Land in Europe 1

7/30/2019 Land in Europe 1

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Landconcentration,

landgrabbingand

peoples struggles

inEurope.

Take acTi on againsT

land grabbing


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April 2013

stuy t t: Jf F stu M. b J.

cpy et: dh e

d att: r st

Put ct: Ptj Vvt

Pt: PmvQut

ecVc H ff th l wu th g Pu, Tmth Fff, syv ky bMky fm th Tni a Jut tm f th uppt vw th ft ft f th pp Tmth Fff f tt fm Fh. Th t btt r fm Fian autf tt th ft h ph ff th u.

Puh y th Tt ittut (Tni) f eupct V cmp H ff th l tw.

HandsofftHeLandTake acTion againsT land grabbing

a joint project of TNI, FIAN International, FIAN Netherlands, FIAN Germany,FIAN Austria, IGO in Poland and FDCL in Germany.

Pu pt wth f uppt fm th eup cmm t thH ff th l pjt. Th vw xp h th f ecVc th H ff th l tw t y th f th ec.
http://www.tni.org/http://www.tni.org/


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Landconcentration,

landgrabbingand

peoples struggles

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1. Executive SummaryEuropean Coordination Via Campesina (ECVC) and Hands-O The Land (HOTL) Alliance

2. Introduction*l tt, pp tu eup:

ummy f tut t th t f tuSaturnino Borras Jr., Jennifer Franco and Jan Douwe van der Ploeg

3. Francel g, atft ctt F: cu,cqu chMorgan Ody

4. Andalusial: tu au, spMarco Aparicio, Manuel Flores, Arturo Landeros, Sara Mingorra, Delphine Ortega and

Enrique Tudela

5. Germanyl tt, pt f h gmyRoman Herre

6. Italyl tt ity: th f Futvt sAntonio Onorati and Chiara Pierfederici

7. Francel g F: Th f th nt-dm--l aptAnton Pieper

8. AustriaTh pt f f t th nth: m u utu th tu sh lwthft! (sl!) autKim Mhrs, Franziskus Forster, Sarah Kumnig and Lukas Rauth members of the SoliLa! collective

9. HungaryTh rtu f th Wht H: l g HuyRobert Fidrich

10. Romaniasm f rm: ft vvt vJudith Bouniol

11. Bulgarial tt, ft eup: th fbyt buGeorgi Medarov

12. Serbial g l ctt eup: Th f sMilenko Srekovi

13. Ukrainel g th b eth: U oh itt ivtChristina Plank

14. FAO Tenure Guidelines*Th myth f tu u v eup:Wht th Fao Tu gu , fh ft vFlorence Kro and Claire Guens

6

( )

16

20

48

56

78

82

114

132

154

180

184

( )

*av th fthm Ju 2013 t.


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Land concentration, land grabbing and peoples struggles in Europe

6

Executive summary*

European Coordination Via Campesina (ECVC)**

Hands-O The Land (HOTL) Alliance***

17 ap 2013

Introduction1

l 2 wy um t hpp y th suth, ut -pth y y tm f h hw tht p eup.

Th pt, vv 25 uth fm 11 ut, v th h f hw fw pvtu tt hv t f v-t f eup . it xp hw th t hv tvy uppt y hu jt f pu fu t tm wh th pufu ujt t mv ut. Wh m f th p ptu v-- tt -- t w, thy hv t t ptu eteup. Thy hv pv th wy f w t f f mt t t m th eup t, my t t y mmty h, t pft fmth y putv mmty f .

am th f, th pt v tht:1. Increasing land concentration

LandownershipinEuropehasbecomehighlyunequalh, m ut, pptm t bz, cm th Phpp tu f th uqu tut f - wth. Wh th eU th m 12 m fm, th large farms (100hectares and above) that only represent 3 percent of the total number of farms, control 50 percentof all farmed land.

Thisconcentrationoflandownershipstarteddecadesago,buthasaccelerated.3 i gmy,f xmp, tt f 1,246,000 h 1966/67 hu t jut 299,100 fm y 2010. ofth h, th land area v y fm f th 2 ht, hu fm 123,670 h-t 1990 t m 20,110 ht 2007, wh fm f 50 ht xp fm 9.2 m ht 1990 t 12.6 m ht 2007. 4

InEasternEurope,theconcentrationoflandownershiphasbeenparticularlymarkedsince

thecollapseoftheBerlinWall. My fm w upt wh th ut tth eU hhy u utu put f th mt. i th ft xy, th mjty f m fm w t v t ppy f eU utu u

*a , fu-w tuty pp y stu M. b J., Jf c. F J duw v P, uty fz w v Ju 2013.

**eup ct V cmp t f 27 fm utu w u w u mvmt w t hv f vty.

*** Th HoTl t f: th Tt ittut (Tni), th tt tt f th Fftifmt at ntw (Fian-is), Fian-gmy, Fian-nth, Fian-aut, Fhu udumttztum ch-ltm (Fdcl) gmy, th ittut f g rpty (igo) P.


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1. Executive Summary

7

whh fu f fm. H w t up f put/vt hv u ptu vt tt f .

Publicmoney,throughsubsidiespaidundertheCommonAgriculturalPolicy,supportedthis

concentrationoflandandwealth. i ity, f xmp, 2011, 0.29 pt f fm

18 pt f tt caP tv, 0.0001 f th (tht 150 fm) 6 pt f u. i sp 2009, 75 pt f th u w y y 16 pt f tht fm. i Huy 2009, 8.6 pt f fm 72 pt f utuu. cuty, th caP uy hm h t u p ht f fm. Ut qu f th mht tht t futh fu th eup thet Mt pt f eup, t w m m fm, tu t ty y pptv fm.

2. Creeping land grabbing

Alongsidelandconcentration,newactorshavearrivedtograblandespeciallyinEastern

Europe.Th pt hhht f ch mp bu ut -put f mz, f M et mp rm m - p-ut f , f eup mp vv up my euput f vty f utu -utu pup. Jut th utpt ethp, cm Puy, th - ut -tv, -tpt m. a wh, th f andmt mp,wth th ppt ptpt f eup pt, u th tt u

t mmty h f pt u p fu t u ltam sutht a.

Th h futh vt th y tt t t. out th eU: U th 10 t h t ut 2.8 m h, wh m h w up tv hu f thu f ht h. i s th fu t s wtth y t m th 100,000 h.

LandisbeinggrabbedacrossEuropeformultiplereasons: put f w mt f thf uty mt y tt mp, xttv uty, -y,

uh vt hu, u pw, tt tt, tum v, thmm ut. i F, f xmp, h y m th 60,000 h f utu t t m p f , upmt u wth u p. Th ft m tt f uuy m . but thy up, t th t th mt ft putv utu .

3. Blocking entry by prospective (young) farmers Th upt ym f tt. Th tutu f caP u-

y hm mpy t p t y tut t th ty t fmy pptv fm, mt f thm yu pp. Th w y u u f.Th u h m v m f pm th mt f tt p . Th ut p caP uy hm y t fy th t m mt t ty t fm y yu pp. a t t t hv f vty eup.


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8

if th ptv ht fm th th ft tht eup th my yupp wh w t t up fm pt th ppu f tht yu pp tt utu. Th w ppu tt m yu pp t tup fm pty pv p y tt hthy, f ut- utu y yu pp. Yt th hh ty f eup utu p m tht

th futu fm th m pt f ty. Th w f thw tt p ut fm-h, t ytm f utu tht h ft vmt t.

4. Growing and spreading farmers and peoples struggles

Ftuty th hp f ht v th eup wth my f th m up tht tt p mz. a f th xm thtuy hhht hw w mvmt, -, u u, fm fft upt,

m eup. Th t, my f th w, th defensive t tt , ut pro-active t upy , v t-tv. Th tuy u th f th mmuty f n, s m t th uf pm utu f mv hu pjt, th f ppt t thnt dm l pt pjt nt F. i tm f p-tv tu, thhht th f soc au, wh pt fm tvy upy utvt t u fm ytm, slla V wh yu pp m tth t qut ft u f mmuty uppt utu ty f thu pv t fm v t u mm pjt.

Th tu tfm th u u p t w ttu thtu f t f th t f eup utu.

Conclusion

a tuy f eup ym pt ffuy t th t th th vt gsuth-t vw f tmpy u. it hw ft, land grabbing is critical issue today butis not the only urgent and important land issue in the world today; the generic issue of land concentra-

tion is just as urgent and important and probably even more prevalent than the former, t t theup txt.

s, it reveals that land concentration and land grabbing do not occur only in developing countries inthe South; in fact, both are underway in Europe today.

Th, hpp wh th w, it points to the hope inspired by peoples struggles againstland concentration and land grabbing unfolding in Europe. Th tu u th ut f truly transnationalpt tu t tmpy u f f humty mtt u, th w v .

