Lands with Wilderness Characteristics: Reinecker Ridge

Reinecker Ridge, Royal Gorge Field Office Photo: John Sztukowski

The intent of this report is to present objective data to illustrate that the area in question qualifies as Lands with Wilderness Characteristics (LWC), in accordance with Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Manuals 6310 and 6320. The information presented in this report meets the minimum standards for review of new information per Manual 6310, and accordingly BLM must review this information and make its findings and documentation of the review process available to the public as soon as practicable.

Lands with Wilderness Characteristics: Reinecker Ridge

BLM Royal Gorge Field Office, Front Range District BLM Unit Identifier: CO-020-082 (Reinecker Ridge)

Submitted by:

Wild Connections 2168 Pheasant Place, Colorado Springs, CO 80909

info@wildconnections.org; (719) 686 - 5905

Prepared by:

John Sztukowski, Wildlands Inventory Coordinator, Wild Connections john@wildconnections.org; (817) 939 - 4239

Report Date:

February 2015

Table of Contents

Map of Reinecker Ridge LWC ........................................................................................................... 3 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Discussion of Wilderness Characteristics including Boundary Delineations .................. 6

I. The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC meets the minimum size criteria for roadless lands. ...6 II. The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC is primarily affected by the forces of nature. .................8 III. The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC provides outstanding opportunities for solitude and primitive recreation. .....................................................................................................................................9 IV. The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC has supplemental values that would enhance the wilderness experience and should be recognized and protected. .....................................................9

Summary Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 11 Reinecker Ridge Proposed LWC Waypoints ............................................................................. 12

2

Map of Reinecker Ridge LWC

3

Overview

The Reinecker Ridge proposed Lands with Wilderness Characteristics (LWC) unit consists of approximately 4,300 contiguous acres in central Colorado. This unit is located less than four miles east of Fairplay, CO and contiguous with the James Mark Jones State Wildlife Area (SWA), in northwest Park County. This unit ranges from an elevation of approximately 9,300 feet up to 10,558 feet atop Reinecker Ridge South. The proposed LWC supports a diversity of vegetation and much wildlife, bolstered by ecosystems consisting of high elevation mixed forests and montane grasslands.

The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC primarily encompasses Reinecker Ridge South, in addition to grasslands and mixed forests that lead up to the ridge from the east and west. The southern portion of Reinecker Ridge South resides in James Mark Jones SWA, a 17,429 acre protected natural area, which borders the unit to the southeast. The remainder of the unit is primarily bordered by private property, limiting public entrance to two roads accessed from the north. The northeast unit is bordered by the Colorado Springs Utility (underground) pipeline, with a public access route available via Reinecker Ridge Road from US 285 to the north. Gap Road, also via US 285, forms a boundary to the northwest of the unit for a short distance.

This unit has extraordinary biological values. It supports a diversity of plant and wildlife habitats, due to its topographic variety and assorted ecosystems. Montane grasslands are abundant in this unit, supporting an array of wildflowers and shrubs. These grasslands lead up to the north-south ridge itself, which boasts groves of mixed forests, consisting of aspen, subalpine fir, ponderosa pine, bristlecone pine, and limber pine. The entirety of the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC is an area with significant and very high levels of biodiversity, as identified by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program (CNHP), due to unique fen wetland, rare plant communities, rare plants, and the breeding ground for the globally vulnerable Mountain Plover.

Other animal species, with high habitat and range values, can also be found in the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC, including black bear, elk, mule deer, mountain lion, and the threatened and endangered species Canadian lynx. Deer, pronghorn, and bear were observed and documented within this unit. Local residents have observed additional species in the Reinecker Ridge unit, including moose, bobcat, goshawk, bald eagle, gold eagle, great horned owl, burrowing owls, and migratory snow owls. Opportunities for solitude and primitive recreation are abundant in the 4,300 acre contiguous roadless area that forms the proposed Reinecker Ridge LWC. The high elevation mixed forests and grasslands provide extensive opportunity for solitude in the forms of isolation, remoteness, lack of visitation and vegetative screening. Primitive recreation abounds in all seasons, including hunting, backpacking, hiking, wildlife viewing, horseback riding, snowshoeing, and photography.

