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Landfill Planning and Design Landfill Planning and Design ConsiderationsConsiderations
Dr. Rakesh Kumar DuttaDr. Rakesh Kumar DuttaAssociate Professor and HeadAssociate Professor and Head
Department of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Civil EngineeringNIT HamirpurNIT Hamirpur
Himachal PradeshHimachal PradeshIndiaIndia
Email: [email protected]: [email protected]
What is Waste?What is Waste?What is Waste?What is Waste?
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Solid WasteSolid Waste Solid WasteSolid Waste
Liquid WasteLiquid Waste
Gaseous WasteGaseous Waste
Classification of WasteClassification of Waste
On the basis of Physical StateOn the basis of Physical State– Solid WasteSolid Waste– Liquid WasteLiquid Waste– Gaseous WasteGaseous Waste
According to Original UseAccording to Original Use– Food WasteFood Waste– Packaging Waste etc.Packaging Waste etc.
MaterialMaterial– GlassGlass– Paper etc.Paper etc.
Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties– CompostableCompostable– CombustableCombustable– RecyclableRecyclable
SourcesSources– DomesticDomestic– CommercialCommercial– IndustrialIndustrial
Safety LevelSafety Level– HazardousHazardous– NonhazardousNonhazardous
The classification The classification on the basis of on the basis of source is widely source is widely adopted and is adopted and is used.used.
The classification The classification on the basis of on the basis of source is widely source is widely adopted and is adopted and is used.used.
Sources of Solid WastesSources of Solid Wastes Agricultural WasteAgricultural Waste : : Waste arising from Waste arising from
agricultural practice.agricultural practice. Mining WasteMining Waste: : Mainly inert material from Mainly inert material from
mineral extracting industries.mineral extracting industries. Energy Production WasteEnergy Production Waste: : Waste from Waste from
energy production units including ash from energy production units including ash from coal burning.coal burning.
Industrial WasteIndustrial Waste: : Wastes generated by Wastes generated by various industries.various industries.
Dredging WasteDredging Waste: : Organic and mineral Organic and mineral wastes from dredging operations.wastes from dredging operations.
Construction and Demolition WasteConstruction and Demolition Waste: : Bricks, brick bats, concrete, asphaltic material, Bricks, brick bats, concrete, asphaltic material, pipes etc.pipes etc.
Treatment Plant WasteTreatment Plant Waste: : Solids from grit Solids from grit chambers, sedimentation tank, sludge digesters chambers, sedimentation tank, sludge digesters of waste water treatment plant.of waste water treatment plant.
Residential WasteResidential Waste: : Garbage including food Garbage including food waste, paper, crockery and ashes from fires, waste, paper, crockery and ashes from fires, furniture.furniture.
Commercial WasteCommercial Waste: : Similar to residential Similar to residential wastes produced from offices, shops, wastes produced from offices, shops, restaurants etc.restaurants etc.
Institutional WasteInstitutional Waste: : Similar to residential Similar to residential wastes plus hazardous, explosive, pathological wastes plus hazardous, explosive, pathological and other wastes which are institution specific and other wastes which are institution specific (hospital, research institute etc.)(hospital, research institute etc.)
Municipal Solid WastesMunicipal Solid WastesMunicipal Solid WastesMunicipal Solid Wastes
What is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ?What is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ?
The MSW refers to all wastes collected by local authority or The MSW refers to all wastes collected by local authority or municipality and is the most diverse category of waste.municipality and is the most diverse category of waste.The MSW refers to all wastes collected by local authority or The MSW refers to all wastes collected by local authority or municipality and is the most diverse category of waste.municipality and is the most diverse category of waste.
MSW comprises all wastes except agricultural, mining, MSW comprises all wastes except agricultural, mining, energy production and dredging wastes.energy production and dredging wastes.MSW comprises all wastes except agricultural, mining, MSW comprises all wastes except agricultural, mining, energy production and dredging wastes.energy production and dredging wastes.
Waste QuantitiesWaste Quantities
Quantity of solid waste generated (million tons Quantity of solid waste generated (million tons per year)per year)
CountryCountry AgricultAgriculturalural
MiningMining C&DC&D Sewage Sewage sludgesludge
Energy Energy ProductiProductionon
IndustryIndustry MSWMSW
UKUK 260260 240240 3535 2727 1313 6262 110110
USAUSA -- 14001400 31.531.5 8.48.4 6363 430430 133133
INDIAINDIA -- 700-700-900900
7.27.2 -- 6060 -- 2424
Quantities of MSW generated in some Quantities of MSW generated in some Indian CitiesIndian Cities
CityCity Tons/dayTons/day
MumbaiMumbai 50005000
KolkattaKolkatta 35003500
DelhiDelhi 60006000
ChennaiChennai 35003500
Quantities of MSW generated in different Quantities of MSW generated in different countriescountries
CountryCountry Kg/person/dayKg/person/dayIndiaIndia 0.25 to0.330.25 to0.33
SrilankaSrilanka 0.400.40
SingaporeSingapore 0.850.85
UKUK 0.95 to 1.00.95 to 1.0
JapanJapan 1.121.12
USAUSA 1.25 to 2.251.25 to 2.25
Projected Municipal, Energy and Mine Projected Municipal, Energy and Mine Waste Generation in India (Million Waste Generation in India (Million
Tons/year)Tons/year)YearYear MSWMSW Energy Energy
Waste(ash)Waste(ash)Mine wasteMine waste
19801980 -- -- 430430
19901990 2424 4646 830830
20002000 3939 9292 12201220
20102010 5656 113113 --
Major Constituents of MSW Generated in Major Constituents of MSW Generated in UK, USA and IndiaUK, USA and IndiaConstituentConstituent UKUK USAUSA IndiaIndia
PaperPaper 3535 4040 55
PlasticPlastic 1111 88 11
MetalsMetals 88 8.58.5 11
GlassGlass 99 77 0.50.5
Inert MaterialInert Material -- -- 3939
Compostable Compostable MatterMatter
1919 2525 37.537.5
OthersOthers 1818 11.511.5 1616
Characteristics of Solid WasteCharacteristics of Solid Waste
Solid waste generated by a society may be inert,biologically active or chemically active.
Agricultural wasteAgricultural waste is primarily biologically active. It is generated in is primarily biologically active. It is generated in large quantities and remains uniformly dispersed on land surface large quantities and remains uniformly dispersed on land surface area.area.
Mining wasteMining waste is primarily inert and is also generated in large volumes. is primarily inert and is also generated in large volumes. However it accumulates continuously at mining sites.However it accumulates continuously at mining sites.
Solid waste generated by a society may be inert,biologically active or chemically active.
Agricultural wasteAgricultural waste is primarily biologically active. It is generated in is primarily biologically active. It is generated in large quantities and remains uniformly dispersed on land surface large quantities and remains uniformly dispersed on land surface area.area.
Mining wasteMining waste is primarily inert and is also generated in large volumes. is primarily inert and is also generated in large volumes. However it accumulates continuously at mining sites.However it accumulates continuously at mining sites.