Recommendations

i ht f th f f th pt, th eup ct V cmp (ecVc), uppt yvu zt ty ty vv th pt, put fw t f m - t t eU vmt t th tu u f tt, t ty t fm. ou m m :


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9

Land should regain importance as a public good. We must reduce the commodification of land and

promote public management of territories. Priority should be given to the use of land for small-

holder and peasant agriculture and food production against the simple private property commercial

interests. Access to land should be given to those who work it (or: those who want to work it in a

socially and ecologically acceptable way) [ this leaves the possibility for young people to enter the

land open, and it simultaneously distances from those who currently control and work fast trackof land. It also links with the statement that follows here below, i.e. that redistributive land policies

are needed].

(1) stp v th t f xtm tt mmft!

cy ut tutv p ( fm, ttut, ff t, ) f tt whp.

rz ht u ht mmu ytm

impmt p t uppt tfmt f ut fm t m fmy/pt fm/

f vty pjt, u u utu.

(2) stp !

b vt put (mp, / vmt) tht pt, / , eup wh th w;

t pu t/t ytm f th tt f vmt mp

(3) au t f fm th t hv f vty py f yu

pp - h th pth ytm f p ht pmt p f ptvmt t u f wm

ct pu mmt fmw fm xt (.. sf, F) t fttth f yuth, pp, f th u uh wt.

stth t th ptpt f mmut m u

dvp fmw f ptv-typ fm -whp mt tht wumpv th tut f wm whp m t f yu pp t t up fm.

ch th tt t t pt p t uppt ut m fm/pt pjt ( v mm uf t f u).

Puh f th pt mt ppt f th Tu gu p v- f (Un) eup wth f vty fmw

suppt t t t f v (.. upt f ut z)

Ptz th u f f f vu fu put th mm y u ,xttv ut, u mpjt,... eup wh th w


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10

Endnotes

1. cp uth f th t t d. Jf F: [email protected]. Th tut tth t tuy fw: aut (km Mh, Fzu Ft, sh kum, lu ruth),bu (g Mv), F (M oy), F-l Z (at Pp), gmy (rmH), Huy (rt Fh), ity (at ot ch Pf), rm (JuthBouniol),Serbiacase(MilenkoSrekovi),Spaincase(MarcoAparicioWilhelmi,ManuelFlores,ArturoLanderos,

s M, dph ot ep equ Tu), U (cht P), th f FaoTu gu ppt (F kff c guff). btt r f Fian-aut py y hp t t th tuy p tt. Th tm t Tni tht hp put tth th pt y vw t th t f pp, m th th, u Ptj Vvt, syv ky, Tmth Fff, gPu, b Mky, n buxt. Th pt w t y dh e. Th -uth f th tut pp: d. b, Fw f th Tt ittut (Tni) at Pf t th itt ittut fs stu (iss), Th Hu; d. F, ct f th a Jut Pm t Tni; J duw v P, Pf t W Uvty.

2. Th ft ff y b, F t (2012: 405) u h: th ptu f tf tvy vt tt f th tu u thuh vty f mhm fm vv- pt tht ft hft u u t tht f xtt, whth f tt mt pup, pt p t th v f f, y f , mt h mtt mptv m f u fm w hu f pt.

3. Wh th t um f fm th eU fm 1996/67 t 2010, th w u t xp fth U, fm 6 mm tt 1966/67 t th ut 27, wth w mm hv tvy utut tvy ut (f xmp, rm).

4. a w f ut wth ff ttt, f gmy f th eU m y: ff tttt th eU ft m th v tu ptu f ppty tut t. Th pt fm wh h uv t m ut tht ft th ff ttt.Th my f m fm f 2 h w tht hy fm. H, th y y thff ttt mh uy t pv p ft f th tuy xt ty. Th pmt t f ttt th t f h th h th tt utz utu .
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Overview of the collection

Land concentration, land grabbingand peoples struggles in Europe:

summary of and introduction

to the collection of studies

By Saturnino Borras Jr., Jennifer

Franco and Jan Douwe van der Ploeg

Th tuty pp yth th y f- f th vu pt, th t th pptv , tt

pp tu. (Note: this paper isavailable only in June 2013).

Land Grabbing, Articialisation andConcentration in France: causes,

consequences and challenges

By Morgan Ody

Th pt F wt h t wth th f f w-m th fm t. Th phm ty ttw wth tt, tft f (-v f fm t -utu u).Pp, py yuth, wt t tt fmf thmv tff mptt wth xtmmy w t fm. l t-

t : 1955 80% f th fm wf w 20 h, th ut v u 80h. atft f h pv-y u th mut f v utu. i F, h y m th 60,000 h futu t t m p f ,upmt u wth u p.Th t tw p-ut, th p f fquty

py f vtuy th ty f f tt.

Land: access and struggles inAndalusia, Spanish StateBy Marco Aparicio, Manuel Flores,Arturo Landeros, Sara Mingorra,Delphine Ortega and Enrique Tudela

Th uty u up f tt w p-vtt. o th h, tw 1962 2009, th um f fm pp y 67%

(fm v 3 m t w 1 m) wh tth m tm th v z m th u-. i 2010, 2% f w w 50%f th . o th th h, v th pt 50y pvt ppty h w muy,wh th typ f - tuh hpp hv mh f-ty. Futhm, th fm f th cmmautu Py (caP) 2003 uht wth

t th s Pymt shm, pptut thmt f hhy qut tu-t, u th mt f m-h put. Th ut th pvt t f au tfu -ptt. bth eup tt-v pu p, f fm uppt ut put w-, u m f put tht

tut t tt th h fpt. autu u vuth t tht f th f vt u t th ht t f hvt th jut tmy f th m-pmtt f caP mu. Th tu f hv hv m u: th ptfm mvmt h up tt tutvt , p fw m f put tht tu t xp.Th au T U (soc-saT) pt-m t t th tt f whp th mt f fm, f th t f mpymt au.soc-saT m th sph stt,


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12

ffm tht th tu f juttu. it m t twt whp ut th t fm wptv, y th U. i m th pt txt h ftt pjt

put pp t thpv -tv -xpt m.

Land concentration, land grabbingand options for change in Germany

By Roman Herre

gmy h wt ft t t-

w tt t. a tt f 1,246,000 h 1966/67hu t jut 299,100 fm y 2010. of thh th v y fm f th 2 ht hu fm 123,670 ht 1990 t m 20,110 ht 2007, whfm f 50 ht xp fm 9.2 m ht 1990 t 12.6 mht 2007. a v ftu f th t 5

10 y h th pppt f y -utu vt f -u-tu pup, u f - put.i m gmy, t tmt thtth w vt hv puh tw15% 30% f th v th m-t. Th pm ptuy m fmet gmy wh th futh pvttf fmy tt-w th ut

f th mt hv fvu vtwth f u. Th h t u p. btw 2005 2011th t f 1 h f gmy y55% fm 8,692 t 13,493. Th -m f t v y - -utu vt tht th v-h f fmy fm th w thfutu, t pp th pptuty t t utu u thy hv f.

Land concentration and greengrabs in Italy: the case ofFurtovoltaico in Sardinia, Italy

By Antonio Onorati and Chiara Pierfederici

du th pt , ity h xptt f utu ppty, why 22,000 fm wth m th100 h w m th 6.5 m h f tt -utu . a fm th pu , thm 4.5 m h tt thh f 19,000 pvt mp fm, hp m th 100 h. nt phv xt th tut y w th

uh t pvt th mm pu tv, whh u-u.r f t vt pv mpy-mt, u f vty ffv ttv txt f m vmt , vmt -tu t utmt m- utu:mt p mpmt th f vw th utu t

u th th ut th pttf m- fm, py tm f -m wth, vpmt mpy-mt. Th pt fu evt ltpjt th mupty f n otpv. a hu pt f utuput w ut, wth y puttt f 27 mwtt (MW). Th pt -vt xmp f t why hu f

ht f pm fm u f hu pjt tht hv vu -tv mpt: t y thy um thht f mmut t pu f u t , ut thy tth w th pty f m fmt tut t v th fft ity.Th f n hu utthw ut up f vt t vt f vmt u t w t m pft, f thy v mpt s utu.Mv, uh pjt hv ptuf u t f th utut. Th u pmpt mmuty -t ptt. s 2012, mt


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t hv my xp vth sau f n cmmtt.Th up mp th cmmtt hv tvy tv mt fmt wut th u-

t ut th pp.

Land Grabbing in France: the caseof Notre-Dame-des-Landes Airport

By Anton Pieper

a hhy put muh t pt p-jt th Fh uty pv

xmp f ptz tu wthth txt f tft Wt eup. Th f 2,000 ht futu f pt wh v tt, mtt f th wy whh pt uty z. it m th pm f vt tfz f ut u u, h v y -

pt tt. Th tv, hv thuh vv fut tw v-mt pt v tt p f my vv hu f m fu, m th u, wh th vmtfu t ttv put fw yth t. athuh t f m th fu, th u t w tu 2008 wthth t f u pm, 2011,

wth th puty uu fm qutt th ptt. l fm tvt th ptu fmt hv ut th t t th g outpt pjt. rm th Zad, Z df (Z t df), thmv z-t, tvt, fm t hv t th vpmt f th pt yupy th xppt y th tt hf f V, th mpy whh w th t- f tut w. Wth th pu p v, py thf vt pu tt ot2012 th tu, ht y t -vty tvty, u.