The BLM inventoried this unit (delineated by the blue line in the above map) in 2013, identified as unit COF-020-082 (Reinecker Ridge). The BLM’s report claims that this unit does not have wilderness characteristics due to its size of 4,677.8 acres. While the unit is smaller than 5,000 acres, it can still qualify as lands with wilderness characteristics because “the area is of sufficient size as to make practical its preservation and use in an unimpaired condition” (BLM Manual 6310,

4

p 6) due to the fact that it is contiguous with the 17,429-acre James Mark Jones State Wildlife Area. The SWA borders much of the eastern portion of the unit and actually contains the majority of Reinecker Ridge itself. Since the BLM did not inventory this unit for wilderness characteristics outside of size, the following information, including qualities for naturalness, solitude, recreation, and supplemental values, can be considered new for the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC.

BLM's Manual 6310 states that the boundary delineation for a LWC unit "is generally based on the presence of Wilderness Inventory Roads" but can also be based on property lines between different types of land ownership or on developed rights of way (Manual 6310, p 4). These were the parameters Wild Connections used to decipher the boundaries of the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC. Only after the true boundaries of the contiguous roadless unit are identified can an objective and thorough assessment of that unit's wilderness characteristics be made. In the spring of 2013, Wild Connections produced a preliminary boundary delineation for this unit based on the size and contiguity requirements stated in Manual 6310 (p 6). During the following months in the summer of 2013, Wild Connections' mapping teams visited the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC several times to conduct in-depth, on-the-ground inventories of this unit. Our goal was to assess this area for wilderness characteristics, based on BLM's Manual 6310, and report our findings to the BLM's Royal Gorge Field Office in efforts to identify potential wilderness areas to expand "wildlands" corridors in central Colorado. Additionally we have reviewed the 2013 BLM RGFO inventory and boundaries and have made assessments and adjustments based on our in-depth field inventories. Wild Connections’ report offers new in-depth data and information, including photo, narrative, and geo-referenced data, supporting the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC. The boundary delineations and narratives describing the wilderness characteristics found within this unit are detailed below. Waypoints (many with photos) are referenced throughout this report; the photos with geo-data, time and date stamp, description, and page number can be found at the end of the report, akin to the one shown below.

5

Discussion of Wilderness Characteristics including Boundary Delineations

I. The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC meets the minimum size criteria for roadless lands.

The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC comprises approximately 4,300 contiguous roadless acres, which can be considered of sufficient size for practical management of an LWC area (BLM Manual 6310, p 6), and is contiguous with a greater area, James Mark Jones SWA, which is managed to retain its natural values, backcountry recreation experiences and wildlife habitat. With regard to route determination, this manual states that a "way" maintained solely by the passage of vehicles does not constitute a "road" for purposes of inventorying wilderness characteristics. A "way" that is used on a continuous and regular basis still does not constitute a road. Additionally, a vehicle route that was constructed by mechanical means, but is no longer being maintained by mechanical methods is also not a road. By comparison, a Wilderness Inventory Road (WIR) is a vehicle road that has "been improved and maintained by mechanical means to ensure relatively regular and continuous use" (Manual 6310, p 11). Wild Connections' inventory of this area assesses routes that are or are not considered WIRs based on the above definitions from Manual 6310. There are few public access points into the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC, as much of the unit is bordered by private property. Reinecker Ridge Road accesses the northeast unit via Bar D Road (Waypoint 1), which is accessed from US 285 to the north. Bar D Road serves as the northeast boundary for the BLM’s inventory of unit CO-020-082 (Reinecker Ridge). Reinecker Ridge Road

