LANDSCAPE INTERFACES

Landscape series

VOLUME 1

Series Editors:

Henri Decamps, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France

Barbel Tress, Alterra Green World Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Gunther Tress, Alterra Green World Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Aims & Scope:

The Landscape Series publishes manuscripts approaching landscape from a broad perspective. Landscapes are home and livelihood for people, house historic artefacts, and comprise systems of physical, chemical and biological processes. Landscapes are shaped and governed by human societies, who base their existence on the use of the natural resources. People enjoy the aesthetic qualities of landscapes and their recreational facilities, and design new landscapes. The Landscape Series aims to add new and innovative insights into landscapes. It encourages contributions on theory development as well as applied studies, which may act as best practice. Problem-solving approaches and contributions to planning and management of landscape are most welcome. The Landscape Series wishes to attract outstanding studies from the natural sciences, social sciences, humanities as well as the arts and does especially provide a forum for publications resulting from interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary acting teams. Ideally, the contributions help the application of findings from landscape research to practice, and to feed back again from practice into research.

LANDSCAPE INTERFACES

Cultural Heritage in Changing Landscapes

Edited by

Hannes Palang University of Tartu, Estonia

and

Gary Fry Norwegian Agricultural University, Norway

Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y.

A C.LP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-90-481-6348-9 ISBN 978-94-017-0189-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0189-1

Printed on acid-free paper

Cover photograph by Barbel Tress and Gunther Tress

All Rights Reserved © 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2003 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Foreword by the series editors

When initiating this book series, it was our most prominent motivation to provide a forum for dealing with the complex and challenging variety of landscapes. The series should bring to the fore the positive and connective aspects of dealing with this variety instead of seeing them as barriers and separating elements. Yet there is not only the variety of the landscapes as such, but also the multiplicity of academic disciplines and approaches that characterize the study of landscapes. We also intended to provide examples of integration of academic knowledge cultures on one topic, rather than having different volumes presenting knowledge from different disciplines.

'Landscape Interfaces' , the first volume of the series, mirrors this intention excellently. It is a book that embraces the variety in landscape research. Instead of understanding 'interfaces' as areas where contrasting, opposing or diverging elements clash, Palang and Fry understood and interpreted 'interfaces' as the area where two elements meet and can be integrated for their common benefit. Interfaces are many in landscapes and landscape research: between different academic disciplines, experts and laypersons, cultures, past and future, time and space. These interfaces are discussed in relation to cultural heritage management in changing landscapes in different geographical localities. We hope that this book gives all who are interested in the management of cultural heritage - students as well as professionals - the opportunity to be inspired by the multiplicity of approaches that are presented and the subjects that are discussed.

Toulouse and Wageningen, May 2003

Henri Decamps Barbel Tress Gunther Tress

v

Contents

Contributing Authors Xl

Preface xv

1. Landscape interfaces Hannes Palang & Gary Fry

2. Landscape: ecology and semiosis 15 Denis Cosgrove

3. The concept of cultural landscape: discourse and narratives 21 Michael Jones

4. A comparative study on trees and hedgerows in Japan and England 53 Katsue Fukamachi, Hirokazu Oku & Oliver Rackham

5. Transformations of cultural landscape: the case of the Polish-Ukrainian borderland 71 Ewa Skowronek, Renata Krukowska & Andrzej Swieca

6. The role of cultural values in modem landscapes: the Flemish example 91 Marc Antrop

Vlll Landscape inteifaces

7. Shaping the future of a cultural landscape: the Douro Valley wine region 109 Teresa Andresen & Maria Jose Curado

8. Cultural and historical values in landscape planning: locals' perception 125 Helen Alumae, Anu Printsmann & Hannes Palang

9. Stakeholder landscapes and GIS: institutional visions of landscape and sustainability in the management of the Sherwood Natural Area, UK 147 Robert Fish, Roy Haines- Young & Jorge Rubiano

10. An aboriginal planning initiative: sacred knowledge and landscape suitability analysis 163 Margot Cantwell & Chad W. Adams

11. Communicating landscape development plans through scenario visualization techniques 185 Barbel Tress & Gunther Tress

12. Historical cadastral maps as a tool for valuation of to day's landscape elements 221 Stein Tage Domaas, Ingvild Austad, Jan Anders Timberlid & Ann Norderhaug

13. From objects to landscapes in natural and cultural heritage management: a role for landscape interfaces 237 Gary Fry

14. Landscape archaeology and management of ancient cultural heritage sites: Some notes based on Finnish experiences 255 Paivi Maaranen

15. Pressure on the fringe of the cities 273 Grete Swensen

16. 'The long chain': archaeology, historical landscape characterization and time depth in the landscape 295 Graham Fairclough

17. Authenticity in landscape conservation and management -the importance of the local context 319 Roland Gustavsson & Anna Peterson

Landscape interfaces

18. Combining approaches in landscape research: the case of Saaremaa, Estonia Helen Sooviili, Hannes Palang, Egle Kaur, Tiina PeU & Irmine Vermandere

19. Landscape - a matter of identity and integrity: towards sound

IX

357

knowledge, awareness and involvement 375 Jan Diek van Mansvelt & Bas Pedroli

20. Learning from Tartu - towards post-postmodern landscapes 395 Jussi S. Jauhiainen

Contributing Authors

Chad W. Adams is an environmental planner and landscape architect with Andropogon Associates, Ltd. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Helen Alumae is PhD student at the Institute of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia. She also works as an editor for the journal Eesti LooduslEstonian Nature.