The politics of land and food inurban cities in the North: reclaimingurban agriculture and the struggle

By Kim Mhrs, FranziskusForster, Sarah Kumnig, LukasRauth members ofSolidarischLandwirtschaften! (SoliLa!) in Austria

at th p f -tm th fm pput aut, mfm utu t ptu-y m t. l f t y ft. o-th f th fm h

t aut 1951. Ty 20 h f p y f , u,ftutu pjt, umu th tt tvt t wth u pw.Th tw ft gmy uwth eU txt why 1,000 m2 tp y. Th u xu aut th f utu thu t qu-t f u p whh t-

th tt u-u htmy. it ft t th u-u tf, tht th ttf th vut, u, m f m mt ppt. V hw hw u utu pup - fm u ,t tmt, t vu fm f mmutyuppt utu - ft th mt xp- wh f wth mpt pu tt. autu u V hy 20% tw 1999 2010 wh th umf fm y 30.2% tw 1995 1999 - 67.7% f th pp fm h th fv ht. i p t th futu u p ptt tth phtvy hh t f uy, upt hv ut th ty wth th m t u ff vty. Thu, th ht fmu tu u pt ymut t t ut wh xm th tu f eup.


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The Return of the White Horse:Land Grabbing in Hungary

By Robert Fidrich

Wth Huy t th eU,

tu u y m-mf t y - pt tth tmt f Huy m- fm.Th hhy uqu tut f eU utuu u th cmm autu Pyh py mj . i th ft x y f-t eU , th mjty f m fmw t t ppy f u, fftvyxu 93% f Huy tt fm pp-

ut. i 2009, 8.6% f fm w v72% f th utu u. Th w pf Huy mp t th eU mmtt h th y v fth w wv f . athuh mtum whp y f uty p, th xpt ft f th 2014 h y pu ut t t t f thuh vu

m. Th Hu vmt w t-mt tht u 1.0-1.5 m h thh f f, my f thm fm aut,wh hv t ptu ft mutf t eU utu u. Thuhth pup f whh th vy fm mty f u t h-t pvt uxuy tt - , t Huy fmy fm f utu

tht ut.

Scramble for land in Romania:

an iron st in a velvet glove

By Judith Bouniol

a rm, tu u hv mth jt f mv vtmt.

l f my pup utu, m, y, tum, wt -u put. it pt tht u800,000 h, 6% f rm fm, uy th h f tt p-t. i th , eup t , t f, txt f .

Th phm h h th hm-u m f rm t th eU,u th t f t mt tf uy. Th uty f vt-mt -ut put. it

tu htt m t ut f p, ptty v t th th t f eup. ru , v h vu pput wh thv muh ttv ut t pt th v f-ut eup pt tht tty thuh puh f . i -t, vmt t uppt fvu

- vt. it py tht m -mt f put t ptu th utv eUcaP u f th v f th .Hf f th u w v 2012 y 1%f th fm, f whm hv fm z v500 h. Hwv, th ppt ty vvt v u th v f th ft v th phm. l mvy z th t v th ft

f t xptt w th pw t t u mpz pvt h.

Land concentration, land grabbingand land conicts in Europe: thecase of Boynitsa in Bulgaria

By Georgi Medarov

Th w wv f u y pvtvt htt bu f wth th txtf mv ()tt f w-hp ft y eU 2007. 82.4%f utu h v 100 h.athuh th ftmth f th svt U -p h wt w tut f t um f pp, th f quttt uppt m tv f m-

utu t v u tthuhut th uty. Th uf pf -t f h utu yvmt p uh vuty -t pmm, v y th bustt t ttt f vtmtf - tv utu. Th h


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t eU uht w u f mptt tht fu-th mt th pt f m fm ptv. Th uh t bu hfu wp put, h vth f w f put

, th t. etw wth fpt vt fu thy ptu vtt f f v f pup.l f u tum u-ty vpmt, u tft f, t, w m pjt.l t t - -utu v t ty p.

Land grabbing and concentrationin Europe: the case of Serbia

By Milenko Srekovi

l s tt u th ppvtt tht t p th ftmth fYuv tt w fu-th xt fw s t theU. T vt f th tut, t

f pt z t fvt tt f s . stt th thh- f th 2000, th pvtt p t t t f whp. Th fut s w wy pt- t h tth m th 100,000 h h.c ut -tpt m th p-vtzt v h v ut wthqut u. it m t hv

u ph tw ht t u ht t pppt utu . Thuqut t f h t futhm f y th - qut vv f mty eup pt. b , eup t s -txt f th phm. Th tm f eU -h mp up t w mm u

th t f t mt t fuy wth , f 2014. at th wf th tm m fuy fftv, h h tptmt put, ut th fft th p f th s eup mt.

Land Grabs in the BlackEarth: Ukrainian Oligarchsand International Investors

By Christina Plank

i U, t m

xtt th tf f fm whp, ut p-my vv u wh h ft tv th . Th phm pt m f t, ptu -tt U u utu m fw pvt h. Thpuh f - -xpt m, thtxt f th pvtt f utu wth th fmw f U fm,

t th ut wv f , wth f t -u t t vU utu. athuh th fmh tut t ppxmty 7 mu htt, th utu p pv- t t hy y tt uppt f m mum fm. a qu th mj-ty f th tu w th th h pv th wy t th f -h. iy hzty vt-y tt t t th wh vuh, th xp h h wth thtt f . Th 10 t ht ut 2.8 m h, wh m hw up t v hu f thu f h-t h. Th u f -xpt t-v utu, wth t m tw thw f fx p. du t th f fthy futh f pt, U

h twv wth ttpt fw thuh t xh, eupp fu th uppt v y t-t f vpmt ttut.

The myth of good land and naturalresource governance in Europe:

What the FAO Tenure Guidelines

on land, sheries and forests revealBy Florence Kro and Claire GuensTh pp xm th Fao tu gu t ptt ufu th txt f -tmpy tt eup. Note: this paper will be available onlyin June 2013.


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16

Land Grabbing, Artificialisationand Concentration in France:

Causes, Consequences and Challenges

Morgan Ody*

l p F w pfuy hp ft W W ii t pv tu

f m fm. T t, th p tt ut hv mt hh v f htf fm pt w th p f tv t th eup ut. Th p h whp. bf 1939, th ty h muh f th fm wh ty fm mm f th fmy t 80% f utu . at th m tm, t h fyu pp t t t t up fm pt th ft tht mt hf f th wfm t y fm fm fm. i th w, th p tht t tuf m fm w mp th qut t . T pph e P (1986),t u f t u tht th py t w1. Wth th txt, tw mft xp th ffuty f t t : tt wht tm thtft f utu .

bf th W W ii, mt m fm wu th y t y hpp.Th , vy ft tt, w xtmy pwfu thy u vt th fm ft thhvt. du th w, th nt cmmtt f rt, mty mp y pv pp,th pmm t mpv jut ft th w. Th 1946 w fm t th tut f th w. athuh t m uh, t h h th fft f fm uty. Ft, hpp w h u t w qut f th fm: mtft 50% f th hvt h t v t th . Th tt u th th f

t p. ctt f y, th t w u thy th h wt t w th . Futhm, f th wtt tt ut th fm py t, t t v tt tht h th m f wtt . Th w fftvy m fm fm th f f th . F my u pp t w y th thyu f tht fm th ty pw f ty h y h. ovuy,th wh w fquty t th ut, whh thy t pt pvtppty. it m f thm t t t th t wthut pp , y pymt h. i th ft th my h th ht t th w t t th f t pvt y , thuh fw wu p th fh f f f t th w. i th

, th tu mp f w, tt ju h ptmt tu ft tw w tt fm.

*M oy w vt m fm bt. sh tv th yuth up th mmtt u f cft Py. cft Py Fh fm zt. it f ut fmyfm t w h th vu f ty f h f u vu. it tut th mt f utu y tt mp pt pw.


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3. France

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Tw t ut w th th 1960, t th tm wh th th eup cmmMt w t th w t m Fh utu. Th w t m m fm (th th - fm) t up t mpttv.Th ft w th mt f th fm tutu, why th w y wth vmt . Owning utu t ufft t v th ht t fm t, wthut uh

utht. F th t th th utht t ufft th mut f-m fm th w. Th utht v ft uttv p wth mm (dptmt autu avy cmm, cdoa) mp pttvf th fm u, utht fm ptv . Uuy th mmfw t f t v pty t w fm fm wh fm t m t v.Th ut vy mptt ut t wy y t t vt f. F t, t th utht f fm y w 200 h f 50 h m, th mmqu th m f m wh wt t tt fm th m . Th mm th hth t v wth mth th yu fm u pp, pv tht t f t tt.Th ht tmfm ft m t vy ffut t utht pvt fm fmt v m . Th mt f th fm tutu tht y th ft tht um f fm fm, t f uy / u, wmuy h th mpy thu p t f th mtt.

