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fhzpfis
mwpe;J
nfhs;Nthk;mDruiz
INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;
Disclaimer:“This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Transparency International Sri Lanka and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.”
© gjpg;Gupik nfhz;lJ. ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fis gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ/ntspapLk; NghJ buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh epWtdj;jpd; vOj;J %ykhd mDkjp ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
gjpg;Gupik:
INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; cjtpAld; ,e;j gjpg;G jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j gjpg;gpd; cs;slf;fq;fs; buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fhtpd; jdpg; nghWg;GilajhFk;. ve;jnthU tifapYk; INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fshf fUjg;glf; $lhJ.
Kjy; gjpg;G 2012
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh
,y 6> 37MtJ xOq;if
,uhzp tPjp> nfhOk;G 03
njhiyNgrp: 011 4369781
njhiyefy;: 011 2506419
kpd;dQ;ry;: [email protected]
ISBN: 978-955-1281-53-3
MrpupaH FO:
jpU. G. D fPHj;jp fkNf (,yq;if epHthf Nrit)
jpU. R .M .S .B ,uj;dhaf;f (,yq;if epHthf Nrit)
jpU. E. M .M Vf;fehaf;f (,yq;if epHthf Nrit)
jpU. D .A mre;j FzNrfu (,yq;if epHthf Nrit)
jpU. S th`ytj;ij (,yq;if epHthf Nrit)
jpU. R. A jpyf;fuj;d (,yq;if epHthf Nrit)
fhH^d;- jpU. gpay; cja rkutPu
gf;f tbtikg;G- jpU. `upj j`ehaf;f
,izg;ghsH- jpU. fahd; ypadNf
xOq;fikg;ghsH- jpU. rhe;j FyJq;f
fhzpfis
mwpe;J
nfhs;Nthk;
cs;slf;fk;:
fhzp Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp - 1
jiytupd; nra;jp - 2
1. fhzp vd;gjid Gupe;J nfhs;Nthk; - 3
2. nghJ kf;fSf;F kw;Wk; epWtdq;fSf;F fhzpfis
gfpHe;jspg;gjpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s rl;lq;fs; vit? - 9
3. murpd; fhzpf;fhf toq;fg;gLk;
(mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; / fhzp cWjp) - 15
4. mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; Clhf kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk;
Clhf fpilj;j fhzpia mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; - 26
5. mDkjpg; gj;jpu gpujpnahd;iw ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; - 32
6. fhzp cupik khw;wy; (tpw;wy;)> mlF itj;jy; - 35
7. tho;f;if cupik - 46
8. fhzp msj;jy; - 54
9. fhzpg; gpur;rpid - 61
,izg;Gf;fs; - 69
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 1
fhzp Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp
mur fhzpfis ntFthf gad;gLj;Jgtu;fs; tul;rp epyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; kpfTk; twpa kf;fNsahFk;. mtu;fspd; [PtNdhghak; ngupJk; jq;fpapUg;gJ murhy; toq;fg;gLk; fhzpfspNyahFk;. vdpDk; ,e;j kf;fSf;F fhzp njhlu;ghd tpguq;fspy; ghupa mwptpd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.mjdhNyNa jkf;F mtrpakhd fhzpfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpYk; jkf;F toq;fg;gl;l fhzpfis ghtpg;gjpYk; cupa mwptpd;ik fhuzkhf gy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;fpd;whu;fs;.,jd; fhuzkhf ,J njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfis Kuzhd tifapy; mZFtjd; fhuzkhf gy rq;flq;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ftij vkJ mDgtj;jpd; thapyhf fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
njhlu;ghly; mgptpUj;jpapd; fhuzkhf jw;NghJ kf;fSf;F ,yFthf jfty;fis ngw;W nfhs;sf;$bajhf cs;;sJ vdpDk; f~;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; ,j;jifa Vio kf;fSf;F mj;jifa trjpfs; ,d;Dk; KOikahf nrd;wilatpy;iy. Clfq;fspd; thapyhf ,jw;fhd tpguk; toq;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gpDk; Vida gpupTfSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ ,j;Jiw ,d;Dk; gpd;jq;fpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt ,e;j tpguq;fis kpfTk; ruskhd tifapy; Gupe;J nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapy; Kd;itj;J mur fhzpfs; ghtpg;gJ njhlu;ghf njspTWj;Jk; ,e;j ifEhy; fhyj;jpd; Njitahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
gy;NtW ru;tNjr njhz;lu; epWtdq;fs; ekJ ehl;bd; mur epu;thfj;jpid gy;NtW tifapy; tpku;rpj;J mjd; Fiw epiwfSf;F Vw;g ehl;bd; epiyia tifg;gLj;jp jkJ Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;s Jbf;Fk; ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; ,USf;F xspA+l;Lk; tifapy; buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lu;nerdy; epWtdk; [Nuhg;gpa A+dpadpd; mDruidAld; nraw;gLj;Jk; ,f;fhupak; kpfTk; ghuhl;lj;jf;fjhFk;.,e;j ifEhiy tbtikg;gjw;F mDgtk; kw;Wk; jq;fs; Nkyhu;e;j mwpT Xj;Jiog;gpid toq;fpa ,yq;if epu;thf Nrit mjpfhupfs; mWtUf;Fk; vdJ ghuhl;Ljy;fis njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.,e;j ifEhiy jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;J ntspapl Kide;jpUg;gJ jkpo; NgRk; kf;fSf;F kpfTk; gpuNahrdkhdjhFk;.,j;jifa rpwe;j gzpapid epiwNtw;w Kide;J ,jw;F gq;fspg;G ey;fpa rfyUf;Fk; ,j;jifa Kaw;rpfSf;F nkd;NkYk; rf;jpAk;> ijupaKk; fpl;Ltjw;F gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.
R.G.R uh[gf;]
fhzp Mizahsu; ehafk;
2 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
jiytupd; nra;jp
,e;jg; Gj;jfk; Vd; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ?
,yq;ifauhd vkf;F ,Ug;gJ kpfTk; rpwpa ehlhFk;. ehl;bd;
rdj;njhifAld; xg;gpLk; NghJ> vkf;F epyk; vd;gJ ngWkjp kpf;f
nrhj;jhFk;. vkJ gz;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; epyk; vd;gJ tho;thjhu
topahf khj;jpuk; ,y;yhJ> vkf;F r%f mq;fPfhuj;ij ngw;Wj; jUk; xU
mk;rkhf cs;sJ. Mdhy;> vkJ ehl;L kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdtHfSf;F
fhzp njhlHgpy; ,Uf;Fk; newpKiwfs;> rl;lq;fs; Fwpj;J Nghjpa
Gupe;JzHT ,y;iy. tpNrlkhf> vkJ ehl;bd; tlkj;jpa> Cth kw;Wk;
fpof;F khfhzq;fisr; NrHe;jtHfs; mjpfkhf trpg;gJ murhq;fj;jpd;
fhzpfspNyahFk;. murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpia Kfhik nra;tjpy; gy;NtW
rl;lq;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nghJkf;fs; jkJ fhzp rhHe;j
mur flikfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd Gupe;JzHT
,d;ikahy;> gy;NtW rpf;fy;fis vjpHNehf;Ffpd;wdH. buhd;];Ngud;]p
,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh epWtdk; fle;j fhyj;jpy; Kd;ndLj;j “nghJ
kd;wk;” epfo;r;rpfs; gytw;wpy;> nghJkf;fs; vjpHNehf;Fk; gpujhd rpf;fyhf>
fhzp rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidfs; ntspg;gl;ld. mNjNtis> fhzpfs;
njhlHgpy; nghJkf;fSf;F tpopg;GzHtpid Vw;gLj;JkhW gy;NtW
epWtdq;fs;> mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; egHfs; vk;kplk; Nfhupf;if tpLj;jpUe;jdH.
mj;Jld;. gpuNjr epHthfj;jpw;F mika fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; njhlHgpy;
ehk; Kd;ndLj;j Ma;Tfspy; nghJkf;fs; Fwpj;j tplak; njhlHgpy;
jfty; mwpahjtHfshf cs;sikapd; fhuzkhf> gpur;rpidiaj; jPHj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,yQ;rk; toq;f NeHe;jikiaAk;
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdH. ,t;thwhd gy gpur;rpidfisj; jPHg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpapd;
xU mq;fkhf ,e;j ifE}y; ntspahfpd;wJ.
,e;j fhzpg; gpur;rpidfis vjpHNehf;fpAs;s ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs;
fpuhkg;Gwq;fisr; NrHe;jtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wikapdhy;> kpfTk; vspa>
ruskhd nkhop eilapy; ,e;j ifE}y; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh epWtdj;jpw;fhf ,e;j
ifE}y; tbtikg;gpy; mwpTrhH gq;fspg;G toq;fpa ,yq;if epHthf
Nrit mjpfhupfshd G. D. fPHj;jp fkNf> R. M. S. B. ,uj;dhaf;f> E. M. M. Vf;fehaf;f> D. A. mre;j FzNrfu> S. th`ytj;ij> R. A. jpyf;fuj;d MfpNahUf;Fk;> rpwe;j fhH^d; rpj;jpuq;fis tiue;J je;Jjtpa gpay;
cja rkutPu mtHfSf;Fk;> ,e;j Kaw;rpf;F jkJ caupa gq;fspg;gpid
toq;fpa vkJ nraw;FOtpidr; NrHe;j midtUf;Fk; vd;Dila
ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
M. D. A. n`uy;l;>
jiytH>
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 3
1. fhzp vd;gjid Gupe;J
nfhs;Nthk;
fhzp vd;gJ ek; midtUf;Fk; ngWkjp kpf;f nrhj;jhFk;.
capUf;F mLj;jjhf cyfpy; cs;s midtUk; kjpf;Fk;
tplakhf fhzp vd;gJ cs;sJ. mt;thNw fhzp vd;gJ
ehshe;jk; ngWkjp mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; xU nrhj;J MFk;.
vdNt> fhzp kw;Wk; mJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l rl;ljpl;lq;fis mwpe;J
nfhs;tJ kpfTk; gaDs;sjhFk;. Kjyhtjhf> ehk; fhzp
xd;wpd; tiffis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
jdpahu; fhzp
,tw;iw guk;giu topapy; te;j fhzpfs;> jdpg;gl;l fhzpfs;>
epe;j`k; vd;Wk; miog;gH. mj;Jld;> tp`hufk;> Njthyfk;
fhzp vdTk; fhzp tiffs; cs;sd.
murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp
mjhtJ> ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; cupj;Jila ,lkhFk;.
4 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; mjd; gpd;dH
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhzp tpLg;G fl;lisr; rl;lk;
vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapNyNa fhzpfs; ,t;thW ,uz;L
tiffshf gpupf;fg;gl;ld. gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ehl;by; ,Ue;j
fhzpfs; Fwpj;J tprhuizfs; elj;jg;gl;L> kf;fs; jkJ
cupikfis cWjp nra;j fhzpfis jdpahu; fhzpahfTk;>
Vidait murhq;f fhzpahfTk; xJf;fg;gl;ld.
fhzp vd;gjpy; epyk;> mjw;Fs; mike;Js;s kuq;fs;> jhtuq;fs;
kw;Wk; fl;llq;fs; vd;gd cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
,e;j ifE}ypy; ehk; murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp njhlHgpNyNa mjpf
ftdk; nrYj;jTs;Nshk;.
1.1 ,e;jf; fhzpfis gpupj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tJ
vt;thW?
,q;Fjhd; vkf;F epy msitahsH jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk;
mtHfsplk; cs;s epy tiuglk; (Plan) vd;gd Kf;fpakhfpd;wd.
fhzpnahd;W jdpahu; fhzpah my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpah
vd;gjid rupahf milahsk; fhz;gjw;F> Fwpj;j fhzp
rk;ge;jg;gl;l tiuglj;jpid Muha;e;J ghHj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
epy tiuglq;fspy; murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp kw;Wk; jdpahH fhzp
vd;gd jdpj;jdpahf Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. tiuglj;jpy; xt;nthU
fhzp njhlHghd jfty;fSk; njspthf gl;bayplg;gl;bUf;Fk;
(fhzpg; gq;Ffspd; gl;bay; my;yJ FbapUg;G gl;bay;
(Tenement List)). MdhYk;> rpy fpuhkq;fspy; ,e;j tiuglk;
,Jtiu jahupf;fg;gltpy;iy.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 5
1.2 mur fhzp kw;Wk; jdpahH fhzp vd;gtw;iw
vt;thW gpupj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tJ?
NkNy tpsf;fpajd; mbg;gilapy; murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp kw;Wk;
jdpahH fhzp vd;gtw;iw gpupj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F epy
msitahsH jpizf;fsj;jpd; tiuglj;jpid gad;gLj;jyhk;.
tiuglj;jpd; Clhf fhzp murhq;fj;jpdjh> jdpahUilajh
vd;gjid khj;jpuNk mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. fhzp cupikahsH
ahH vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l fhzp cWjp
/ mDkjp gj;jpuj;jpid gupNrhjpj;J fz;lwpayhk;.
jdpahH fhzpahapd; mjd; nghUl;L nehj;jhup]pdhy;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhzp cWjp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j fhzp
cWjp cz;ikahdjh vd;gjid 30 tUlq;fSf;fhd fhzpapd;
Fbtop gjpTfis (Pedigree) Muha;tjd; %yk; fz;lwpayhk;.
mjd; nghUl;L jFjp tha;e;j nehj;jhup]; my;yJ rl;lj;juzpapd;
cjtp mtrpakhFk;. mjw;fhd rl;luPjpahd Mtzq;fs; fhzp
cupikahsuplk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;>mJ khtl;l fhzp
gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
ve;jnthU egUk; gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpy; fhzp cWjpapd; tk;r
gjpTfis gupNrhjpj;Jg; ghHf;f KbAk;. jk;kplk; cs;s fhzp
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mtzq;fis gad;gLj;jpNa mjid Kd;ndLf;f
KbAk;. cupikahsH my;yhj re;jHg;gj;jpy;> rl;lj;juzp my;yJ
nehj;jhup]; xUtupd; cjtp mtrpakhFk;. tk;r gjpTfspd;
gpujpfSf;fhf khtl;l gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpy; Kj;jpiu
fl;lzj;ij toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mjid NjLtjw;F ,yFthf
,Ug;gpd; xNu ehspy; G+Hj;jp nra;ayhk;. jk;kplk; cs;s fhzp
cWjpapd; efy;gpujpiaAk; gjpthsH jpizf;fsj;jpy; Kj;jpiu
fl;lzk; nrYj;jp ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
1.3 murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp
murhq;f fhzpia gy gFjpfshf gpupf;f KbAk;.
1. gfpHe;jspf;ff; $ba fhzp
2. gfpHe;jspf;f Kbahj fhzp
gfpHe;jspf;ff; $ba fhzp vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid Kjypy;
ghHg;Nghk;. NtW tpNrl nraw;ghLfSf;fhf xJf;f Kbahj
gfpHe;jspg;gjw;F jFjpahd fhzpfNs ,t;thW miof;fg;gLk;.
,it gpuNjr nrayhsupd; nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; (,it Kd;dH
MSeupd; fhzp vd miof;fg;gl;lJ). ,t;thW gfpHe;jspf;ff;
$ba fhzpfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit gfpHe;jspf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld.
gfpHe;jspf;ff; $ba fhzpfs; rpwpa mstpNyNa vQ;rpAs;sd.
murhq;fj;jpd; rhHgpy; ,e;j fhzpfis gfpHe;jspf;ff; $ba
gy epWtdq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; fhzp MizahsH ehafk;>
khfhz fhzp MizahsH> gpuNjr nrayhsH> tPlikg;G
mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig> efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig> ,yq;if
kfhtyp mjpfhu rig> fhzp kWrPuikg;G Mizf;FOr; rig
Nghd;wit cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
Mdhy;> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs;
midj;Jk; fhzp gfpuy; rl;ljpl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa>
fhzp gfpHjiy Kd;ndLg;gH. mjw;F ntspNa> jd;dpr;irahf
fhzp gfpHe;jspg;gjw;F vtUf;Fk; mjpfhuk; fpilahJ.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 7
1.4 nghJ fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
nghJf; fhzpfs; vd;gJ nghJ kf;fspd; eyd; fUjp
xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fshFk;. ,tw;iw rl;ltpNuhjkhf ifg;gw;wy;
my;yJ jdpahH Njitf;F gad;gLj;jy; vd;gd r%fj;jpw;F
tpNuhjkhd nraw;ghlhFk;. mt;thwhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; mjw;F
vjpHg;G njuptpg;gJ [dehaff; flikahFk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l tiuglq;fis gupNrhjpj;J> fhzp Fwpj;J eltbf;if
vLf;Fk; mjpfhupfis (rdj;njhif fzf;nfLg;G mjpfhup>
fpuhk NrtfH) Ma;e;J> Fwpj;j fhzp nghJf; fhzpah vd;gjid
mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
nghJf; fhzpfis ghJfhg;gjw;F ePq;fs; mspf;ff; $ba
gq;fspg;G:
1. rl;ltpNuhj Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfsplk; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;gjw;F
nraw;gly;.
2. rl;ltpNuhj Mf;fpukpg;ghsHfis gpbg;gjw;F my;yJ
,aYkhapd; mtHfis mfw;Wtjw;F murhq;f
mjpfhupfSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;fy;.
3. nghJf; fhzpia ghJfhg;gjw;F murhq;f mjpfhupfSf;F
xj;Jiog;G toq;fy;.
