Land use and Land cover Change in parts of Punjab Satluj ... Professor, Center of Advanced Study in Geography, Panjab University, Chandigarh [email protected] ... changing

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 4, No 1, 2013

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on June 2013 published on August 2013 4

Land use and Land cover Change in parts of Punjab Satluj Floodplain

(India): A Geospatial Analytical Overview from 1975 – 2011

Harsimrat Kaur1 and Karanjot Kaur Brar

2

1- Research Scholar, Center of Advanced Study in Geography, Panjab University,

Chandigarh.

2- Professor, Center of Advanced Study in Geography, Panjab University, Chandigarh

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Land use and land cover change in part of Satluj flood plain is the analytical overview of the

changing Man - Environment relationship. This research theme includes two important

components i.e. land use/ land cover change (LULCC) and flood plain, which are having

functional interlinkages, as any change in land use and land cover patterns affects the

floodplain environment and itself gets affected. Impetus of this research theme includes the

analytical description of changing land use and land cover patterns in Satluj floodplain, with

the assessment of interlinked relationships, which are generated through anthropogenic and

natural processes. These relationships generate variability in land resource utilization, which

results into hazardous ecological implications and raise certain sustainability issues.

Analytical inventory of LULCC has been generated in geospatial environment, while

analyzing 1975 LANDSAT MSS and 2011 IRS P-6 LISS III images with ancillary data input

from Survey of India topographical sheets. LULC change detection patterns and change

detection matrix has been generated from resampled mutitemporal classified images, which

reflects human interventions in terms of development activities, which accentuates the

replacement of natural cover with human use. During 1975, distribution of natural cover

versus human use of land was 54.42% and 45.58% respectively, but with advent of increase

in population and technological advancement with Government initiatives through Five Year

Plans this natural cover shrunk to only 6.5%, whereas human employment on land was

expand and contributes 93.5% of this fragile flood prone flood plain area. This imbalanced

land resource utilization resulted into the hazardous ecological implications, which tend to be

framed under the broad theme of sustainability for reducing the impact factor of raised

concerned area specific issues.

Keywords: Land use, Land cover, Floodplain, Land change science, Landschaft, Human-

Environment relationship, Change detection matrix, Sustainability.

1. Introduction

Land use and land cover research theme emerged with an interdisciplinary interface, it is an

important aspect of land change science, which according to Turner II (2009) is the

reinvention of landschaft research. This German geographic tradition of Landschaft or

landscape considers the totality of things within a territory, by concentrating on human-

environment relationships (Arntz, 1999). This theme provides insight to the relational

dynamics of terrestrial surface with integration of their attributes and underlying processes

(Turner II and Robbins, 2008) and methodological advancement develop techniques for

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Land use and Land cover Change in parts of Punjab Satluj Floodplain (India): A Geospatial Analytical

Overview from 1975 – 2011

Harsimrat Kaur

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 4 Issue 1, 2013 5

studying this phenomena in geospatial environment, which analyze relationships through

identification of spectral similarities and differences within multidimensional spectral space

(Rindfuss et al., 2004). Spatial documentation of these linkages formed an inventory which is

helpful in framing the historical overview of changing patterns of land use and land cover.

Research work of over the last 100 years served to lay firm foundation for quantification and

analysis of horizontal and vertical related parameters of this theme. Many scholars such as

Lambin et al (2000); Verburg and Bond (2003); Overmars et al (2003); Parker (2003) and

Brown and Xie (2006) framed their themes in integrated modeling approach, while using

CENTURY, AGE, Ehrlich, FASOM, Adams, Riebsame, CLUE and Land Transformation

Model (LTM). This developments promotes the progressive growth of intensive

understanding of land use and land cover change theme, whereas extensive broadening had

been done through application of this methodology in different spatial units at varied scales.

Scholars such as Kates (1963) and Chiesa et al. (1975) analyzed LULCC parameters in

floodplain and watershed scale respectively. Wengert (1957) describes floodplain as a

physical unity of resources, which makes it attractive for regional development. This area

offers great advantages such as low slope, fertile soil and easy accessibility to water, which

acts as pull in factors for human interference and accentuates large scale changes in land use

and land cover. All these transformations and modifications result in the hazardous

ecological implications, which have been illustrated in scholarly work of Barbier (1997);

Turner (1998); Brar (1999); Moseley (2004); Rudel (2005); Coomes et al. (2008) and Brar

and Chandel (2011).

