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LANDSCAPES
ESRT pages 2 and 3
FEATURES• 1. Mountains - high elevations, steep
gradients, igneous and/or metamorphic rock, faults and folds
2. Plateaus – moderate relief, horizontal rock structure, sedimentary rocks or extrusive igneous flows, often dissected by many streams
Catskill Mountains – Part of Appalachian Plateau
3. Plains – low elevation, sedimentary rocks, generally level
Escarpmentsteep slope or long cliff that occurs from falting and resulting erosion; separate level areas of different elevations
Factors Affecting Landscapes
1. Uplift and Leveling Forces – Uplift – building up of land (mountains) -
plate tectonic forces– Leveling – weathering, erosion and
subsidence
2. Climate
Temperature and moisture and amount of vegetation
a. Arid – steep slopes and sharp and angular features
b. Humid – smoother and more rounded features
3. Bedrock
Related to hardness and resistance to weathering
- hard rock – weathers more slowly, steeper cliffs
- soft rock – weathers easily (quicker), gentle slopes
Which layers are more resistant to weathering?
4. Time
a. Young – uplift, fast streams, V-shaped valleys, steep slopes
b. Mature – low rounded hills, broad flat valleys, meanders and flood plains
c. Old – erosion almost to sea level
5. Human Activities
A. Land stripped of vegetation
B. Building of roads
C. Cities
D. Building of new homes
STREAM DRAINAGE PATTERNS
• Dendritic - horizontal rock layers, plains and plateaus
• Radial – radiate out from a single point, volcano or a single peak
• Annular - A ring-like pattern associated with maturely dissected dome or basin structures
• Rectangular – strongly jointed and faulted
• Trellis – rocks with different hardness, faulted and folded, valleys and ridges
STREAM DRAINAGE PATTERNS