1.5 gfpHe;jspf;f Kbahj fhzpfs; vd;git vit?
gfpHe;jspf;f Kbahj fhzpfs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgit>
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fshFk;. mjhtJ ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba>
kdpjHfspd;> jdpegHfspd; ghtidf;F toq;f Kbahj my;yJ
toq;ff; $lhj ,lq;fshFk;.
8 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
gfpHe;jspf;f Kbahj ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ,lq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;:
1. td tpyq;F ghJfhg;G ,lq;fs; (mghafukhd gFjp /tdtpyq;F ruzhyak;)
2. tdg; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsj;jpw;F cupj;jhd ,lq;fs;
(tdg;gFjp)
3. mfo;thuha;r;rp gFjpfs; / topghl;L jyq;fs;4. tbfhyikg;G ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ePH ghrdk; (MW> mUtp>
ePH tPo;r;rp> Fsk;)
5. neLQ;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; jz;lthsq;fs;
6. fiuNahu kw;Wk; JiwKfk;
7. ,aw;if tsq;fs; (Fj;Jr; rha;Tldhd fhzp)
8. nghJf; fhzpfs; (nfhy;iyg; Gwk; /tpisahl;L ikjhdk; / kahdk; / neUg;G rpW Jis / fhw;W rpW Jis)
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 9
2.nghJ kf;fSf;F kw;Wk;
epWtdq;fSf;F fhzpfis
gfpHe;jspg;gjpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s
rl;lq;fs; vit?
murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpfis nghJ kf;fSf;F my;yJ
epWtdj;jpw;F rl;luPjpahf toq;Ftjw;F mjpfhuk; toq;Fk; gy
rl;lq;fs; cs;sd.
1. fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lk; (L.D.O)2. mur fhzp fl;lisr; rl;lk; (C.L.O)3. fhzpr; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk;.
4. fhzp kWrPuikg;G Mizf;FOr; rig rl;lk;.
5. Njrpa tPlikg;G mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig rl;lk;.
6. efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig rl;lk;
7. khfhz fhzp epajpr; rl;lk;.
,e;j xt;nthU rl;l Vw;ghLfs;> cj;juTfs; kw;Wk;
tpjpKiwfspy; me;je;j epWtdq;fs; nghJkf;fSf;F fhzpapid
toq;Ftjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; njspthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mjdbg;gilapy;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l fl;lisr; rl;lq;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Vw;ghLfSf;F mikaNt me;je;j fhzpfs;
epHtfpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
2.1 murhq;fj;jpd; rhHgpy; nghJf; fhzpfis
epHtfpf;Fk; gy epWtdq;fs; cs;sd. mit
gpd;tUkhW:
1. *fhzp MizahsH ehafk; jpizf;fsk; / khfhz
fhzp MizahsH jpizf;fsk;
2. *gpuNjr nrayfk; 3. *kfhtyp mjpfhu rig
10 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
4. *fhzp kWrPuikg;G Mizf;FOr; rig
5. *Njrpa tPlikg;G mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig
6. *efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig
7. td tpyq;F ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsk;
8. tdg; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsk;
9. mfo;thuha;r;rp jpizf;fsk;
10. fhzp tpLg;G mspj;jy; jpizf;fsk;
11. fiuNahu ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsk;
12. uapy;Nt jpizf;fsk;
13. ePHg;ghrd jpizf;fsk;
14. neLQ;rhiyfs; jpizf;fsk;
15. Kg;gilfs;
16. ,yq;if JiwKf mjpfhu rig
17. ,yq;if KjyPl;Lr; rig
,tw;wpy; kf;fSf;fhf fhzpia gfpHe;J toq;ff; $ba mjpfhuk;
nfhz;litahf el;rj;jpu FwpaPL toq;fg;gl;l jpizf;fsq;fs;
cs;sd. Vida epWtdq;fSf;F jk;trk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l
fhzpfis guhkupg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk; khj;jpuNk cs;sJ.
2.2 jdpegUf;F> epWtdj;jpw;F fhzp ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fk;
1. trpg;gjw;F
2. gapHr;nra;iff;F
3. tHj;jf eltbf;iffSf;F
4. njhopy; eltbf;iffSf;F
5. nghJ eltbf;iffSf;F
6. kj eltbf;iffSf;F
7. ghupa mstpyhd nray;jpl;lq;fSf;F
8. KjyPl;L rigapd; mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;l nray;jpl;lq;fSf;F
(jdpegUf;F Nky; Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;F xU gFjp fhzp
toq;fg;gl;bUg;gpDk;> NtW Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk; kw;WnkhU
fhzpg; gFjpf;F tpz;zg;gpf;f KbAk;).
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 11
2.3 murhq;f fhzpia ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F ,Uf;f
Ntz;ba jFjpfs; vit vdg; ghHg;Nghk;
1. trpg;gjw;F my;yJ gapHr;nra;iff;F jk;kplk; fhzp
,y;yhjtHfs;. trpg;gjw;fhapd; murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpia
xU Kiw khj;jpuNk ngw KbAk;.
2. ,jw;F Kd;dH murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J fhzpiag;
ngwhjtHfs;
3. ePq;fs; jpUkzk; Gupe;jpUg;gpd;> cq;fSf;F gps;isfs;
,Ug;gpd; fhzp fr;Nrupapy; gjpT nra;J fhzpg; gFjpia
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F tpNrl jFjpiag; ngWtPHfs;.
2.4 murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpnahd;iw ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ
vt;thW?
murhq;fj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fhzpnahd;iw cq;fSilajhf;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;F tpUk;GtPHfshapd;> Kjyhtjhf gpuNjr nrayfk;
my;yJ mjpfhupfSf;F tpz;zg;gj;jpid ifaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpuNjr nrayhsH Fwpj;j tpz;zg;gjhupia gjpT nra;jjd;
12 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
gpd;dH> fr;Nrupf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;JthH. vdpDk;> ,jd; nghUl;L
gfpHe;jspg;gjw;F jFjpahd ,lk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw>
vq;fhtJ fhzp gfpHe;jspg;gJ Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhz;lhy;>
mjw;Fk; tpz;zg;gj;jpid rkHg;gpf;fyhk;.
Kd;dnuy;yhk; kf;fs; mUfpy; cs;s ntw;wplq;fis jk; trk;
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;thHfs;. mjd; gpd;dH mjpfhupfSf;Fr; nrhy;yp
mjw;F Vw;whw; Nghy; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;.
,d;W mt;thwhd ntw;wplj;ij fz;L gpbg;gJ vd;gJ
,yFthdJ my;y. kpfTk; tuz;l gpuNjrq;fspNyNa jw;NghJ
mt;thwhd ntw;W epyq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mg;gFjpfspy;
nghJ trjpfs; vJTk; ,d;ikahy;> nghJkf;fSf;F me;j
,lq;fspy; ehl;lk; ,y;iy. nghJ trjpfs; Nghjpastpy; cs;s
gpuNjrq;fspy; mj;jpahtrpa ghJfhg;G ,lq;fs; gFjpnahd;W
,Ue;jJ. vdpDk;> ,jid ifg;gw;WgtHfs; rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dhy;
nry;tjw;F NeHe;jJ. vdNt> ePq;fs; rl;luPjpahf ,lnkhd;iw
ngw Ntz;Lkhapd; ntw;wplk; cs;s gpuNjr nrayfg; gFjpia
milahsk; fz;L> mjw;fhd tpz;zg;gg; gj;jpuk; xd;wpid
jahupj;J gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUk;
tifapy; ,e;j eilKiwia gpuNjr nrayhsH Kd;ndLg;ghH:
1. cq;fSila tpz;zg;gg; gj;jpuj;jpid nghWg;ngLg;ghH
2. fpuhk NrtHfs; my;yJ fhzp rk;ge;jg;gl;l MNyhrfupdhy;
guprPyid Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;.
3. Muk;g fhzp guprPyidf;F cq;fis miog;gH
4. Muk;g fhzp guprPyidapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;ltHfs;>
fhzp MizahsH ehafk; my;yJ khfhz fhzp
Mizahsuplk; mDg;gp mDkjp ngw;Wf; nfhz;L fhzp
fr;Nrup xd;iw elj;JtH.
5. fhzp fr;Nrupapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l gl;bay; fhl;rpf;F
itf;fg;gLk;.
6. vjpHg;G kw;Wk; Nkd;KiwaPl;bid tprhuiz nra;J
,Wjpg; gl;baiy fhl;rpg;gLj;JtH.
7. mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; toq;FtH.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 13
,e;j tifapy; tptrhag; gpuptpdUf;F my;yJ mjpf tUkhdk;
ngWgtHfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; fhzpapd; msT gpd;tUkhW:
• trpg;gjw;F 20 NgHr;r];
• tptrhaj;jpw;Fk;> trpg;gjw;Fk; miu Vf;fH (80 NgHr;r];)
• tUlhe;j ngUk;Nghfr; nra;iff;F xU Vf;fH
• ePHg;ghrd trjpAldhd tptrha epyj;jpw;F 1 ½ Vf;fH
2.5 fhzpf; fr;Nrup vd;why; vd;d?
fhzpf; fr;Nrup vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtJ> murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpia
gfpHe;jspg;gjw;fhf elj;jg;gLk; gfpuq;f tprhuizahFk;.
fhzpf; fr;Nrupapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;ltHfspd; ngaH tpguk;>
Kd;nkhopjy; kw;Wk; vjpHg;G njuptpj;jYf;fhf gfpuq;f ,lj;jpy;
mwptpj;jyhf ntspaplg;gLk;.
,e;j mwptpj;jiy Ma;T nra;J> jFjpaw;wtHfs; njupT
nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd; mjw;fhd vjpHg;gpid fbjk; my;yJ jk;kplk;
midj;J jFjpfSk; ,Ue;Jk; njupT nra;ag;glhik Fwpj;j
Nkd;KiwaPl;bid rkHg;gpf;f KbAk;. mjd; gpd;dH Nkd;
KiwaPLk;> vjpHg;G mwpf;ifAk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;L ,Wjpapy;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l ngaH tpguq;fs; kPz;Lk; gfpuq;fkhf
mwptpj;jy; nra;ag;gLk;. me;j gl;baypy; ,Uf;Fk; egHfSf;F
gpuNjr nrayhsH Clhf mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk;.
14 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
2.6 fhzpf; fr;Nrup nraw;gLjy;
1. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mbg;gil trjpfSila egHfs;>
jkJ jfty; mlq;fpa tpz;zg;gg; gj;jpuk; xd;iw
jahupj;J> gpuNjr nrayhsuplk; xg;gilj;J jk;ik gjpT
nra;J nfhs;tJ rl;l nraw;ghlhFk;. ,e;j gjpT nra;jy;
mz;ikapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU eilKiwahFk;.
2. gpuNjr nrayhsuhy; elj;jg;gLk; fhzp fr;Nrupf;F
r%fkspg;gJ cq;fSila nghWg;ghFk;.
3. fhzpf; fr;Nrupapd; Clhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l egHfspd;
ngaHfs; mlq;fpa Muk;g njupT gl;bay;> gpuNjr
nrayhsupdhy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLk;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l
egHfSf;fhf kWg;G my;yJ Nkd;KiwaPL ,Ug;gpd;
14 ehl;fSf;Fs; fhzp MizahsH my;yJ fhzp
MizahsH ehafj;jpw;F Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
4. mjd; gpd;dH kWg;G Fwpj;j guprPyid elj;jg;gl;L ,Wjp
njupT gl;bay; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLk;. njupT gl;baYf;fhf
egHfsplk; nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; (epahjd rhjd gj;jpuk;)
toq;fg;gLk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 15
3. murpd; fhzpf;fhf toq;fg;gLk;
(mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; / fhzp cWjp)
murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpf;fhf gytpjq;fspy; rl;luPjpahd Mtzq;fs;
toq;fg;gLk;.
mit gpd;tUkhW:
1. KjyhtJ tUlhe;j mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; (murhq;fj;jpd;
fhzp fl;lisr; rl;lk;)
2. mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ mj;jhl;rpg; gj;jpuk; (fh. m. f.
mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; (L D O mDkjpg; gj;jpuk;))
tUlhe;j mj;jhl;rpg; gj;jpuk; vdg;gLtJ xU tUlj;jpw;F khj;jpuk;
toq;fg;gLk; mj;jhl;rpg; gj;jpukhFk;. murhq;f fhzpfSf;fhd
fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,J toq;fg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf epue;jukhd
cWjpnahd;iw NfhUtjw;F cupik ,y;iy. epue;jukhf cupik
toq;fg;gl Kbahj re;jHg;gq;fspNyNa ,t;thwhd tUlhe;j
mj;jhl;rpg; gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
16 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
,it jw;fhypf Mtzq;fshf ,Ug;gJld;> mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy;
tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s epge;jidfs; kPwg;gLkhapd;> mDkjpg;
gj;jpuj;jpd; cupikahsUf;F Kd;$l;bNa mwptpg;gjd; Clhf
mjid ,uj;Jr; nra;a KbAk;. ,e;j mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy;
gpuNjr nrayhsH ifnahg;gkpl;bUg;ghH. mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd;
efy; gpujp kw;Wk; gjpNtl;L gpujp vd;gd gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy;
itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. kfhtyp mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;
cs;s fhzpfSf;fhd mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis tjptpl tpahghu
KfhikahsH toq;FthH. mNjNtis> ,e;j Mtzq;fspd;
efy; gpujpfs; tya mYtyfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd epge;jidfis G+Hj;jp nra;jjd;
gpd;dH> murhq;fj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; ed;nfhil cWjp
(nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk;) ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cupik> me;j
mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis itj;jpUg;gtHfs;/cupikahsHfSf;F
fpilf;Fk;. ,e;j cWjpia toq;Fk; NghJ> fhzpf;F vy;iyf;
fw;fs; itj;J> vy;iy tFf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mDkjpg;
gj;jpuj;jpy; jkf;F gpd;dH cupj;JilatHfspd; ngaiu Fwpg;gpl
KbAk;.
3.1 gpk;rtpa epfo;r;rp
cq;fsplk; cs;s ve;jnthU ,lj;jpdJk; cupikia tYg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tJ ,e;j epfo;r;rpapd; Clhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j epfo;r;rpapd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk; cWjpg; gj;jpuk; rhd;wpjohf
fUjg;gLk;.
cupikr; rhd;wpjo; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; cq;fsplk;
fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• ifAjpHj;jy; cWjpg; gj;jpuk;
• Rje;jpu cWjpg; gj;jpuk;
• RtHzG+kp / [aG+kp / ,RU G+kp / ud;gpk cWjpg; gj;jpuk;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 17
gpk;rtpa epfo;r;rpapd; %yk; cq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; gyd;fs;:
1. ePq;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; ,lj;jpd; mstply; eltbf;ifia
Kd;ndLj;J> tiuglk; jahupj;jy;.
2. fhzpf;F cWjpg; gj;jpuk; toq;fy;
3. ePq;fs; tptrhapahapd; tpiutpy; cq;fSf;F cWjpg;
gj;jpuk; toq;fy;
4. cq;fsplk; cs;s epyj;jpw;F gpur;rpid ,Ug;gpd;> mjw;F
jPHT fhzy;
5. cq;fSf;F cupikr; rhd;wpjo; fpilj;jy;.
cupikr; rhd;wpjo; %yk; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;:
1. gpur;rpidfs; mw;w fhzpahf khwy;
2. kw;nwhU egUf;F khw;Wjiy ,yFthf nra;af; $bajhf
,Uj;jy;
3. tq;fpapdhy; ,yFthf fld; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $baik
4. ,yq;ifapd; ve;jnthU fhzp gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpYk;>
cq;fSila fhzp njhlHgpy; jfty; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
tifapyhd re;jHg;gk; fpilf;fpd;wik
5. KiwNflhd tifapy; cq;fSila fhzpf;F Nghyp
gj;jpuk; jahupf;f ,ayhik.
3.2 mDkjpg; gj;jpu cupikahsH nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk;
fhzp cWjpia) ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vt;thW?
mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy; ,Uf;ff; $ba epge;jidfis cq;fshy;
epiwNtw;w KbAkhapd;> nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; / fhzp cWjpia
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F gpuNjr nrayhsuplk; tpz;zg;gpf;f
KbAk;. ,t;thwhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; gpuNjr nrayhsH> khtl;l
epy msit mj;jpal;rfUf;F> mjw;fhd cj;juit gzpj;J>
fhzpia mstpl;L vy;iyf; fy; mikg;gjw;F eltbf;if
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpuNjr nrayhsUf;F epy msitahsH
mj;jpal;rfupd; epy msit tiuglk; fpilj;jjd; gpd;dH>
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;ij jahupf;f KbAk;.