Present study is an exposition on land use and land cover change in Satluj floodplain with

identifying underlying causes and its ecological implications. It is evident from literature that

Satluj floodplain is having a long history of land modification for human use especially

agriculture, which can be traced through the historical period and it gained momentum during

the British period with the construction of canal networks and promoted through policy plans

in post independence when majority of agriculture expansion took place at the expense of the

natural environment. It is an attempt of documenting these changes.

2. Study area

The area selected for conducting the present study lies in the floodplain of the Satluj. The

Satluj emerges close to the Mansarovar lake in Tibet. After its origin it follows a

northwesterly course along the slopes of Kailash Mountain then bends south-west and makes

its way through the mountainous and hill topography till it enters the Shiwalik foothills near

Nangal, Punjab. At Ropar, it pierces the hills and enters the plains and here it takes a sharp

westward turn. At Harike it is joined by the Beas river; here it adopts a southwesterly course.

The Satluj separates the Bist Doab in the north from the Malwa tract in the South.

Our study focuses on a select part of the Satluj flood plain stretching from 30°52’ N to 31°03’

N and 75°39’ E to 76°30’ E latitudes and longitudes respectively. This natural entity covers

104275.1 hectares, which includes part of Phillaur tahsil of Jalandhar district, Nawanshahr

and Balachaur tahsils of Nawanshahr district, Rupnagar tahsil of Rupnagar district and

Ludhiana West, Ludhiana East and Samrala tahsils of district Ludhiana, Punjab (India).

3. Methodology and Data Sources

Data has been extracted from the multitemporal satellite images and toposheets. Key for

interpreting satellite imagery elements is as follows:



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Table 1: Interpretation Key for Understanding Satellite Imagery Elements

Elements Interpretation Technique* Description

Water Bodies Water bodies include those pixels

reflecting dark blue to light blue and

cyan colour in standard FCC.

This category comprises areas with

surface water in the form of ponds,

lakes, drains and canals etc.

Satluj River It appears light blue to dark blue in

colour.

This is a natural course of water

following a linear contiguous

pattern.

Vegetation Vegetation data is extracted by

using PCA and FCC combinations

It includes natural scrub and

grasses, plantation along roads,

railways, canals and green cover

associated with residential,

institutional and recreational areas.

Agricultural

Land

Pixel reflection varies from light red

to bright red and green in colour.

Area under this category follows

regular shape with scattered to

continuous pattern.

This category involves land under

crops, fallow, plantations and

aquaculture/ pisciculture.

Wetland Distinguished from other

waterbodies with the help of Survey

of India Toposheets.

It is permanent or seasonally water

saturated land.

Built Up It is having regular pattern and

appears in cyan colour.

This category includes urban and

rural settlements, transportation,

communication and recreational

utilities.

Barren Land It appears in greenish blue and

brown in colour with varying size

and irregular to discontinuous

shape.

It is a bare exposed land devoid of

vegetation.

Forest It exhibits bright red to dark red

colour, smooth to medium texture

and contiguous to non- contiguous

pattern.

This is categorized as reserved and

protected forest with the help of

Survey of India Toposheets.

Sandy Area It appears in white colour, varying

in size, regular to irregular in shape

with contiguous to linear pattern

It is accumulated along the river

banks.



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* Characteristics of colour reflection of pixels are with reference to standard False Colour

Composition (FCC).

LULCC inventory has been prepared in geospatial environment, which includes following

steps:

Figure 1: Land use and Land cover Change Inventory

4. Interpretation and Findings

4.1 Changing Phase of Land use and Land cover: 1975-2011

Land use and land cover change, which is also known as land change refers to the

modification of Earth surface. Land use is a description of how people utilize the land,

whereas land cover refers to the physical and biological cover over the surface of land (Ellis

and Pontius, 2010). There are two prevalent views of studying land use and land cover

change i.e. oriental and western. Present research is based on the oriental view, in which we

reconstruct land use change through land cover, whereas as per the western view scholars

reconstruct land cover change through land use change with passage of time.

