Seite 1 07.06.2012

Landfill ban for organic / biodegradable waste …. Landfill acceptance criteria for MBT - material

Vienna, May 29th 2012

Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Waste Management

Division VI/3 “Waste Management and Cleaning Up of Contaminated Sites”

Seite 2

Waste Management

Data in Austria

Seite 3 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)

3.895 million tonnes

Seite 4 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)

in t

Seite 5 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)

Thermal treatment

MBT Landfilling

Recovery of biogenic waste

Recovery of recoverables

(separate collection)

Hazardous

household waste

& waste electrical

and electronic

equipment (WEEE)

landfill ban

Seite 6 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)

Landfilling

Landfilling of all waste from treatment (1989 - 2009)

landfill ban

Seite 7 Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)

Seite 8

MBT Plants in Austria

Seite 9

MBT-Plants in Austria (2010)

16 Plants MBT capacity

authorised: 741.100 t/a

stage of development: 684.000 t/a

Municipal waste incineration plants: 10 plants

Incineration capacity for municipal waste: 2.300.000 t/a

Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)

aerobic treatment 16

anaerobic-aerobic treatment 0

9 MBT-plants under IPPC-Directive;

capacity 555.000 t/a (≈ 80 % of MBT capacity)

Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 concerning

integrated pollution prevention and control

Seite 10

MBT-Plants in Austria (2010)

Data Source: Plant and Substance Database of Environment Agency Austria (data from October 2010)

Seite 11

MBT-Plants in Austria - Study

State of the Art of MBT in Austria –

Status Report 2006

Report 0071

Environment Agency Austria (2006)

Contents:

Legal framework

Detailed description of MBT-plants

Treatment capacities and flow rates

(in the years 2003 – 2005)

Overall view for Austria

Current Status - State of the Art

Download:

http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltschutz/abfall/

behandlung/mba/ist-stand/

or: http://www.lebensministerium.at/umwelt/abfall-ressourcen/behandlung-

verwertung/behandlung-mechanisch/MBA.html

Seite 12

treatment since

Data Source: Report 0071 of Environment Agency Austria (data from 2005)

„old plants“ established in the 1970s/1980s

„new plants“ established after 2002

+ Lavant (installation permit 2006)

+ Hartberg (installation permit 2009)

+/- adjustment to the state of the art

Seite 13

Initial aim of MBT in Austria

Pre-Treatment of waste before landfill

Simple treatment steps, low technical standard,

main targets:

Removal of water

(less weight for landfill less costs)

Hygienisation of waste

Odour reduction

Early treatment plants

= Residual waste & sludge hygienisation plants

Seite 14

Aim of MBT in Austria today

Pre-Treatment of waste before landfill & thermal

treatment

Stabilization of organic compounds prior landfill

( less landfill gas & less landfill leachate, …)

Stabilization of waste prior thermal treatment

Separation of high calorific value fractions / generation

of refuse-derived fuel (RDF)

Removal of recyclables (ferrous & non-ferrous metals)

Modern treatment plants

= mechanical-biological treatment

Seite 15

Legal Framework

Seite 16

Legal Framework - AWG

Waste Management Act 1990

(Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz, AWG 1990)

Legal framework for waste treatment in Austria

Replaced by Waste Management Act 2002 (AWG 2002)

The Waste Management Act of 2002

extensively reformulated the former

Waste Management Act of 1990, and

nine Provincial Acts were adopted to

bring waste management regulations

into compliance with EU law. This

also contributed substantially to a

simplification in the administration.

Seite 17

Waste Management Act 1990 and related Ordinances, e.g.:

• 2001 Artikelverordnung for MBT incl. 30. BImSchV (Germany)

Legal Framework - Ordinances

• 1990 Waste Management Act 1990

• 1992 Ordinance on the Separate Collection of Biogenic Waste

• 1996 Ordinance of the Federal Minister for the Environment

concerning deposit of wastes ("Landfill Ordinance")

• 2001 Ordinance on Quality Requirements for Compost from

Waste (Compost Ordinance)

• 2002 Waste Management Act 2002

• 2008 New: Ordinance on Landfills (Landfill Ordinance 2008)

• 2004 Amendment to the Landfill Ordinance

• 2002 MBT-Guideline (Austria)

• 2006 BAT “Waste Treatments Industries” (EU)

MBT - State of the Art

Seite 18

Landfill Ordinance 1996 – Landfill Ban

Art. 5 Prohibition of Waste Disposal in Landfills

pre-treatment of waste: thermal treatment or MBT

MBT: separation of fractions of high calorific value

The disposal of the following types of waste is forbidden:

… 7. Wastes containing more than 5 percent by weight of

organic carbon (TOC); excepted therefrom shall be

…f) Wastes from mechanico-biological pre-treatment which are

stored in separated cells of mass-waste landfills, to the extent that

the combustion value (upper calorific value) of these wastes,

determined from the dry substance, does not exceed 6,000 kJ/kg.