18 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
3.3 fhzp cWjpg;gj;jpuk;
fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd;
fhzp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; my;yJ fhzp gpujhd (tpNrl
Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,J toq;fg;gLk;.
fhzp cWjpg;gj;jpuk;; vd;gJ [dhjpgjpapdhy; gpui[ xUtUf;F
toq;fg;gLk; cWjpg; gj;jpukhFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l
mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; epge;jidfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;jtHfSf;F
khj;jpuNk fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
cWjpg;gj;jpuk;; toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;j cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid
toq;Ftjw;F Kjypy; msitapayhsupd; tiuglj;jpid
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Fwpj;j ,lj;jpid mstpl;L vy;iyf;
fw;fs; itf;fg;gl;l tiuglkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ fhzp
tiuglj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. tiuglj;jpd; gpufhuk;
fhzpapd; vy;iy kw;Wk; msT vd;gd Jiz Mjhuq;fshf
tpsf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. (rpy fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dH toq;fg;gl;l
gy [aG+kp nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuq;fSf;F> md;W fhzg;gl;l
rl;lj;jpw;F mika tiuglk; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;). nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpuj;jpy; rpy epge;jidfSk;> ,uz;L fhg;GWjp Vw;ghLfSk;
cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk;. ,e;j epge;jidfSf;F Vw;g fhzpia
kpfTk; rpwpa mstpy; gq;fplf; $ba msTk; Fwpg;glg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
,e;j nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpy; [dhjpgjpapd; ifnahg;gj;jpd;
efy; ,lg;gl;L> rptg;G epwj;jpy; Kj;jpiu gjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
,e;j nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpid ngWk; egUf;Fg; gpd;dH>
mtuJ tho;f;if Jizf;F (kidtp / fztd;) fhzpapd;
cupik fpilf;Fk;. mJ tho;f;if cupik vd Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpu cupikahsUf;F ,e;j fhzpf;fhd mLj;j
cupikahsH ahH vd;gjid ngauplTk; KbAk;. ,t;thW mLj;j
cupikahsiu ngauplhj re;jHg;gj;jpy; tho;f;if Jizf;F
(fztd; my;yJ kidtp) tho;f;if cupikapd; gpd;dH> %j;j
Mz; gps;isf;F fhzp cupik cupj;jhFk;. gpuNjr nrayhsuplk;
ngw;w mDkjpapd; gpd;dH ,e;j fhzp cupik khw;wy; my;yJ
tpw;gid Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; cupik
khw;wy; fhzp gjpthsH mYtyj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. Kjw; gpujp jtwtplg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; my;yJ mopTWk;
gl;rj;jpy; me;j mYtyfj;jpy; cWjp nra;ag;gl;l gpujpia
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 19
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. cupikapy; khw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; vy;yh
re;jHg;gq;fspYk; mjid gjpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3.4 murhq;fj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Vida rl;l
Mtzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjp (mur fhzpfs; fl;lisr;
rl;lk;)
2. nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; (gpujhd Mtzk; / fhzp cWjp) ,it
fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLk;.
(,it RtHz G+kp / [a G+kp / uj;d G+kp / ,RU
G+kp / ud;gpk vd fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; gy;NtW ngaHfspy; toq;fg;gLk;).
3. Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; (mur fhzpfs; fl;lisr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo;)
4. epahjd rhjd gj;jpuk; (fhzp gpujhd tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo;)
5. cupikg; gj;jpuk; (cupik gjpT nra;jy; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;)
6. r%f cWjp (tpfhiufSf;fhf murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp
fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;)
7. mDgtpj;jy; cj;juT (murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp fl;lisr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; khfhz cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSf;fhf)
rupahd ghijapy; nrd;why;…
rptuhkd; fLk; rpf;fy; xd;iw vjpHNehf;fpAs;shH.
tq;fpapy; mlF itj;j fhzp %o;fg; Nghfpd;wJ.
mt;thW elf;Fkhapd;> jw;NghJ rptuhkDk; mtuJ
kidtp> gps;isfSk; trpf;Fk; tPLk; mtHfsJ
ifapy; ,Ue;J eOtpg; NghFk;. thlif tPl;by;
trpf;fg; Nghfpd;Nwhk; vd epidf;Fk; NghJ neQ;R
milg;gJ Nghy; ,Ug;gjhf rptuhkd; czUfpd;whH.
jhk; r%fj;jpy; thOk; Kiwf;F> ,j;jid
trjpAldhd tPl;bid tpl;Lr; nry;tJ> jkf;F
vt;thwhapDk;> jkJ gps;isfspdhy; xUNghJk;
20 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
jhq;fpf; nfhs;s KbahJ vd;gjid rptuhkd;
mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jhH.
rptuhkd; fle;j fhyj;ij epidj;Jg; ghHj;jhH.
jhk; ,e;j fhzpia tpiyf;F ngw;w tpjk;
Fwpj;Jk;> mjw;fhd fhzp cWjpia ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;F nrd;w tpjk;
Fwpj;Jk; mtUf;F epidTf;F te;jJ. gpuNjrj;jpy;
midtuhYk; ed;F mwpag;gl;ltuhd rptuhkd;>
gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w NghJ> mq;Fs;stHfs;
jkJ Njitia cldbahf nra;J jUtjw;F
vLj;j Kaw;rp epidTf;F te;jJ. murhq;fj;jpd;
Cjpak; ngWk;> nghUshjhu uPjpahf tYthd
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; jkf;F mjpfhupfs; xd;wpize;J
[aG+kp fhzp cWjpia jahupj;J nfhLj;jikAk;
epidTf;F te;jJ. jkJ tUkhdj;jpw;F mika
me;j fhzp cWjpiag; ngWtjw;F mtUf;F jFjp
,y;iy vd;gJk;> [aG+kp fhzp cWjp tUkhdk;
Fiwe;jtHfSf;F toq;fg;gLtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk;>
mtH mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mjpfhupfSk; mtUf;F
njspT gLj;jtpy;iy. vdpDk;> jkJ jFjpf;F
mika murhq;f fhzp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; fhzp ngWtjw;F mjpf fhyk; nry;Yk;
vdj; njuptpj;jikapdhy;> tup nrYj;JkhW
njuptpj;jikapdhy; [aG+kp fhzpiag; ngWtjw;F
jhk; tpUg;gk; njuptpj;jikAk; jpiug;glk; Nghy;
mtuJ fz; Kd;dhy; tpupe;jJ.
vdpDk;> jw;NghJ rptuhkd; vjpHNehf;fpAs;s
gpur;rpidia vt;thW jPHg;gJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J
Fog;gkile;Js;shH. MNyhrid ngWtjw;Fk;>
jkf;F fhzp cWjpia jahupj;J je;j mjpfhupfs;
gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; flikapy; ,y;iy. [aG+kp
fhzp cWjp fpilj;jTld;> mjid tq;fpapy;
mlF itj;J> Fwpj;j fhzpapy; ghupa tPnlhd;iw
fl;bdhH. mjpy; xU gFjpapy; trpj;j mNj
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 21
re;jHg;gj;jpy;> Rw;Wyh tpLjpnahd;whf kw;iwa
gFjpia gad;gLj;jp te;jhH. vdpDk;> ePbj;j Aj;j
#o;epiyapdhy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUif
Fiwtila fld; jtizia nrYj;j KbahJ
NghdikAk;> mjidj; njhlHe;J fhzpia tpw;gid
nra;tjw;F tq;fp mwptpj;jy; tpLj;jikAk; mtuJ
epidtpw;F te;jJ.
tq;fpapy; jhk; ngw;w fld; njhifia tpl>
fhzpapd; ngWkjp mjpfk; vd;gjdhy;> ,lj;ij
thq;Ftjw;F gyH Kd;te;j NghjpYk;> mJ
[aG+kp fhzpahf ,Ug;gjdhy;> gpd;thq;fpr;
nrd;W tpl;ldH. vdpDk;> ePz;l fhy Fj;jiff;F
fhzpnahd;wpidg; ngw;wpUe;jhy;> tpUk;gpa
re;jHg;gj;jpy; me;j cupikia NtnwhUtUf;F
vOjpf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk;> jdJ gpur;rpidia
,yFthf jPHj;J> fpilj;j gzj;jpy; Ntwplj;jpy;
rpwpa fhzpia thq;fpapUf;fyhk; vd ,g;nghONj
mtUf;Fg; Gupfpd;wJ.
Mdhy;> jw;NghJ tq;fpapdhy; fhzp tpw;gid
nra;ag;gl;L> fld;fs; milf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dH
vQ;rpAs;s gzj;ij ngWtJ khj;jpuNk xNu
topahFk;. vdpDk;> me;j gzk; iff;F tUtjw;F
vj;jid ehshFNkh vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; rptuhkd;
ftiyaile;Js;shH.
3.5 ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuk;
ahUf;F toq;fg;gLk;?
ve;jnthU egUk; my;yJ epWtdKk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbAk;. mjpf tUkhdk; ngWgtHfs;> eLj;ju tHf;fj;jpdH>
murhq;f CopaHfSf;F ,e;j Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mt;thNw> efug; gFjpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;
22 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
murhq;fj;jpd; ve;jnthU ,lj;jpw;Fk; ePz;l fhy Fj;jifNa
toq;fg;gl KbAk;. ,e;j cWjpg; gj;jpuk; toq;fg;glf; $ba
Njitfs;:
• jq;Fkpl tpLjpfSf;F
• tHj;jf ,lq;fSf;F
• njhopy; ,lq;fSf;F
• tptrhaj; njhopy; ,lq;fSf;F
• mikg;G ,lq;fSf;F
• NtW epWtdq;fSf;F
3.6 ePz;lfhy Fj;jifjhuHfis vt;thW
milahsk; fhz;gJ?
1. ,J murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> Fj;jif ngWgtUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
cld;gbf;ifahFk;.
2. Fj;jif ngWgtH gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba gy epge;jidfs;
,jpy; cs;sd.
3. toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba jpdk; kw;Wk; Fj;jif njhif
vd;gd Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;
4. epy msitahsupdhy; rhd;wspf;fg;gl;l tiuglKk;>
cWjpg; gj;jpuj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
5. epy msitahsH ehafj;jpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l epy
tiuglj;jpy; fhzpapd; vy;iyfs; kw;Wk; msT vd;gd
Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
6. nghJthf Fj;jif 30 tUl fhyg;gFjpf;F toq;fg;gLk;.
(Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; Fj;jif fhyk; NtWgLtJld;>
Ke;ija fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tUlj;jpw;fhd Fj;jif
,jd; fPNo toq;fg;gLk;).
7. ,J ,U jug;gpdUf;F ,ilapyhd cld;gbf;ifahf
,Ug;gJld;> Fj;jif ngWgtupd; kw;Wk; [dhjpgjpapd;
ifnahg;gk; ,lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> Kjw;gpujpapy;
rptg;G epwj;jpy; murhq;f Kj;jpiu (Embossed Seal) gjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
8. ,e;j Fj;jif cWjp gj;jpuj;jpid gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpy;
gjpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 23
3.7 Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; vdg;gLtJ vd;d?
jq;Fkpl eltbf;iff;fhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ePz;lfhy Fj;jif
cWjp gj;jpuj;jpw;Nf Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk;.
NtW eltbf;iffSf;fhf toq;fg;gl;l ePz;l fhy Fj;jif
cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpw;F Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gl
khl;lhJ.
1. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; [dhjpgjpapd; gzpg;gpd; Ngupy;>
NtW NjitfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l fhzpfSf;F Rje;jpu
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; toq;fg;glyhk;. vdpDk;> mt;thwhd
re;jHg;gq;fs; kpf mupJ.
2. ,e;j Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpy; ve;jnthU
epge;jidfSk; cs;slq;fhJ. fhzpia ngWgtH ehl;bd;
ePjpfSf;F Vw;wthW fhzpia gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
3. ,jd; fPo; fhzpapd; cupikia khw;wy;> gq;fply;> mlF
itj;jy; vd;gd ,aYk;.
4. msitahsupdhy; toq;fg;gl;l ‘O’ tpsf;fg;glk; (Outright Diagram) nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
5. [dhjpgjpapd; efy; ifnahg;gk; ,lg;gl;L> rptg;G epwj;jpy;
murhq;f Kj;jpiu gjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
6. ,e;j nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpid fhzp gjpthsH
mYtyfj;jpy; gjpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jidj; jtpu murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp tPlikg;G mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu
rig my;yJ efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig (fhzpfis nghJ
kf;fSf;F gfpHe;jspg;gjw;fhf) Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpd;
Clhf cupikia ifaspf;f KbAk;. mt;thW toq;fpajd;
gpd;dH me;j epWtdq;fs; nehj;jhup]; cWjpg; gj;jpuk; Clhf
mjd; fhzpg; gFjpfis nghJkf;fSf;F toq;f KbAk;.
24 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
3.8 nghJ eltbf;iffSf;fhf toq;fg;gLk;
fhzpfSf;fhd Mtzk;
tpfhiufs; / kj epWtdq;fs; / nghJr; rq;fq;fs; my;yJ
mikg;Gf;fSf;fhf fhzp ngwy;.
gy;NtW nghJ eltbf;iffSf;fhf fhzp ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
Njit cs;s epiyapy; mjd; nghUl;L gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba
eilKiwfs; cs;sd. Kjyhtjhf> mjd; nghUl;L jFjpahd
fhzpg; gFjpnahd;iw milahsk; fhz Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd
mikg;G my;yJ epWtdj;jpd; tpz;zg;gj;jpid gpuNjr
nrayfk; my;yJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhupfSf;F mDg;gp
itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpuNjr nrayhsH> Fwpj;j fhzpia
ed;whf gupNrhjid nra;J> Nfhug;gl;Ls;s fhuzj;jpw;F
me;j fhzp nghUj;jkhdjh vd;gjid murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp
fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mwtplf; $ba Fj;jif njhifia
(rpwpastpyhd Fj;jif njhif) khj;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L
ePz;l fhy Fj;jiff;F toq;Ftjw;fhd mDkjpia> nfsut
mikr;rpd; Clhf toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;if vLg;ghH.
3.9 fhzp kWrPuikg;G Mizf;FOr; rigaplk; cs;s
fhzp (L.R.C. fhzp)
fhzp kWrPuikg;G Mizf;FO rigapd; trk; cs;s fhzp
murhq;fj;jpd; ,lky;y. gfpHe;jspg;gjw;F jFe;j ,lq;fis
milahsk; fz;L mit murhq;fj;jpd; ,lq;fshf
mwptpf;fg;gLk;.
fPNo Fwpg;gpl;l trjpfis toq;Fk; egHfsplk; ,e;j fhzp
ve;jtpjkhd mwtPLk; ,d;wp toq;fg;gLk;.
1. ,yq;if gpui[ahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
2. fhzp ,y;yhj egHfshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
3. 18 tajpid G+Hj;jp nra;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. fhzp mike;Js;s fpuhk NrtfH gpuptpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk;
VO tUlq;fs; njhlHr;rpahf epue;ju gjptpid
Nkw;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;
5. Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWgtHfshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 25
3.10 epahjd rhjd gj;jpuk; Clhf fhzp ngw;w
cq;fSila nghWg;Gf;fSk;> flikfSk;
• NkjF [dhjpgjpapdhy; ifnahg;gk; ,lg;gl;L cq;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; kpfTk;
ngWkjp kpf;f Mtzkhf ,Ug;gJld;> mjid ghJfhf;f
Ntz;baJ cq;fSila gpujhd nghWg;ghFk;.
• cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpid
ed;F thrpj;J Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.
• cq;fSila ngaH my;yJ fhzpapd; vy;iy my;yJ
mstpy; NtWghL ,Ug;gpd; nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpid>
gpuNjr nrayhsuplk; toq;fp jpUj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.
• cq;fSf;F fpilj;Js;s ,lj;jpid ed;F mgptpUj;jp
nra;jy;.
• cq;fSila fhzpf;fhf mLj;j cupikahsuhf
xUtH my;yJ gyiu ePq;fs; ngaupl KbAk;. Mdhy;>
cq;fSila fztH/kidtp my;yJ ,uj;j cwTfis
khj;jpuNk ePq;fs; ngaupl KbAk;.
• cq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dH cq;fSila fhzpapd; KOikahd
cupikAk; cq;fSila fztH/kidtpf;Fr; nry;Yk;.
• fztd;/kidtpf;Fg; gpd;dH fhzpapd; cupik cq;fshy;
ngauplg;gLk; mLj;j cupikahsUf;F my;yJ
cupikahsHfSf;F cupj;jhFk;.
• ePq;fs; mLj;j cupikahsupd; ngaiu Fwpg;gplhtpl;lhy;>
fztd;/kidtpf;Fg; gpd;dH cq;fSila %j;j
Mz; gps;isf;F fhzp cupj;jhFk;. Mz; gps;is
,y;iynad;why; %j;j ngz; gps;isf;F fhzp cupj;jhFk;.
,uj;j cwTs;s xUtUf;F ,e;j fhzpia cupik khw;w
Ntz;Lkhapd;>gpuNjr nrayhsH Clhf khfhz fhzp
MizahsH / fhzp MizahsH ehafk; Kd;dpiyapy;
rkHg;gpj;J mDkjp ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
26 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
4.mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; Clhf kw;Wk;
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; Clhf
fpilj;j fhzpia mgptpUj;jp
nra;jy;
murhq;fj;jhy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w fhzpia mgptpUj;jp nra;tJ>
mjidg; ngWgtuhy; fl;lhak; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba tplakhFk;.
mt;thW mgptpUj;jp nra;ahjtplj;;J> me;j fhzpf;fhd
cupkj;ij gpuNjr nrayhsH ,uj;Jr; nra;ayhk;.
gapHr;nra;iff;fhf toq;fg;gl;l ,lkhapd;> mjpy; epue;ju gapH
kw;Wk; FWfpa fhy gapHfis tpijj;J> mjd; nraw;ghLfis
rpwg;ghf Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nrw;W epykhapd; mtw;iw tskhd
epykhf khw;Wtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 27
tjptjw;fhf toq;fg;gl;l ,lkhapd;> mjpy; tPL> kyry $lk;>
fpzW Nghd;wd epHkhzpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;
my;yJ tpahghuj;jpw;fhf toq;fg;gl;bUg;gpd;> mq;F njhopy;
my;yJ tpahghuk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tjptjw;fhf toq;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; jdpahd tPLfs; rpy
mikg;gjhapd;> mjd; nghUl;L Fwpj;j fhzp gFjpfshf
gpupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf msit jpl;lkply;> Fwpj;j
khfhz cs;@uhl;rp epWtdj;jpy; mDkjpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
mjd;gpd;dH> epHkhzpf;fg;gLk; fl;ll jpl;lkplYk; Fwpj;j
khfhz cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspdhy; mDkjpaspf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. mDkjp toq;fg;glhJ epHkhzpf;fg;gLk; fl;llq;fis
mfw;Wtjw;fhd mjpfhuk; khfhz cs;@uhl;rp mikg;Gf;fSf;F
cs;sJ. gpd;dH> mfw;wg;gLk; fl;llk; Fwpj;J mDkjp ngw
Kaw;rpg;gjw;F> mghuhjj; njhif mwtplg;gLk;.
rpy khfhz cs;@uhl;rp mikg;Gf;fspy; tupg;gz vy;iyf;F
ntspNa mike;Js;s gpuNjrq;fspy; epHkhzpf;fg;gLk;
fl;llq;fSf;F fl;ll epHkhzj; jpl;lkply; mDkjp
toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ.