Industrial wastesIndustrial wastes are generated in industrial area are generated in industrial area and are highly industry specific. They usually and are highly industry specific. They usually comprise of chemicals and allied products, comprise of chemicals and allied products, rubber, plastic, metals, petroleum and coal rubber, plastic, metals, petroleum and coal products etc.products etc.MSWMSW is generated at densely populated urban is generated at densely populated urban centres and are most centres and are most heterogenousheterogenous. The . The predominant constituents of MSW are paper, predominant constituents of MSW are paper, food, wastes, plastics, glass , metals and inert food, wastes, plastics, glass , metals and inert material. In developing country like india, material. In developing country like india, 40%40% waste is compostable, waste is compostable, 40%40% inert material where inert material where as in developed countries, paper forms a major as in developed countries, paper forms a major part of MSW followed by compostable matter. The part of MSW followed by compostable matter. The inert material content is low.inert material content is low.
Industrial wastesIndustrial wastes are generated in industrial area are generated in industrial area and are highly industry specific. They usually and are highly industry specific. They usually comprise of chemicals and allied products, comprise of chemicals and allied products, rubber, plastic, metals, petroleum and coal rubber, plastic, metals, petroleum and coal products etc.products etc.MSWMSW is generated at densely populated urban is generated at densely populated urban centres and are most centres and are most heterogenousheterogenous. The . The predominant constituents of MSW are paper, predominant constituents of MSW are paper, food, wastes, plastics, glass , metals and inert food, wastes, plastics, glass , metals and inert material. In developing country like india, material. In developing country like india, 40%40% waste is compostable, waste is compostable, 40%40% inert material where inert material where as in developed countries, paper forms a major as in developed countries, paper forms a major part of MSW followed by compostable matter. The part of MSW followed by compostable matter. The inert material content is low.inert material content is low.
Management of Solid wasteManagement of Solid waste
There are two fundamental objectives of There are two fundamental objectives of solid waste management.solid waste management.To minimize the waste.To minimize the waste.To manage the waste still produced.To manage the waste still produced.
Waste GenerationWaste Generation Processing at SourceProcessing at Source CollectionCollection Processing at a Central FacilityProcessing at a Central Facility Transportation and final disposal on landTransportation and final disposal on land
Various Activities AssociatedVarious Activities AssociatedWith Solid WasteWith Solid Waste
For all types of waste generated, an For all types of waste generated, an integrated solid waste management integrated solid waste management follow the following options in order offollow the following options in order ofHierarchyHierarchy.. Waste Reduction at SourceWaste Reduction at Source Resource Recovery Through Separation Resource Recovery Through Separation
and Recyclingand Recycling Resource Recovery Through Waste Resource Recovery Through Waste
ProcessingProcessing Waste TransformationWaste Transformation Waste Disposal on LandWaste Disposal on Land
Waste Reduction at SourceWaste Reduction at Source
Source reduction is the most Source reduction is the most effective way to minimize waste.effective way to minimize waste.
Waste reduction may occur through Waste reduction may occur through proper design, manufacture and proper design, manufacture and packing of products with minimum packing of products with minimum toxicity, minimum volume of material toxicity, minimum volume of material and longer useful life.and longer useful life.
Resource Recovery Through Resource Recovery Through Separation and RecyclingSeparation and Recycling
Recycling involvesRecycling involves Separation of waste materialsSeparation of waste materials Preparation of separated fractions for Preparation of separated fractions for
reusereuse Reprocessing and remanufacturingReprocessing and remanufacturing Reuse of prepared materialReuse of prepared material
Materials in MSW which can be Materials in MSW which can be separated and recycledseparated and recycled
PaperPaper GlassGlass PlasticPlastic Ferrous metalsFerrous metals Aluminium cansAluminium cans
Recycling is a good process as it reduces the volume of waste to be disposed off on land.Recycling is a good process as it reduces the volume of waste to be disposed off on land.
Resource Recovery Through Resource Recovery Through Waste ProcessingWaste Processing
Waste processing involves the physical, chemical or Waste processing involves the physical, chemical or biological alterations of wastes to recover products for biological alterations of wastes to recover products for reuse. The various techniques used for this arereuse. The various techniques used for this are
Biological TreatmentBiological Treatment CompostingComposting Anaerobic digestion/BiogasificationAnaerobic digestion/Biogasification
Thermal TreatmentThermal Treatment IncinerationIncineration Refuse Derived Fuel BurningRefuse Derived Fuel Burning
Physical TreatmentPhysical Treatment Making building blocks/bricks from inert wasteMaking building blocks/bricks from inert waste
Chemical TreatmentChemical Treatment To recover compounds such as glucose, synthetic oil and To recover compounds such as glucose, synthetic oil and
cellulose acetate etc.cellulose acetate etc.
Waste TransformationWaste TransformationAfter recovery of various resources from a After recovery of various resources from a
waste, the residual material may be waste, the residual material may be subjected to a variety of processes to subjected to a variety of processes to reduce the volume of waste requiring reduce the volume of waste requiring disposal. Treatment process may involvedisposal. Treatment process may involve
ShreddingShredding Size separation (screening)Size separation (screening) Volume Reduction by thermal treatment or Volume Reduction by thermal treatment or
compactioncompaction Encapsulation (to reduce toxicity)Encapsulation (to reduce toxicity)
These processes help in reducing the final land areas required for waste disposalThese processes help in reducing the final land areas required for waste disposal
Waste Disposal on LandWaste Disposal on Land
Despite all efforts to minimize waste, Despite all efforts to minimize waste, the following requirement for the following requirement for storage/disposal of the following storage/disposal of the following types of waste will continue to types of waste will continue to remain.remain.
The solid waste that cannot be The solid waste that cannot be recycled.recycled.
The residual waste after all types of The residual waste after all types of processing has been undertaken.processing has been undertaken.
Available OptionsAvailable Options
Disposal on the earth’s surface.Disposal on the earth’s surface. Disposal deep below the earth’s Disposal deep below the earth’s
surface.surface. Disposal at the Ocean bottom.Disposal at the Ocean bottom.
Among all the above three options, Option 1 is the least desirable but it will remain the best practical option for the foreseeable future.
Among all the above three options, Option 1 is the least desirable but it will remain the best practical option for the foreseeable future.
Waste Interaction with Hydrologic CycleWaste Interaction with Hydrologic Cycle
Changes Occurring in a Waste DumpChanges Occurring in a Waste Dump
Biological ChangesBiological ChangesDuring the aerobic decomposition, carbondioxide is the principal gas produced.
Once the available oxygen has been consumed, the decomposition becomes anaerobic and the organic matter is converted to
Carbondioxide
Methane
Trace amounts of ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Many other chemical reactions are also biologically initiated therefore it is difficult to define the condition that will exist in any waste dump at any stated time.
During the aerobic decomposition, carbondioxide is the principal gas produced.
Once the available oxygen has been consumed, the decomposition becomes anaerobic and the organic matter is converted to
Carbondioxide
Methane
Trace amounts of ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Many other chemical reactions are also biologically initiated therefore it is difficult to define the condition that will exist in any waste dump at any stated time.
Chemical ChangesChemical ChangesThe chemical reactions that occurs in a waste dump are
Dissolution
Suspension of waste materials
Biological conversion products in the liquid percolating through the waste
Evaporation and vaporization of chemical compounds
Sorption of volatile and semi volatile organic compounds into the waste material
Decomposition of organic compounds
Oxidation-reduction reactions affecting metals and the solubility of metal salts.
The dissolution of biological conversion into the leachate is of special importance because these materials can be transported out of the waste dump with the leachate.
The chemical reactions that occurs in a waste dump are
Dissolution
Suspension of waste materials
Biological conversion products in the liquid percolating through the waste
Evaporation and vaporization of chemical compounds
Sorption of volatile and semi volatile organic compounds into the waste material
Decomposition of organic compounds
Oxidation-reduction reactions affecting metals and the solubility of metal salts.
