Landscape DesignLandscape Design

Competencies 17.00-21.00Competencies 17.00-21.00

Landscaping CareersLandscaping Careers

What is Landscaping?What is Landscaping?Landscaping is a profession that includes Landscaping is a profession that includes

designing, installing, and maintainingdesigning, installing, and maintaining the the outdoor human environment.outdoor human environment.

There are 3 branches of the landscaping There are 3 branches of the landscaping industryindustryLandscape ArchitectureLandscape ArchitectureLandscape ContractorsLandscape ContractorsLandscape MaintenanceLandscape Maintenance

Landscape ArchitectsLandscape ArchitectsLicensed professionsLicensed professionsConceptualize and plan the outdoor Conceptualize and plan the outdoor

environment or landscape for residential environment or landscape for residential and commercial clients.and commercial clients.

Landscape designers usually do actual Landscape designers usually do actual drawings for residential landscapes.drawings for residential landscapes.

Landscape ContractorsLandscape ContractorsCarry out the installation or actual Carry out the installation or actual

construction of the landscape planconstruction of the landscape planOften use subcontractors to do special Often use subcontractors to do special

work such as pools, electrical work, work such as pools, electrical work, stonework, etc.stonework, etc.

Landscape MaintenanceLandscape Maintenance Extended care of Extended care of

existing landscapesexisting landscapes The care and upkeep The care and upkeep

of the landscape after of the landscape after installationinstallation

Design-build FirmsDesign-build FirmsLandscape businesses that handle Landscape businesses that handle

everything from the initial contact with the everything from the initial contact with the client through design and construction as client through design and construction as well as long-term care and maintenance.well as long-term care and maintenance.

Landscape Nursery WorkerLandscape Nursery Worker Professional who sells and installs landscape Professional who sells and installs landscape

plants and related materials.plants and related materials.

Types of Landscape PlansTypes of Landscape Plans

Types of Landscape PlansTypes of Landscape PlansThere are three types of plans used in There are three types of plans used in

landscapinglandscapingSequentialSequentialComputer AssistedComputer AssistedGraphicsGraphics

Landscape PlansLandscape Plans

Sequential PlansSequential PlansEach part of the plan is increasingly more Each part of the plan is increasingly more

specific and detailed.specific and detailed. IncludesIncludes

Functional diagramsFunctional diagramsPreliminary designsPreliminary designsFinal PlansFinal Plans

Sequential Plans-Functional Sequential Plans-Functional DiagramsDiagrams

Begin the arrangement of the client’s Begin the arrangement of the client’s program on the site.program on the site.

Called “bubble diagrams” because they Called “bubble diagrams” because they use loosely drawn freeform shapes to use loosely drawn freeform shapes to represent areas or spacesrepresent areas or spaces

Help the designer make decisions Help the designer make decisions concerning layout and sizes and the use of concerning layout and sizes and the use of each area.each area.

Sequential Plans-Preliminary Sequential Plans-Preliminary DesignsDesigns

Break the “bubbles” to show first draft vision of Break the “bubbles” to show first draft vision of how each landscape area will be shaped.how each landscape area will be shaped.

Landscape is given its form, type of materials to Landscape is given its form, type of materials to be used, and application of landscape design be used, and application of landscape design principles.principles.

Simple without real details, but the horizontal Simple without real details, but the horizontal and vertical relationships between objects and and vertical relationships between objects and areas are now included.areas are now included.

A number of these may be shown before final A number of these may be shown before final plans are made.plans are made.

Sequential Plans-Final PlansSequential Plans-Final PlansUse suggestions and reactions of the Use suggestions and reactions of the

client to make a master drawing that is client to make a master drawing that is graphically detailed and specific in its graphically detailed and specific in its intent for the landscape.intent for the landscape.

Include identified plants, paving patterns, Include identified plants, paving patterns, and other specific information.and other specific information.

Can also include construction drawings for Can also include construction drawings for the landscape contractor or subcontractorthe landscape contractor or subcontractor

Graphics are designed to impressGraphics are designed to impress

Computer AssistedComputer Assisted Also called drawing Also called drawing

boardboard CAD (Computer CAD (Computer

Aided Design) Aided Design) systems are systems are accelerated drafting accelerated drafting systems, designed to systems, designed to draw landscape plans draw landscape plans using a personal using a personal computer.computer.