4.1 murhq;f fhzpnahd;whapd; cq;fSila
nghWg;Gf;fSk;> flikfSk;
1. fhzpia ed;F mgptpUj;jp nra;J ehl;bd; cw;gj;jpf;F
gq;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. fhzpapd; eyid ghJfhg;gjw;fhf rpwe;j cu tiffis
gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. fhzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; epyj;jpw;F eyd; tpistpf;ff;
$ba capupdq;fspd; mopTf;F fhuzkhd jP itj;jy;
jtpHf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
4. mjpfsthd fpUkpehrpdpfs;> fisehrpdpfs; kw;Wk;
,urhad cuq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjid jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. Rw;Wr; #oy; rkepiy ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tifapy; epyj;jpid
gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
6. Ntyp vy;iyf; fw;fs; kw;Wk; vy;iyf; fw;fis ed;F
guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
28 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
7. ePq;fs; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L tjptjw;F
my;yJ gapHnra;tjw;F fhzp cWjpg; gj;jpuk; ngWtjw;F
Kaw;rpg;gPHfshapd;> vy;iy msitahsupdhy; fy;
itj;J Gs;spaply; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW xU gpuNjrj;jpy;
vy;iy fy; itj;J jahupf;fg;gLk; tiuglk; ,Wjpahd
fpuhk tiuglkhFk;. fy; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhzpapy; rpy
re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,aw;if fhuzq;fshy; fy; fod;W Nghjy;
kw;Wk; jd;dpr;irahf cile;J Nghjy; vd;gtw;iw
mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,t;thwhd re;jHg;gq;fspy;
kPz;Lk; vy;iy milahsq;fis mikj;J jUkhW
gpuNjr nrayhsuplk; Nfhupf;if tpLf;fyhk;. ,jd;
nghUl;L nraw;gLgtHfs; fr;Nrup msitahsHfs; vd
miof;fg;gLtH. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; ,e;j eltbf;if
murhq;f msitahsHfshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;. Jupjkhf
ePq;fs; ,e;j eltbf;ifia Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lkhapd;>
gpuNjr nrayhsupd; mDkjpAld;> jdpahH msitahsiu
gad;gLj;jp> fl;lzk; nrYj;jp Kd;ndLf;f KbAk;.
4.2 cq;fs; trk; cs;s fhzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; kuq;fis
gad;gLj;j KbAkh?
cq;fs; trk; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;Jld;
fhzpapy; cq;fshy; gapHnra;ag;gl;l kuk; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifj;
jhtuq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;jHg;gq;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy;>
,e;j eltbf;ifia ngUk;ghYk; vr;rupf;ifAld; Kd;ndLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ cWjpg; gj;jpuk; ,y;yhj
fhzpfspy; fhl;L kuq;fis xUNghJk; mfw;w KbahJ.
kuq;fis mfw;Wtjhapd;> Kjyhtjhf fpuhk NrtfH Clhf
gpuNjr nrayhsupw;F Nfhupf;if Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd;
gpd;dH gpuNjr nrayhsH my;yJ cjtp gpuNjr nrayhsH
Fwpj;j gFjpf;F tUif je;J Muha;e;J eltbf;if vLj;J> kuk;
ntl;LtJ njhlHghf mDkjp gj;jpuk; toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;if
vLg;ghH.,e;j mDkjpapd;wp kuj;ij ntl;b my;yJ mUfpy;
itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> tdg;ghJfhg;G mjpfhup / fpuhk mjpfhup
my;yJ Fbrd mjpfhup my;yJ nghyp]hH te;J> cq;fsplk;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 29
cs;s kuq;fis ifg;gw;WtJld;> cq;fis ifJ nra;a
KbAk;. ePq;fs; ,t;thW cq;fs; fhzpapy; ntl;L kuq;fis>
thfdj;jpy; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd jdpahd mDkjpg; gj;jpuk;
ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW kuj;ij fhzpapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L
nry;tjw;fhd mDkjpaspg;gjw;F tUif jUk; mjpfhupapd;
gupe;Jiu fbjj;ij> gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; rkHg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jil nra;ag;gl;l tif kuq;fis fhzpaypUe;J ntspapy;
nfhz;L nry;tjw;F (fUq;fhyp> Njf;F> ghiy> Ntk;G Nghd;wd)
td mjpfhupfs;> gpuNjr nrayhsH kw;Wk; khtl;l td
mjpfhupfspd; (DFO) mDkjpiag; ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.
4.3 murhq;f fhzp kjpg;gply; kw;Wk; fhzp tup
mwtply;
xU egUf;F murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpg; gFjpfis toq;Ftjpy; mjd;nghUl;lhd
tUlhe;j tup mwtply; ,lk;ngWk;. fhzp toq;fg;gLk; gpujhd
re;jHg;gj;jpy; gpuNjr nrayhsH Clhf me;j fhzp njhlHgpy;
cj;Njr kjpg;gPL Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L> mjd; ngWkjpapd;; 4%
tUlhe;j fhzp tupahf mwtplg;gLk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> fhzpia Fj;jiff;F toq;FtJ nfsut fhzp
mikr;rupd; mDkjp toq;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dH> ,e;j fhzpia
Kiwahf kjpg;gPL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; nghUl;L gpuNjr
nrayhsupdhy; kjpg;gPL elj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tUlk; kw;Wk;
fhzpapd; cWjpahd ngWkjp kw;Wk; tiugl gpujp vd;gd
khfhz kjpg;gPl;lhsUf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;. mjd; gpd;dH
gpujhd kjpg;gPl;L mjpfhupfs; Fwpj;j fhzpf;F tUif je;J
kjpg;gPl;bd; NghJ Muha;e;J ghHf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fis
ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L fhzpapd; ngWkjpia gpuNjr nrayhsUf;F
Fwpg;gpl;L mDg;gp itg;gH. mjd; gpd;dH nfsut mikr;rupdhy;
mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;lthW tup njhif kw;Wk; mguhjj; njhif
my;yJ jtiz Kjy; ,Ug;gpd;> mjid Fj;jifjhuUf;F
gpuNjr nrayhsH mwptpg;ghH.
30 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
tup mwtpLtjpy; fhzp gad;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpw;F
Vw;g kjpg;gPl;L ngWkjpapd; mwtpLk; rjtPjk; NtWgLk;.
ntspg;gilahf jq;Fkpl eltbf;iff;fhf kjpg;gPL ngWkjpapd;
4% Mf mwtpl;lhYk;> Gz;zpa eltbf;iffSf;F kjpg;gPl;L
ngWkjpapd; ½% khj;jpuNk mwtplg;gLk;.
,J jtpu NtW gy;NtW eltbf;iffSf;F kjpg;gPL
jpizf;fsk; Clhf fhzpfSf;F my;yJ fl;llq;fSf;F
kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; re;jHg;gq;fs; cs;sd. kjpg;gPl;L
jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; kjpg;gPL ngWtJ gpuNjr nrayhsupdhy;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; cj;jpNahfg;G+Ht gzpahf ,Ug;gJld;>
jdpahf murhq;f fhzpf;fhd kjpg;gPl;bid ngWtjw;F tha;g;G
,y;iy.
mt;thNw> me;j kjpg;gPL njhlHgpy; jpUg;jp milahjtH>
mJ Fwpj;j Nkd;KiwaPl;bid gpujhd kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd
fhuzq;fSld; rkHg;gpf;f KbAk;. ,e;j Nkd;KiwaPl;bid
gpuNjr nrayhsH ClhfNt Kd;ndLf;f KbAk;.
mjidj; jtpu gpuNjr nrayhsH ClhfTk; fhzp ngWkjp
kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;fhd re;jHg;gk; cs;sJ. ngWkjpia
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; NghJk;> rhd;wpjo; tpepNahfpf;Fk; NghJk;
me;j nraw;ghL Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;. egHfspd; NtWgl;l
NjitfSf;fhf gpuNjr nrayhsupdhy; nrhj;J kw;Wk; tUkhd
rhd;wpjo; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk;. tpNrlkhf> tUkhdj;jpid
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F> ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gpiz itg;gjw;Fk; nrhj;J
rhd;wpjo; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; fhzp
kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; NghJ> gpuNjr nrayhsupdhy; fhzpapd;
msT> mjd; vy;iy fhzp Clhf Kd;ndLf;ff; $baJld;>
mgptpUj;jpapy;> fhzpf;fhd gpuNtr top> ePH> njhiyNgrp>
kpd;rhuk; Nghd;w mbg;gil trjpfs; Fwpj;J mtjhdkhf
,Ue;Nj fhzp kjpg;gPL Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 31
4.4 fhzp njhlHgpy; toq;ff; $ba Fj;jif njhif
vd;d?
tUlhe;j Fj;jif njhif – tUlhe;j mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpw;F tUlhe;jk; Fj;jif njhif toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;F my;yJ fhzp mjpfhupfSf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjpg;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Fj;jif – midj;J ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpw;fhfTk;> tUlhe;jk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba Fj;jif njhif Fwpj;j Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s jpdj;jpw;F Kd;dH> Fwpj;j Fj;jif njhifia gpuNjr nrayfk; / gpujp fhzp MizahsH mYtyfj;jpw;F nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; Fj;jif njhifia toq;ftpy;iynadpd;>
mguhjj; njhif nrYj;j NeupLk;.
• fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tptrha
tFg;G rhuhjtHfSf;F> nfhs;tdT tpiyia mwtpl;L
mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; toq;Fjy; ,lk;ngWk;. ,jd; NghJ
kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; fhzpapd; mjpfupf;fhj ngWkjp 10
jtizfspy; 10 tUlq;fspy; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
• mjidj; jtpu> fhzpf;fhd khfhz cs;@uhl;rp
rigfSf;F tupj;njhif Fj;jif njhif nrYj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghyhNdhH> ,e;j tupj;njhif Fj;jif
kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba NkNy
Fwpg;gpl;l fhzp tupj; njhif vd;gtw;iw jtwhf Gupe;J
nfhs;tJz;L. ntspg;gilahf $Wtjhapd; tupgzk;
kw;Wk; fhzp tup vd;gd ,uz;L NtW tplaq;fshFk;.
• mt;thNw fhzp kw;Wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tptrha Nritj;
jpizf;fsj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba Vf;fH tup
vd;nwhU tplak; cs;sJ. mtw;iw tptrha fhzpfSf;Nf
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid mwtply; tptrha gupNrhjid
kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp cjtpahsUk;> tptrha Nrit gpuNjr
mjpfhupAk; Kd;ndLg;gH.
• vt;thwhapDk;> ahH tupg; gzj;ij nrYj;jpdhYk;> mjid
mwtpLk; mjpfhupapdhy; mjw;fhd urPJ toq;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l rl;luPjpahd tupg; gzk; jtpu midj;J tupg;
gzKk; NtW ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpw;F my;yJ egUf;F toq;f
Ntz;ba Njit ,y;iy.
32 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
5.mDkjpg; gj;jpu gpujpnahd;iw
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; vd;gJ> epue;ju cWjpg; gj;jpuk; xd;iw
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd mbg;gil MtzkhFk;. rpy
re;jHg;gq;fspy; mYtyfq;fspd; ke;jfukhd nraw;ghLfspdhy;
,tw;wpd; gpujpfs; mYtyfj;jpy; ,y;yhjpUf;fTk; (ntF
mupjhf) rhj;jpaq;fs; cs;sd. vt;thwhapDk;> cq;fSf;F
mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; gpujpia ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd;
fPNo Fwpg;gpl;l jfty;fs; cq;fsplk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; efy; gpujp / mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd;
,yf;fk; my;yJ toq;fg;gl;l jpfjp
2. mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; cupikahsupd; ngaH
3. mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhzp mike;Js;s
fpuhkk;
4. ,lj;jpd; msT kw;Wk; ehd;F vy;iyfs;
5. njupAkhapd; #oTs;s fhzpapd; tpguq;fs;
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplaq;fs; epidtpy; ,Uf;Fkhapd; mtw;iw
Fwpg;gpl;L fpuhk NrtfH / Fbrd mjpfhup Clhf gpuNjr
nrayhsUf;F fbjk; xd;iw rkHg;gpf;f KbAk;. mjd;
gpd;dH gpujpnahd;iw ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd fl;lzj;jpw;fhd
Kj;jpiufis gjpj;J rkHg;gpjd; %yk;> gpujpia ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; gpujpiag; Nghd;Nw mjDld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
gjpNtl;bd; gpujpAk; midj;J gpuNjr nrayfj;jpw;Fk; mDg;gp
itf;fg;gLk;. mjdhy;> mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; Kjy; gpujp
fhzhky; NghFk;gl;rj;jpy; my;yJ moptilAk;gl;rj;jpy; mjd;
cupikahsNuh my;yJ mLj;j cupikahsNuh cWjp nra;j
gpujpia NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 33
fhzhky; Nghd my;yJ moptile;j mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; / cWjpg; gj;jpu gpujpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vt;thW?
mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; / cWjpg; gj;jpuk; vd;gJ kpfTk; gaDs;s
MtzkhFk;. mit fhzhky; Nghdjd; gpd;dH gpujp xd;iw
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Kaw;rpg;gjpYk;> jk;kplk; cs;s Kjy;
gpujpia ghJfhg;gNj rpwe;jJ. ,jd; nghUl;L:
1. ,aYkhapd; nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; / mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid
nghypj;jPd; %yk; fhj;J (nykpNdl;bq;) itj;Jf;
nfhs;sy;.
2. efy; gpujp my;yJ rhd;wspf;fg;gl;l gpujpfis vLj;J
jdpj; jdpahf itj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
3. xt;nthU cWjpg; gj;jpuk; / mDkjpg; gj;jpuKk; ntt;NtW
ghJfhg;ghd Nfhg;Gfspy; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
4. mt;thNw Nfhg;gpy; Fwpj;J itj;jy;.
5. ,t;thwhd Mtzq;fs; mlq;fpa Nfhg;Gf;fis kpfTk;
ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fspy; gj;jpug;gLj;jp itj;jy; kpfTk;
rpwe;jJ.
5.1 ePz;l fhy Fj;jif gj;jpuj;jpd; / gpujhd
gj;jpuj;jpd; / Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpd;
/ ifAjpHj;jy; gj;jpuj;jpd; (nehj;jhup];
gj;jpuj;jpd;) efy; gpujpia ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ
vt;thW?
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Mtzq;fspd; (ifAjpHj;jy; / nehj;jhup]; cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; jtpu) efy; gpujp gpuNjr nrayfq;fspy; ,Ug;gpDk;> khtl;l fhzp gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpy; cs;s efy; gpujpapd;> khtl;l fhzp gjpthsupdhy; rhd;wspf;fg;gl;l efy; gpujpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tNj kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l midj;J Mtzq;fSk;> fhzp gjpT nra;jy; mYtyfj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;dH mq;F midj;J gpujpfSk; ,wg;gH Kj;jpiu ,lg;gl;L> me;j cWjpg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ Mtzk; ve;j Gj;jfj;jpy;> vj;jidahtJ gf;fj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
34 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
mt;thNw Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l cWjpg; gj;jpuk; Mtzj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ljhd; nehj;jhup]; cWjpg; gj;jpuk; (cupik khw;wg;gLk; NghJ> mlF itf;fg;gLk; NghJ) vOjg;gLk;. midj;J nehj;jhup]; cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpYk;> Kd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fkhapd;> gj;jpuj;jpd; Nkw;gFjpapy; mJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
mjd; mbg;gilapy;> fhzp gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba Fwpg;gpl;l tpz;zg;gg; gj;jpuj;jpd; gjpT Fwpj;j jfty;fis Fwpg;gpl;L> epHzapf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kj;jpiuia tpz;zg;gg; gj;jpuj;jpy; xl;b jkJ cWjpg; gj;jpuk; / Mtzj;ij rhd;wspj;j gpujpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
vdpDk;> fhzpapd; cupikahsH my;yJ rl;lj;juzp my;yJ nehj;jhup]; xUtNu ,e;j tpz;zg;g gj;jpuj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;L Nfhu KbAk;.