The dissolution of biological conversion into the leachate is of special importance because these materials can be transported out of the waste dump with the leachate.
Physical ChangesPhysical Changes
The important physical changes in waste dumps are
Lateral movement of gases in the waste
Emission of gases to the surrounding environment
Movement of leachate within the waste and into underlying soils
Settlement caused by consolidation and decomposition of the waste.
The important physical changes in waste dumps are
Lateral movement of gases in the waste
Emission of gases to the surrounding environment
Movement of leachate within the waste and into underlying soils
Settlement caused by consolidation and decomposition of the waste.
Impact on EnvironmentImpact on Environment
Concept of LandfillingConcept of Landfilling
Engineered LandfillsEngineered Landfills
The components of the The components of the engineered engineered landfilllandfill are are– Liner system Liner system – Leachate collection and treatment Leachate collection and treatment
facilityfacility– Gas collection and treatment facilityGas collection and treatment facility– Final cover systemFinal cover system– Surface water drainage systemSurface water drainage system– An environmental monitoring systemAn environmental monitoring system– A closure and post closure planA closure and post closure plan
Types of LandfillsTypes of Landfills
Landfills can be classified as Landfills can be classified as
Conventional MSW landfills.Conventional MSW landfills. Landfills for processed and shredded Landfills for processed and shredded
solid wastes.solid wastes. Monofills for individual waste Monofills for individual waste
constituents (used for industrial constituents (used for industrial waste).waste).
Other types of Landfills (For gas Other types of Landfills (For gas generation to generate electricity).generation to generate electricity).
Implications of Disposal Above, On Implications of Disposal Above, On and Below Ground Surfaceand Below Ground Surface
Above Ground LandfillsAbove Ground LandfillsAdvantage
Drainage of leachate is by gravity.
Thickness of unsaturated zone below
the landfill is large.
Landfill is conspicuous and thus cannot
be ignored.
Poor surface drainage due to
settlement of final landfill surface can
be avoided.
Inspection of the entire facility i.e. final
cover, leachate collection system and
gas collection system is easier.
Advantage
Drainage of leachate is by gravity.
Thickness of unsaturated zone below
the landfill is large.
Landfill is conspicuous and thus cannot
be ignored.
Poor surface drainage due to
settlement of final landfill surface can
be avoided.
Inspection of the entire facility i.e. final
cover, leachate collection system and
gas collection system is easier.
Disadvantage
They alter the land use
pattern of the area.
They have more surface area
exposed to elements of nature
such as wind, rain and require
significant erosion control
measures.
Disadvantage
They alter the land use
pattern of the area.
They have more surface area
exposed to elements of nature
such as wind, rain and require
significant erosion control
measures.
On and Just Below Ground SurafceOn and Just Below Ground Surafce
AdvantageAdvantage More waste can be stored More waste can be stored
per unit land area in per unit land area in comparison to above comparison to above ground landfills.ground landfills.
Efficient use can be made Efficient use can be made of the excavated material of the excavated material but using it as landfill but using it as landfill cover.cover.
Productive use of the flat Productive use of the flat landfill surface can be landfill surface can be made on completion of made on completion of landfill.landfill.
Long term slope stability Long term slope stability and erosion control and erosion control requirements are not very requirements are not very critical in such landfills.critical in such landfills.
Disadvantage
Leachate collection through
regular pumping.
Require good surface water
drainage measures if
located in low lying areas
and are closer to ground
water table than above
ground landfills.
Disadvantage
Leachate collection through
regular pumping.
Require good surface water
drainage measures if
located in low lying areas
and are closer to ground
water table than above
ground landfills.
Landfills Deep Beneath the Earth’s Landfills Deep Beneath the Earth’s SurafceSurafce
Wastes can also be dumped in Wastes can also be dumped in underground openings, tunnels underground openings, tunnels or caverns, however the cost of or caverns, however the cost of construction in such cases is construction in such cases is extremely high. If the disposal extremely high. If the disposal is in soil where water table is is in soil where water table is high, the waste would always high, the waste would always be surrounded by ground water be surrounded by ground water and, irrespective of the and, irrespective of the multiple barriers used for waste multiple barriers used for waste isolation, the potential of isolation, the potential of ground water contamination ground water contamination would always be high. On the would always be high. On the other hand, other hand,
if waste is disposed in strong if waste is disposed in strong competent rock, the very low competent rock, the very low permeability of the rock mass permeability of the rock mass coupled with multiple barriers coupled with multiple barriers layers ensures long term layers ensures long term containment of the waste. Such containment of the waste. Such disposal techniques are adopted disposal techniques are adopted for extremely hazardous waste for extremely hazardous waste wher cost considerations are out wher cost considerations are out weighed by the need for fail proof weighed by the need for fail proof environment protection measures. environment protection measures. Waste disposal deep beneath the Waste disposal deep beneath the ground surface has the least ground surface has the least impact on the land use pattern.impact on the land use pattern.
if waste is disposed in strong if waste is disposed in strong competent rock, the very low competent rock, the very low permeability of the rock mass permeability of the rock mass coupled with multiple barriers coupled with multiple barriers layers ensures long term layers ensures long term containment of the waste. Such containment of the waste. Such disposal techniques are adopted disposal techniques are adopted for extremely hazardous waste for extremely hazardous waste wher cost considerations are out wher cost considerations are out weighed by the need for fail proof weighed by the need for fail proof environment protection measures. environment protection measures. Waste disposal deep beneath the Waste disposal deep beneath the ground surface has the least ground surface has the least impact on the land use pattern.impact on the land use pattern.
Characterisation of WasteCharacterisation of Waste
The basic characterisation parameters areThe basic characterisation parameters are Source Information for the individual Source Information for the individual
pointspoints• Waste componentsWaste components• Rate of discharge during production runRate of discharge during production run• Periodic discharges due to batch operationsPeriodic discharges due to batch operations• Duration and frequency of production runDuration and frequency of production run• Susceptibility to emerging discharges or spillsSusceptibility to emerging discharges or spills
Liquid Waste CharacterisationLiquid Waste CharacterisationLiquid Waste CharacterisationLiquid Waste Characterisation
Chemical CompositionChemical Composition•Organic and inorganic components by Organic and inorganic components by compounds or classescompounds or classes•COD, Total organic carbon, BODCOD, Total organic carbon, BOD•Specific problem ions(As, Bo, Cd, Cr etc.)Specific problem ions(As, Bo, Cd, Cr etc.)•Specific problem organic e.g. phenol, certain Specific problem organic e.g. phenol, certain pesticides, benzidine etc.pesticides, benzidine etc.•Total dissolved saltsTotal dissolved salts•pH, acidity, alkanitypH, acidity, alkanity
•Nitrogen, PhosphorousNitrogen, Phosphorous•Oils and greasesOils and greases•Oxidizing or reducing agentsOxidizing or reducing agents•SurfactantsSurfactants•Chlorine demandChlorine demand
Biological EffectsBiological Effects•Biochemical oxygen demandBiochemical oxygen demand•ToxicityToxicity•Pathogenic bacteriaPathogenic bacteria
Chemical CompositionChemical Composition•Organic and inorganic components by Organic and inorganic components by compounds or classescompounds or classes•COD, Total organic carbon, BODCOD, Total organic carbon, BOD•Specific problem ions(As, Bo, Cd, Cr etc.)Specific problem ions(As, Bo, Cd, Cr etc.)•Specific problem organic e.g. phenol, certain Specific problem organic e.g. phenol, certain pesticides, benzidine etc.pesticides, benzidine etc.•Total dissolved saltsTotal dissolved salts•pH, acidity, alkanitypH, acidity, alkanity
•Nitrogen, PhosphorousNitrogen, Phosphorous•Oils and greasesOils and greases•Oxidizing or reducing agentsOxidizing or reducing agents•SurfactantsSurfactants•Chlorine demandChlorine demand
Biological EffectsBiological Effects•Biochemical oxygen demandBiochemical oxygen demand•ToxicityToxicity•Pathogenic bacteriaPathogenic bacteria
Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties Temperature range and distributionTemperature range and distribution Insoluble componentsInsoluble components ColourColour OdourOdour FoamabilityFoamability CorrosivenessCorrosiveness RadioactivityRadioactivity
Flow data for total dischargeFlow data for total discharge Avg. daily flow rateAvg. daily flow rate Duration and level of minimum flow rateDuration and level of minimum flow rate Maximum rate of change of flow rateMaximum rate of change of flow rate
Meaningful characterisation information can only be obtained through proper analysis of representative samples or through the use of online water quality monitoring instrumentation.