GraphicsGraphicsConsists of letters and numbersConsists of letters and numbers

Free-hand letteringFree-hand letteringMechanical letteringMechanical letteringComputer letteringComputer lettering

Landscape Principles and Landscape Principles and ProceduresProcedures

Principles of DesignPrinciples of DesignBalanceBalanceFocalization of InterestFocalization of InterestSimplicitySimplicityRhythm and LineRhythm and LineProportionProportionUnityUnity

BalanceBalance Materials are distributed evenly on opposite Materials are distributed evenly on opposite

sides of a central axissides of a central axis Three types of balance:Three types of balance:

SymmetricSymmetric AsymmetricAsymmetric Proximal/distalProximal/distal

Macro-range-the viewer sees the landscape Macro-range-the viewer sees the landscape from the most distant vantage pointfrom the most distant vantage point

Closer range-the views from other locations not Closer range-the views from other locations not as distantas distant

Symmetric BalanceSymmetric Balance One side is a One side is a

reflective mirror reflective mirror image of the opposite image of the opposite sideside

Most formal type of Most formal type of balancebalance

Asymmetric BalanceAsymmetric BalanceEach side has as much interest as the Each side has as much interest as the

otherotherNot a duplicate of the other sideNot a duplicate of the other side

Proximal/Distal BalanceProximal/Distal BalanceBalances right and left as well as near and Balances right and left as well as near and

farfar

Focalization of InterestFocalization of InterestSelects and positions visually strong items Selects and positions visually strong items

in the landscape composition to create in the landscape composition to create focal pointsfocal points

Draws the eye of the viewer to one major Draws the eye of the viewer to one major feature in each use areafeature in each use areaExample: corner plantingExample: corner planting

SimplicitySimplicitySeeks to make viewers comfortable within Seeks to make viewers comfortable within

the landscapethe landscapeExcludes any unnecessary changes in Excludes any unnecessary changes in

shape, color, direction, etc.shape, color, direction, etc.

Rhythm and LineRhythm and LineRepeating something at a standard Repeating something at a standard

interval or pattern creates rhythminterval or pattern creates rhythmLines establish the shape and form of the Lines establish the shape and form of the

landscapelandscapeReplicating strong existing lines such as Replicating strong existing lines such as

the lines of a house or a poolthe lines of a house or a poolFunctions of line plantings include Functions of line plantings include

foundation plantings, block a view, frame a foundation plantings, block a view, frame a view, and provide privacy.view, and provide privacy.

ProportionProportion The size relationships The size relationships

between all the between all the features of the features of the landscape including landscape including vertical, horizontal, vertical, horizontal, and spatial and spatial relationshipsrelationships

ProportionProportion Will maintain proper Will maintain proper

proportional proportional relationships in a relationships in a landscape betweenlandscape between Buildings and peopleBuildings and people Buildings and plantsBuildings and plants Plants and peoplePlants and people Plants and plantsPlants and plants Masses and soilsMasses and soils

UnityUnityAll the separate parts contribute to the All the separate parts contribute to the

creation of the total designcreation of the total designTies together individual parts of each area Ties together individual parts of each area

by:by:Repeating prominent colorsRepeating prominent colorsRepeating construction materialsRepeating construction materialsContinuing interior design themes to outdoor Continuing interior design themes to outdoor

roomsroomsRepeat plant speciesRepeat plant speciesRaise patios, decks, and porches to door levelRaise patios, decks, and porches to door level

Landscape ProcessesLandscape ProcessesProcess is a sequence of steps to reach a Process is a sequence of steps to reach a

goalgoalThere are three parts to the landscape There are three parts to the landscape

processprocessProject developmentProject developmentProject maintenanceProject maintenanceDesignDesign

Project Development ProcessProject Development Process Includes determining need or objectiveIncludes determining need or objectiveDesign processDesign processAccepting the designAccepting the designContracting and subcontractingContracting and subcontractingLandscapingLandscapingAcceptanceAcceptanceBilling and paymentBilling and payment

Project Maintenance ProcessProject Maintenance ProcessDetermining need or desireDetermining need or desireSelecting landscape maintenance Selecting landscape maintenance

company which assesses the needs and company which assesses the needs and presents a proposalpresents a proposal

If the proposal is accepted, the company If the proposal is accepted, the company schedules and does the workschedules and does the work

Customer is billedCustomer is billed

Design ProcessDesign ProcessSite analysis and program analysisSite analysis and program analysis

Interior LandscapingInterior Landscaping

Interior LandscapingInterior Landscaping Called interior plantscaping or interiorscapingCalled interior plantscaping or interiorscaping

Purposes of Interior LandscapingPurposes of Interior Landscaping

Add colorAdd color Add texturesAdd textures Add softnessAdd softness Add lifeAdd life Increase employee Increase employee

productivityproductivity Decrease employee Decrease employee

absenteeismabsenteeism Add oxygenAdd oxygen

Provide herbs for Provide herbs for cooking, medicine, or cooking, medicine, or fragrance fragrance

Add beauty and Add beauty and comfort by combining comfort by combining all of the previously all of the previously mentioned purposesmentioned purposes