,J njhlHgpy; Nkyjpf tpguk; Njitahapd; khtl;l fhzp gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
5.2 cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fspy; kw;Wk; mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fspy;
jtWfis jpUj;jpf; nfhs;tJ vt;thW?
fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk;
LDOcq;fSila mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;ij thrpj;J ghHf;Fk; NghJ>
fPo; fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfs; fhzg;gLkhapd; mtw;iw jpUj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
1. ngaH gpioahf Fwpf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
2. fhzp ,yf;fk; gpioahf Fwpf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
3. vy;iy gpioahf Fwpf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
4. fhzpapd; msT gpioahf Fwpf;fg;g;lbUj;jy;
,J njhlHgpy; Fbrd mjpfhup my;yJ fpuhk NrtfH
mwpf;ifAld; gpuNjr nrayhsupid re;jpj;J> mtuplk; tpsf;fk;
mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l FiwghLfis gpuNjr
nrayhsuhy; jpUj;j KbAk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 35
6.fhzp cupik khw;wy; (tpw;wy;)>
mlF itj;jy;
jdpahH / ifAjpHj;jy; fhzp cupikahsupd; tpUg;gk;
kw;Wk; Nfhupf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; nehj;jhup]; xUtuhy;
,jid Kd;ndLf;f KbAk;. fhzp cupik khw;wiy Fwpj;j
khfhz cs;@uhl;rp epWtdk; mDkjpj;Js;s Mff; Fiwe;j
vy;iyf;Fs; khj;jpuNk Kd;ndLf;f KbAk;. (rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy;
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk;> mDkjp gj;jpuk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf>
rpyH gpioahd tpjj;jpy; nehj;jhup]; cWjpg; gj;jpuk;
jahupf;fpd;wdH. ngUk;ghyhNdhH ,tw;iw jk;trk; vLj;Jf;
nfhz;L gy;NtW mur fhupaq;fis epiwNtw;w tUthHfs;.
mt;thW tUgtHfspd; Njitia mur mjpfhupfshy;
epiwNtw;w KbahJ. mjdhy;> jhk; ngWk; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk;
njhlHgpy; Muha;e;J ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;).
mt;thW murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpuk; / ePz;l fhy Fj;jif gj;jpuk; toq;Fk; NghJ tpNrl
eltbf;ifia gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
XOq;Fg;gLj;jp itj;jhy; rpwe;jJ jhNd?
gy fhykhf fe;ijah Kjyhsp rpwg;ghf tpahghuk; nra;J tUfpd;whH. jw;NghJ tajhfptpl;likahy; tpahghuk; nra;tjid epWj;jp tpl;L Rje;jpukhf tho;e;J tUfpd;whH. mf;fhyj;jpy; Kjyhspapd; ngaUf;F murhq;fj;jpdhy; fpilj;j fhzpf;F> Kjyhsp fLk; rpukj;jpd; kj;jpapy; Fj;jif nrYj;jp cWjpg; gj;jpuk; ngw;whH. mJ ,d;W mtUf;F MWjy; mspf;fpd;wJ. jw;NghJ jkJ gps;isfSf;F ,ilapy; me;j fhzpia gfpHe;jspf;f mtH
36 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
tpUg;gk; nfhz;Ls;shH. vdNt fhzpf;F toq;f Ntz;ba Fj;jifia nrYj;Jtjw;Nf Kjyhsp gpuNjr nrayhsiu re;jpf;fr; nrd;whH.
mg;NghJ jhd;> ePz;l fhy Fj;jif fhzpnahd;iw> rpW rpW gFjpfshf gpupj;J> ntt;NtW cWjpg; gj;jpuk; vOj KbahJ vd;gjid Kjyhsp mwpe;J nfhz;lhH. mJ mtuJ kdjpw;F ngUk; Ntjidahf khwpaikapdhy;> ,jid nra;tjw;F NtW topNaJk; cs;sjh vd mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F kPz;Lk; gpuNjr nrayhsuplk; nrd;whH. gpuNjr nrayhsH mspj;j gjpy; mtUf;F MWjy; jUtjhf ,Ue;jJ.
fe;ijah Kjyhspf;F gpuNjr nrayhsH mwpTWj;jpaikf;F mika msitahsH xUtiu mioj;J te;J fhzpia ehd;F gFjpfshf gpupj;J> cWjpg; gj;jpuk; jahupf;f Ntz;ba tpjk; Fwpj;Jk;> tpsf;Fk; fbjj;Jld; Muk;g Fj;jif gj;jpuj;jpid murhq;fj;jplk; xg;gilj;J> tpiuthf ehd;F gps;isfSf;Fk; ntt;NtW fhzp cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fis jahupj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk; MHtj;Jld; murhq;fj;jpw;F gj;jpuk; ifaspf;fg;gLk; tpz;zg;gj;ij G+Hj;jp nra;J nfhLj;jhH.
mf;fhyj;jpy; 40 NgHr;r]; vd;gJ ngupa ,lkpy;iy vd;w NghjpYk;> ,d;iwa epiyapy; jkJ gps;isfspy; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; toq;Fk; 10 NgHr;r]; md;iwa fhyj;ij tpl ngWkjpahdJ vd fe;ijah Kjyhsp epidj;jhH. filj; njhFjpf;F mUfpy; cs;sikahy;> rpwe;j njhopy; xd;iwAk; Muk;gpf;f KbAk; vd mtH epidj;jhH. mt;thW ehy;tUf;Fk; ntt;Ntwhd fhzp cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; cs;sikahy;> jdpj;jdpahf tq;fpf; fld; ngw;W jk;Kila tpahghuq;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s KbAk; vd fe;ijah KjyhspAld;> mf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpahghuk; nra;J te;j ez;gH
Nltpl; $wpapUe;jhH.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 37
6.1 nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; (cWjpg; gj;jpuk;) toq;fy;
(fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
toq;fy;)
fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;j nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk;. me;j KO fhzpiaAk; my;yJ
gFjpia NtnwhUtupd; ngaUf;F khw;Wjy; fPo;tUk; tifapy;
Kd;ndLf;fg;glyhk;.
fhzpnahd;iw gFjpfshf gpupj;J toq;Fk; vz;zk; ,Ug;gpd;>
,lj;jpd; Mff; Fiwe;j miug;gFjp vd;gjd; mbg;gilia
ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L> mjw;F Vw;whw; Nghy; ngauspj;jiy gpuNjr
nrayhsuplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; nghUl;L fpuhk
NrtfH mwpf;if / Fbrd mjpfhup mwpf;if Njitg;gLk;.
mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fspy; my;yJ nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuq;fspy; Fwpj;j
fhzpfs; gpupf;fg;glf; $ba Mff; Fiwe;j msT vd;d vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Kd;dH me;j msT miu Vf;fH my;yJ
fhy; Vf;fH vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,d;iwa fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
,lg;gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf 10 NgHr;r]; tiu gfpHe;jspf;f
KbAk; vd NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhupfs; jPHkhdpj;Js;sdH.
ePz;l fhy Fj;jif gj;jpukhapd; ,uz;liu NgHr;r];fs; tiu
gfpHe;jspf;f KbAk;.
Nfhupf;if njhlHgpy; gpuNjr nrayhsH> fpuhk mjpfhup kw;Wk;
Fbrd mjpfhupapd; gupe;Jiu Fwpj;J jpUg;jp mile;jhy;>
rl;lj;juzp xUtupd; Clhf ngaH khw;wy; cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd;
gpujpia jahupj;J rkHg;gpf;FkhW cupikahsupw;F mwptpg;ghH.
Fwpj;j Mtzj;ij gpuNjr nrayhsuplk; rkHg;gpj;j gpd;dH>
mjid Kiwahf jahupj;J rkHg;gpj;Js;s (nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s epge;jidfs; Mtzj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gpd; kw;Wk; epHzapf;fg;gl;l Mff;Fiwe;j
gFjpia epahakhf gpupf;fg;gl;l myFfSf;F nghUe;Jkhapd;)
Mtzj;jpw;F mDkjp gj;jpuk; Clhf Fwpj;j rl;lj;juzpapd;
ngaUf;F toq;FthH.
38 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
I. gpuNjr nrayhsupd; me;j mDkjp gj;jpuj;Jld;
nehj;jhup]; cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; 3 gpujpfis jahupj;J
khtl;l fhzp gjpthsUf;F rkHg;gpj;J gjpT nra;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
II. gjpT nra;ag;gLk; nehj;jhup]; gj;jpuk; toq;Fgtupd;>
Kjy; gpujp - nfhLg;gdT gj;jpu cupikahsH / ngaH khw;wp ngWgtuplKk;>,uz;lhtJ gpujp - gpuNjr
nrayhsuplKk;> %d;whtJ gpujp - fhzp gjpthsH
mYtyfj;jpYk; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. gpd;nghU fhyj;jpy;
kw;nwhU gpujp Njitahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> fhzp
gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpy; cs;s ,e;j %d;whtJ gpujp
ekf;F gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk;> mjd; nghUl;L
nehj;jhup]; cWjpg; gj;jpuk; vOJk; nehj;jhup]; / rl;lj;juzpapd; ngaH> cWjpg; gj;jpu ,yf;fk; kw;Wk;
gjpT nra;j jpdk; vd;gd NjitahFk;. vdNt> me;j
jfty;fis epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;.
fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLk;
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpd; ,il gfpuy; myF kw;Wk;
rupahd miug;gFjp vd ,uz;L fhuzq;fs; nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpuj;jpd; epge;jidfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. mjidg;
Gupe;J nfhs;tJ vkf;F gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,il
gfpuy; myFfs; vd;gJ nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpd; Clhf
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s fhzp gpupf;fg;glf; $ba gFjpfspd;
vz;zpf;ifahFk;. cjhuzkhf> ,il gfpuy; myF 40
NgHr;r];fs; vdpd;> nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpy; xU Vf;fH
vdpd;> ,il gfpuy; myF ¼ Vf;fuhf> mjhtJ 40
NgHr;r]hf ,Uf;Fk;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l cjhuzj;jpw;F mika xU Vf;fH epyj;jpd;
Mff; Fiwe;j gfpuy; myF ¼ Vf;fH vdpd;> mJNt Mff;
Fiwe;j miug;gFjpahFk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 39
6.2 ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuk; ngaH khw;wy;
,jd; nghUl;L gpujhd ,uz;L epge;jidfis G+Hj;jp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
1. Fj;jiff;F toq;fg;gl;l Njitf;fhfNt fhzp
gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. vt;tpj jhkjKk; ,d;wp Fj;jif gzj;ij nrYj;jp>
fhzpia jilapd;wp mDgtpj;jy;.
I. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs; G+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd;
rl;lj;juzp Clhf jahupf;fg;gl;l ngaH khw;wy; cWjpg;
gj;jpuj;Jld; Fj;jifjhuupd; Nfhupf;if fpuhk NrtfH
mjpfhup kw;Wk; Fbrd mjpfhupapd; gupe;JiuAld; Fwpj;j
gpuNjr nrayhsuplk; rkHg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
II. ngaH khw;wy; cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; tUlk; tiu Fj;jif
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sikia cWjp nra;J rhd;wpjo; kw;Wk;
gpuNjr nrayhsupd; gupe;Jiu khfhz fhzp MizahsH
/ gpujp fhzp MizahsH Clhf fhzp MizahsH
ehafj;jpw;F rkHg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
III. fhzp Mizahsuplk; Fwpj;j Mtzq;fs; fpilj;jjd;
gpd;dH> rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ngaH khw;w cWjpg;
gj;jpuj;jpy; Kjy; Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s epge;jidfs; midj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fp jahupf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd;> vOj;J %ykhd
mDkjp epHzapf;fg;gl;l eilKiwfspd; Clhf %d;W
gpujpfshf gpuNjr nrayhsuplk; mDg;gg;gLk;.
IV. gpuNjr nrayhsupdhy; fhzp Mizahsupd;
vOj;J %ykhd mDkjp rk;ge;jg;gl;l rl;lj;juzp / nehj;jhup]_f;F toq;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dH> mtuhy;
mDkjpf;fg;gl;l rl;l%yj;jpd; gpufhuk; cWjpg; gj;jpuk;
jahupf;fg;gl;L fhzp gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpy; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l gpujp> gpuNjr nrayhsuplKk;> Kjy; gpujp
ngaH khw;wg;gl;ltuplKk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk;> ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy; fhzpapd; xU
gFjpia khj;jpuk; toq;f KbahJ.
40 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
6.3 Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpid ngaH khw;wy;
(murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
toq;fg;gl;lJ)
Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; vJtpjkhd
njhlHGk; ,y;yhJ midj;J cupikfSlDk;> ifAjpHf;fg;gl;l
fhzpahFk;. mjd;gb> ,t;thwhd fhzpia ngaH khw;Wtjw;F
murhq;fj;jpd; mDkjp Njit ,y;iy. vdpDk;> gFjpfshf;fp
tpw;gid nra;tjhapd;> me;j gFjp Mff; Fiwe;j msthfpa>
Fwpj;j khfhz cs;@uhl;rp epWtdj;jpd; mDkjpaspj;Js;s
mstpid tpl Fiwe;jjhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
nehj;jhup]; xUtupd; Kd;dpiyapy; ngaH khw;wy; cWjpg;
gj;jpuj;jpy; ifnahg;gk; ,Ltjd; %yk;> ,t;thwhd fhzpia
ngaH khw;Wtjw;fhd ,aYik cs;sJ.
6.4 murhq;fj;jpd; cWjpg; gj;jpuk; xd;iw tq;fp
kw;Wk; epjp epWtdj;jpy; mlF itg;gjw;F nra;a
Ntz;bait
6.4.1 nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; ([aG+kp> RtHz G+kp> uj;d G+kp>
,RU G+kp> ud;gpk)
rl;lj;jpd; mDkjpg; ngw;w tq;fp / epjp epWtdj;jplk; mlF
cWjpg; gj;jpu rl;l%yk; jahupj;J> mjd; nghUl;L gpuNjr
nrayhsH jUk; vOj;J %y mDkjpapd; mbg;gilapy; mlFg;
gj;jpuk; xd;iw jahupj;J> gjpT nra;tjd; %yk; tq;fp / epjp epWtdj;jplk; nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpid mlF itf;f KbAk;.
6.4.2 ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuk;
Fwpj;j epjp epWtdj;jpdhy; mlF cWjpg; gj;jpuk; Mtzk;
jahupf;fg;gl;L> mjid gpuNjr nrayhsH kw;Wk; khfhz
fhzp MizahsH / gpujp fhzp MizahsH Clhf fhzp
MizahsH ehafj;jpw;F rkHg;gpj;J vOj;J %yk; mDkjp
ngw Ntz;Lk;. fhzp MizahsH ehafj;jpd; vOj;J %y
mDkjpapd; mbg;gilapy; mlF cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid gjpT
nra;a KbAk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 41
6.4.3 Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk;
Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid mlF itg;gjw;F
murhq;fj;jpd; ve;jnthU mjpfhupapdJk; mDkjpiag; ngWtJ
mtrpaky;y. epjp epWtdk; Clhf jahupf;fg;gl;l mlF cWjpg;
gj;jpuk; Clhf rhjhuz rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mlF itf;f KbAk;.
6.5 fhzp nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; kw;Wk; mDkjpg;
gj;jpuk; ,uj;Jr; nra;jy;
fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpujhd gj;jpuj;jpid
toq;fpapUg;gpd;> mjid ,uj;Jr; nra;a KbahJ. vdpDk;>
gpujhd gj;jpuj;jpd; cupikahsH jkJ tpUg;gj;Jld; fhzpia
murhq;fj;jpw;F xg;gilg;gjd; %yk; ,uj;Jr; nra;a KbAk;.
mt;thNw>gpujhd gj;jpuj;jpd; cupikahsH my;yJ mtuJ
thuprpid Njb mwpa Kbahj NghJ> mt;thwhd re;jHg;gj;jpy;
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpid ,uj;Jr; nra;tjw;F mjpfhuk;
cs;sJ.
mDkjpg; gj;jpukhapd; gpuNjr nrayhsupdhy; ,uj;Jr; nra;a
KbAk;. mJ fPo;tUk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf kl;Lk;:
1. fhzpapy; tjpahik
2. mgptpUj;jp nra;ahik
3. rl;lj;jpw;F jPq;F Vw;gLk; tifapy; gad;gLj;jy;.
mt;thW ,uj;Jr; nra;tjhapd;> mjd; nghUl;L gpuNjr
nrayhsupdhy; epHzapf;fg;gl;l gj;jpuj;jpd; Clhf mDkjpg;
gj;jpu cupikahsUf;F mwptpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; NghJ
mDkjpg; gj;jpu cupikahsUf;F mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid
,uj;Jr; nra;ahjpUg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd; itg;gjw;fhd
cupik cs;sJ. ,J njhlHgpy; cq;fSila tpNrl ftdk;
Nghd;Nw> vr;rupf;ifAld; ,Ug;gJk; cq;fSila fhzpapd;
cupikia ghJfhg;gjw;F cq;fSf;F cjTk;.
42 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
mt;thNw> mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;Jld; $ba fhzpf;F> fhzpia
ed;whf mgptpUj;jp nra;a KbAkhapd; khj;jpuNk nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F cupik fpilf;Fk;. ,J njhlHgpYk;
ePq;fs; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
6.6 murhq;fk; fhzpia jd;trkhf;fy; / ifg;gw;wy;
murhq;fk; fhzpia jd;trkhf;fy; ,uz;L tpjq;fspy;
,lk;ngWk;.
1. murhq;fj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhd ,lnkhd;iw egnuhUtH
rl;ltpNuhjkhf ifg;gw;wpapUg;gpd;> rl;ltpNuhjkhf
Mf;fpukpj;jtiu tpul;b tpl;L> cupikia kPz;Lk;
murhq;f fhzp tpLg;G kPz;Lk; vLj;jy; rl;lj;jpd;
Vw;ghLfspd; fPo; murhq;fk; jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;.
2. murhq;fj;jpdhy; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpuk; mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl;l fhzpia kPz;Lk;
murhq;fk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;. fhzp ifafg;gLj;jy;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;j eltbf;if Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;.