Th t saFer th ty f p u thmt. it w t-h t hp t pt utu u, tutu fm tt w fm. it m y t uy utu u t - thm t th fm. Th saFer h , whv saFer fm f thy

th uy th vuty th . Thy hv th pty t p-mpt th fthy pv tht m wth hh v f pty wt th fm (uh m yu fm wt t tt) f th p t hh pt put. Pp t puh fm uuy thuh th saFer. o , t vy tt mhm, utwth my ph. Ft, saFer hv th th f pty th pt w t t f uh t w yu fm t pt v pjt, thuh pu m f mt, v tht th h t tpp wth th mth. Th pm wth saFer tht t pupvt pthp (PPP) h pty pvt y

t y t th, my th m fm u, th hm f utu th ct a. l utht w h ut thy hv tt pt th -mp. Th t u tht t tpy, th fmt ut wht fm ,wh wh y v t th th, tw fm whh yu fm xu.cft Py h t v saFer t ut tt y tt w th ht ttpy.

Fm u py y th mtt f tu. Th - -mmt ,hwv, hhy t f tm th mpt t pw wth th h f thm u, Fnsea, wh th -t t xu th fm th t fmth -m p. i, th pttv fm Fnsea ft t f th cta, th fm ptv th hm f utu ttut uh cdoa saFer. a ut, f th mj tu t p up th p t th t: thfm u, vmt t, um, t. F xmp, cft Py,thuh t y 20% f Fh fm, t pt saFer y vy fw p-ttv cdoa.


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cty, f p wh t tt fm ut h fmy fm t ht, h h w ft t t pm utu wthut t th w vmt uppt. Th xt tp tt fmt ut fm f t tp wh tpy py . evtuy,f th wu- fm hpp t w ut f t, t p t tt thw / qut t th mtt f th t w th . Hv th

utht v t f wht t m t t th , y t t pmtt t w th . ath pph t tt saFer t fm thm ut th typ ffm tht f tt, tht thy my t p-mpt fm tht th puh fmthm. but th t wy t u t p t t f hu, tw th uu m f wth t um f pp!

Th tw m why t h m h t f f wm utu: ft, tft f -utu pjt, whh u th mut f vutu , th tt f wth th fm t.

i F, h y m th 60,000 h f utu t t m p f , up-mt, u wth u p. Th t p t th t wh tht utu t fu. it m tht t pt f th mt ft t t u-tu u. i m pt f th uty, ptuy th Mt t, fm th 20% f th tt . Th p u t th ft tht tfm utu t u t mv vu. if fm wth 5,000 p ht tm fwht u ut t, t vu y t t hu tm m. d u h m t th v, wh vt-th t t hht. it t f

ty mj t h th u p jut f t t w vt. ev f th tm t t u mpymt wth t utu, th ht tm h u vy qu y wy t t tf mty wth, m wth mpymt ut th tut t. it th why, thuh th t tp uh tft u pt u, pt th ut t. Fw, th pty f tt th f ut f tut, whh wum thm m, ft thm t t t th , ut t p t utuh jut . Mt tu uty t p F ut ftutu pjttht wu ty utu . o xmp th m t u pt pjt t nt dm l whh, f t w h, wu ty t t 2,000 h f fm t thvt f v fm.

i t t th mut f v f utu, pp wt t tt fmw f thmv tff mptt wth xt fm. Wh 1955 80% f th fm wf w 20 h, th ut v u 80 h. a u, f fm f w 50 h f , tw puh y hu fm th th t up y w fm. Th eupcmm autu Py (caP) v tv t tt , t pymt t th um f ht w. ath f tt put. a thp f fquty , my fm t vtmt tmt p, t tfm t, ut t - t. a yu p wt t t up fm w v t mpt wthm wh fm h y p f, py th t t t tvtmt th t t vt put qupmt. F y, m vmt w hv pxy puh fm t th z f th fm. Th h th wth thtt ut: ut fm h t pv tht thy h uh t ppy th ft wthut


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x t t f th v f tt t th vmt. i tv vtput , th h t t uy t mpy t t u th ft wthuthv t u th um f m fm whh hu hv wht th utm t hv.

What solutions might make it easier for futurefarmers to obtain access to land?

stp ty mt th mut f tht t ut f utu t mt um. U p hu tp vw utu mpy p t ty t t m t w tvy, tt u th p y v.

ch p tht t tv t th z f fm, uh t pymt t th um f ht (t p y pymt t mpymt th fm /

mt t th ft 25 h) vmt ut tht puh fm t qu m t vm tt (f xmp, y pht fm t v t umf m).

rfm th ttut tu t m thm m tpt m p t th.

eth v th saFer th f mttv pty t t tt f w ttmt utu, t w ttut t th. st u f p f tm uh wu m t f yu pp t t up

pt th fm pjt.

stth th mt f fm tutu t t u tht h t pt t th mm t t whv h th mt my fu t t t.

References

P, e. (1986) pp u eup u fu , u- mptf pumt t,Le Monde Diplomatique, Juy, p20.


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20

Land: access and struggles in Andalusia, Spain

Pu y: Educacin para la Accin Crtica (EdPAC); Grupo de

Investigacin en Derechos Humanos y Sostenibilidad Ctedra UNESCOde Sostenibilidad de la Universidad Politcnica de Catalunya

Wtt: November 2012 January 2013auth: Marco Aparicio, Manuel Flores, Arturo Landeros, SaraMingorra, Delphine Ortega and Enrique TudelaPtu: Jos Guinea

Tt: Jean Mattos

ctt: [email protected]
http://../Library/Caches/Adobe%20InDesign/Version%208.0/en_GB/InDesign%20ClipboardScrap1.pdfhttp://../Library/Caches/Adobe%20InDesign/Version%208.0/en_GB/InDesign%20ClipboardScrap1.pdf


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Introduction

Andalusia: a central role in the strugglefor land in the Spanish Statei um f eup t y ffut t u t . Th tut xt y th p pt mpy v , whh th eup.a th European Coordination Va Campesina Reclaim theFields hv pt ut, eup pfy th sph stt,1 pt th m, vmt ff,my h th m pm t . M-pjt utfft th t i Pu, puh up th p f m ut mt ut u m.

a t th sph utu u, tw 1962 2009,2

th um f fm ppy 67% (fm v 3 m t w 1 m) wh t th m tm th v z m thu. at pt 0.3% f fm f v 1,000 ht (h) upy 16% f th tt utu (ine, 1962 2009). Th u my t th u xu, th mt f pt f thp f tt. Futhm, th ppt f utu w h tu-uy t t th tt u f, tht y 2009 utu ut f y 3.9%f th my tv pput (ine, 2009).

Th u h py y au hty, whh hw th t -

tw th tty u u t mmt, , u ppty.U th eup ut, pt th v pt fm, th u pputh m t au. Th h pmtt th fmt f t tw fpt m t tmtt th t.

Hty, th wt pt f th u tuy mp th guquv tt th pv f c, sv cz, h ht y tt,w latifundia. Th uqu ptt f whp t th p f t-t y th cth chuh th ty.

Ty, au u ut ph f pvtt. i 2010, th tt f w t pt hh th th m-twtth tuy: 2% f w w 50% f th (ine,2011).

Pu p, f fm uppt ut put w, u- m f put tht t p t th tu f au pput.nm h t th p f tt th h f pt. amth 16 sph tt wth th tt p f u pt w utu

, t au (suh, 2011). Th -u f-t pt t ytt whp, ut th f h, whh v t t m fftt th h.

Th pt t f th futu f au f vty hmput put. Th tut vt y th ut m txt, wh umpy-mt fft 34% f w- pput 40% th u (ine, 2012).


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at th m tm, w h , au utu t mt y euputu p, whh m t ffut f ut t th w f utu ytm. Th fm f th cmm autu Py (caP) 2003 uht wth t ths Pymt shm (sPs),3 pptut th mt f hhy qut tut, u th mt f mh put. a t th t f f f

th caP, f-tut mp h fm th mp th au v ft u.

i au, th tt f whp th ut f w t t j tt ty fft y umpymt h pvty hv pmpt th u xu.o th th h, th f eup htpt f tu f : t htyf jut th t pt u, hv pv ft - t. Th h t tt p uh upt, th thmtf utu ptv, mutu uppt tw pthp tw pu

um. rt h tut u mvmt f pt w utu u. at y pt au t hty thy hv mt th tut ttut w t p f f th t m: fm tut.

Ty, ft th ut f th -tt u, m f th tut w wh w ff tu t th u th hp f th fm j. a wth fumpy u yuth, thy u p f re-peasantisation4 tt thm f w.