Reinecker Ridge (12) - S View of snowcapped Mosquito Range from NW interior (p. 11)

6

heads a short distance west from Bar D Road and comes to a junction for an unmarked undesignated route at Waypoint 2. A fence line marks the public – private boundary, as viewed in the photopoint. The route south from Waypoint 2 meets the eastern boundary at Waypoint 3, where it overlays with the Colorado Springs Utility (CSU) pipeline, which serves as the eastern boundary in the northeast unit. The CSU pipeline is not visible on the ground. The route that parallels it shows considerable signs of revegetation as evidenced in Waypoint 4, taken further south along the route. However this route has right-of-way (ROW) access to service the CSU pipeline and will be considered a WIR, serving as the NE boundary along with the pipeline. The route and pipeline continue to Waypoint 5, where they exit the proposed LWC. Gap Road provides the other public access point into the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC, also accessed from US 285 to the north. Gap Road meets the unit to the northwest at Waypoint 6, where the road then heads west away from the unit. Waypoint 6 shows a junction where a couple of faint routes head east and south, both of which border the unit. The route to the east ends at a fence at Waypoint 7, where a social route heads south into the interior along a grazing fence, accessed by a barbed wire gate. As indicated in the photopoint, this route is barely discernible, does not appear to be constructed by mechanical means, maintained, nor continuous, and thus will remain in the proposed LWC as a way. The route south from Waypoint 6 follows the boundary of the unit to Waypoint 8, which views the boundary route north. A social route picks up at Waypoint 8 and heads east into the interior. This route also does not appear to be constructed be mechanical means, nor maintained or continuous, as evidenced in Waypoint 10, and will remain in the unit as a way. The route continues east up Reinecker Ridge to Waypoint 11, where it ends into an open field at what appears may be a hunting outpost. Back at Waypoint 10, another revegetated route heads south, paralleling Reinecker Ridge South. The condition of this route can be viewed in Waypoint 15 and further south at Waypoint 16, which appears to have not been constructed be mechanical means, nor maintained or continuous. A junction can be seen at Waypoint 17, in which both routes show heavy revegetation. The route that splits off to the east begins to head up the ridge, however ends approximately one-fifth of a mile at Waypoint 18. The route that heads south continues to Waypoint 22, where it exits the unit to the southwest into private property. Another route picks up in the southwestern portion of the unit at Waypoint 24, marked by a fence and a barbed wire gate with a private property sign. This route loosely follows a ditch, as seen in Waypoint 25, ending at another fence with a barbed wire gate at Waypoint 26 in the southwest corner of the unit. The James Mark Jones SWA borders the unit to the southeast. Waypoint 27 marks the southeastern boundary point of the unit, contiguous with the SWA. The James Mark Jones SWA boundary fence can be viewed in Waypoint 27. Waypoint 29 also marks a boundary corner in the southeast unit contiguous to the SWA, showing the boundary fence with a sign posted for the SWA.

7

The SWA fence line continues northward as the boundary to the proposed LWC, as exemplified in Waypoint 30, clearly displaying a sign for the state land boundary.

II. The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC is primarily affected by the forces of nature.

The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC is primarily affected by the forces of nature, with human impacts considerably unnoticeable within the unit. Motorized public access to the unit is limited to two public access points, with motorized use within the unit quite restricted. Other routes found within the unit showed a lack of motorized use and an overall apparent lack of regular use, with the forces of nature reclaiming many of the former roads. Human impacts that were observed in the proposed LWC were minor and will be detailed at the end of this section.

The proposed LWC offers a mixture of vegetation types, due to the topographic variety and diverse ecosystems found within this unit. Montane grasslands dominate much of the unit that leads up the ridge, east and west. This is exemplified in Waypoint 9, right, taken in the northwest section of the unit, displaying an assortment of wildflowers among the native grasses and brush, which is consistent throughout much of the unit. Mt Silverheels (left) and Little Baldy Mountain (center) can be viewed in the background.