,jd; fPo; eguhy; nra;ag;gl;l mgptpUj;jpf;fhf kw;Wk;
fhzpf;fhf murhq;fj;jpw;F mtuhy; toq;fg;gl;l njhif
vd;gd ,Ug;gpd;> mjd; nghUl;L fhzp ifafg;gLj;jy;
epWtdj;jpd; Clhf el;l <L njhif toq;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ,lj;ij ifafg;gLj;jYf;F
gj;jpupif tpsk;guk;> tHj;jkhdp mwptpj;jy; Clhf el;l
<L kw;Wk; cupik guprPyid elj;jy; Nghd;w ePz;l fhy
nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. egHfs; trKs;s ifAjpHf;fg;gl;l fhzp mur Njitapd;
mbg;gilapy; murhq;fj;jpdhy; ifafg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;sYk;> fhzp ifafg;gLj;jy; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;. ,jd; nghUl;L NkNy cs;s
ge;jpapy; Fwpg;gpl;lthW fhzp ifafg;gLj;jy; rl;lj;jpd;
Vw;ghLfSf;F mika Kd;ndLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 43
6.7 fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
toq;fg;gLk; nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; kw;Wk;
murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
toq;fg;gLk; ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuk;
vd;gtw;wpw;F ,ilapyhd NtWghL kw;Wk;
gad;ghL
tplak; fhzp mgptpUj;jp
fl;lisr; rl;lk;
murhq;f fhzp fl;lisr;
rl;lk;
fhzp gfpHe;jspf;fg;gLk; tpjk;
fhzp fr;Nrup Kiwapd; fPo; kw;Wk; Njitaw;w fhzpfis rl;lj;jpw;Fs; nfhz;L tUtJ
fhzp fr;Nrup Kiw> fhzp tpw;gid Nfs;tp mwptpj;jy; kw;Wk; Njitaw;w epahakhdjhf;fy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf nfsut mikr;rupd; mDkjp
fhzp toq;fg;gLk; Nehf;fk;
tjptjw;F kw;Wk; gapHnra;iff;F
ve;jnthU Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk; gapHnra;iff;F> tjptjw;F> tHj;jf> njhopy; eltbf;iff;F> kj> nghJ> tpisahl;L kw;Wk; tpNrl nray;jpl;lq;fSf;F
ahUf;fhf toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ
tptrhapfSf;F> Fiwe;j tUkhdk; ngWgtHfSf;F>fw;w ,isQHfSf;F> kw;Wk; mjpf tUkhdk; ngWgtHfSf;F> ,yq;if gpui[fSf;F
egHfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fSf;F> murhq;f CopaHfSf;F> kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;F> mjpf tUkhdk; ngWgtHfSf;F> rkpj;jp rq;fq;fSf;F> murpayikg;Gr; rig> cs;@uhl;rp rig Nghd;w ve;jnthU egUf;Fk;> epWtdj;jpw;Fk;,yq;if gpui[fs; my;yhjtHfSf;Fk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;
fhzp toq;ff; $ba gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; msT
efuq;fspy; tHj;jf fhzpfis ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;f KbahJ. ngUkstpyhd ,lj;jpid kf;fSf;F toq;f KbahJ
ve;;jg; gFjpapy; cs;s ,lj;ijAk; ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;f KbAk;toq;Fk; mstpy; fl;Lg;ghL ,y;iy.
44 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
toq;fg;gLk;
Mtzk; / cWjpg;
gj;jpuk;
Kjypy; mDkjpg;
gj;jpuj;jpid
toq;fp> mjpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
epge;jidfis
epiwNtw;wpa gpd;dH>
,uz;lhtjhf
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk;
(ifAjpHj;jy; cWjpg;
gj;jpuk;) toq;fg;gLk;.
Kjypy; Fj;jif Mtzk;
(mDkjp) toq;fp>
gpd;dH ePz;l fhy
Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuk;
toq;fg;gLk;. jq;Fkplj;
Njitf;F toq;fg;gl;l
fhzpf;fhf khj;jpuk;
Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpuk; (ifAjpHj;jy;
cWjpg; gj;jpuk;)
toq;fg;gLk;.
NtW tpNrl
mk;rq;fs;
mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy; gpuNjr nrayhsH ifnahg;gkpLthHepge;jidfs; kPwg;gLk; mbg;gilapy; mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid ,uj;Jr; nra;a KbAk;Fj;jif mwtply; ,lk;ngwhJ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLk; nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk; re;jHg;gj;jpy; fhzpf;fhf vy;iy fy; itj;J cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpw;F tiuglk; ,izf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpy; [dhjpgjpNa ifnaOj;jpLthH.nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;ij jkJ tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; murhq;fj;jplk; xg;gilf;f KbAk;. ,uj;Jr; nra;tjw;F nfhLg;gdT gj;jpu cupikahsupd; tpUg;gk; mtrpakhFk;.
cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy;
[dhjpgjp
ifnaOj;jpLthH.
,J [dhjpgjp kw;Wk;
Fj;jifjhuH Mfpa
,uz;L jug;gpdUf;F
,ilapyhd
cld;gbf;ifahFk;.
tUlhe;j Fj;jif
njhifia nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpy;
tiuglk;
,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
fhzp gjpT nra;jy;
mYtyfj;jpy; gjpT
nra;ag;gLk;.
cld;gbf;ifia xU
jug;G khj;jpuk; ,uj;Jr;
nra;a KbahJ.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 45
ngaH khw;wk; Gupa KbAk; vd;w NghjpYk;> rl;l %yj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kl;Lg;ghLfSf;F Vw;g Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lk;.%d;whtJ Jiz gpuptpd; fPo; cwtpdUf;F my;yJ tptrha nray;jpl;lj;jpd; xUtUf;F Gwk;ghf xUtUf;F toq;f KbahJ.mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l epjp epWtdq;fspy; mlF itf;f KbAk;. kuzj;jpd; gpd;dH kidtpf;F fhzp cupik fpilf;Fk;. mLj;j thupR ahH vd;gjid ngaupl KbAk;. mLj;j thuprpd; ngaiu Fwpg;gplhjgl;rj;jpy; %j;j kfDf;F cupik nry;Yk;.gpujpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. fhzp gjpT nra;jy; mYtyfj;jpy; gjpT
nra;a KbAk;.
ngaH khw;wNth> mlF itf;fNth KbAk;fhzpapd; xU gFjpia ngaH khw;w KbahJ efy; gpujp ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.mLj;j thuprpid Fwpg;gpLtjw;F cWjpahd kWrPuikg;G ,y;iy ePz;l fhy cWjpg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; vd;gtw;Wldhd fhzpfSf;F ehl;bd; rhjhuz rl;lk; gad;gLk;.
NkNy $wg;gl;l tpsf;fj;jpw;F mika mjpf tUkhdk;
ngWgtHfSf;F / kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;F murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpf;fhf
ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbAk;. mjd; nghUl;L murhq;fj;jpw;F Fj;jif njhifia
nrYj;j NeupbDk;>murhq;fj;jpd; fhzp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid ngWtNj
gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. jq;Fkpl eltbf;iffSf;fhf mjidg;
ngw;wpUe;jhy;> Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpidg; ngWtjw;F
cq;fSf;F cupik cs;sJ.
46 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
7.tho;f;if cupik
tho;f;if cupik vdg;gLtJ> fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLk; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpuj;jpd; cupikahsH capupoe;j gpd;dH> me;j fhzpf;fhd
cupikj;Jtk; ngWjyhFk;.
,q;F cupikahsH fztuhapd;>tho;f;if cupik kidtpf;Fr;
nry;Yk;. fhzpapd; cupikahsH kidtpahapd;> tho;f;if cupik
fztUf;Fr; nry;Yk;. mLj;j thuprpd; ngaH Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhYk;>
Fwpg;gplg;glh tpl;lhYk;> tho;f;if cupikf;F vJtpjkhd
,ilA+Wk; ,y;iy.
mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s re;jHg;gj;jpy;> mjd;
cupikahsH ,we;j gpd;dH tho;f;if cupikahsupd; ngaupy;
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;ij ntspapl KbAkhapDk;> tho;f;if
cupikahsuhd mtUf;F> my;yJ mtUf;Fg; gpd;duhd
mLj;j thuprpid ngaupLtNjh> jkf;F tpUg;gkhdtUf;F ngaH
khw;Wtjw;fhd cupik ,y;iy. ,lj;ij tpw;gid nra;tJ>
gFjpfshf;FtJ my;yJ gpupg;gJ jtpu NtW ve;j tifapYk;
cupikia mDgtpf;fyhk;. fhzpia mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd
cupikAk; mtUf;F cs;sJ.
7.1 fhzp njhlHgpy; $wg;gLk; trjpAupik vd;gjd;
mHj;jk; vd;d?
trjpAupik vdg;gLtJ fhzp njhlHgpy; kw;WnkhU egUf;F
mDgtpg;gjw;F ,Uf;ff; $ba xU cupikahFk;. cjhuzkhf>
tPjp trjpAupik vdg;gLtJ tPjpia gad;gLj;jp te;jpUg;ghuhapd;>
mjidj; njhlHe;Jk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cupikahFk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 47
7.2 Kjy; cupik kw;Wk; mLj;j cupikfs; fl;lis
vdg;gLtJ vd;d?
fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ntspaplg;gLk;
mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; (RtHz G+kp> [a
G+kp> ,uj;d G+kp> ,RU G+kp kw;Wk; ud;gpk) vd;gtw;WlDk;> fhzp
gpujhd (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLk; epahjd
rhjd gj;jpuk; njhlHgpYk; ,e;j tplak; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhFk;.
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpd; / mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; cupikahsH
Kjy; cupikahsH vd;w tifapy; mjpfhuk; nfhz;bUg;ghH.
mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; my;yJ nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpw;fhf mLj;j
thuprpid ngaupl KbAk;. Kjy; mDkjpg; gj;jpu cupikahsH
my;yJ nfhLg;gdT gj;jpu cupikahsH capupoe;jjd; gpd;dH
mLj;j thuprhf ngauplg;gl;Ls;stHfSf;F KO cupikAk;
toq;fg;gLk;.
,q;F mDkjpg; gj;jpu ngaH> mDkjpg; gj;jpu cupikahsupd;
ngaH jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;F my;yJ nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpd;
ngaiu gpuNjr nrayhsH Clhf fhzp gjpthsuplk; mDg;gp
KOik nra;Ak; gbtj;jpd; Clhf mLj;j cupikahsuplk;
KO cupikAk; xg;gilf;fg;gLk;.
jtW ahUilaJ
Re;juk; fle;j rpy ehl;fshf fLk; Nahridapy;
Mo;e;Js;shH. tPl;by; cs;stHfSld; mjpfk;
fijg;gjpy;iy. NtiyfSk; nra;tjpy;iy.
Kd;dH ve;NeuKk; RWRWg;gha; Ntiy nra;J te;j
Re;juk;> ,d;W tPl;by; cs;s rpW Ntiyiaf;
$lr; nra;tjpy;iy. jkf;F cs;s gpur;rpidia
tha; jpwe;J tPl;by; cs;stHfsplk; nrhy;Yk;
ijupaKk; Re;juj;jplk; ,y;iy.
48 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
Re;juj;jpd; tPl;by; cs;stHfs;> mjhtJ Re;juj;jpd;
mk;kh> mg;gh> mz;zh> mf;fh vd fpuhkj;jpy;
xw;WikAld; tho;e;j FLk;gk;. Re;juj;jpd; mz;zh
murhq;f Ntiy ngw;W NtW fpuhkj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W
rpy tUlq;fshfpd;wd. mtH mq;NfNa epue;ju
gjptpidg; ngw;Ws;shH. mf;fhTk; jpUkzk; Gupe;J
NtW tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;lhH. ,g;NghJ ,e;j
tPl;by; Re;juKk;> mtuJ mk;khTk;> mg;ghTNk
vQ;rpAs;sdH. FLk;gj;jpd; filf;Fl;b vd;gjhy;
ngw;NwhUld; tPl;bNyNa jq;fp tpl;l Re;juk;
,Jtiu kfpo;r;rpahfNt ,Ue;jhH.
,e;j epiyapy; tPjp tpgj;njhd;wpy; Re;juj;jpd; mg;gh
kuzkile;jhH. mjidj; njhlHe;Jk; mk;khTk;
RftPdkile;jhH. mg;ghtpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;dH
xU tUlj;jpy; nra;a Ntz;ba rlq;FfSf;F
tPl;ilj; jpUj;jp mikf;f epidj;j Re;juk;>
tPl;bd; cWjpg; gj;jpuj;ij mlF itj;J fld;
ngWtjw;F jpl;lkpl;lhH. ,jd; nghUl;L fhzp
cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid ngaH khw;Wtjw;F nrd;w
NtisapNyNa ,e;j gpur;rpid cUntLj;jJ.
mjpfhupfs; $Wk; tifapy; jw;NghJ mk;khtpw;F
fhzpapd; cupik ,y;iy. mk;khtpw;F ,Ug;gJ
mDgtpg;gjw;fhd cupik khj;jpuNk. fhzpapd;
cupikia Re;juj;jpd; ngaUf;F vOJtjw;F
mk;kh tpUk;gpdhYk;> rl;lj;jpy; mjw;fhd re;jHg;gk;
,y;iy. ,jdhy;> ntF njhiytpy; cs;s jkJ
mz;zdplk; Re;juk; njhiyNgrpapy; fijj;jhH.
,jd;NghJ mz;zh tPl;by; ,y;yhikahy;>
njhiyNgrpapy; fijj;j mz;zdpd; kidtp>
jkf;F vJtpjkhd epyGyd;fSk; ,d;ikahy;>
me;j fhzpia ek;gpNa ,Ug;gjhf njuptpj;Js;shH.
jkf;Fg; gpd;dH ,e;j fhzp Re;juj;jpw;F
nrhe;jkhFk; vd> mtuJ ngw;NwhH vg;NghJk;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 49
$wp te;jdH. ngw;Nwhiu jdpj;J tpl;Lr; nry;y
KbahJ vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhfNt> Re;juk; kfhtyp
fhzp toq;fg;gl;l re;jHg;gj;jpYk;> vJtpj
tpz;zg;gKk; nra;ahJ ,q;NfNa ,Ue;jhH. mJ
khj;jpukpd;wp ,e;j fhzp jkf;F cupj;jhFk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifapNyNa fld; ngw;W fhzpapy; njq;Fr;
nra;ifapy; <Lgl;lhH. Mdhy;> Re;juj;jpw;F
jUtjw;F ngw;NwhH tpUk;gpa fhzp jw;NghJ
mtuJ mz;zDf;Fj; Njitahf cs;sJ.
mg;gh capUld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,e;j
fhzpapd; cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;dH mLj;j
thuprpid ngaupLtjw;F re;jHg;gk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
,y;iynadpd;> ,Wjp capypyhtJ ,e;j fhzpia
Re;juj;jpd; ngaupy; vOjp itj;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy;>
me;j fpuhkj;jpy; ,e;j rl;l rpf;fy;fs; Fwpj;j
njspT kf;fsplk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. jw;NghJ Re;juk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;shH.
fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mDkjpg; gj;jpuk;
my;yJ nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpy;> cq;fSf;Fg;
gpd;dH fhzpapd; cupik cq;fSf;F mLj;jjhf
ahUf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid jpfjp>
Neuk; vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gpl;L njspthf vOjp
itf;f KbAk;. mt;thW mLj;j cupikahsH
my;yJ cupikahsHfspd; ngaiu vOjp itg;gJ
cq;fSila flikahFk;. Re;juj;jpd; je;ij
mjidr; nra;jpUe;jhy;> ,d;W Re;juk; ,e;j
rpf;fiy vjpHnfhz;bUf;f khl;lhH.
,J njhlHgpy; kf;fSf;F tpopg;GzHT Vw;gLj;JtJ
murhq;f mjpfhupfspd; flikahFk;.
50 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
7.3 mLj;j cupikahsH vdg;gLgtHfs; ahH?
fhzpapd; mDkjpg; gj;jpu cupikahsH / nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpu cupikahsupd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; mtUf;Fg; gpd;dH
me;j fhzpapd; gFjpf;F fpilf;Fk; cupik mLj;j cupik
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. mDkjpg; gj;jpu cupikahsH my;yJ
nfhLg;gdT gj;jpu cupikahsUf;F jkf;Fg; gpd;dH fhzp
ahUf;F nrhe;jkhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid jpfjp> Neuj;Jld;
ngaupLtjw;F fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpy; trjpfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
,jd; mbg;gilapy; mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpw;F> gpuNjr
nrayfj;jpw;F Kd;itf;fg;gLk; tpz;zg;gj;jpw;F mika
mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpd; mLj;j cupikahsupid ngaupl my;yJ
ngaH khw;w KbAk;. ,jd; nghUl;L Fbrd mjpfhup / fpuhk Nrtfupd; gupe;Jiu ngwg;gLk;. fhzpapd; msT kw;Wk; mDkjpg;
gj;jpuj;jpd; epge;jidfSf;F mika mLj;j cupikahsH
my;yJ cupikahsHfs; gyupid ngaupl KbAk;. mDkjpg;
gj;jpuj;jpy; mjd; mYtyfg; gpujp kw;Wk; gjpNtl;L Mtzk;
Mfpa %d;wpYk; mLj;j cupikahsupd; ngaH Fwpg;gplg;gl;L>
mjpfhupapdhy; ifnahg;gkplg;gl;L> jpfjp Fwpf;fg;gl;L> mur
Kj;jpiu ,lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xOq;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy; mJ
eilngWtJ Fwpj;J mtjhdkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J
Fwpj;J mjpfhupfsplk; Nfl;lwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F cq;fSf;F
cupik cs;sJ.
cq;fSila nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpy; mLj;j cupikahsupd;
ngaiu Fwpg;gply; kw;Wk; khw;wy; fhzp Mizahsupd;
155MtJ khjpupapd; Clhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. me;j
khjpupg; gbtj;ij g+Hj;jp nra;J rkhjhd ePjthd; Clhf
cWjp nra;ag;gl;L> gpuNjr nrayhsH Clhf fhzp gjpthsH
mYtyfj;jpw;F mDg;gp gjpT nra;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
mLj;j cupikahsiu ngauply; my;yJ jpUj;jk; nra;jy;
fhzp gjpthsH mYtyfj;jpy;> mDkjpg; gj;jpu / nfhLg;gdT gj;jpu cupikahsH kuzpg;gjw;F Kd;dH gjpT nra;ag;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpd;> rl;luPjpahdjhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 51
khl;lhJ. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; fhzp cupik cs;s vkJ
KjpatHfSf;F mjd; mLj;j cupikahsupd; (,uz;lhtJ
cupik) ngaiu Fwpg;gpl KbahJ NghFk;. ,t;thNw NtW
cWjpg; gj;jpu tiffspd; Clhf fhzpfSf;F ,Uf;ff; $ba
cupikfis ,Wjp capy; gj;jpuk; Clhf khw;wp toq;f KbAk;.
fhzp cupikahsH ,Wjp capy; gj;jpuk; gytw;iw vOj
KbAk;. vdpDk;> ,Wjpahf vOjg;gl;lNj Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
,q;F Mtzj;ij fhzp cupikahsupd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;dH> 3
khjq;fshtjw;F Kd;dH ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rkHg;gpj;J mq;fPfhuk;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW mq;fPfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;ljhf
ntspaplg;gLk; Mtzk; capy; nka;g;gpj;jy; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk;
vd mwpag;gLk;. ePjpkd;w gjpthsupd; fbjk; kw;Wk; ,e;j
mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;jpid cq;fSila rl;lj;juzpapdhy; fhzp
gjpthsUf;F rkHg;gpj;J gjpT nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
• mLj;j cupikahsH / cupikahsHfis jPHkhdpj;jyhdJ>
mDkjpg; gj;jpu / nfhLg;gdT gj;jpu cupikahsHfshy;
vj;jid KiwAk; Kd;ndLf;fg;glyhk;.