Meaningful characterisation information can only be obtained through proper analysis of representative samples or through the use of online water quality monitoring instrumentation.
Solid waste CharacterisationSolid waste Characterisation
Physical and chemical composition of solid Physical and chemical composition of solid wastes vary depending on sources and wastes vary depending on sources and types of solid wastes. The nature of the types of solid wastes. The nature of the deposited waste in a landfill will affect gas deposited waste in a landfill will affect gas and leachate production and composition and leachate production and composition by virtue of relative proportions of by virtue of relative proportions of degradable and non-degradable degradable and non-degradable components, the moisture content and the components, the moisture content and the specific nature of the bio-degradable specific nature of the bio-degradable element. The waste composition will effect element. The waste composition will effect both gases and the trace components.both gases and the trace components.
The important parameters to characterise The important parameters to characterise the waste arethe waste are
Waste compositionWaste composition Moisture contentMoisture content Waste particle sizeWaste particle size Waste densityWaste density Temperature and pHTemperature and pHThese parameters affect the extent and rate These parameters affect the extent and rate
of degration of waste. The typical of degration of waste. The typical approximate analysis for MSW are show approximate analysis for MSW are show below.below.Moisture Moisture 20%20%Volatile matter Volatile matter 53%53%Fixed carbon Fixed carbon 7%7%Glass, metal and ash Glass, metal and ash 20%20%
Geotechnical Properties of Solid WastesGeotechnical Properties of Solid Wastes
Unit WeightUnit Weight :- :- Insitu density– 1.2 to 2.1 t/m Insitu density– 1.2 to 2.1 t/m33 with extremes of 0.94 with extremes of 0.94 t/mt/m33 for poor compaction and 2.8 t/m for poor compaction and 2.8 t/m33 for best compaction. for best compaction.Unit WeightUnit Weight :- :- Insitu density– 1.2 to 2.1 t/m Insitu density– 1.2 to 2.1 t/m33 with extremes of 0.94 with extremes of 0.94 t/mt/m33 for poor compaction and 2.8 t/m for poor compaction and 2.8 t/m33 for best compaction. for best compaction.
Permeability Permeability :-:- The reported range of permeability of refuse is 10 The reported range of permeability of refuse is 10-1-1 to 10to 10-5-5 cm/sec. cm/sec.Permeability Permeability :-:- The reported range of permeability of refuse is 10 The reported range of permeability of refuse is 10-1-1 to 10to 10-5-5 cm/sec. cm/sec.
Strength parametersStrength parameters :- :- Friction Angle - - 30 Friction Angle - - 3000 to 35 to 3500
Cohesion 1to 2.5 t/mCohesion 1to 2.5 t/m22
Strength parametersStrength parameters :- :- Friction Angle - - 30 Friction Angle - - 3000 to 35 to 3500
Cohesion 1to 2.5 t/mCohesion 1to 2.5 t/m22
CompressibilityCompressibility :- :- For one dimensional consolidation test on waste For one dimensional consolidation test on waste of density 600 kg/m3, the compression index is 0.55 and secondary of density 600 kg/m3, the compression index is 0.55 and secondary compression coefficient varying from 0.0036 to 0.005 for a municipal compression coefficient varying from 0.0036 to 0.005 for a municipal dump in Madras City.dump in Madras City.
CompressibilityCompressibility :- :- For one dimensional consolidation test on waste For one dimensional consolidation test on waste of density 600 kg/m3, the compression index is 0.55 and secondary of density 600 kg/m3, the compression index is 0.55 and secondary compression coefficient varying from 0.0036 to 0.005 for a municipal compression coefficient varying from 0.0036 to 0.005 for a municipal dump in Madras City.dump in Madras City.
Hazardous Waste CharacterisationHazardous Waste Characterisation
The waste which canThe waste which can Contribute to increase in mortalityContribute to increase in mortality Can cause irreversible illnessCan cause irreversible illness Can pose potential hazard to human healthCan pose potential hazard to human healthis called is called hazardous wastehazardous waste..Hazardous waste can be classified as Hazardous waste can be classified as Radioactive substancesRadioactive substances ChemicalsChemicals Biological WastesBiological Wastes Flammable wasteFlammable waste ExplosivesExplosives
There are four characteristics which make the waste There are four characteristics which make the waste hazardous categoryhazardous category
IgnitabilityIgnitability CorrosivityCorrosivity if if pH pH 2 or ≥ 12.5 2 or ≥ 12.5 ReactivityReactivity:- A waste exhibits the characteristics of reactivity :- A waste exhibits the characteristics of reactivity
if a representative sample of the waste has the following if a representative sample of the waste has the following propertiesproperties
Reacts violently with waterReacts violently with water Forms explosive mixture with waterForms explosive mixture with water When mixed with water, generates toxic gases, When mixed with water, generates toxic gases,
fumes or vapoursfumes or vapours Reacts at a standard temperature or pressureReacts at a standard temperature or pressure
Characteristics of Hazardous WasteCharacteristics of Hazardous WasteCharacteristics of Hazardous WasteCharacteristics of Hazardous Waste
ToxicityToxicity:- The limits for a :- The limits for a waste to be toxic for waste to be toxic for different contaminants are different contaminants are shown in the table.shown in the table.
If the concentration of a If the concentration of a particular constituent particular constituent into the ground water into the ground water as a result of improper as a result of improper management exceeds management exceeds the above limits, then it the above limits, then it is called as toxic.is called as toxic.