Among the grasslands are high-elevation mixed forests with groves of aspen, subalpine fir, and ponderosa pine. Bristlecone pine and limber pine mix in as well in the higher elevation areas. Waypoint 19 illustrates the grassland that leads up to the mixed forests, which gives way to montane grassland in sections atop Reinecker Ridge. Waypoint 14 provides a closer look at the high-elevation mixed forests that are located along the ridge.

Wild Connections inventory of the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC primarily revealed untrammeled naturalness, however there were some minor human impacts noted as well. The minor human impacts found within the unit consisted of former roads, gates, fences, signs, and a ditch, as documented in the previous section. Grazing also appears to be permitted within the proposed LWC. A salt lick was observed at Waypoint 20, in the center of the unit just west of Reinecker Ridge.

While there are a few minor human impacts spread throughout the proposed LWC, these are examples of “human-made features” that are considered substantially unnoticeable and thus do not hinder wilderness characteristics (BLM Manual 6310, p 6). Furthermore what was found and inventoried does not affect the natural integrity or the apparent naturalness of the unit overall (BLM Manual 6310, p 6-7).

Reinecker Ridge (9) - SSW Wildflowers among brush and montane grassland in NW unit; View of Mt Silverheels (left) (p. 8)

8

III. The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC provides outstanding opportunities for solitude and primitive recreation.

The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC offers many opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. Given the topographic variety, the few entry points, dearth of trails (motorized and non-motorized), and observed lack of overall use, there are vast opportunities for solitude. The many groves of mixed forests found throughout the unit provide excellent screening from unnatural sights and sounds. Waypoint 14, referenced in the previous section and taken in the northwest interior of the unit, shows an excellent example of the vegetative screening available for solitude. Furthermore, the lack of visitation to the unit provides outstanding opportunities for respite and remoteness just about anywhere in the proposed LWC.

Consisting of near 4,300 acres of contiguous unroaded wilderness land, the proposed LWC offers a variety of primitive and unconfined recreational opportunities as well. There are outstanding opportunities for hiking, biking, backpacking, camping, hunting, snowshoeing, wildlife viewing, bird watching, horseback riding, and photography. A horseback rider was observed just east of the unit in the James Mark Jones SWA. The James Mark Jones SWA, which offers similar wildlife habitat to the contiguous Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC, details hunting opportunities for deer, elk, pronghorn, and small game.

IV. The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC has supplemental values that would enhance the wilderness experience and should be recognized and protected.

Wild Connections inventory of the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC indicates numerous supplemental values that contribute to the overall experience of visiting this area and provide additional evidence that this unit's unique qualities should be recognized and protected. The majority of these values support the area’s regional ecological importance and rich biodiversity. The supplemental values presented below are not intended to be exhaustive, rather a summarization of some of the widely known significant values for which basic data was available to complement our on-the-ground inventory.

The Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC has extraordinary biological values and is part of a greater connectivity core. The Colorado Natural Heritage Program (CNHP) found that this area has significant and very high levels of biodiversity. This unit is encompassed within CNHP’s biodiversity assessment of a greater South Park mega site, which should be considered as a Potential Conservation Area (PCA) due to: globally rare, unique rich fen wetlands; globally and state rare plants that have adapted to the rich fens, including the globally vulnerable Colorado Tansy-aster (Machaeranthera coloradoensis); rare plant communities including the globally imperiled wetland community Festuca arizonica - Muhlenbergia filiculmis, the world’s largest grassland occurrence at 1.3 million acres; and the globally vulnerable Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) and its breeding ground. The Mountain Plover, a bird found to have high occurrence in the area, is listed as Colorado Department of Wildlife (CDOW) specie of concern, a

9

species of most concern by the US Wildlife Conservation and Restoration Program’s (WCRP) Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS), Colorado BLM sensitive, and a Partnership in Flight Priority Bird.