Land use and Land cover Change Inventory

Ancillary

Data Input

Satellite Images

1975 LANDSAT MSS 2011 IRS P-6 LISS-III

Toposheets

Resampling

Unsupervised

Classification

Layers Generated

LULC 1975

LULC 2011

Transfer Matrix

Roads Railways

Drains

Canals Overlay

LULC Change Detection

Geospatial

Data Sources

Methodology

Techniques

Field Verification

Field

Survey



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4.1.1 Land use and Land cover Pattern during 1975

Table 2: Land use and Land cover Change in parts of Punjab Satluj Floodplain:

1975 – 2011 LULC Categories 1975 2011 LULCC (in

hectares) Area ( in

hectares)

Area (in %) Area ( in

hectares)

Area

(in %)

Water Bodies 211.11 0.2 150.96 0.14 -60.15

Satluj River 1472.97 1.41 2575.3 2.47 1102.33

Vegetation 16292.5 15.62 893.02 0.86 -15399.48

Agricultural Land 47057.11 45.13 91011.36 87.28 43954.25

Seasonal Wetland 1407.07 1.34 153.3 0.15 -1253.77

Perennial Wetland 215.03 0.2 12.2 0.01 -202.83

Built Up 469.5 0.45 6495.7 6.23 6026.2

Barren Land 32384.27 31.1 0 0 -32384.27

Forest (Reserved

Forest)

915.15 0.87 936.01 0.9 20.86

Forest (Protected

Forest)

468.61 0.44 390.2 0.37 -78.41

Sandy area 3381.74 3.24 1657.01 1.58 -1724.73

Total 104275.1 100 104275.1 100

Source: Data extracted from LANDSAT MSS 1975 and IRS P6 LISS III 2011 Satellite

Images.

Source: 1975 LANDSAT MSS satellite imagery and Survey of India Topographical sheets.

Figure 2: Land use and Land cover Pattern: 1975



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Layout of LULC for the year 1975 shown through table-2 and figure-2 reflects the initial

stage of development. During post Green Revolution period this natural fertile landscape

contributes its 45% share to agriculture with 34% wasteland. Vegetation covers 15.62% of

this natural entity and it was found along the drains, streams, canals, transportation routes and

within the dried path of water bodies. Water bodies and Satluj River contributes 0.2% and

0.41% of total Satluj floodplain area respectively. During that point of time sandy area along

the riverine path and related rivulets drainage covers 3381.74 hectare area. Perennial and

seasonal wetlands were located along the barren land and contribute 1.54% of total study area.

Scattered distribution of settlements away from main water body was well linked with each

other through cart tracks and minor roads and comprises 0.45% of floodplain area.

4.1.2 Land use and Land cover Pattern during 2011

With increasing population pressure and implementation of agricultural policies in this area,

its maximum share went to agricultural land with 87.28% followed by built up with 6.23%.

Formation of settlements on the margins of floodplain as shown in fig- 3 reflects the

extensive construction towards this flood prone area, whereas inherent natural characteristic

features i.e. wetland, vegetation and sandy area exhibit a diminishing trend with their 0.16%,

0.86% and 1.58% share respectively.

Source: 2011 IRS P-6 LISS III satellite imagery and Survey of India Topographical sheets.

Figure 3: Land use and Land cover Pattern: 2011



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4.2 Land use and Land cover Change Detection: 1975-2011

Post Green Revolution period is prominently followed by the development of agricultural and

infrastructural activities, which results into the spatial change and categorical transformation

of land use and land cover.

4.2.1 LULC Change Analysis

LULC layout comparison reflects increase and decrease of categorical coverage. Categories

with positive change from their respective 1975 coverage includes Agricultural land, Built up

and Satluj river area with 43954.25, 6026.2 and 1102.33 hectares increase respectively,

whereas Water bodies, Sandy area, Vegetation, Seasonal and Perennial wetland depicts

decrease in their coverage area by 60.15, 1724.73, 15399.48, 1253.77 and 202.83 hectares

respectively. Barren land was totally transformed into other categories. Forest area due to its

categorization under reserved and protected shows minute changes.

Source: 1975 LANDSAT MSS and 2011 IRS P-6 LISS III satellite imagery and Survey of

India Topographical sheets.

Figure 4: Land use and Land cover Change Detection: 1975-2011



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4.2.2 LULC Transformational Analysis

From 1975 to 2011, during these 36 years 58968.56 hectare area, which contributes 57% of

total study area faced locational categorical transformation. Fig-4 represents the spatial

transformation of LULC categories and Table 3 shows the analytical To-From

Transformational Matrix calculated from 1975 and 2011 satellite imageries. All the main

diagonal figures represent area with no change and off diagonal figures indicate change.