ContaminantContaminant Max. Max. ConcentratioConcentration (mg/l)n (mg/l)
ArsenicArsenic 5.05.0
BariumBarium 100.0100.0
BenzeneBenzene 0.50.5
CadmiumCadmium 1.01.0
LeadLead 5.05.0
MercuryMercury 0.20.2
Vinyl Vinyl chloridechloride
0.20.2
Planning and Design ConsiderationPlanning and Design Consideration
The landfill planning and design The landfill planning and design process consists ofprocess consists of
PlanningPlanning Main DesignMain Design Construction operation DesignConstruction operation Design
Planning PhasePlanning Phase
The planning phase includes
Site Selection
Site Investigation
Landfill layout and section
Evaluation of landfill capacity
Phased Operation
The planning phase includes
Site Selection
Site Investigation
Landfill layout and section
Evaluation of landfill capacity
Phased Operation
Main Design PhaseMain Design Phase
The main design phase includesThe main design phase includes
Design of liner, leachate collection and Design of liner, leachate collection and TreatmentTreatment
Gas Collection and TreatmentGas Collection and Treatment Cover SystemCover System Landfill StabilityLandfill Stability Surface Water Drainage Surface Water Drainage Environmental Monitoring Environmental Monitoring
Construction Operation Design ProcessConstruction Operation Design Process
Site DevelopmentSite Development Construction ScheduleConstruction Schedule Material and Equipment RequirementMaterial and Equipment Requirement Enviornmental Control During Enviornmental Control During
OperationOperation Closure and Post Closure Closure and Post Closure
ProgrammesProgrammes
Waste AcceptanceWaste Acceptancea) Authorised waste only.b) No liquid waste or slurry type wastec) No recyclable wasted) No compostable wastee) No waste from which energy recovery is feasible
through thermal/ biological process.f) Incompatible wastes in separate landfill unitsg) No non-hazardous or municipal waste in HW landfills
and no hazardous waste in MSW landfillsh) Extremely hazardous wastes should be stabilised
before land filling or disposed in specially designed waste disposal units.
52
Site SelectionSite Selection
Site for development of landfill to be Site for development of landfill to be located preferably in areas having located preferably in areas having
low population densitylow population density low alternate land use valuelow alternate land use value low GW contamination potentiallow GW contamination potential having clay content in the sub-soilhaving clay content in the sub-soil
Receptor Related AttributesPopulation with in 500 mPopulation with in 500 mDistance to nearest drinking wellDistance to nearest drinking wellUse of site by nearby residentsUse of site by nearby residentsDistance to nearest office buildingDistance to nearest office buildingLand useLand useCritical EnvironmentCritical Environment
Factors to be Considered in Site SelectionFactors to be Considered in Site SelectionFactors to be Considered in Site SelectionFactors to be Considered in Site Selection
Pathway Related AttributesDistance to nearest surface waterDistance to nearest surface waterDepth to ground waterDepth to ground waterType of contaminationType of contaminationPrecipitationPrecipitationSoil permeabilitySoil permeabilityBed Rock PermeabilityBed Rock PermeabilityDepth to bed rockDepth to bed rockSusceptability to erosion and runoffSusceptability to erosion and runoffClimatic factors relating to air pollutionClimatic factors relating to air pollutionSusceptibility to seismic activitySusceptibility to seismic activity
Waste Related AttributesToxicityToxicityRadioactivityRadioactivityIgnitabilityIgnitabilityReactivityReactivityCorrosivityCorrosivitySolubilitySolubilityVolatilityVolatility
Waste Management Related AttributesPhysical statePhysical stateWaste quantityWaste quantityWaste compatibilityWaste compatibilityUse of linersUse of linersGas TreatmentGas TreatmentLeachate TreatmentLeachate TreatmentSite securitySite securitySafety measuresSafety measures
Locational Criteria(for lined landfills)(for lined landfills)
Lake/pond >200 mLake/pond >200 m
RiverRiver >100 m>100 m
EmbankmentEmbankment protective embankmentprotective embankment
HighwayHighway > 500 m> 500 m
Habitation > 500 mHabitation > 500 m
Public park > 500 mPublic park > 500 m
Critical habitat NoCritical habitat No
Wetland NoWetland No
Coastal regulation zone NoCoastal regulation zone No
Airport > 3000 m to 20kmAirport > 3000 m to 20km
Water supply well > 500 mWater supply well > 500 m
Ground water table level 2 m below base of land fillGround water table level 2 m below base of land fill
Others local needsOthers local needs
Siting criteria Siting criteria
Site investigation criteria
Sub Soil InvestigationSub Soil Investigation: type of soil, depth of GWT and : type of soil, depth of GWT and bedrock, permeability of various strata, strength bedrock, permeability of various strata, strength parameters, extent of availability of liner materialsparameters, extent of availability of liner materials
Ground Water / Hydro geological InvestigationGround Water / Hydro geological Investigation: Depth of : Depth of GWT, GW flow direction, Baseline GW quality GWT, GW flow direction, Baseline GW quality parametersparameters
Topographical InvestigationTopographical Investigation: To compute the earth work : To compute the earth work quantities preciselyquantities precisely
Hydrological InvestigationHydrological Investigation: To estimate the quantities of : To estimate the quantities of runoff for appropriate design of drainage facilitiesrunoff for appropriate design of drainage facilities
Geological Investigation and Seismic InvestigationGeological Investigation and Seismic Investigation: to : to delineate the bedrock profile beneath the landfill basedelineate the bedrock profile beneath the landfill base
Landfill Layout
A landfill site will comprise of the area in which the A landfill site will comprise of the area in which the waste will be filled as well as additional area for waste will be filled as well as additional area for support facilities. With in the area to be filled, support facilities. With in the area to be filled, work may proceed in phases with only a part of work may proceed in phases with only a part of the area under active operation.the area under active operation.
Landfill SectionLandfill Section
Landfills may have different types of sections Landfills may have different types of sections depending on the topography of the area, the depending on the topography of the area, the depth of ground water table and availability of depth of ground water table and availability of suitable daily cover material. The landfill may suitable daily cover material. The landfill may take the following formstake the following forms
Above ground landfills are used in those areas where GWT is high.
Above ground landfills are used in those areas where GWT is high.
Below ground landfill are suitable for areas where adequate cover material is available and GWT is not near the surface.
Below ground landfill are suitable for areas where adequate cover material is available and GWT is not near the surface.
Above and below ground landfill--------Above and below ground landfill--------
Slope landfill ------------------------------Slope landfill ------------------------------
Valley landfills----------------------------Valley landfills----------------------------
Trenches of landfills vary from
100 to 300 m in length
1 to 3 m in depth
5 to 15 m in width with side slopes of 2:1
Trenches of landfills vary from
100 to 300 m in length
1 to 3 m in depth
5 to 15 m in width with side slopes of 2:1
Planning of Phased OperationPlanning of Phased Operation
Progressive use of the landfill area such that at any Progressive use of the landfill area such that at any given instant of time a part of the site may have a final given instant of time a part of the site may have a final cover, a part being actively filled, a part being prepared cover, a part being actively filled, a part being prepared to receive waste and a part in an undisturbed state.to receive waste and a part in an undisturbed state.
Progressive excavation of on-site fill materials and Progressive excavation of on-site fill materials and minimization of double handling.minimization of double handling.
Minimizes the area required for landfill operations and Minimizes the area required for landfill operations and concentrates waste disposal activities within prepared concentrates waste disposal activities within prepared areas.areas.
Reduces leachate generation by keeping areas Reduces leachate generation by keeping areas receiving waste to a minimum.receiving waste to a minimum.
Enables progressive installation of leachate and gas Enables progressive installation of leachate and gas control.control.
Allows clean surface water runoff to be collected Allows clean surface water runoff to be collected separately.separately.
PhasePhase:-:- It is the sub area of It is the sub area of the landfill. A phase the landfill. A phase consists of cells, lifts, daily consists of cells, lifts, daily cover, intermediate cover, cover, intermediate cover, liner and leachate liner and leachate collection facility, gas collection facility, gas control facility and final control facility and final cover over the sub-area. cover over the sub-area. Each phase is typically Each phase is typically designed for a period of 12 designed for a period of 12 to 18 months.to 18 months.