High habitat and range values for many wildlife species have been identified in the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC. Rocky Mountain Wild’s (RMW) Assessment of Biological Impact (ABI) documented the following mammals and associated values within the unit: Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis) potential habitat; mountain lion (Puma concolor) overall and peripheral range; black bear (Ursus americanus) overall range; mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) concentration area, overall range, resident population, summer range, winter range, winter concentration, severe winter range; pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) overall range, winter range, and migration patterns; elk (Cervus Canadensis) overall range, resident population area, migration patterns, summer range, and winter range; and Gunnison’s prairie-dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) overall range.

The most notable animal species affiliated with the proposed LWC is the Canadian lynx, which is listed as a threatened species by the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), an endangered species by the CDOW, and a species of most concern by the US Wildlife Conservation and Restoration Program’s (WCRP) Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS). Gunnison’s prairie-dog is also listed as a species of most concern by WCRP’s CWCS, as well as listed as Colorado BLM sensitive.

Many animal species or indications of the species were also observed in the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC. Deer, elk, and pronghorn tracks and scat were observed throughout the unit. A herd of deer was spotted in the western portion of the unit along Reinecker Ridge at Waypoint 23. A mother black bear and two cubs were also observed in the western portion of the unit along the ridge at Waypoint 21 (right), as they made their way through patches of aspen groves.

Longtime local residents (Jim and Annie Halpin) have observed many of the above and additional species in the proposed Reinecker Ridge LWC, most markedly the Canadian lynx and moose. Other notable species observed include bobcat, mountain lion, ermine, goshawk, bald eagle, gold eagle, great horned owl, burrowing owl, and migratory snowy owls. Reinecker Ridge is also on the flyway for the frenzied migration of sandhill cranes.

There are exceptional scenic views from within the proposed LWC, given the high elevation of the unit and surrounding landscape. Waypoint 28 views the nearby Mosquito Range from atop Reinecker Ridge, displaying (from right) Mt Silverheels, Little Baldy, and Boreas Mountain, among other mountains. Waypoint 12, taken a couple months earlier, views the Mosquito Range

Reinecker Ridge (21) - SSW Black bear with cubs in central interior,

W side of Reinecker Ridge (p. 10)

10

snowcapped. Other mountains and ranges are visible from atop Reinecker Ridge as well. Waypoint 13 views the Sangre de Cristo Mountains (left) and the Buffalo Peaks of the Mosquito Range (near right), with the Sawatch Range in the background (right).

The 4,300 acre proposed wilderness also noteworthy for its geology. Reinecker Ridge itself is from the Tertiary Age, consisting primarily of sandstone and shale. The lower elevation areas east and west of the ridge, albeit still above 9,000 feet, is from the Cretaceous Age, formed principally of shale rock in this region. The above geological data was obtained from the United States Geological Survey's (USGS) Mineral Resources on-line spatial data, selected for Colorado's geology.

Summary Conclusion

Based on Wild Connections' on-the-ground inventories, the proposed Reinecker Ridge LWC qualifies as Land with Wilderness Characteristics (LWC) in accordance with BLM's Manual 6310. While the unit is less than 5,000 acres, it can still qualify as lands with wilderness characteristics because it is “of sufficient size as to make practical its preservation and use in an unimpaired condition” (BLM Manual 6310 p 6). The size for this unit is sufficient as it not only is just under the minimum threshold, but the preservation and management will be practical with the contiguous 17,429 acre James Mark Jones State Wildlife Area. Given the size of the unit, lack of significant human impacts, disparate topography, diverse ecosystems, and abundant wildlife, the Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC offers outstanding wilderness characteristics - including apparent naturalness and outstanding opportunities for solitude and primitive and unconfined recreation. While much of the proposed LWC consists of untrammeled wilderness, human impacts were found. As referenced, former roads, fences, gates, signs, and a ditch were observed within the unit. Signs of grazing were also observed within the proposed LWC. Nevertheless these are minor human impacts, consistent with BLM Manual 6310, as the natural integrity and the apparent naturalness of the proposed LWC in total are not compromised. Wild Connections’ inventory has documented the necessary boundaries as well as the wilderness characteristics within the unit. This overview provides new information, including narrative, photo, and geo data, and supporting maps, documenting that the approximately 4,300 acre Reinecker Ridge proposed LWC meets wilderness criteria. This area possesses Lands with Wilderness Characteristic status and its wilderness values should be protected and preserved. It is imperative that the BLM recognize and protect these values in their lands management decisions, so that these unique and abundant wilderness qualities are sustained.