The mixing of wastes from mechanico-biological pre-treatment

with materials or wastes of low calorific value, in order to meet the

above-mentioned limit, is not permitted.

Seite 19

Long Transitional provisions for landfill-ban

Landfill-ban: Entry into force with December 31th, 2004 BUT: Exceptions (E) possible!

by ordinances of the governors of federal provinces:

Federal Province Landfilling of untreated waste till

Burgenland December 31th 2004 (E)

Carinthia December 31th 2008 (E)

Lower Austria December 31th 2003

Upper Austria December 31th 2003

Salzburg December 31th 2003

Styria December 31th 2003

Tyrol December 31th 2008 (E)

Vorarlberg December 31th 2008 (E)

Vienna December 31th 2008 (E)

Seite 20

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Pro

zen

t [%

]

RED 9,4 25,8 20,1 20,3 19,6

UNB 2,9 1,3 1,0 1,1 1,2

MBA 0 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2

MA 1,6 0,7 0,5 0,6 0,5

IND 0 1,3 1,9 1,8 2,2

VWT 2,6 2,6 2,6 2,8 2,7

DEP 59,5 23,9 30,3 29,9 27,4

AV 24,0 44,3 43,4 43,3 46,2

2003

(8_MBA)

2004

(13_MBA)

2005

(13_MBA)

2006

(14_MBA)

2007

(14_MBA)

RED: Masseverlust im Vergleich

Gesamtinput und -output;

UNB: Unbekannter Verbleib;

MBA: Mechanisch-biologische

Abfallbehandlung;

MA: Mechanische

Abfallbehandlung;

IND: Industrielle Mitverbrennung;

VWT: Stoffliche Verwertung;

DEP: Deponierung;

AV: Abfallverbrennung

MBT Waste Output (2003-2007)*

* max. 14 Anlagen

bilanziert

Quelle: Neubauer & Walter (2008)

Seite 21

Landfill Ordinance 1996 – Definition MBT

Art. 2 Definitions

26. Mechanico-biological pre-treatment is defined as a

combination of mechanical and biological operating processes used

in the pre-treatment of waste. The purpose of the mechanical

processes is to separate substances which are rather unsuitable for

biological treatment, interfering substances and pollutants, as well as

to optimize the biological degradation of remaining wastes by

increasing both availability and homogeneity. The purpose of the

biological processes is to degrade remaining organic substances to

the greatest extent possible (degradation and conversion of

biologically degradable substances) by the application of anaerobo-

aerobic or aerobic procedures. Mechanico-biologically pre-treated

waste is characterized by a marked reduction in volume, water

content and gas formation potential, as well as a significant

improvement in leaching and settlement behavior.

Seite 22

Landfill Ordinance – Amendment 2004

Annex 1 Limit values for pollutant contents for mass-waste

landfills:

improvement of biological treatment in MBT (quality and duration

of treatment)

Biological stability parameters were added as criteria for the

landfilling of MBT-derived waste on mass-waste landfills:

Respiration activity after 4 days (AT4) 7 mg O2/g TS

Gas generation by incubation test after 21 days (GS21) or

gas generation by fermentation after 21 days (GB21)

20 Nl/kg TS

Aim of limit values reduction of gas formation in landfills

> 90 % (compared to untreated waste)

Seite 23

Anaerobic test: Gas generation

in 21 days (Eudiometer)

Gas generation by incubation test (GS21)

Image source: ABF, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna

ÖNORM S 2027-2 (Draft 2011)

Seite 24

Aerobic test: Oxygen

consumption in 4 days

(Sapromat)

Respiration activity (AT4)

Image source: ABF, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna

ÖNORM S 2027-4 (Draft 2011)

Seite 25

Waste Management Act 2002

• Section 3: General Duties of Waste Holders

Important Contents:

• Section 4: Waste Collectors and Processors

• Section 6: Treatment Facilities

Art. 37 Authorisation and Notification Requirement for Stationary

Treatment Plants

Art. 39 Application and permit

Art. 57 Updating of Stipulations for IPPC Treatment Plants

Art. 60 Recording and Reporting Requirements for IPPC Treatment

Plants and Incineration or Co-incineration Plants

Art. 65 Detailed Provisions for Treatment Plants authorization to issue ordinances e.g. detailed provisions

regarding state-of-the-art equipment and operating modes for

treatment plants (e.g. landfills, MBT-plants)

Seite 26

Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and

procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to

Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC (2033/33/EG) –

“Landfill Decision”

Landfill Ordinance 2008

Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

of 5 April 2006 on waste – „Waste Framework Directive“

Council Directive 1999/31/EG of 26. April 1999

on the landfill of waste - „Landfill Directive“

For compliance with EU law:

Seite 28

Landfill Ordinance 2008 – Landfill Ban

Art. 7 Prohibition of Waste Disposal in Landfills

The disposal of the following types of waste is forbidden:

…

7. Wastes containing more than 5 percent by weight of organic

carbon (TOC); excepted therefrom shall be

…

f) Wastes from mechanical-biological treatment which are landfilled

in mass-waste landfills, in compliance with the limit values of

Annex 1 tables 9 and 10 and of Annex 4 part 2 chapter 4. The

mixing of wastes from mechanical-biological treatment with

materials or wastes of low calorific value, in order to meet these

limit values, is according to Art. 6 paragraph 2 inadmissible.

