROR Crashes3 Head-on ROR Crashes 2 Fatal Crashes2 Fatal Crashes 1 Type B Injury1 Type B Injury

1 Sideswipe-Opposite ROR Crash – Fatal Crash1 Sideswipe-Opposite ROR Crash – Fatal Crash 1 Angle ROR Crash – Type B Injury1 Angle ROR Crash – Type B Injury 1 Rear-end Crash – Type C Injury1 Rear-end Crash – Type C Injury


Time of Day Crash OccurredTime of Day Crash Occurred 6 am – 9 am 6 am – 9 am

13 Crashes13 Crashes 19.4%19.4%

9 am – 3 pm 9 am – 3 pm 23 Crashes23 Crashes 34.3%34.3%

3 pm – 7 pm3 pm – 7 pm 8 Crashes8 Crashes 11.9%11.9%

7 pm – 6 am7 pm – 6 am 2 Crashes2 Crashes 3.0%3.0%

Distracted Driver CrashesDistracted Driver Crashes



Dry Road ConditionsDry Road Conditions 43 Crashes43 Crashes 76.8%76.8%


Icy, Snowy or Slushy Road ConditionsIcy, Snowy or Slushy Road Conditions 2 Sideswipe Crashes (1 ROR)2 Sideswipe Crashes (1 ROR)

1 Type B Injury (ROR)1 Type B Injury (ROR) 1 Single Vehicle ROR Crash – Type C Injury1 Single Vehicle ROR Crash – Type C Injury 1 Rear-end Crash – Type A Injury1 Rear-end Crash – Type A Injury


Wet Road ConditionsWet Road Conditions 2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes – PDO2 Single Vehicle ROR Crashes – PDO 2 Rear-end Crashes (1 ROR)2 Rear-end Crashes (1 ROR)

Type C InjuryType C Injury 1 Head-on ROR Crash – Type A Injury1 Head-on ROR Crash – Type A Injury 1 Angle ROR Crash – Type C Injury1 Angle ROR Crash – Type C Injury


Dry Road ConditionsDry Road Conditions 17 Single Vehicle Crashes (15 ROR)17 Single Vehicle Crashes (15 ROR)


17 Rear-End Crashes (5 ROR)17 Rear-End Crashes (5 ROR) 4 Type A Injury4 Type A Injury 3 Type B Injury3 Type B Injury 8 Type C Injury8 Type C Injury

2 Head-on ROR Crashes2 Head-on ROR Crashes 1 Type A Injury1 Type A Injury 1 Type C Injury1 Type C Injury

1 Sideswipe Opposite ROR Crash – Fatal Crash1 Sideswipe Opposite ROR Crash – Fatal Crash


Time of Day Crash OccurredTime of Day Crash Occurred 6 am – 9 am 6 am – 9 am

3 Crashes3 Crashes 5.4%5.4%

9 am – 3 pm 9 am – 3 pm 25 Crashes25 Crashes 44.6%44.6%



9 pm – 6 am9 pm – 6 am 2 Crashes2 Crashes 3.6%3.6%

Crashes to Target for Reduction Crashes to Target for Reduction

Lost Control on Dry Road ConditionsLost Control on Dry Road Conditions Unable to Stop on Dry Road ConditionsUnable to Stop on Dry Road Conditions Driver Fell AsleepDriver Fell Asleep Driver was DistractedDriver was Distracted

Potential Crash ReductionsPotential Crash Reductions

Total CrashesTotal Crashes 227 Crashes in three years or 75.67 per year227 Crashes in three years or 75.67 per year

Fatal Crashes Fatal Crashes 6 in three years or 2 per year6 in three years or 2 per year

Type A Injury Crashes Type A Injury Crashes 21 in three years or 7 per year21 in three years or 7 per year

Type B Injury CrashesType B Injury Crashes 35 in three years or 11.67 per year35 in three years or 11.67 per year

Type C Injury CrashesType C Injury Crashes 76 in three years or 25.33 per year76 in three years or 25.33 per year

Combating Distracted DrivingCombating Distracted Driving

Driving safety is challenging enough when full Driving safety is challenging enough when full attention is paid to roadwaysattention is paid to roadways

It takes one distracted second for a crash to It takes one distracted second for a crash to occuroccur Recovery on dry road conditions in fair weather Recovery on dry road conditions in fair weather

conditions is possibleconditions is possible Recovery on icy or wet road conditions in fair Recovery on icy or wet road conditions in fair

weather conditions is difficultweather conditions is difficult Recovery on icy or wet road conditions in poor Recovery on icy or wet road conditions in poor

weather conditions is nearly impossibleweather conditions is nearly impossible

Combating Distracted DrivingCombating Distracted Driving

Shifting driver’s focus back to drivingShifting driver’s focus back to driving Improving recovery area for driversImproving recovery area for drivers

Combating Driver FatigueCombating Driver Fatigue

Drivers receive stimuli from several sourcesDrivers receive stimuli from several sources Visual PerceptionVisual Perception

Most Important during DrivingMost Important during Driving Primary source of informationPrimary source of information

HearingHearing Secondary to sightSecondary to sight Tremendous capacity for conveying informationTremendous capacity for conveying information Ear can process sounds without concentratingEar can process sounds without concentrating

TouchTouch MovementMovement Awareness of body and limbsAwareness of body and limbs

Combating Driver FatigueCombating Driver Fatigue

When drivers fatigue, exposure to measures When drivers fatigue, exposure to measures impacting audible or touch senses will send impacting audible or touch senses will send alert messagealert message Driving noiseDriving noise Driving maneuvers that are more difficult than a Driving maneuvers that are more difficult than a

straight tangent sectionstraight tangent section

Documents

Lane Departures