11

Reinecker Ridge Proposed LWC Waypoints

The following photographs correspond with the numbered Waypoints on the above Reinecker Ridge map and may be referred to in the report narrative describing the wilderness characteristics. The direction of view (16 point Cardinal) is indicated in the bolded caption. Below this is a short description of the photo, with the referenced page number(s) in parenthesis. The photos are also watermarked with the direction (degrees and cardinal) in the top right, date and time in the bottom right, elevation in the bottom center, and the latitude and longitude in the bottom left.

Reinecker Ridge (1) - E

Bar D Rd at Reinecker Ridge Rd (p. 6)

Reinecker Ridge (2) - SSW

Reinecker Ridge Rd at CSU pipeline access route, which becomes NE unit boundary (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (4) - S CSU access route from Reinecker Ridge Rd shows considerable revegetation (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (7) - SSE End of boundary rd E of Gap Rd; Way heads S into interior unit (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (8) - WNW Boundary route S of Gap Rd; Way heads E into unit (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (6) - SSE

Boundary point at Gap Rd of NW unit (p 7)

13

Reinecker Ridge (9) - SSW Wildflowers among brush and montane grassland in NW unit; View of Mt Silverheels (left) (p. 8)

Reinecker Ridge (11) - NNE End of E way into likely hunting outpost (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (10) - E

Interior way shows heavy revegetation (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (12) - S View of snowcapped Mosquito Range from NW interior (p. 11)

14

Reinecker Ridge (13) - SSW View of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains (left) and Buffalo Peaks (right) from the unit’s NW interior (p. 11)

Reinecker Ridge (15) - SE Revegetation of N-S route in W unit (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (14) - ENE

High elevation mixed forest of aspen, bristlecone pine, and ponderosa pine atop Reinecker Ridge (p. 8,9)

Reinecker Ridge (16) - SE Revegetation of N-S route in W unit, further S (p. 7)

15

Reinecker Ridge (17) - ESE Route junction at N-S route in W unit (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (19) - NNW Grasslands leading up to high elevation mixed forests and montane grasslands atop Reinecker Ridge (p. 8)

Reinecker Ridge (18) - SE End of way E of junction from N-S route in W unit (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (20) - SSW Salt lick in central interior, W of Reinecker Ridge (p. 8)

16

Reinecker Ridge (21) - SSW Black bear with cubs in central interior, W of Reinecker Ridge (p. 10)

Reinecker Ridge (23) - NE Herd of deer in W unit, Reinecker Ridge in background (p. 10)

Reinecker Ridge (22) - N N-S route in W unit exits unit to the SW (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (24) - ENE Way from private property into SW unit (p. 7)

17

Reinecker Ridge (25) - SSE Way loosely follows ditch in SW interior (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (27) - NNW SE boundary contiguous to James Mark Jones SWA atop Reinecker Ridge (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (26) - E End of SW way at fence with gate (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (28) - NW View of Mosquito Range from atop Reinecker Ridge (p. 11)

18

Reinecker Ridge (29) - SW SE boundary point contiguous to James Mark Jones SWA, marked by fence with signs (p. 7)

Reinecker Ridge (30) - ESE E boundary contiguous to James Mark Jones SWA, marked by a fence with state land signs (p. 8)

19