CellCell:-:- It is used to describe It is used to describe the volume of material the volume of material placed in a landfill during placed in a landfill during one operating period one operating period usually one day.usually one day.
Daily coverDaily cover:-:- It consists of 15 to 30 cm of native soil that is It consists of 15 to 30 cm of native soil that is applied to the working faces. The purpose of this cover is applied to the working faces. The purpose of this cover is
To control the blowing of waste materialsTo control the blowing of waste materials To prevent rats, flies and other disease vectors from entering To prevent rats, flies and other disease vectors from entering
or exiting the landfillor exiting the landfill To control the entry of water into the landfill during operationTo control the entry of water into the landfill during operation
LiftLift:-:- It is a complete layer of cells over the active area of the It is a complete layer of cells over the active area of the landfill. Typically each landfill phase is comprised of a series landfill. Typically each landfill phase is comprised of a series of lifts. Intermediate covers are placed at the end of each of lifts. Intermediate covers are placed at the end of each phase; these are thicker than daily covers and remain phase; these are thicker than daily covers and remain exposed till the next phase is placed over it.exposed till the next phase is placed over it.
BenchBench:-:- A bench is a terrace which is used when the height A bench is a terrace which is used when the height of the landfill exceeds 15 to 20 m. The final left includes the of the landfill exceeds 15 to 20 m. The final left includes the cover layer.cover layer.
Landfill CapacityFactorsFactors::
a)a) Quantity of waste and its compacted densityQuantity of waste and its compacted density
b)b) Volume of wasteVolume of waste
c)c) Volume occupied by liner and cover Volume occupied by liner and cover
d)d) Volume reduction due to settlementVolume reduction due to settlement
e)e) Biodegradable waste/municipal waste may have Biodegradable waste/municipal waste may have density of 0.6 to 1.2t/cumdensity of 0.6 to 1.2t/cum
f)f) Inorganic waste may have density of 1.2 to 1.6 t/cum Inorganic waste may have density of 1.2 to 1.6 t/cum
g)g) Inorganic compacted waste:-5% in few yearsInorganic compacted waste:-5% in few years
h)h) Municipal biodegradable waste:-20% in 30 years Municipal biodegradable waste:-20% in 30 years
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Estimation of Landfill CapacityEstimation of Landfill Capacity(Volume/height/area)(Volume/height/area)
1.1. Waste generation rate = W tons per yearWaste generation rate = W tons per year
2.2. Active life of landfill = n yearsActive life of landfill = n years
3.3. Total waste in n years (T) = W x n tonsTotal waste in n years (T) = W x n tons
4.4. Volume of waste(V) = T/density cumVolume of waste(V) = T/density cum
5.5. Volume for daily cover = 0.1 VVolume for daily cover = 0.1 V
6.6. Volume for liner and final cover = 0.2V to 0.3VVolume for liner and final cover = 0.2V to 0.3V
7.7. Total volume(Landfill capacity) = V+0.1V+0.25VTotal volume(Landfill capacity) = V+0.1V+0.25V
8.8. Total area available = A sqmTotal area available = A sqm
9.9. Area for infrastructure = 0.15 A to 0.25AArea for infrastructure = 0.15 A to 0.25A
= 0.2 A= 0.2 A
10.10.Area of land filling = A-0.2A=0.8AArea of land filling = A-0.2A=0.8A
11.11.Height (+depth) of landfill = 1.35V/0.8AHeight (+depth) of landfill = 1.35V/0.8A
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Landfill Liner, Leachate Collection and TreatmentLandfill Liner, Leachate Collection and Treatment
Liner system is provided to prevent migration of Liner system is provided to prevent migration of leachate generated inside a landfill from leachate generated inside a landfill from reaching the soil and ground water beneath the reaching the soil and ground water beneath the landfill. The function of leachate collection landfill. The function of leachate collection facility is to facility is to
Remove leachate contained with in the landfill by the liner Remove leachate contained with in the landfill by the liner system for treatment and disposal.system for treatment and disposal.
Control and minimize leachate heads with in the landfill.Control and minimize leachate heads with in the landfill. Avoid damage to the liner system.Avoid damage to the liner system.
Landfill liner comprise ofLandfill liner comprise of Compacted claysCompacted clays GeomembranesGeomembranes Geosynthetic clay linerGeosynthetic clay liner CombinationsCombinations
On a basis of review of liner systems adopted in On a basis of review of liner systems adopted in different countries, it is recommended that for different countries, it is recommended that for all MSW landfills the following single composite all MSW landfills the following single composite liner system be adopted as the liner system be adopted as the minimum minimum requirementrequirement::– A leachate drainage layer A leachate drainage layer 3030 cm thick made of cm thick made of
granular soil having permeability (K) greater than granular soil having permeability (K) greater than 1010--
22 cm/sec cm/sec..– A protection layer (of silty soil) A protection layer (of silty soil) 2020 cm to cm to 3030 cm thick. cm thick.– A geomembrane of thickness A geomembrane of thickness 1.51.5 mm or more. mm or more.– A compacted clay barrier or amended soil barrier of 1 A compacted clay barrier or amended soil barrier of 1
m thickness having permeability (K) of less than m thickness having permeability (K) of less than 1010-7-7 cm/seccm/sec..
The liner system adopted at any landfill must The liner system adopted at any landfill must satisfy the minimum requirements published by satisfy the minimum requirements published by regulatory agencies (MOEF/ CPCB).regulatory agencies (MOEF/ CPCB).
Leachate collectionLeachate collection systems consist of a leachate systems consist of a leachate drainage network and leachate removal facility. drainage network and leachate removal facility. Drainage networks comprise of coarse grained soils, Drainage networks comprise of coarse grained soils, perforated pipes or geotextile drainage layers. perforated pipes or geotextile drainage layers. Drainage removal facility consists of a system of Drainage removal facility consists of a system of sumps, wells and pumps. sumps, wells and pumps.
The design steps for the leachate collection system are:The design steps for the leachate collection system are:– finalization of layout pipe network and sumps in finalization of layout pipe network and sumps in
conjunction with drainage layer slopes of conjunction with drainage layer slopes of 2%2%– estimation of pipe diameter and spacing on the basis of estimation of pipe diameter and spacing on the basis of
estimated leachate quantity and maximum permissible estimated leachate quantity and maximum permissible leachate headleachate head
– estimating the size of sumps and pumpestimating the size of sumps and pump– design of wells/side slopes risers for leachate removal; design of wells/side slopes risers for leachate removal;
andand– design of a holding tank.design of a holding tank.
It is recommended that the detailed methodology It is recommended that the detailed methodology given in given in Sharma and Lewis (1994)Sharma and Lewis (1994) be adopted. be adopted.