Th qut f t t au f p f ft tqu. Thft t f th pp th ht p f tt th h f th fw;th pv t th utu t, fu ppty m th quttut f ; th th xp th fft f th caP th t tm f -u h jut; th futh t ut th t tt mtv fmwuppt m t t ; th ffth f t hw th m tu ttv, wth p mph th mmt f th au T U(soc-saT).

Methodology and Study Areaau tutu htu tm f t phy, h ptt th m m f utu put h f t 62 tt. it 87,268 m 2 u wh m ppt pmt, whh y th mutu tt ptuy tht . Th pv f am g t ut u v th t 20 y thyhv vp tv -ut m, hu put.

Th wt , mp th guquv b tt th pv fc, sv cz, h hty ht y ppt tt, latifundia. Th , f mu tu h whh mpty mt y utu, wh th hv mj ft tw th w th m f u-tu u f t . a w h th fw hpt, th qut tutw ty t th p f tt y th cth chuh th ty, t y p f pvtt.


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4. Andalusia

23

Figure 1. Map of the study area: Guadalquivir River Basin, showing location of case studies.su: ow t wth imp, opsttMp.

ou tuy fu my th guquv Vy, wth tu ut th twc sv.

Th uth mp mp mt u fw ut nvm 2012, thuhtvw wth mm f th Sindicato Andaluz de Trabajadores (soc-saT), Instituto de Sociologa

y Estudios Campesinos (isec) t th Uvty f c Uvty P ov sv.

itvw w ut wth au vmt ff (caP Mt Tm, dg fautu stutu fmy th au ittut f a rfm th g offf l Mmt). Th mp fmt w mpmt y ttu tuy.

Th pt y ttmt m y th pp uvy, mph th pt mt mptt.

Background to the land conict land in AndalusiaTh tt f whp th xt f th latifundia hv th t auhty.

Th f t w tut t t th sph qut f Mum auu th thtth futth tu, wh fm w v tw th ty cht u . Th cht f ct qu wt Mum au, a-au, 200 y f thy z t f th m mutu t . Th ut m th t v tt f t ptt th tw th cht Mum m. i th xtth vtth tu, th p w f y thwth fw t ut fm th qut f suth am, wh th mht

qu pt pw wth th ttu. Th uqut v t f-t f u th tth tuy, up wth th t f vu pptyht ut, t vtmt puh , whh fftvy mt th tt.

Thu, th p y whh m tt th h f pwfu mty t pv tu utmty hp fm-mmt ytm p uh


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24

v. athuh th p mpmty tm f th ty, thy u t ut u m f pt fm, wh w thu f t w th tt. Th tutw vt y th w w p t utu u, whh t um f t u th tth y twtth tuy. i 1932, th ty ttut srpu t th Instituto de Reforma Agraria (ira) (a rfm ittut) pmut

th ft a rfm w.

Th w th vu t f t ft mp h-; hwv, tt w utuh th ptt tu f th sph ppty ytmm tt. Th vuty mpt f th w w u t t vt f fu, ptu wt au, wh t fft th f th . spfy th pv f c sv t fft 46% 53% ptvy f utvt (Mf, 1970). nvth,pt th umu upt u th rpu p, th w w py f.

du th 19361939 v w, th a rfm w w pp th au tt urpu u, th u u th tut th tvt f y th fm w, uppt f th coup dtat. Th p m t ht fw th tumphf F tthp 1939. Fm th mmt , th mtt fu ut thmpt f th rpu t. Tth wth th v xt t th pty thu w xut au u th w pt-w p th xppt w tu t th fm w, w th p w th .

o th pt mvmt h mt w fy p, 1939 F t-thp m w p f utu py wth th Instituto Nacional de Colonizacin (inc)(nt ittut f ct). Thuh th inc th m m mj vtmt tytm th fm, puh wth th m f tt fm fm. Thtvtt py th t v th pm, th vtmt t wupft, whh 1962 pv w-up fm th W b (l, 1988). Th inc tm th Instituto de Reforma y Desarrollo Agrario (irYda) (a rfm dvpmtittut) t t w ht y uqut mtt.

du F tthp, th tutu f ppty tu t pu ptfm, my uth sp. i p uh th pv f c sv, y 1956 m

th hf f th pt fm w , hw Fu 2.

Figure 2. Landless peasants,

male population, 1956

su: Mf, 1970.


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4. Andalusia

25

aft F th, th Instituto Andaluz de Reforma Agraria (iara) (au a rfmittut) w t 1984 t p th t pjt v y th irYda. it w t up y thr gvmt, u th Partido Socialista Obrero Espaol(Psoe) (sph st WPty), thu p t f au tt ht pt. but th f fu pt w ut th a rfm m u f umpymt ft f

/ umpy pt fm, u pu xppt t th mmum. ev , thiara puh ut 25,000 h, wh my ptv w fm.

sp ty t th th eup em cmmuty (eec) 1986 futh hmp th pmtf p t uppt pt fm, m t ut th t . i, t t ft wth th pp f th a rfm, whh h p t th -utu putvty utu mpymt. Th u, y tht tm, u putvtyw eup , eup utu put w t mpttv th mt. a w h chpt 3, th caP u py mptt th p.

cy, th t f th a rfm, whh t fm 1984 ut th f th 1990, hvy tt mpt. it m tut w t u put-t m f fm, utth au r gvmt t th u f tt th mutht u hv pmt tt u. Fm th 1990 th t tw tfm th u-tu tutu w tty , w th tut py, qut th iara tt y 9,000 h, ht fm tt thuhut th , wh th m fm w-t t m u u th tut m.

Th iara t t tvt m t t th mt putv t, whh w

ht fm F p w t ht up t th f th twtth tuy.Tw 2000 th au amtt th t f th a rfm h -u , thuh th iara pt fut, th au Pmt v u th tma rfm u y wt th t t t vw f t pt t uth 1970 y 1980. i 2010 th iara w ffy w, thuh t h fftvy f th pvu 15 y. cuty th au mtt t t vth u, whh th u f put tw th tw v t pt: th Psoe Izquierda Unida (iU) (Ut lft).

Concentration of land and property regimes in Andalusia

Territorial inequality and land concentration

au h wy mptt utu th sph stt fm u-ty m up 45.74% f th tty, thuh th um f fm . i 2009, th w246,104 fm, w y 40% 1962 (ine, 1962 2009) t my w my th tum t.5

au utu m f m mptt th th eup ut , -t 8.26% f th tt m mpy 8.19% f th pput. Th t hty th ppt f w u pp t utu tpu fmy u (dg t ., 1995).

nty, au h th eU hht umpymt t, fft 35.42% f th m-y tv pput, 40% th u (ine, 2012).


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a mt th pvu t, au hty ty t qut pptyht (ov gzz M, 1999; d g t ., 1995; shz g, 1996).Th ttmpt a rfm f t h th pfu v, wth fw pwfuw hu latifundia (d g t ., 1995) mp th v , muttu f mh wth vy tt t vp put. a t th Instituto Nacional

de Estadstica (ine, 2009) (nt ittut f sttt), 2009 66.53% f au w tt 6.32% f fm. smy, t eUrosTaT t, 2010 t th tv 5.17% f fm f v 100 h ut f 55.1% f th utu tv u (Uaa).

F fm mh, au tutu f w tuy (suh, 2011).Fu 3 hw tht h f v 30 h ut f mt f th Uaa, wh th mjty,wth tw 2 h h, h ty pt f tht .

au utt th fft f u put, whh t th p f uf t ty.

Th ffut f m pp. Wm ptu w th 22% ffm h (ine, 2009), m tht thy jy v quty th wm lth Mw.

a fm mtt f saT tt: In many of the crews, womens salaries are lower than mens (...),we are making demands through the Union, and (we are) also making demands about immigrant rights.

The Union is achieving the same agreement for all of us, no matter the gender, colour or language spoken

(tvw, 2012)

i t, wm p f 98% f w, pt f th v mt fmy

wf, m t m ffut f thm t t j m p.

at th m tm, th u w h mty: v 30% f h mt y pp 65 y m, v 76% y pp v 45 y f . Th f 34 y u wjut v 6% f th (ine, 2012). Th mphy t mt, u th t -utu mmy w t h w fm tt th xt.