Rows represent LULCC origin/ source or change from figures i.e. LULC of 1975 and

columns indicate LULCC destination or change to figures i.e. LULC of 2011. Interpretation

from LULCC matrix reveals that some categories were 100% transformed, which includes

Barren land and Wetland with their more than 85% share transformed into Agricultural land

and more than 5% to Built up. Vegetation reflects 98% transformation with 88% area

transformed into Agricultural land and 6% to Built up. 82% Built up area was transformed to

Agricultural land. 23% Sandy area went under Satluj river due to its confined locational

attributes and 57% to Agricultural area. From Satluj riverine area, 63% transformed to

Agricultural land and 11% to Sandy area. 45% area, which was earlier under Water bodies

transformed to Agricultural land and its 32% area went to Vegetation. Agricultural land

depicts minimum spatial transformation with 8% and Forest area with its total 26%

transformation, 24% went to Agricultural land.

Table 3: Land use and Land cover Transformational Matrix: 1975-2011

Parenthesis values represent percentage.

Source: Data extracted from LANDSAT MSS 1975 and IRS P6 LISS III 2011 Satellite

Images.

Categories Water

Bodies

Satluj

River Vegetation

Agricultural

Land Wetland

Built

Up

Barren

Land Forest

Sandy

Area Total

Total

Transfer

Water

Bodies

41.93

(19.86)

0.35

(0.16)

66.8

(31.64) 95.3 (45.14)

0.23

(0.11)

6.5

(3.08) 0 0 0 211.11

169.18

(80.13)

Satluj River 5.86

(0.39) 313.14 (21.25)

49.8 (3.38)

926.99 (62.93)

0 14.7

(0.99) 0

2.07 (0.14)

160.41 (10.89)

1472.97 1159.83 (78.74)

Vegetation 34.96 (0.21)

342.43 (2.1)

285.01 (1.75)

14398.4 (88.37)

52.7 (0.32)

906.67 (5.56)

0 48.619 (0.29)

223.71 (1.37)

16292.5 16007.49 (98.25)

Agricultural

Land

27.87

(0.06)

361.38

(0.77)

173.1

(0.36)

43079.44

(91.54)

55.34

(0.11)

2995.2

(6.37) 0

105.926

(0.22)

258.85

(0.55) 47057.11

3977.67

(8.45)

Wetland 12.02 (0.74)

2 (0.12)

2.1 (0.13)

1438.28 (88.67)

7.02 (0.43)

147.43 (9.08)

0 12.24 (0.75)

1.01 (0.06)

1622.1 1615.08 (99.56)

Built Up 0.17

(0.03)

2

(0.42)

1.4

(0.29)

383.5

(81.68)

0.11

(0.02)

75.07

(15.99) 0

6.739

(1.43)

0.51

(0.11) 469.5

394.42

(84.01)

Barren

Land

25.57

(0.07)

776.95

(2.4)

156.71

(0.48)

28432.34

(87.79)

48.49

(0.14)

2294.31

(7.08)

0 129.02

3

(0.39)

520.88

(1.61) 32384.27

32384.27

(100)

Forest 0 3.05

(0.22) 0

336.32

(24.30)

0.63

(0.04)

20.62

(1.49) 0

1018.19

(73.58)

4.946

(0.35) 1383.76

365.56

(26.41)

Sandy Area 2.58

(0.07) 774

(22.88) 158.1 (4.67)

1920.79 (56.79)

0.98 (0.03)

35.2 (1.04)

0 3.398 (0.1)

486.69 (14.4)

3381.74 2895.048

(85.6)

Total 150.96 2575.3 893.02 91011.36 165.5 6495.6 0 1326.2

1 1657.0

1 104275.1

58968.56 (56.55)



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4.3 Human-Environment Interface in Satluj Floodplain: Issues for Sustainability

Flood plain area which is although fertile due to inherent characteristics of resource richness

is also vulnerable to frequent flood incidences. It is having some identical components, which

is everywhere common to that natural landscape, which includes riverine area, forest cover,

natural drains, wetlands, parallel streams, oxbow lake and wasteland. All these categories

reduced to its area once it’s started experiencing human intervention. Spatial analytical

overview extracted from 1975 and 2011 satellite imagery provides statistical figures to above

descriptive explanation. Earlier there was dominance of natural cover but with advent of

increased population and advancement of technology promotes the transformation of land

cover to land use. Total area under land cover is 54.42%, whereas land use categories shared

45.58% of total 1975 LULC area. But this was not a static situation; it shows reduction of

natural cover with inclusion of human habitation and related activities with promotional

development works, which includes increase in road density from 1.04 Km/ Sq Km to 1.75

Km/ Sq Km. Distribution and development of transportation utilities depicts that road length

has increased, roads and railway lines with bridge were formed and embankment was made

along both sides of the river (Fig 2 & 3). Earlier cart tracks with 1.01 Km/ Sq Km density

provide linkages to inhabited area are now replaced by metalled roads.