• mDkjpg; gj;jpu / nfhLg;gdT gj;jpu cupikahsupd;
tho;f;if Jiz (fztd; my;yJ kidtp) my;yJ
,uj;j cwtpdHfisNa mLj;j cupikahsuhf ngaupl
KbAk;. (fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; %d;whtJ
ml;ltizapd;mbg;gilapy; ,e;j ,uj;j cwTfs; ahtH
vd;gJ fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F ntspapy; cs;s
vtiuAk; mLj;j cupikahsuhf ngaupl KbahJ.
7.4 %d;whtJ ml;ltizapd; gpufhuk; cwtpdHfs;*
1. kfd; 2. kfs; 3. Ngud; 4. Ngj;jp
5. je;ij 6. jha; 7. rNfhjud; 8. rNfhjup
9. khkh 10.khkp 11. kUkfd;
12. kUkfs;
*(fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 51MtJ kw;Wk; 72MtJ
cWg;Giuapd; %d;whtJ ml;ltizapy; fhzp nraw;ghLfs; njhFg;gpy;
35MtJ gf;fk;)
52 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
ve;jnthU mDkjp gj;jpu my;yJ nfhLg;gdT gj;jpu
cupikahsUk;> jkJ gj;jpuq;fSf;F mLj;j cupikahsiu
ngauplhJ kuzkilAk; gl;rj;jpy;> mtuJ tho;f;if
Jizf;F (fztd; / kidtp) me;j fhzpapd; tho;f;if
cupik fpilf;Fk;. fhzpr; nraw;ghLfspy; tho;f;ifj; Jiz
vdg;gLgtHfs; cupikahsupd; fztd; my;yJ kidtpahFk;.
ve;jnthU fhzpf;Fk; cupikahsupd; kiwtpd; gpd;dH mLj;j
cupikahsH vd;w mjpfhuk; tho;f;ifj; Jizapd; kuzj;jpd;
gpd;dNu fpilf;Fk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; mtuJ tho;f;ifapd;
,Wjp tiu fhzpia mDgtpg;gjw;fhd cupik fpilf;Fk;.
Mdhy;> Fwpj;j tho;f;if Jiz NtW kzk; nra;J nfhz;lhy;
me;j cupik nry;Ygbaw;wjhfp tpLk;.
tho;f;ifj; Jizapd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;dH me;j fhzpapd;
cupik> ,e;j Mtzj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l xOq;fpy;
%j;jtHfSf;F khj;jpuk; cupj;jhFk;. mjhtJ> mLj;j
cupikahsH ngauplg;gltpy;iynadpd;> fhzp vt;tsT
ngupajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> xUtUf;F khj;jpuNk cupik fpl;Lk;.
kfd; ,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy; khj;jpuNk kfSf;F cupik fpl;Lk;.
kfd;> kfs; vtUk; ,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy;> gl;baypy; jug;gl;Ls;s
xOq;fpy; NguHfSf;F cupik fpl;Lk;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l FOf;fSf;F cl;gl;l cwtpdHfs;
,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy; je;ij> jha; Mfpa xOq;fpy; Fwpg;gpl;ltHfSf;F
KO cupikAk; fpl;Lk;.
Mdhy;> %d;whtJ ml;ltizf;F mika %j;j Mz;
gps;isf;F khj;jpuNk cupik fpilg;gjd; Clhf jw;NghJ gy
r%fg; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;j ml;ltizapd; mbg;gilapy; kfSf;F ,uz;lhtJ ,lNk
fpilf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ> kfd; ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; khj;jpuNk
kfSf;F Kjy; cupik fpilf;fpd;wJ.
mt;thNw> filrpg; gps;is fhzp mgptpUj;jp nra;J nfhz;L
trpj;J te;jhYk;> %d;whtJ ml;ltizapd; mjpfhukspj;jypd;
Clhf> jkJ %j;j mz;zhTf;F fhzp cupj;jhtjhy;>
mq;fpUe;J ntspNaw Ntz;ba epHg;ge;jk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 53
,e;j rkepiy ,d;ik fhuzkhf %d;whtJ ml;ltizapy;
jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.
mDkjpg; gj;jpu / nfhLg;gdT gj;jpu cupikahsH capUld;
,Uf;Fk; NghJ mLj;j cupikahsH my;yJ cupikahsHfis
ngaupLtjdhy; ,e;j rpf;fyhd epiyikia jzpf;f KbAk;.
ehk; ,e;j Gj;jfj;jpd; gy ,lq;fspy; fl;lis> mLj;j cupik>
Kjy; cupik> tho;f;if cupik Nghd;w gjq;fis $wpAs;Nshk;.
,e;j tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; cq;fSf;F
fl;lhak; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLk;. mt;thwhd
re;jHg;gq;fspy; fpuhk NrtfH my;yJ gpuNjr nrayhsiu
re;jpg;gJ kpfTk; cfe;jJ.
54 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
8.fhzp msj;jy;
fhzpia msj;jy; eltbf;if tpNrl gapw;rp ngw;w egHfshy;
(msitahsHfs;) Kd;ndLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
fhzpnahd;iw msf;Fk; NghJ ,uz;L tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
1. fhzpia mse;J vy;iyf; fy; ,ly;
2. Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l msj;jy; nraw;ghl;il tiuglkhf;fy;
(Plan)
fhzp msg;gtHfs; %d;W tifg;gLtH:
• murhq;f msitahsHfs; (msitahsH ehafj;jpd;
fPo;)
• fr;Nrup msitahsHfs;
• mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w msitahsHfs; (jdpahH
msitahsHfs;)
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 55
8.1 murhq;f msitahsHfs;
murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpfis> msitahsH ehafj;jpd; fPo; cs;s
,e;j murhq;f msitahsHfs; khj;jpuNk msf;f KbAk;. fhzp
msj;jypd; KOikahd mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltH msitahsH
ehafk;. kpfTk; gioikahd epWtdkhd msitahsH
jpizf;fsk; Mq;fpNyaHfspd; Ml;rp Kjy; (1871) ,yq;ifapy;
msj;jy; eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;L> epy tiuglq;fis
jahupj;J tUfpd;wJ. fhzp rk;ge;jg;gl;l nraw;ghLfspy; ,e;j
tiuglq;fs; kpfTk; gaDs;sit. msitahsH jahupj;j
tiuglq;fSf;Fs;:
• ,Wjp fpuhk tiuglk; / khjpup FVP (Final Village Plan)• ,Wjp efu tiuglk; / khjpup - FTP (Final Town Plan)• ,Wjp Fbrd tiuglk; / khjpup- FCP (Final Colony Plan)
ehl;bd; gy;NtW mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfspy; ,e;j tiuglq;fs;
kpfTk; gaDs;sit. msitahsH ehafj;jpd; khtl;l
jiytuhf khtl;l msitahsH mj;jpal;rfH ,Uf;fpd;whH.
8.2 fr;Nrup msitahsHfs;
vy;iyg; gpur;rpid / vy;iyia kPz;Lk; epHzapj;jy; / ePjpkd;w cj;jutpd; Ngupy; msj;jy; / vy;iy jpl;lkply; Nghd;w
eltbf;iffis ,tHfs; Kd;ndLg;gH. vy;iyf; fy; ,ly;
my;yJ gzk; ngw;W msj;jy; my;yJ ifAjpHf;fg;gl;l
fhzpia msj;jy; vd;gtw;wpid Kd;ndLg;gjw;F mtHfSf;F
rl;luPjpahd mjpfhuk; ,y;iy.
8.3 mjpfhuk; ngw;w msitahsHfs;
jdpg;gl;l msj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; ,tHfshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;.
ifAjpHf;fg;gl;l / jdpahH fhzp njhlHgpy; msj;jy; ,tHfshy;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;. ,tHfs; msitahsH ehafj;jpd;
mDkjpiag; ngw;W fl;lzk; mwtpl;L mur fhzpfis msf;f
56 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
KbAk;. vdpDk;> me;j msj;jy; nraw;ghLfis khtl;l
msj;jy; mj;jpal;rHfs; fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;>
fl;lzk; epHzapf;fg;gl;L> Fwpg;gpl;l rjtPjk; murhq;fj;jpw;F
nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw jahupf;fg;gl;l msj;jy;
tiuG mj;jpal;rfuhy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
8.4 murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpia msj;jy; nraw;ghL
,e;j nraw;ghLfspy; Kjypy; gpuNjr nrayhsupdhy; msj;jy;
cj;juT khtl;l msitahsH mj;jpal;rfUf;F mDg;gp
itf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;dH mtuJ Nkw;ghHitapd; fPo;
msit mjpfhupfspdhy; msj;jy; nraw;ghL Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;.
mjidj; njhlHe;J msj;jy; mj;jpal;rfH mYtyfj;jpy;
tiuglk; jahupj;J %d;W gpujpfshf gpuNjr nrayf
mYtyj;jpw;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j gpujpfspy; xd;W
khfhz fhzp MizahsH nghWg;gpYk;> kw;iwaJ gpuNjr
nrayhsH nghWg;gpYk;> kw;iwaJ fpuhk NrtfH nghWg;gpYk;
,Uf;Fk;. Kjy; gpujp msitahsH mj;jpal;rfH nghWg;gpy;
,Uf;Fk;.
efUk; vy;iyf; fy;
kPdhl;rp kw;Wk; Re;jupapd; tPLfs; mUfUfpy;
mike;Js;sd. ePz;l fhykhf maypy; trpj;J
te;j NghjpYk;> ,U FLk;gj;jpdUf;F ,ilapYk;
rpNefk; ,y;iy. kPdhl;rp tPl;by; ,lk;ngWk;
jpUkz epfo;TfSf;F khj;jpuky;y> mz;ikapy;
,lk;ngw;w kuztPl;bw;Fk; Re;jup nry;ytpy;iy.
mtHfSf;F ,ilapyhd cwT kpfTk;
me;epakhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,Wjpapy;> fpuhkj;jpd;
kuz epthuz rq;fj;jplkpUe;J jg;gpg;gjw;fhf
kahdj;jpw;F khj;jpuk; nrd;W te;jhH.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 57
,e;j ,U FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ePbf;Fk;
giff;F> ,U tPl;L fhzpfspdJk; vy;iyg;
gpur;rpidNa Muk;gk; vd;gjid fpuhkj;jpy;
cs;s midtUk; mwptH. ,UtUk; neUq;fpa
cwtpdHfshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,e;j
cwT Kiwia kwe;J vy;iy Kuz;ghl;by;
<Lgl;Ls;sdH. ngupatHfs; kj;jpapy; ,e;j
Kuz;ghL fhzg;gl;lhYk;> ngupatHfs; tPl;by;
,y;yhj re;jHg;gj;jpy; rpWtHfs; xd;whf ,ize;J
tpisahLthHfs;.
Re;jupapd; fztH uhirah> kPdhl;rpapd; FLk;gj;jpdH
rpy ehl;fs; jy ahj;jpiu nrd;wpUe;j re;jHg;gj;jpy;>
,UtUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fhzpia mse;J>
Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j vy;iyf; fw;fis mfw;wp tpl;lhH.
mjw;F rpy ehl;fspd; gpd;dH Gjpjhf gpupf;fg;gl;l
jkJ vy;iyf;Fs; ,Ue;j Ntg;gkuj;ij gwpf;fr;
nrd;wNghJ ,U FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
Nkhjy; Muk;gpj;jJ. Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j vy;iyf;
fw;fSf;F mika ,e;j Ntg;gkuk; kPdhl;rpapd;
fhzpf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjhFk;. Mdhy;> vy;iyf;
fw;fs; mfw;wg;gl;bUe;jikapdhy;> Gjpjhf te;j
fpuhk NrtfuhYk; Ntg;g kuk; ahUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ
vd;gjid $w ,aytpy;iy.
,jd; fhuzkhfNt> fpuhk NrtfH gpuNjr
nrayhsuplk; $wp> mjd; %yk; fhzp msj;jiy
kPz;Lk; Kd;ndLg;gjw;F> msitahsH New;W
fhzpf;Fr; nrd;Ws;sdH. msitahsH fhzpia
Gjpjhf mse;J> uhirahtpdhy; fw;fs; mfw;wg;gl;l
mNj ,lj;jpy; Gjpa vy;iy fw;fis ,l;lhH.
mjid Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjidj; jtpu uhirahTf;F
NtW topapy;iy.
58 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
Mdhy;>msitahsH fhzpia mse;J vy;iyf;
fw;fis ,Lk; NghJ me;j jftiy midj;J
Mtzq;fspYk; Fwpg;gjhfTk;> mJ msitahsH
jpizf;fsj;jpy; gj;jpukhf itf;fg;gLk; vdTk;>
kPz;Lk; fhzp msf;fg;gLk; NghJ me;j Gj;jfj;ij
jUtpj;J> mjdbg;gilapy; kPz;Lk; msj;jy;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; vd;gjid uhirah mwpe;J
itj;jpUe;jhy;> vy;iyf; fw;fis mfw;Wk; jtwhd
nraiy mtH Kd;ndLj;jpUf;fkhl;lhH.
8.5 cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd msj;jy; tiugl
tif
1. jlkwpjy; (Tracing) ,J msitahsH mjpfhup my;yJ jFjpAila NtW
mjpfhupfspdhy; jahupf;fg;gLk; tiuglkhFk;. mj;Jld;>
,J jw;fhypfkhf jahupf;fg;gLk; tiuglkhFk;.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 59
2. msj;jy; tiuglk; (Survey Plan) xU fhzp my;yJ gy fhzpfSf;fhf jahupf;fg;gLk;
tiuglkhFk;. ,t;thwhd tiuglj;jpid fl;lhakhf
msitahsH ehafj;jpw;fhf msitahsH mjpfhupapdhy;
cWjp nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw> msj;jy;
eltbf;ifia Kd;ndLj;j msitahsH> vy;iyfisg;
gpupj;jtHfs; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghHitapl;ltHfs;> msj;jy;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l tUlk; kw;Wk; jpfjp vd;gtw;iw ,q;F
Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;. fl;lzk; nrYj;jp ,t;thwhd tiugl
gpujpia khtl;l msitahsH mjpfhup mYtyfj;jpy;
xUtuhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. tiuglj;Jld; Fbj;jd
gl;bay; (Tenement List) fl;lhakhf jahupf;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. Fbj;jd gl;baypy; xt;nthU fhzp gpupT
myfpw;Fk; mika mjd; msT vy;iy kw;Wk; cupik
Nghd;wd tpsf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
3. tpsf;fg;glq;fs; (Diagrams) ,jpy; gy tif cz;L. msitahsH ehafj;jpdhy;
msf;fg;gLk; fhzpfSf;Fs;> tpNrl fhzpg; gpuptpid
fhl;Ltjw;F tpsf;fg;glq;fs; jahupf;fg;gLk;. mtw;wpd;
tiffs; gpd;tUkhW:
I. nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpw;fhf tiuag;gLk; tpsf;fg;glk;
II. L tpsf;fg;glk; (Fj;jif cWjpg; gj;jpuj;jpw;fhf
jahupf;fg;gLk;)
III. O tpsf;fg;glk; (Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpw;fhf jahupf;fg;gLk;)
60 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
8.6 gy;NtW mstpyhd ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; msTfs;*
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs;
tifmsT
1. rpwpa MW kw;Wk; mUtp> ePNuhil – mbj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J 15 mbf;Fk; FiwT
fiuapypUe;J epyg;gFjpf;F 66 mb. ,J ,Ugf;fKk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. kj;jpa mstpyhd ejp kw;Wk; mUtp> ePNuhil mbj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J 15-50 mbf;F ,ilg;gl;l
fiuapypUe;J epyg;gFjpf;F 133 mb. ,J ,U gf;fKk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. gpujhd MW 50 mbf;Fk; mjpfk fiuapypUe;J epyj;jpw;F 198 mb. ,J ,U gf;fKk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. ePHg;ghrdk;: I. mbj;jsk; 10mb my;yJ
mjw;F mjpfk; II. mbj;jsk; 10-15 ,ilg;gl;lJ III. mbj;jsk; 5 mbf;F FiwT
fiuapypUe;J 50 mbahf
fiuapypUe;J 28 mbahf fiuapypUe;J 10 mbahf
5. Fsf;fl;L Fsf;fl;bd; cauj;ijg; Nghy 15 klq;F
6. Fsf;fiu Nky; kl;lj;jpy; Fsk; epiwe;jTld; fl;Lg;ghl;L mstpypUe;J 100 mbf;F mg;ghy; Fsf;fiu kw;Wk; mjd; ghJfhg;G ,lq;fs;.