The alternatives to be considered for leachate management are:
o Discharge to lined drainso Discharge to waste water treatment
systemo Recirculationo Evaporation of leachateo Treatment of leachate
The alternatives to be considered for leachate management are:
o Discharge to lined drainso Discharge to waste water treatment
systemo Recirculationo Evaporation of leachateo Treatment of leachate
Gas Collection and TreatmentGas Collection and TreatmentThe uncontrolled release of landfill The uncontrolled release of landfill
gas, methane contributes to the gas, methane contributes to the green house effect. Landfill gas green house effect. Landfill gas can migrate laterally and can migrate laterally and potentially cause explosions. potentially cause explosions. Landfills are therefore provided Landfills are therefore provided with gas collection and with gas collection and processing facilities. The rate of processing facilities. The rate of gas production varies gas production varies depending on the operating depending on the operating procedure. The decision to use procedure. The decision to use horizontal or vertical gas horizontal or vertical gas recovery wells depends on the recovery wells depends on the design and capacity of the design and capacity of the landfill. The decision of flare or landfill. The decision of flare or to recover energy from the to recover energy from the landfill gas is determined by the landfill gas is determined by the capacity of the landfill site and capacity of the landfill site and the opportunity to sell power the opportunity to sell power produced from the conversion produced from the conversion of landfill gas to energy.of landfill gas to energy.
Landfill gas generation rates vary over a wide range. Typically generation rates vary from 1 to 8 lit/kg/year. Bhide (1993) reported landfill gas production rates of 6-9 cum/hour from the landfill sites in India having an area of 8 ha and depth of 5 to 8 m.
Landfill gas generation rates vary over a wide range. Typically generation rates vary from 1 to 8 lit/kg/year. Bhide (1993) reported landfill gas production rates of 6-9 cum/hour from the landfill sites in India having an area of 8 ha and depth of 5 to 8 m.
Gas outputs of Gas outputs of 10 to 20 cum per hour10 to 20 cum per hour (corresponding to (corresponding to 50 to 100 KW50 to 100 KW of energy) of energy) have been recorded in wells of have been recorded in wells of 15 to 20 15 to 20 cmcm diameter drilled diameter drilled 10 m10 m into waste at into waste at spacing of spacing of 30 to 70 m30 to 70 m. For 1 MW output . For 1 MW output from a landfill site, from a landfill site, 15 to 2015 to 20 such wells are such wells are required. The gas management strategies required. The gas management strategies should follow one of the following three should follow one of the following three plans:plans:– Controlled passive ventingControlled passive venting– Uncontrolled releaseUncontrolled release– Controlled collection and treatment/reuseControlled collection and treatment/reuse
Cover SystemCover SystemLandfill cover is usually consists of several layers. The objective of final cover system is to improve surface drainage, minimize infiltration and support vegetation. The use of a geo membrane liner as a barrier layer is favoured by most landfill designers to limit the entry of surface water and to control the release of landfill gases. To ensure the rapid removal of rainfall from the final cover of the landfill and to avoid the formation of puddles, the final cover should have a slope of about 3 to 5%. The cover system adopted at any landfill must satisfy the minimum requirements published by regulatory agencies (MOEF/ CPCB).
Landfill cover is usually consists of several layers. The objective of final cover system is to improve surface drainage, minimize infiltration and support vegetation. The use of a geo membrane liner as a barrier layer is favoured by most landfill designers to limit the entry of surface water and to control the release of landfill gases. To ensure the rapid removal of rainfall from the final cover of the landfill and to avoid the formation of puddles, the final cover should have a slope of about 3 to 5%. The cover system adopted at any landfill must satisfy the minimum requirements published by regulatory agencies (MOEF/ CPCB).
Surface Water DrainageSurface Water Drainage
Surface water drainage is required to ensure Surface water drainage is required to ensure that Rainwater runoff does not drain into the that Rainwater runoff does not drain into the waste from surrounding area.waste from surrounding area.– Rainfall does not generate excessive leachate.Rainfall does not generate excessive leachate.– Contaminated surface runoff from the operational Contaminated surface runoff from the operational
landfill area does not enter water courses.landfill area does not enter water courses.– Slopes on the landfill are protected from Slopes on the landfill are protected from
infiltration and erosion.infiltration and erosion.– Final cover soils are not subject to ponding or Final cover soils are not subject to ponding or
water logging.water logging.
Stability AspectsStability Aspects
The stability of a landfill should be checked The stability of a landfill should be checked for the following cases:for the following cases:– Stability of excavated slopesStability of excavated slopes– Stability of liner system along excavated Stability of liner system along excavated
slopesslopes– Stability of temporary waste slopes Stability of temporary waste slopes
constructed to their full height (usually at the constructed to their full height (usually at the end of a phase)end of a phase)
– Stability of slopes of above -ground portion of Stability of slopes of above -ground portion of completed landfillscompleted landfills
– Stability of cover systems in above -ground Stability of cover systems in above -ground landfills.landfills.
The stability analysis should be The stability analysis should be conducted using the following soil conducted using the following soil mechanics methods depending upon mechanics methods depending upon the shape of the failure surface: the shape of the failure surface: – failure surface parallel to slope failure surface parallel to slope – wedge method of analysis wedge method of analysis – method of slices for circular failure method of slices for circular failure
surfacesurface– special methods for stability of anchored special methods for stability of anchored
geomembranes along slopes geomembranes along slopes
In preliminary design of a landfill section, In preliminary design of a landfill section, the following slopes may be adopted:the following slopes may be adopted:– Excavated soil slopes (Excavated soil slopes (2.5H:1V2.5H:1V))– Temporary waste slopes (Temporary waste slopes (3H:1V3H:1V))– Final cover slopes (Final cover slopes (4H:1V4H:1V))
Slopes can be made steeper, if found stable Slopes can be made steeper, if found stable by stability analysis results. by stability analysis results.
Acceptable factors of safety may be taken Acceptable factors of safety may be taken as as 1.31.3 for temporary slopes and for temporary slopes and 1.51.5 for for permanent slopes. permanent slopes.
In earthquake prone areas, the stability of all In earthquake prone areas, the stability of all landfill slopes will be conducted taking into landfill slopes will be conducted taking into account seismic coefficients as account seismic coefficients as recommended by BIS codes.recommended by BIS codes.
Environmental MonitoringEnvironmental MonitoringMonitoring systems are required at the landfill Monitoring systems are required at the landfill
site forsite for– Gases and liquids in the vadose zoneGases and liquids in the vadose zone– Checking the ground water quality both Checking the ground water quality both
upstream and downstream of the landfill site upstream and downstream of the landfill site in the vadose zonein the vadose zone
– For air quality on the surface and at the For air quality on the surface and at the boundary of the landfill.boundary of the landfill.
The number of monitoring stations will depend on The number of monitoring stations will depend on the size of the landfill and the requirements of the the size of the landfill and the requirements of the local air and water pollution control agencies. A local air and water pollution control agencies. A typical monitoring system typical monitoring system
– Evaluates leachate head with in the landfillsEvaluates leachate head with in the landfills– Leakage beneath the landfillLeakage beneath the landfill– Pore gas and pore fluid quality in the vadose Pore gas and pore fluid quality in the vadose
zonezone– Air quality in gas vents and gas treatment Air quality in gas vents and gas treatment
facilityfacility– Water quality in ground water monitoring wellsWater quality in ground water monitoring wells– Leachate quality in leachate collection tanks Leachate quality in leachate collection tanks
and water quality in storm water drains.and water quality in storm water drains.
Construction Operation DesignConstruction Operation Design
Site developmentSite development The following site infrastructure should be provided:The following site infrastructure should be provided:
– Site Entrance and FencingSite Entrance and Fencing– Administrative and Site Control OfficesAdministrative and Site Control Offices– Access RoadsAccess Roads– Waste Inspection and Sampling FacilityWaste Inspection and Sampling Facility– Equipment Workshops and GaragesEquipment Workshops and Garages– Signs and DirectionsSigns and Directions– Water SupplyWater Supply– LightingLighting– Vehicle Cleaning FacilityVehicle Cleaning Facility– Fire Fighting Equipment.Fire Fighting Equipment.