% f fm h

% f th tt f fm hwth (6,005,568 h)

< 1 hFm 2 t < 5 h

Fm 10 t < 20 hFm 30 t < 50 h

>= 100 h

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Figure 3. Graphicalrepresentation ofthe concentration ofland in Andalusia

su: Th uth t fm ine, 2009


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4. Andalusia

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Property regimes

ath vy tt pt t thuh ine t -tu m, f ppty m, , hpp th. ov 95% f fm h au u th pvt ppty m. Th pt h w 1999, h t hty thpt f , wh th ppt f hpp th upf m - mp- mm u, ptv, u w th f mt f - h (az ct, 1978; au, 2005).

if w mp th t fm th Ft a cu f 1962, th ff thut ttu f tu. i tht y pvt h pt 73% f th tt au, wth th t v, ht up t 2005 (ine, 2005). shpp ut f 4.5% th m f v 8%. Th pt f m t. Th t t tht pvtppty h w muy, wh th th m m tt fm th vwpt fftt t , uh hpp th hv mh fty. Th v f th tut y f mmu ppty.

a t th tuy ut y F Fz suh (2011) tut tu,th mmft f put hv puh up th p f . Fm 1993 t 2008, thv u wth t y 5.6%, ut p t f fm 2008. Th th p th -tt mt hv fft p, th mut f th mt, y 39%. Thu th t v p p ht f utu t t 10,485.Th w p w pt t uy up mut f , p m fm u wh t hv th f u t mpt.

i th sph stt, pt pu tt w th t tt, py m tht y 20% f pu ft th t ft uut f utu (suh, 2011).

Corporations Public Entities

Fm h(thousands)

la(thousand ha)

Uaa(thousand ha)

Fm h(thousands)

la(thousand ha)

Uaa(thousand ha)

200-300 902 220,905 164,706 1,243 304,149 76,103

300-500 1,043 398,577 282,380 1,432 555,910 151,041

500-1000 1,170 806,650 522,827 1,827 1,292,537 341,300

>1000 ha 788 1,581,118 820,293 2,718 8,044,546 1,942,103

Figure 4. Ownership of estates of over 1,000 ha ky: la: l a; Uaa: Ut autu a.su: suh, 2011

Pvt whp , quty, th mt mm -tu m au, thuh

th t h ft h th tutu f tu, wth mj pt whp.

a t suh (2011), th um f pt (xu ptv -pmp) w fm h u w pt ft pt f utu. i 2011, m th 16 sph tt wth th hht pt f utu (m th25%) u ptv whp, 10 w au.


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suh pt ut tht, thuh uty v t t hw th xtt f th -u -f mp mp, m u up uh e, s, gu Pu w t p v 10,000 h

r mmu ,6 t ut tht t 12% au w v f th sph stt

wh, wh uh l rj v 65%.7

Th t hw pfu quty wth t tu mmu u.

Role of the European Union CommonAgricultural Policy in the agricultural sectorTh eup cmm autu Py (caP) 1962, wth th f utuputvty t ut t t f v f th utu mmuty, tmt u p f eup um.8 it ut f u f eup

fm h pt ft ppt f th eup U (eU) xptu,9ty t th h f put (mmt, p, , qutt, t.) (Tmh,2011). du t 50 y f xt, u um f fm, t h h ft mpt th utu t, h th ujt f t xt tm.

Th pu f th caP t th eup v u upu put, th pp fm fmy fm, fm p u th vmt pmpt f -utt (s, 2005; Tmh, 2011; gzz, 2011: 24). ot fpt m- fm, w th mvmt, hv t th eU --

ut m, whh mp m put, put hmt tt, t th mtm huy t utu t (Tmh, 2011).

Th caP h t f t mpt th p f -ptt tut fu ty, thuh tv t utu tvt (gzz, 2011: 24; cftpy, 2007). Th up f put pt 2003 w fm t vu wthut tuy w th , pu f t j. Th tw p-utvty mpttv h t u utu ytm, whh m tv xpt-t put wth m- utu (cft py, 2007).

Fy, th ft fmut f caP pph t th tut fquty f wm m th u vmt utu tvt, w thtutu ytm u f uh quty ( gz, 2012). Th tutu f th -f t10 v y sp j th eU 1986 h t ft h.11 i 2011 tw th t pt uty ft F, wth 5,812 m (tut m 950,919f), 10.4% f th caP ut.12 Wth sp, au th t pt, wth1.7 m, 29% f th tt.

autu u vu th t tht f th f vt u t

th ht t f hv vy qut th t f th fft caP fm. Thy t thjut tmy f th mpmtt, whh pmt th pvt f autfu -ptt.

i, uh p y p f th ft tht utu t tfy tvty. a ut, u pput, th u pput , t y ffut t u tht w t w t v. a t th th


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4. Andalusia

29

p f um th fm-t puh p f utu put, w th mpvhmt f h m mum-z fm. btw 2003 2008 thsph utu t uff f 124,000 j utu m f 26%(ceigraM, 2010).

Unfair distribution of the CAP subsidiesTh ceigraM13 (2010) (ct f stu rh a evmt rMmt) v tht th s Pymt shm (sPs) tt fm, utu t tt uquy, t ft tw tw typ f fm, th wh w th th w f fm t, fvu th tt. i t, th sPs t t tyf yu fm.

Th t f t pmt th tt f u w fpt (V, 2010). Th t f f f th caP, puh y th sph vmt

2009, mtt futy th mpt f u, 75% f th v yy 16% f th pt.14 i, mm f sph ty m th mj f(gu, 2009).15

o th th h, pt ut y Fian (2004), th caP h tfm th m th tt f th f tut u. i 2008, 237 mj f ut tt mp (Tnc) v v 1 m caP u.16

i 2011, th caP ft f tut uh M s.a (2,599,483 ), lidlsUPerMercados sa (691,655 ) cfu s.a (126,679 ). a Veterinarios Sin Fronteras(Vt Wthut Ft) pt (VsF, 2012) hw tht, th t v fm th caP,m pt hv th pft y up t 140% tw 2009 2010.

gzz (2011, 63-64) u th xtm tt th sph f h: th fv -t t up tt v 60% f th t tut, wh th utu put uppyuty y mutt mp mt mpt pt. Th quumt t tw th fft t th h p tutu htz y mff tw th p f w mt um : y 2009 th ff p fm th f t th t t 490%.

ev th eup Pmt h u pt pt tt-w tut, f mu t ut f put th f h.17

Fy, pt ut y gu (2009), m ru b v eup u u2008,18 m h m t ht u f th hh pf f th f, whh u-tt mp.19

Changes in land use

a tt y f th h tvw, a decoupling between food and production (has beencreated). We have become specialised in the market for some products, and forgotten other products

equally necessary. This has triggered the expulsion of farmers by the abandonment of land and lack of

productivity, in absence of competitiveness. There is a sector of our agriculture that does not produce any

more. There are problems in Sierra Morena, Sierra de Segura, Sierra de los Pedroches, Sierra Norte de

Sevilla and Sierra de Huelva, in the interior of Granada. Those lands are reverting to the market because

they are subsidised and helped by the CAP and they are not available to access ().


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The difference between the period of the 1930s to the 1970s and nowadays is that back in time, 80%

of your earnings would go to your pocket and the key element was the amount of your capital invested

for exploitation. Since the CAP enforced the Single Payment Scheme and established a value for land

property; land has become a rent acquisition element, independently from its productive use(tvwwth Mu gzz M, tu tmpy hty t th Uvty P

ov sv, 2012).

sv tu hv hw quttv qutttv hinsph utu put th 26 y th caP h mpmt th uty (, f xmp, ceigraM, 2010;lm ep, 2011). Thy t tht th up f fm th f put ut th 2003 fm th tut f th sPs h t th th mut f u utvt.

s th pp f mt th v f th 2003 fm, th put f uum

wht, tt, ptt, t tt h fty , u hp pp (wth u qu f mpymt) (lm ep, 2011).

Th w f -vty tw 1995 2008, mp y ht hft twmutu f ( t hhy ut y th caP tvt fm th utt) -. i ptu, th h put f wht (th u utvt tput y 134% 269% ptvy), y mz, u t th mf -fu (lm ep, 2011).

it hu t tht th sph stt th y mm f th eU whh utvt tymf m (gMo) , wth 116,306 h f mz Mon810 2012, tth Mty f autu,20 whh h u -vmt mpt.21 i 2012 th eupcmm hv (fm 10% t 5%) th f u f -fu th eU vw f th t mptth pt th pt h y h tm f f p, t y euput my th .22

U th caP, v mutu h xt (th u utvt t put y 18% 60% ptvy), wh v m t mutu fty . o thth h, th h ft xp th put f vt t fut,whh v tt caP u. Th tt t t th put (-29%),ut th vum . Thy uty pt 64% f sph vt put 41% ff xpt, mpy 400,000 pp hf f th utu mpymt.

ThCAPreform hu f 20142020 t t u f uppy, ptt th v-mt u u vp uty.23 it my vv u ut f v 1 f sp 7 f th wh p. Th wu mpy fu f sp t

f tt, t th Coordinadora de Organizaciones de Agricultores y Ganaderos(coag) (ct f Fm rh ot).24 a coag tt, t th sph utu t, w vt th f .25


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4. Andalusia

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The cap defended by Va Campesina

The ECVC organisations have defined the following pt f f, ut tmtutu py, ptu:

- a t , wt, , t hu m ht. Tht u th fmht t v th t mpv pt vt. Fm m hu m ft fm th put. F fm p ft th vu f th put, th tw fwt y:

suppy mmt tumt hu mpmt t v upu ht.

ay ump t xpt ( t p w th put t) mut f, t th eU th th ut mut hv th ht t ptt thmv fmmpt t t w p.