All these developments are the outcome of the government policy plans, Government has

done tremendous work for the promotion of agricultural activities since first Five Year Plan,

which includes, reclamation of wasteland; conservation of soil; expansion of irrigation,

power and transport facilities; abolition of intermediary tenures; formulation of price policies;

Utilization of HYV seeds and chemical fertilizers and pesticides; establishments of

cooperative societies for the upliftment of rural economy; consolidation of small land

holdings; provisions were made for the promotion of agricultural research; strengthening of

marketing, processing, value addition infrastructure and providing subsidies in agricultural

inputs such as power, water and fertilizers.

Implementation work of these policies reflects through the formulation of anthropogenic

drains and Bist doab canal for channelizing the river water for the promotion of intensive

agriculture approach. All these human efforts in the form of development of resource

utilization activities laid fruits in the form of extensive and intensive dominance of human

land use with 93.5% over natural cover, which left with their meager contribution i.e 6.5% of

total area.

All these changes in land use and land cover have resulted in certain area specific problems

such as disappearance of wetlands and riparian vegetation, reduction in land productivity,

change in precipitation and rainfall at local to regional scale, change in run-off, increase in

soil salinity and waterlogging, decline in groundwater level, problem of soil and water

pollution and flood risk to standing crops and inhabited areas etc. All these implications raise

certain issues of sustainability with regard to land resource utilization. Fig 5 shows interlinks

and causal relationships of land use and land cover change with water resource, biota, soil

resource and climate change, specific to the study area.



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Figure 5: Interlinkages between LULCC, Water, Soil, Biota and Climate

When population of an area increased, its related requirements of goods and services also

increased, which tend to made pressure on already existed resources and hence due to certain

human limitations of natural resource production they attracted towards the exploitation of

fragile landscapes for fulfilling this hunt. Human kind is regularly developing new methods

and techniques for expanding and intensifying land resource utilization especially agriculture.

This, no doubt provides food, but all that is at the loss of natural cover. Many natural habitats

have vanished and consequences are loss of biodiversity, extensive use of fertilizers,

pesticides and insecticides alter the chemical composition of soil and degrade its quality,

faulty irrigation practices unnecessarily saturates some area and increase salinity, on the other

hand water extracted area faced depletion in aquifer level. These entire human generated

modifications and transformations cumulatively affects the climatic variables, which further

accentuates the need for change in patterns and trends of land resource utilization. Thus, this

circular interlikages establishes a frame, which helps in analyzing the changing direction of

Human- Environment relationships.

5. Conclusion

This part of Satluj floodplain provides a suitable platform for analyzing and understanding

the LULCC, as this area faces implications of Green Revolution and allied activities with

promotional Government initiatives through Five Year Plans, that results into the change in

land use and land cover patterns, which increase the fragility of this zone, as this area

experiences flood incidences, which leads to the tremendous ecological and economic loss.

Thus, all raised issues need to be framed collectively with firm base of human- environment

integrity under the umbrella of sustainability.

6. References

1. Arntz, K., (1999), Landscape: A forgotten legacy, Area, 31, pp 297–299.

WATER RESOURCE

Change in ground water level.

Surface and ground water pollution.

Flood plain inundation.

BIOTA

Increase in population and

advancement of technology.

Change in land cover e.g.

deforestation and disappearance of

wetlands.

Change in land use e.g. intensive

agriculture and location of built- up

land etc.

CLIMATE CHANGE

Change in precipitation and temperature

regime

SOIL RESOURCE Soil degradation

LULCC

IN FLOOD

PLAIN AREA



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2. Barbier, E. B., (1997), The economic determinants of land degradation in developing

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http://www.eoearth.org/profile/Erle.ellis

http://www.eoearth.org/profile/Robert.pontius



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Land use and Land cover Change in parts of Punjab Satluj ... Professor, Center of Advanced Study in Geography, Panjab University, Chandigarh [email protected] ... changing