Site entranceSite entrance infrastructure should include: infrastructure should include:– A permanent, wide, entrance road with A permanent, wide, entrance road with
separate entry and exit lanes and gates.separate entry and exit lanes and gates.– Sufficient length/parking space inside the Sufficient length/parking space inside the
entrance gate till the weighbridge to prevent entrance gate till the weighbridge to prevent queuing of vehicles outside the entrance gate queuing of vehicles outside the entrance gate and on to the highway. A minimum road length and on to the highway. A minimum road length of of 50 m50 m inside the entry gate is desirable inside the entry gate is desirable
– A properly landscaped entrance area with a A properly landscaped entrance area with a green belt of green belt of 20 m20 m containing tree plantation containing tree plantation for good visual impactfor good visual impact
– Proper direction signs and lighting at the Proper direction signs and lighting at the entrance gateentrance gate
– A perimeter fencing of at least A perimeter fencing of at least 2m2m height all height all around the landfill site with lockable gates to around the landfill site with lockable gates to prevent unauthorised accessprevent unauthorised access
– Full time security guard at the site.Full time security guard at the site.
Construction scheduleConstruction schedule
The construction schedule shall The construction schedule shall plan for the followingplan for the following– The arrival sequence and time The arrival sequence and time
required for vehicles bringing required for vehicles bringing waste to the landfill sitewaste to the landfill site
– Climate and wind effectClimate and wind effect– Traffic on the access roadsTraffic on the access roads– Impact on adjoining areas.Impact on adjoining areas.
Material and equipment requirementMaterial and equipment requirement A comprehensive material requirement plan for the A comprehensive material requirement plan for the
construction of various phases of the proposed construction of various phases of the proposed landfill shall be prepared in advance before the landfill shall be prepared in advance before the commencement of the construction work. commencement of the construction work. Materials may be required forMaterials may be required for
– Granular material for ground water drainage, leachate Granular material for ground water drainage, leachate drainage blanket, gas venting and collectiondrainage blanket, gas venting and collection
– Clay, sand, synthetic membrane for the liner system and Clay, sand, synthetic membrane for the liner system and final cover systemfinal cover system
– Suitable fill for internal and external bundsSuitable fill for internal and external bunds– Base course and sub base course materials for haul Base course and sub base course materials for haul
roadsroads– Suitable material during site operations for daily coverSuitable material during site operations for daily cover– Suitable soils or granular or screened material for pipe Suitable soils or granular or screened material for pipe
work zone, drainage and protection layers above the work zone, drainage and protection layers above the barrier layerbarrier layer
– Sub soil and top soil for restoration layersSub soil and top soil for restoration layers
The type, size and number of The type, size and number of equipment required will depend on equipment required will depend on the size of the landfill and the size of the landfill and maneuverability in restricted spaces. maneuverability in restricted spaces. Typically the following equipments Typically the following equipments are required at the landfill siteare required at the landfill site– For excavating, spreading and leveling For excavating, spreading and leveling
operations crawler tractors/dozers are operations crawler tractors/dozers are requiredrequired
– Compactors/rollers for compactingCompactors/rollers for compacting– Wheeled loader-back hoes for Wheeled loader-back hoes for
excavating, trenching, loading and short excavating, trenching, loading and short haulinghauling
Control of environment during Control of environment during landfilling operationlandfilling operation
Environmental monitoring is carried out in four Environmental monitoring is carried out in four zones zones
– On and within the landfillsOn and within the landfills– In the unsaturated subsurface zone beneath and In the unsaturated subsurface zone beneath and
around the landfillaround the landfill– In the ground water zone beneath and around the In the ground water zone beneath and around the
landfilllandfill– In the atmosphere/local air above and around the In the atmosphere/local air above and around the
landfilllandfill
and the instruments required to be used for and the instruments required to be used for monitoring are GW samplers, leachate monitoring are GW samplers, leachate samplers, lysimeters, free drainage samplers, samplers, lysimeters, free drainage samplers, surface water samplers, downhole water surface water samplers, downhole water quality sensors, landfill gas monitors, active quality sensors, landfill gas monitors, active and passive samplers for ambient air quality.and passive samplers for ambient air quality.
Environmental control during operation Environmental control during operation is carried out to minimize the impact is carried out to minimize the impact of the landfilling operation on the of the landfilling operation on the nearby residents. This can be done nearby residents. This can be done byby– Providing screens in the active areasProviding screens in the active areas– Presence of birds at the landfill site is Presence of birds at the landfill site is
nuisance and it can be serious problem nuisance and it can be serious problem if the landfill is being constructed near if the landfill is being constructed near the airport. This problem can be over the airport. This problem can be over come bycome by
– Use of noise makersUse of noise makers– Use of over head wiresUse of over head wires– Use of recording of the sounds made by birdsUse of recording of the sounds made by birds
Wind-blown paper, plastics etc can be a Wind-blown paper, plastics etc can be a problem at the landfill site. This can be problem at the landfill site. This can be overcome byovercome by
– Portable screens near the operating facesPortable screens near the operating faces– Daily removing the accumulated materials on the Daily removing the accumulated materials on the
screenscreen– Dust control can be achieved by spraying waterDust control can be achieved by spraying water
The problems of flies, pests, mosquitoes The problems of flies, pests, mosquitoes and rodents can be controlled by placing and rodents can be controlled by placing daily cover and by eliminating stagnant daily cover and by eliminating stagnant water.water.
Closure and post closure planClosure and post closure planA closure and post closure plan shall be made to A closure and post closure plan shall be made to
ensure that a landfill will be maintained for 30-ensure that a landfill will be maintained for 30-50 years in the future.50 years in the future.
A A closureclosure plan includes plan includes Landfill cover and landscaping of the completed site.Landfill cover and landscaping of the completed site. Long term plans for the control of runoff, erosion, gas and Long term plans for the control of runoff, erosion, gas and
leachate collection & treatment.leachate collection & treatment.
Post closurePost closure plan includes plan includes Routine inspection of completed landfill.Routine inspection of completed landfill. Maintenance of surface water diversion facilities, landfill Maintenance of surface water diversion facilities, landfill
surface grades, the condition of liners.surface grades, the condition of liners. Maintenance of landfill gas and leachate collection Maintenance of landfill gas and leachate collection
equipment.equipment. Long term environmental monitoring plan so that no Long term environmental monitoring plan so that no
contaminants is released from the landfill site.contaminants is released from the landfill site.
ConclusionsConclusions
The present lecture has high lighted the The present lecture has high lighted the planning and design considerations for the planning and design considerations for the MSW landfills. By adopting these MSW landfills. By adopting these guidelines at a new landfill site will guidelines at a new landfill site will promote effectiveness and efficiency of promote effectiveness and efficiency of municipal solid waste management, municipal solid waste management, thereby reducing the over-all cost of thereby reducing the over-all cost of planning, design, operations and planning, design, operations and maintenance of landfill facilities while maintenance of landfill facilities while ensuring the protection of public health ensuring the protection of public health and the environment. and the environment.
ThanksThanksand and
Wish You All Wish You All
Happy and Prosperous New Year Happy and Prosperous New Year
20122012