Benefits of Interior LandscapingBenefits of Interior LandscapingAdds color, texture, softness, life and Adds color, texture, softness, life and

oxygen to interior plantscapeoxygen to interior plantscape Increases employee productivityIncreases employee productivityDecreases employee absences from workDecreases employee absences from workProvides herbs for cooking, fragrance, or Provides herbs for cooking, fragrance, or

medicinemedicine

Disadvantages of Interior Disadvantages of Interior LandscapingLandscaping

Reduced lightReduced lightReduced root systemReduced root systemDependant upon people for wateringDependant upon people for wateringBuild-up of soluble salts from fertilizerBuild-up of soluble salts from fertilizerPlugging stomata from dust on leavesPlugging stomata from dust on leavesDamage from heating, air conditioning, Damage from heating, air conditioning,

and cleaning chemicalsand cleaning chemicals

Growing mediumGrowing mediumOnly plants that will grow inside can be Only plants that will grow inside can be

usedusedPicking or breaking leaves by people using Picking or breaking leaves by people using

the interior building areathe interior building area

Disadvantages of Interior Disadvantages of Interior LandscapingLandscaping

Benefits of Exterior LandscapingBenefits of Exterior Landscaping

Adds color, texture, and lifeAdds color, texture, and life Adds aesthetic value (beauty)Adds aesthetic value (beauty) Adds economic value to propertyAdds economic value to property Adds comfort (shade)Adds comfort (shade) Adds privacy—borders, fences, etc.Adds privacy—borders, fences, etc. Helps prevent erosionHelps prevent erosion Can use larger exterior plantsCan use larger exterior plants Rain natural soil provide most of required waterRain natural soil provide most of required water Gets natural lightGets natural light

Disadvantages of Exterior Disadvantages of Exterior LandscapingLandscaping

May get too much rain and drownMay get too much rain and drownNatural soils may have diseases, insects, Natural soils may have diseases, insects,

improper pH, etc.improper pH, etc.Natural soils may be shallow or rockyNatural soils may be shallow or rockyNatural outdoor soils may be subject to Natural outdoor soils may be subject to

erosionerosionWeed and insect control is more difficultWeed and insect control is more difficultLarge areas of landscaping costs moreLarge areas of landscaping costs moreMore labor is required to establish outdoor More labor is required to establish outdoor

landscapelandscape

Methods of Planting Ornamental Methods of Planting Ornamental PlantsPlants

Planting Ornamental PlantsPlanting Ornamental Plants Tools vary depending Tools vary depending

upon type and size of upon type and size of plants from bulb plants from bulb planter, trowel, spade, planter, trowel, spade, shovel to power shovel to power augers and front end augers and front end loaders.loaders.

Planting Ornamental PlantsPlanting Ornamental PlantsHole should be larger than plant roots and Hole should be larger than plant roots and

soil prepared so that new roots will grow in soil prepared so that new roots will grow in it.it.

Methods of installation are determined by Methods of installation are determined by root form whether bare-rooted, balled-and-root form whether bare-rooted, balled-and-burlapped or containerizedburlapped or containerized

Balled and Burlapped PlantsBalled and Burlapped PlantsBalled and burlapped plants have a round Balled and burlapped plants have a round

soil ball of roots wrapped in burlap fabric.soil ball of roots wrapped in burlap fabric.Planted in flat-bottomed, straight-sided Planted in flat-bottomed, straight-sided

hole that is deeper and wider than the ball.hole that is deeper and wider than the ball.Backfill soil should fill the hole enough to Backfill soil should fill the hole enough to

raise the plant to the level at which it grew raise the plant to the level at which it grew in the nursery.in the nursery.

Loose burlap around top of plant.Loose burlap around top of plant.Mounded ring of soil around plant to catch Mounded ring of soil around plant to catch

water.water.

Balled and Burlapped PlantsBalled and Burlapped Plants

Containerized PlantsContainerized PlantsUse the same type hold, mounded ring, Use the same type hold, mounded ring,

etc. as balled and burlapped.etc. as balled and burlapped. In addition, the plant must be removed In addition, the plant must be removed

from the containerfrom the containerRoots should be unwound or cut at two Roots should be unwound or cut at two

inch intervals if pot-boundinch intervals if pot-bound

Bare-rooted PlantsBare-rooted Plants Have to have a Have to have a

mound or dome in the mound or dome in the bottom of the hole to bottom of the hole to spread roots and spread roots and direct roots to grow direct roots to grow downward.downward.

Planting Ornamental PlantsPlanting Ornamental PlantsTall plants, even small trees, need to be Tall plants, even small trees, need to be

staked to prevent blowing over.staked to prevent blowing over.Mulching should be done to help retain Mulching should be done to help retain

water, prevent weeds, improve water, prevent weeds, improve appearance, and minimize temperature appearance, and minimize temperature fluctuations.fluctuations.

Water adequately and frequently enough Water adequately and frequently enough for healthy plants.for healthy plants.

Handling Ornamental PlantsHandling Ornamental PlantsBalled and burlapped plants should be Balled and burlapped plants should be

handled by the root ballhandled by the root ballContainer grown plants should be handled Container grown plants should be handled

by the container until removed and then by by the container until removed and then by the root massthe root mass