7. Mw;W mUtp ePNuhilfspy; ePHNjf;fk;
ePHNjf;fj;Jld; KO gpuNjrk;
8. eP&w;W mikr;rupdhy; tHj;jkhdpapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;l vy;iy msT
9. tPjpI. A tif tPjpII. B tif tPjp
III. C tif tPjpiV. D tif tPjp
V. E tif tPjp
tPjpapd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,U gf;fKk; 33 mbfs; (Ntyp my;yJ kjpy; mikg;gjw;Nf ,e;j epge;jid)> fl;llkhapd; 50 mbfs;.
tPjpapd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,U gf;fKk; 20 mbfs;
tPjpapd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,U gf;fKk; 15 mbfs;
10. flw;fiu caH ePH kl;lj;jpypUe;J> Fiwe;j ePH kl;lk; tiuahd vy;iycaH ePH kl;lj;jpypUe;J Fiwe;j ePHkl;lk; tiu epyg;gFjpia Nehf;fp 300 kPw;wHfs;
*fhzp cj;juT 11 (fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 50MtJ Vw;ghl;bw;F mika) fhzpr;
nraw;ghL> gf;fk; 173.
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 61
9.fhzpg; gpur;rpid
fhzpg; gpur;rpidia gpd;tUk; tifapy; tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
1. ifAjpHf;fg;gl;l fhzpfspy; gpur;rpid
2. murhq;fj;jpdhy; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; / nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;l my;yJ rl;ltpNuhj fhzpfspy; gpur;rpid
I. khtl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;lhy;
khj;jpuNk ifAjpHf;fg;gl;l fhzpfspy; gpur;rpidfis
jPHf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J njhlHgpy; rl;lj;juzp
xUtiu re;jpj;J MNyhrid ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ rpwe;jJ.
II. murhq;fj;jpdhy; mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; my;yJ nfhLg;gdT
gj;jpuj;jpd; Clhf toq;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; rpf;fy; Vw;gbd;>
fpuhk NrtfH my;yJ Fbrd mjpfhupapd; Clhf gpuNjr
nrayhsUf;F fbjk; %yk; rkHg;gpf;f KbAk;. mjd;
62 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
gpd;dH gpuNjr nrahyfj;jpy; my;yJ ];jhd gupNrhjid
elj;jp rl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g jPHkhdk; vLj;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jug;gpdUf;F mwptpg;gH.
rl;ltpNuhj fhzp njhlHgpy; gpur;rpid Vw;gbd;> gpuNjr
nrayhsUf;F jFjpahd rl;l eltbf;iffis gpd;gw;wp jPHT
ngw KbAk;.
Mdhy;> ve;j fhzpahf ,Ug;gpDk; msf;fg;gl;L vy;iyf;
fw;fs; ,lg;gl;bUg;gpd;> jPHg;gJ ,yFthFk;.
fhzp gpur;rpid cs;s re;jHg;gq;fspy; rk;ge;jg;g;ll
mjpfhupaplk; (gpuNjr nrayhsH / fpuhk NrtfH / Fbrd mjpfhup / JiwrhH MNyhrfH) MNyhridg; ngwhJ> %d;whk;
jug;gpduplk; MNyhrid ngWtjd; %yk; gpur;rpid NkYk;
mjpfupj;J> nkd;NkYk; rpf;fy; epiwe;jjhf khWk;.
Mdhy; fhzp gpur;rpid Vw;gLtjid jtpHg;gjw;F ,yFthd
Kiwnahd;W cs;sJ. mJjhd;> fhzpia mgptpUj;jp nra;J
Kiwahf guhkupj;J tUjyhFk;.
mLj;j cupikahsupd; ngaiu Fwpj;jYk; FLk;gq;fSf;F
,ilapyhd rpf;fy; Vw;glhJ jtpHg;gjw;fhd topahf mikAk;.
9.1 fhzp njhlHgpy; fhzg;gLk; Jupj nraw;ghL kw;Wk;
gy;NtW ePjpkd;wq;fs;
9.1.1 ePjpthd; ePjpkd;wk;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 63
fhzpg; gpur;rpid fhuzkhf rkhjhdj;jpw;F gq;fk; Vw;gLk;
vd;gJ cWjpahFk; re;jHg;gj;jpy;> me;j rk;gtj;ij
nghyp]hH ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Mw;Wg;gLj;JtH. ,t;thwhd
gpur;rpidfs; nghJthf ePjthd; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nf
Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,q;F kpfTk; gpugykhd trdk; xd;W cs;sJ. mJjhd; 66MtJ
cWg;Giuapd; fPo; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ ePjpthd; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs;
rl;l%yj;jpd; 66MtJ cWg;GiuahFk;. mjpy;> fhzpg;
gpur;rpidapd; fhuzkhf rkhjhdj;jpw;F gq;fk; Vw;gLk; vdj;
Njhd;Wkhapd;> nghyp]hH B mwpf;ifapd; Clhf ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
tplaj;ij rkHg;gpg;gH vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; %yk;> fle;j 60
ehl;fSf;Fs; fhzpapd; cupikj;Jtj;ij mDgtpj;jtHfs;
vd cWjp nra;ag;gl;ltHfsplk; fhzpia xg;gilg;gjw;F
VjhtJ cupik ,Ug;gpd;> ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; me;j jPHkhdk;
vLf;fg;gLtjhf ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Vida jug;Gf;F my;yJ
jug;gpdUf;F Mizaplg;gLk;.
,t;thwhd Kiwg;ghl;il jdpegHfSk; ePjthd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
rkHg;gpf;f KbAk;. ,it fhzpg; gpur;rpid njhlHghd jPHthf
,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> fhzpapd; cupik ahUf;F cupj;jhdJ
vd jPHkhdpf;fhJ vd;gjid ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk;> ,e;j ePjpkd;w jPHg;gpid khw;w Ntz;Lkhapd;> ,jid
tpl caH mjpfhuk; nfhz;l ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHg;gpid ngw
Ntz;Lk;.
9.1.2 khtl;l ePjpkd;wk;
murhq;fj;jpdhy; egnuhtUf;F toq;fg;gl;l fhzpg; gFjpahf
,Uf;fyhk; (gpujhd gj;jpuj;jpd; ePz;l fhy Fj;jif cWjpg;
gj;jpuj;jpd; Rje;jpu nfhLg;gdT gj;jpuj;jpd;> epahjd rhjdg;
gj;jpuj;jpd;)> ifAjpHf;fg;gl;l ,lkhf ,Uf;fyhk;> cupik
njhlHgpy; my;yJ NtW tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; rpf;fy; ,Ug;gpd;>
mJ Fwpj;J rptpy; ePjpkd;wkhd khtl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpNyNa
tof;F jhf;fy; nra;a KbAk;.
64 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
9.1.3 khfhz Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;/ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l khtl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jug;gLk; jPHg;G khfhz
rigapdhy; Kfhik nra;ag;gLk; ,lj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gLkhapd;>
mJ njhlHgpy; ,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nf Nkd;KiwaPL nra;a
KbAk;. ,jw;F mg;ghy; murhq;f mjpfhupfs; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf
eltbf;if vLg;gjdhy;> newpjtwy; Vw;gLkhapd; my;yJ
mt;thW Vw;gLk; vd Njhd;Wkhapd; ,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Clhf
rl;l Mizg; ngw;W epthuzk; ngw KbAk;.
9.1.4 caH ePjpkd;wk;
NkNy $wg;gl;l ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Clhf toq;fg;gl;l jPHg;Gf;fs;
njhlHgpy; jpUg;jp milahjtHfSf;F Njitf;F Vw;w tifapy;
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F my;yJ caHePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
Nkd;KiwaPl;bid rkHg;gpf;f KbAk;.
tof;F vd;gJ fhy tpuakh? rk;gt fw;if 5
kPdhl;rpAk;> uq;fDk; mz;zDk;> jq;ifAkhtH.
,UtUk; ngw;NwhUld; xNu tPl;by; trpj;J te;jdH.
,tHfspd; je;ijapd; ngaH nguparhkp. nguparhkp
me;j fhyj;jpy; ifg;gw;wpa ,uz;L Vf;fH fhzp
,Ue;jJ. ,e;j fhzpf;F mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; ,y;yhj
NghJk;> jkJ gps;isfs; ,UtUf;Fk; gpupj;Jf;
nfhLj;jhH. gpd;nghU fhyj;jpy;> kPdhl;rpAk;>
uq;fDk; ,e;j ,uz;L fhzpfSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahd
mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fisg; ngw;wdH. kPdhl;rp jkJ
fhzpapy; tPnlhd;iwAk; fl;b trpf;f Muk;gpj;jhH.
Mdhy;> mtuJ mz;zd; mq;F trpf;ftpy;iy.
vdpDk;> rpy fhyj;jpy; uq;fd; NtW Cupy; trpf;f
Muk;gpj;jikapdhy;> mtuJ ,lj;ij Kjyhsp
xUtUf;F tpw;whH. mNjNtis> Coy; epiwe;j
mjpfhupapd; cjtpAld; jq;ifapd; ,lj;jpw;Fk;
NrHj;J KOikahd fhzpf;Fk; ifAjpHf;fg;gl;l
cWjpg; gj;jpuk; xd;iw jahupg;gjw;F Kjyhspf;F
cjtp nra;jhH. rpy ehl;fs; jkJ fztuJ ngw;Nwhupd;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 65
tPl;by; trpg;gjw;fhf kPdhl;rp nrd;wpUe;j NghNj>
mz;zdpd; ,lj;ij nfhs;tdT nra;j Kjyhsp>
kPdhl;rpapd; fhzpf;Fk; NrHj;J cupik nfhz;lhl
Muk;gpj;jhH. mg;NghJjhd;> uq;fd; jkJ fhzpiaAk;
NrHj;J Kjyhspf;F tpw;Ws;sJld;> mjw;fhd
ifAjpHf;fg;gl;l fhzp cWjpg; gj;jpuk; jahupf;fTk;
cjtpGupe;Js;sikia mwpe;J nfhz;lhH.
,jdhy; jkf;F Vw;gl;l mePjpf;F epahak; Nfhup
gpuNjr nrayhsH> khfhz fhzp MizahsH
kw;Wk; fhzp MizahsH ehafk; MfpNahUf;F
fbjk; %yk; kw;Wk; Neupy; nrd;W re;jpj;J jkJ
gpur;rpidia njuptpj;jhH. ,Wjpapy; [dhjpgjp
nrayfk; tiuAk; nrd;whH.
Mdhy; jw;NghJ> jtwhd Kiwapy; jhk; ngw;w
fhzpapypUe;J kPdhl;rpia ntspNaw;Wtjw;F>
Fwpj;j Kjyhsp ePjpkd;w cj;juitg; ngw;Ws;shH.
jkf;F Vw;gl;l ,e;j mePjp njhlHgpy; tof;F
jhf;fy; nra;j NghjpYk;> jkf;F vjpuhf jPHg;G
fpilj;jikapdhy;> kPz;Lk; Nkd;KiwaPL
nra;tjw;F kPdhl;rp vjpHghHj;Js;shH.
66 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
9.1.5 fhzp njhlHgpy; rpf;fy; Vw;gLk; NghJ kw;Wk; MNyhrid
Njitahd NghJ njhlHG nfhs;s Ntz;ba mjpfhupfs;
kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs;
gpuNjr nrayfk;
fpuhk NrtfH
Jiw MNyhrfH / Fbrd mjpfhup / fhzp mjpfhup
ypfpjH
gpuNjr nrayhsH kw;Wk; cjtp gpuNjr nrayhsH
khfhz fhzp MizahsH mYtyfk; / gpujp fhzp MizahsH
mYtyfk;
khfhz fhzp MizahsH / gpujp fhzp MizahsH
cjtp fhzp MizahsH
fhzp mjpfhupfs;
fr;Nrup msitahsHfs;
fhzp MizahsH ehafk; jpizf;fsk;
fhzp MizahsH ehafk;
fhzp MizahsH mgptUj;jp / fhzp
gpujp fhzp MizahsHfs;
cjtp fhzp MizahsHfs;
msitahsH jpizf;fsk;
msitahsH ehafk;
gpujp msitahsH ehafk;
khtl;l msitahsH mj;jpal;rfH
cjtp msitahsH mj;jpal;rfH
msitahsHfs;
kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;
gpujhd kjpg;gPl;lhsH
kjpg;gPl;lhsH
gjpthsH ehafk; jpizf;fsk;
gjpthsH ehafk;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 67
Nkyjpf gjpthsH ehafk;
Nkyjpf khtl;l gjpthsH
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs;
khefu Kjy;tH / jiytH efu MizahsH / nrayhsH njhopy; mjpfhup
fhzp ifahsy; nfhs;if jahupj;jy; jpizf;fsk;
gzpg;ghsH
khtl;l fhzp ifahsy; mjpfhup
cupikj; jPHT nra;jy; jpizf;fsk;
cupikj; jPHT nra;jy; MizahsH ehafk;
cupikj; jPHT nra;jy; MizahsH
cjtp cupikj; jPHT nra;jy; MizahsH
fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jp mikr;R
nrayhsH
Nkyjpf nrayhsHfs;
gzpg;ghsHfs;
[dhjpgjp nrayfk;
[dhjpgjp nrayhsH
Nkyjpf nrayhsH
cjtp nrayhsH
fhzp kWrPuikg;G Mizf;FO rig
jiytH
gzpg;ghsHfs;
khtl;l gzpg;ghsHfs;
,yq;if kfhtyp mjpfhu rig
gzpg;ghsH ehafk;
jq;Fkpl nray;jpl;l KfhikahsHfs;
tya KfhikahsHfs;
gpupT KfhikahsHfs;
68 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
9.1.6 khfhz fhzp MizahsH mYtyf njhiyNgrp
,yf;fq;fs;
khfhzk; MizahsHmYtyfk;
njhiyNgrpnjhiyefy
1. tlkj;jpa
khfhzk; 0252222281 0252225216 0252225216
2. tl khfhzk; 0213215539 0213215539 0212220836
3. fpof;F khfhzk; 0262222031 0262222148 0262227413
4. rg;ufKt
khfhzk;0452222792 0452222792 0452222792
5. tlNky;
khfhzk;0372222236 0372225205 0372229412
6. njd; khfhzk; 0913922645 0912234266 0912244379
7. Cth khfhzk; 0552224745 0552222236 0552222236
8. Nky; khfhzk; 0112433981 01125429080112433981
0112542981
9. kj;jpa khfhzk; 0812233419 0812234421 0812234421
fhzp MizahsH ehafk; jpizf;fsk; - gj;juKy;y
gjtp njhiyNgrp ,y
1. fhzp MizahsH ehafk; 0112797400
2. fhzp MizahsH (fhzp) 0112797400
3. gpujp fhzp MizahsH
(ud;gpk) 0112797403
4. fhzp MizahsH
(mgptpUj;jp) 0112797400
,izaj;jsk; - www.landcommdept.gov.lk
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 69
,izg;Gf;fs;
70 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 71
72 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 73
74 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 75
76 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh | 77
78 | fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
fhzpfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;
buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy;> =yq;fh
Coiy xopj;jy; vd;w gpujhd ,yf;if Nehf;fpr; nraw;gLk; rHtNjr epWtdkhd buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; epWtdj;jpd; ,yq;if Kftuhf> buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh epWtdk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cynfq;Fk; E}w;Wf;Fk; mjpfkhd fpisfis nfhz;L ,aq;Fk;> buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; vd;w ,e;j epWtd tiyaikg;G ntspg;gilj; jd;ik> nghWg;Gilik kw;Wk; ey;yhl;rp nfhs;iffis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mHg;gzpg;Gld; cs;sJ. buhd;];Ngud;]p ,d;lHnerdy; =yq;fh epWtdk; 2002Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,yq;ifia rpwe;j ehlhf khw;Wtjw;F> RahjPdkhf nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
epHthfk; njhlHghd kf;fspd; Gupe;JzHit mjpfupg;gJk;> mtHfspd; gq;Fgw;wiy tYT+l;Ltjw;fhd gapw;rp> ,aYik mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w mwptpd; Clhf rpwe;j kl;lj;jpy; caHju Nritfis Vw;gLj;JtJk;> CoYf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLtjd; Clhf rpwe;j ehl;il cUthf;FtJk; vkJ ,yf;fhFk;.
Delegation of the European Unionto Sri Lanka and the Maldives26, Sir Marcus Fernando Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri LankaTel: (94 11) 2674413/4Fax: (94 11) 2678860Email: [email protected]: www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/sri_lanka
Transparency International Sri Lanka6, 37th Lane, Queen’s Road, Colombo 3Phone: 011 4369781 - 3Fax: 011 2506419Email: [email protected]: www.tisrilanka.org
ISBN: 978-955-1281-53-3