- T mt vt uty , sut fmy fm hu mt vp: eup fu -

y, py f m fm fv .

Th p f tt f th utu put h t tpp th p-ut tt tut tw th tw th fm.

Pu v hu mt mpv .

M fmt v t: http://www.eurovia.org/spip.php?article6&lang=it.

Legal framework for access to land

1.1 National normative context for the struggle againstconcentration of land ownership and for land reform

Th sph Pt cttut f 1978 t u y f t t th pt f thtt f whp f fm. Th y f t utu at

130, whh tt tht: th pu utht w tt t th mt vpmt f m , ptu, f utu, fm, fh ft, wth th pup f quv t f f th sph pput. Th t t f t th u th p ffut f th uvv vpmt f u w.

Wthut ut, th t xmp f ttut tht wth fm w thPtuu Pt cttut f 1976. it vu tht th h tu Ptu jth eU 1986 wu fumty fft mu utu tut. s, f thfm tu 1982 1989, th t wth m t th thtt pmy umt th stt th m txt: h) t mpmt arfm; at 96, mv, t pf tht th jtv f th a rfm u ) tt th y t t t th fftv quty f th p utu(); ) u th u t mmt f th th m tu u, w th mt f t t pty. it t w th t f xpptlatifundia tf thm th m f put t pp t w thm (at 97.1),m th pv.


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Th ft tht th sph ttut t mty m th pv Ptuu ttu-t th u u th pfu ff th ptv tt t my.i th f th sph stt, th w uptu wth th tt m, ut p fu fm tht h t v th mt ttu u, m thm tut.

Th 1978 ttut , hwv, t m t tht u uppt fm. aptfm at 130.1, mt v, at 9.2 th pu utht t mv thmp fftv quty fm; at 40.1 u th pu utht tpmt fvu t f t tut (t ) m qut. Futh, th mttut h f tut fu at 33, wh th ht t ppty mt y t fut, w th pty f f xppt tmt m f pu u f tt (at 33.3).

i th f au,26 th ut utmu ttut, fm 2007, mt f tth a rfm at 10.3, wh t th f th autmu cmmuty:13 th mt, p ttv vpmt f th u vmt th fmwf py f a rfm, ft wth, fu mpymt, vpmt f utu f-tutu th t f m, th fm f mmut utu pyu mpttv eup t f th w.

gv th ttuty pv, th au lw f a rfm (lara) (lw 8/1984, 3 Juy)w ppv 1984. ev ft t mft tht mptt t f t,th m jtv f lara h t m - utu m pft th th ttut t utu w. it u u tht lara t p th wy t

uy tutv fm u t t t mt th latifundia tutu.

it y tht uh mtt fm th txt f lara ppv, vy t th ppvf th ttut tf. Tht mp h t v wth F t ppty utu ppty ptu. i th , u th pmty t,th cmmut Pty, thuh th tvt f t pttv rm ruz, pp t th um f fm tht u ujt t xppt, u th tht u t h putv pty f t t 75% f th v f th , t th fy ppv 50%putv pty pfm.

lara f th fw ttmpt t ut th mhm tht wu w p th fut f th . spfy t wth th m mu:

) Tx uu f fm wh wh pfm tut tw th v w 80% f th ptm pfm f th (at 36.4).

) Th t t pp put p mpvmt, wh pfm tuttw 50% f th v pfm th v pfm (at 19.2).

) Th xppt f f t u f fm h wh putv pty t

h mmum v f 50% f v pfm (at 19).a pt ut v, lara h ty tpp f t m vt t. i th txtf th v fm f put, th au gvmt ppv d5/2010, f 27 Juy, wth my mu t - pu t. Th utut pu v hv fft th utu t thuh th u f th Instituto

Andaluz de Reforma Agraria (iara), whh h xt th thmt f th lara


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1984. at th m tm, f th t th lara f t th ttmt m puyw w p. l fmy w y iara, whh t uty up yth pt, w t t mxm vu hmt mu, thuh th mtt pu tt f pup t t pu tt tu p fpvt ht. Th pv u hw f t ff fm th ttut mtv

f fm, th t ufuf pm f au.

1.2 Potential application of the FAO Voluntary Guidelineson the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land,Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National FoodSecurity in Andalusia and the Spanish State

ou xmt f th pp fmw p m th Tu gu uht ttfy m t pt t tm f hw th pp, mmut th -

th pt ( t 5 6) u ft qu ht t ptt u t , fh ft.

Th Vuty gu th p v f tu f , fh ft thtxt f t f uty t th u f tf tu ht wth th fmw ftutv fm, pp v fu tht u u t th t vt t t : 1) stt my t f pu , vuty mt- mhm w xppt f pvt , fh ft f pu pu-p (at 15.1); 2) tutv fm my f , m vmt, m th, wh hh f whp tt m wth ftv f u pvty ttut t f t , hu ut qu f m wm t , fh ft (at 15.3); stt hu u tht tutv fm pmm pv th fu mu f uppt qu y f (at 15.8). it ht t, hwv, tht th pt f tutv fm w mf t u mt-mhm uh w w uy hm, whh hv y f t hv y fm (guff kff, 2012).

Th gu hu tpt ppy t t th m jtv t ut at 1.1,t pt t uppt t vu m pp, uh m- pu,

p m th f f uty, th t f th ht t qut f, pvty -t, vmt ptt ut m vpmt. i th ,vmt t ptt mmut m up fm put tt f whp, w t ut mt thuh p w tptt th tu hum ht f mmut th f vtmt tht mpy thtf f tu ht.

Futhm, f th vt t hu t ptpt -m p:stt hu u tht th w pu ptpt th vpmt f p pp

th vw f ft pt p (at 20.4), u t t up mut-thptfm fmw t , t v (at 26.2).

Th gu hhht th mpt f m- pu t t f uty tty (at 11.8 12.2), stt t v p ttt t ptt thht wh ftt mt- tu tt. a t hvmt th t fwm y th tth f th ht (at 3b4, 4.6, 4.7, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 7.1 25.5).


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Fy, stt u t th ftt th t f jutmt p-ph (13.2 13.3), f xmp, y th tx f tv t tf -tm mmt whp t pu tut (guff kff, 2012).

Struggles and alternatives in AndalusiaTh ht tu f w m v y vy w uvy u fvt, fm m t vmt ttut. Th umut f pt t th mpw-mt f pt fm tu f t hv v t vty f mvmt, h th mm m f ut t u, t mpymt pttth ht t f.

a-y27h m x f t t th mt -ut m au.it u t ut f pmy put, th pmt f mmuty f

m t u h (r M, 2011), qu t uy wm m.

Th tu f hv hv m u. Th pt fm mvmt h up utvt , p fw m f put tht tu t xp.a t th sph Mty f evmt ru M aff (MarM), tw 1991 2011 th um f operators28 fm 396 t 32,837 th f u utvt tw xp fm 4,235 h t 1,845,039 h29 (MarM, 2010). i 2011, f umpt w wth 965 m, t th Mty f autu, F

evmt (Mm, 2012). i t, fm tut fty th t utumpymt t t 50,000 j 2010 t th -f t, m t attractive tfu-ture prospects (Mm, 2012).

i 2010, sp w th eup th ffth uty ww tm f th fm y, wth th tth t um f pu th tth t mtmt f f (Fbl-iFoaM, 2012).

i 2011, 52.75% f th u utvt, 60.64% f th vt fm, 32.5% fth pt 26.16% f th ut fm tvt t t pt m put, w

t au, m t uty mt mptt f uh put (MarM, 2010).Th m th ut f vum hv p th tt f au u yuth vp w tv put p umpt pjt, t uu, thuh -v, v vv um ptv. ot ptfm uh th m fm th 15M mvmt30 hv v th ttv tuty m tt th tw f t pmt t.

There are production and consumer cooperatives in every province; the association network continues

its expansion, as well as a direct relationship between producer and consumer; associations of producers

try to perform their sales through short marketing channels. In a nutshell, an agro-ecological network isbeing formed, emerging from the social capital accumulation generated from the peasantry movement

since the beginning of the 80s(tvw wth Mu gzz M, tu tmpy hty t th Uvty P ov sv, 2012).

Th tuy au h um f tt - p pjt. iptu, th Uty cptv f Put cumpt La Acequia, th Mutu suppt


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4. Andalusia

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ntw th ntw f Pu cum f c xmp f ttmpt t y-th um f umpt th thy f -y.