Teresa Andresen is associate professor in the School of Sciences at the Oporto University, Portugal, in the Landscape Architecture program. She is co-author of the Douro inscription in the World Heritage List.

Marc Antrop is professor of geography at the Ghent University, Belgium.

Invild Austad works as professor of landscape ecology at the Faculty of Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. She is also a member of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters.

Margot Cantwell is the president of EDM - Environmental Design and Management, Ltd. in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Denis Cosgrove is the Alexander von Humboldt professor in geography at the University of California Los Angeles, USA.

Maria Jose Curado is landscape architect and PhD candidate at the University of A veiro, Portugal.

Stein Tage Domaas is PhD student at the Department of Landscape Planning at the Swedish Agricultural University in Alnarp, Sweden. He works as a research fellow at the Faculty of Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway.

Graham Fairclough is an archaeologist working in English Heritage, one of the UK's four national heritage boards. He is currently head of EH's Characterisation Team.

Xl

XlI Landscape interfaces

Robert Fish is lecturer in human geography at the University of Nottingham, England. Robert's research interests are in the culture and environment of the British countryside.

Gary Fry holds professorship in landscape planning at the Norwegian Agricultural University in As.

Katsue Fukamachi is a landscape architect working at the Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan.

Roland Gustavsson is professor in landscape planning at the Department of Landscape Planning, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Alnarp, Sweden, specialising in planting design and landscape management.

Roy Haines-Young is professor of physical geography at the University of Nottingham, England. The focus of Roy's research is on managing for sustainability at the landscape scale.

Jussi S. Jauhiainen works as professor of geography and regional planning at the University of Oulu, Finland, and associate professor in urban geography at the University of Tartu, Estonia.

Michael Jones works as professor of geography at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway. He is also a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Egle Kaur is PhD student at the Institute of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia.

Renata Krukowska is PhD student at the Department of Regional Geography, Institute of Earth Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.

Paivi Maaranen works as curator in the National Board of Antiquities in Finland. Her research focuses on landscape change and human impact on environment.

Jan Diek van Mansvelt is co-ordinator of the European Academy for the Culture of Landscape PETRARCA.

Ann Norderhaug was associate professor at the Faculty of Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. She is currently working as a researcher at The Norwegian Crop Research Institute.

Hirokazu Oku is a landscape architect working at the Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan.

Hannes Palang is senior researcher at the chair of human geography, Institute of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia.

Bas Pedroli is senior researcher at Alterra Green World Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Tiina Peil is research fellow at Estonian Institute for Sustainable Development, Stockholm Environment Institute Tallinn Centre, Estonia.

Landscape interfaces Xl11

Anna Peterson is a landscape architect and works with her PhD concerning trees in cultural landscapes at the Department of Landscape Planning, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Alnarp, Sweden.

Anu Printsmann is MSc student at the Institute of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia.

Oliver Rackham carries out research in the Botany Department at Cambridge University, where he is a Fellow of Corpus Christi College, United Kingdom.

Jorge Rubiano has recently completed his PhD at the University of Nottingham, England. Jorge's research concerns itself with the role of GIS in stakeholder planning at the landscape scale.

Ewa Skowronek works as academic researcher at the Department of Regional Geography, Institute of Earth Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.

Helen Soovali is PhD student at the Institute of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia working parallelly as a lecturer in cultural geography at the same institute.

Grete Swensen is dr.art in ethnology and works as researcher in Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, Oslo, Norway.

Andrzej Swieca works as professor at the Department of Regional Geography, Institute of Earth Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.

Jan Anders Timberlid works as associate professor at the Faculty of Social Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway.

Barbel Tress is senior landscape researcher at the Landscape Centre, Alterra Green World Research in Wageningen, The Netherlands. She specializes on future studies and interdisciplinarity in landscape research.

Gunther Tress is senior landscape researcher at the Landscape Centre, Alterra Green World Research in Wageningen, The Netherlands. His main fields of interest are integrated approaches for research and management of landscapes and scenario studies.

Irmine Vermandere is MSc student at the Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium.

Preface

This book has been initiated by the workshop on Cultural heritage in changing landscapes, held during the IALE (International Association for Landscape Ecology) European Conference that started in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 200 1 and continued across the Baltic to Tartu, Estonia, in JUly. The papers presented at the workshop have been supported by invited contributions that address a wider range of the cultural heritage management issues and research interfaces required to study cultural landscapes.

The book focuses on landscape interfaces. Both the ones we find out there in the landscape and the ones we face while doing research. We hope that this book helps if not to make use of these interfaces, then at least to map them and bridge some of the gaps between them.

The editors wish to thank those people helping us to assemble this collection. First of all our gratitude goes to the authors who contributed to the book. We would like to thank Marc Antrop, Mats Widgren, Roland Gustavsson, Marion Pots chin, Barbel Tress, Tiina Peil, Helen Soovali and Anu Printsmann for their quick and helpful advice, opinions and comments during the different stages of editing. Helen Soovali and Anu Printsmann together with Piret Pungas - thank you for technical help.

Tartu and As April 2003

xv