Seite 29

Limut values for the acceptance of MBT-derived wastes

on a mass-waste landfill:

Upper calorific value and

stability parameters Annex 1, Table 9

Content of the solids (total content) Annex 1, Table 9

Content in the aqueous eluate Annex 1, Table 10

Upper calorific value 6.600 kJ/kg TM

Respiration activity after 4 days (AT4) 7 mg O2/g TS

Gas generation by incubation test after 21 days (GS21) or

gas generation by fermentation after 21 days (GB21)

20 Nl/kg TS

Landfill Ordinance 2008 – Limit Values

Seite 30

Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and

procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article

16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC (Landfill Decision)

Waste acceptance procedure:

Waste Acceptance on Landfills

Basic Characterisation

Compliance Testing

On-site Verification

Seite 31

1. Basic characterisation:

Constitutes a full characterisation of the waste by gathering all the necessary

information for a safe disposal of the waste in the long term. Basic

characterisation is required for each type of waste.

2. Compliance Testing:

For waste streams; to determine if it complies with the results of the

basic characterisation and the relevant acceptance criteria

3. On-site Verification:

Waste delivered to a landfill shall be visually inspected before and after

unloading. The required documentation shall be checked. If necessary:

analytical test (appropriate rapid test methods)

Waste Acceptance Procedure

Seite 32

Landfilling of MBT-wastes Operation of landfills (Landfill Ordinance 2008)

Provisions for depositing wastes from MBT (Annex 3, Chapter 6.2)

To ensure better accessibility for vehicles and compactability, wastes from MBT

shall be emplaced as far as possible during dry weather;

Ensure a water content at depositing below the Proctor water content in order to

prevent excess pore-water pressure; avoid emplacement of wastes that are

too moist;

Landfill sections where waste is not deposited shall be temporarily covered

(minimise the entry of precipitation); durable intermediate covers shall not

result in the formation of barriers (no embedding of water);

if necessary horizontal and vertical drainage layers shall be provided; if possible,

connected to the base drainage system and the gas drainage layer of the

surface cover (allow draining and degassing of the landfill body);

Proof of stability: take into account the characteristics of the waste from MBT

(e.g. reduced tensile stresses, water regime and settling)

Seite 33

Generation of waste-compost

According to the Compost Ordinance, waste-compost:

Can be produced from (input materials: Annex 1 Part 3):

- Municipal waste and household-type industrial waste

delivered through the waste collection system (residual waste);

- municipal and industrial sewage sludge from wastewater

treatment (according to limit values in table 2);

- biogenic wastes that, in accordance with the Ordinance on the

separate collection of biogenic wastes, are exempted from the

obligation of separate collection due to their pollutant content.

Can be used only for (restricted application):

- Biofilter materials (exhaust gas treatment);

- As a mixing component to produce and maintain a recultivation

layer on landfills, except for excavated-soil landfills.

Seite 34

Community law

Landfill Directive

Council Directive 1999/31/EC of April 1999 on the landfill of waste,

amended by Directive 2011/97/EU as regards specific criteria for the

storage of metallic mercury considered as waste

Landfill Decision

Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and

procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Art.

16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31EC (2003/33/EC)

Seite 35

Reduction of biodegradable waste –

Art. 5 Landfill Directive (1999)

Biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced

Basis for the calculation of the reduction is the total amount of biodegradable

municipal waste

– produced in 1995 or

– the latest year before 1995 for which standardised EUROSTAT data is

available

Reduction targets:

To 75 % until 2006

To 50 % until 2009

To 35 % until 2016

MS may postpone the attainment of the reduction targets not exceeding four

years, if more than 80 % of the collected municipal waste is put on landfills in

the basis year

Seite 36

Judgment of the Court, C-6/03, 2005

1. It is not contrary to Article 5(1) and (2) that measures

– fix limits lower than those fixed by the directive, even if those limits call for

treatment by mechanical and biological processes or the incineration of

such waste before it is landfilled

– fix earlier time-limits

– apply not only to biodegradable waste but also to non-biodegradable

organic substances, and

– apply not only to municipal waste but also to waste that may be disposed

of as municipal waste.

2. If a measure of domestic law pursues the same objectives as a directive,

Article 176 EC authorises the minimum requirements laid down by that

directive to be exceeded. The Community-law principle of proportionality is

not applicable, inasmuch as other provisions of the Treaty are not involved.

Seite 37

Art. 5 Landfill Directive

Member States are completely free in their choice of

measures

The Landfill Directive states no hierarchy in treatment

options and

does not stipulate any quality standards for the several

treatment options (other Directives only partially –

WID)

The Landfill Directive just focuses on the reduction

targets