Th pp t vv, t t t th uv v, f u utu ptt, vpy my vu tv tht tu t th f, uty xp vy y

t tu t .Th saT xmp f tu t th tt f whp th mtf fm, f th t f mpymt au.

i m th pt txt h ftt pjt put pp tth pv -tv -xpt m. F xmp, th pmt mpmttf pmm t v f h ft th ft th sph stt tw f m pu uppy th v h huh wth f.

a t Mu gzz M, wh pmt th ttv wh h w g dt

f e autu t th sty f autu Fh f th au gvmt(20042007): We intended to promote a model change. While we were in office we supported thecreation of short commercialisation channels, more focused on the internal market, although, after we

left office due to political struggles, export-oriented production was promoted, with all kinds of incentives.

They wont give you one euro if you want to sell in the country, they will give you anything you need if

you are going to sell your produce out of Spain, causing a reduction in sustainability(tvw wthMu gzz M, tu tmpy hty t th Uvty P ov sv, 2012).

oth p ttv hhht u th uvy t vpmt, f xmp, - tft thuh ptpty ut ytm, wth th pt m s su, r th th f th pv f g.

Experiences of peasant resistance in

Andalusia: the struggle of SOC-SATTh tu f tth au th 1970 thuh th au pt

t mvmt, whh h thv th f F tthp. it w my thguquv Vy th s su f sv wh th Sindicato de Obreros del Campo (soc)(Fm W U, f t hft th U) w fu 1976, h t myf th m f th pt mvmt u th y th twtth tuy, u wypmt th tu f . Th f th 1970 y 1980 w um f ptty th fm w mvmt: hu t, ut , wh th t j ty, ym fm upt m t hv a rfm thtwu u mt th tt au. cmp t th tut th 1930, thtu f h t t tth u f th mv uu mt u th 1970

u f th tm tth t utu w. Th U tty thf mm t tw u m tw u, wh thy hv w t 1979.

I joined the Union because my family has always been struggling to avoid being separated due to the lack

of work. My younger brother was the first one to join the Union, looking for a job. We are eight siblings,

all of us labourers. If the Andalusian land is so rich, why do families have to leave, looking for work?(tvw wth l vz, f saT-c, 2012).


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Figure 6. SAT militants at the

General Strike, 14 November 2012

Th t pw f th Psoe th

ty au 1982,uht w hp tht th arfm w wu put t pt.it, th w mtt m-pmt uy py f um-py utu u. Th p-fuy h th t f thpt mvmt tu ut ft p u

th th p th fu thtu f . Fm 1984, thw th f uft, th pp t ft utu hft ptt - t vv u w u. atth m tm, t f th u

mvmt w fm w y th soc, whh w mv tw th pp f

-y, hp y mm f th Instituto de Sociologia y Estudios Campesinos (isec) (ittutf sy Pt Mvmt) t th Uvty f c, tu p y pt mvmt lt am (sv, 2006).

Th 1980 wt v fm upt y U mm, t th t f utuw ptv, m f thm vy w w fu my put,wh m pup w t t mpymt th v, uh Hum M. itt, th ptv, t th pp f -y, uh La Verde Vmt th pv f cz, Romeral th pv f M, tt t th ttv m fput umpt (sv, 2006: 20). bth hv ufu xmp f soc p-

tv, whh pt t puh ut . Th - put ttv mfm th U tu f t m y xmp f putvty th .Th ptv ptpt th h ft mt , w pmt fvt pmm f t vt xh.

i 2007, th soc t t wth u mvmt v t th Sindicato Andaluz deTrabajadores (saT) (au T U), whh w fmy fu sv tht m y th soc-saT.

soc-saT t m th w m th sph stt. it h m t thtth tu f jut tu. r f 400 wm mtt, f ruempymt P. Th hv m tht u u u, uh th m-p f m t vt. i umm 2012, th Marcha Obrera Andalusia en pie(W Mh au a) m v 10,000 pp thuh th tt f au, x-p th mt wth th vmt m p. i tvw, th puutht f t ym t uh th upt f h uvt.


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o f th mt twthy m tut w th pppt f fm th M up-mt, t tut m th hu f t vt sv, whh pv vy tt pu t.31Food was distributed in order to denounce the fact that there are lotsof people going hungry, with families without any income, while these big companies are throwing foodinto the bin. Why dont they distribute the food among the people?(tvw wth l vz, u

f saTc, 2012).

Th pv t t t soc-saT t , wth f f up t 400,000 , pt f v 50 y, y 500 ut u tmt, m th saT f th mtp mvmt eup ty.

Three examples of resistance

W w pt th mmt f upt f put ut y th saT:M, l Tuqu smt.

Marinaleda

M th t-w f pt fth U au. duth 1980, th w up-t f w y th duf th ift th Hum

tt f u 1,200 h. U ph t f th -upt f fm tht h -ft fm pu t, tw ty tht wtwu h t th whfm. aft tht, th wxppt y th augvmt t th

pp f M, wh -t utu ptv HUMAR, whh w p vt. i - wth th U uf tu, th ptv utt t t whp fth fm.

We dont want the ownership of

the land, but its usufruct. Why?

Because you cannot give the landto someone if the struggle was carried out by so many people. We cannot give the property to 10, 15

or 20 people. Besides, by distributing the land you wouldnt solve any problems. Only a few families

would benefit from it and the rest would continue as before(tvw wth g Pt, Mcu, 2012).

Figure 7.Marinaldas emblem: Marinaleda:

Utopia Towards Peace


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i wth th , ppt f th pp w vuty t mt th fm,m t pft t j v tht h ht y umpymt yyuth mt:

We have a cooperative called HUMAR; during the campaign there are 200 people working between the

factory and the fields. Apart from the land, we have the industry, because we consider that the peopleof the land are the worst paid for performing the hardest work, because our products used to be taken

to Barcelona and to the north, while here there was no employment. So we decided to create industry,

packaging peppers and beans and using our oil mill(tvw wth g Pt, M cu,2012).

cuty e, f h, th t puh f HUMars p put. Thmut mt th pt quty qumt, whh m tfy put y th v. o th th h, th uty xpt t fft p (f t,

t y th ptv h tt t xpt t Vzu). i th ut , whh my umpy u t th ump th tut t, pp tu t th uty h f w. HUMar m t t j thu m vt th v. i t, th f-u hu pjt h vy ufu. Th Junta de Andaluca (gvmt f au)pv hu mt th wf th pty f th pptv tt, wh myw th tut t h th v. Th tt h t py 25 mth t fy th t th au gvmt.

Las Turquillas

stut tw th mupt f ou j, t M, pt fm fm thv fm th y v f ltju hv m th ht t th 1,123 h fm f 15y. Th fm mty h- t, w y th Mty f df th fmppty f th sph amy. it uty xpt y u-tt wh t utvt th u y 20 h t p hu h y. Th Mty w th fmf 410 h f t , l i, 5 m fm j.32

a f th my ym upt ut y th v hv p:

We have occupied this farm several times, four in total. Last time we stayed for 18 days. There is 37%

unemployment in our village, while this farm was 80% unproductive last year, yielding absolutely noth-

ing. Its not simply as we have stated before that they only cultivate sunflower and wheat crops that

dont create jobs but rather that they are leaving 80% of the land uncultivated(tvw wth Ju,u fm ltju saT mm, 2012).

Th t th th pvu upt, th mupty f ou t 300 h f th fm 2009, whh w m t, t 80 h t fm, t h-

tt th th th tut ttt. Th ft utu u t w th fm 2011 th t 600,000 t fm th gvmt f au th ittutn emp (ineM) (nt empymt ittut) thm t h 198 w.33

Th t f th fm utu m , m vy th fu t xpt t u-tu ptt. a th pt fm fm ltju v, p th M m, hvpt ut:


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Figure 8. View of the uncultivated fields of Las Turquillas

The land cannot be in the hands of a few people, like it happens in Andalusia, to serve as hunting reserve

(...) many of the owners come here to hunt for two or three months a year and nobody has raised their

voice to talk about jobs for the working class. (...) If the land were assigned to the labourers we would

get support from Marinaleda infrastructure to make this farm profitable. It is not profitable to pay a man

aged 52 unemployment benefit of 426 when his entire family is without work(tvw wth Ju,u fm ltju saT mm, 2012).

Thy t t w th , ut th t m t thuh U ptv; th U wu

m th mpymt t t tut w fy. Pu fm th pmy jtv f thU, v tht thy t t xppt, m fvu t th t fpu t m y th mupt t ut t pt fmfm y v. Thy t t w th m t mt th f w f. a thy tt, th txt f , we are going hungry. Th pt fm v tLas Turquillas t t m xt Fuy t upy th , ut thy t t.

Somonte

Th upt f smt th ut f th t f th fmw mvmt t th qutut f 20, 000 h f pu fm fw th m f th iara 2011. saT mm pth pvtt f t tm f umpymt th , wth 1,700 pp Pm r m th 4,000 pp th uu v wthut j 2012.34

saT mm fm guquv Vy tt up smt, fm f 400 h th pv fc th y f t ut, hu f 5 Mh 2012. at th tm f th upt mth 12,000 h h y , ut 8,000 h w t ut.

i , thy mtt th U w tty, ym upt fvu

f pmt upt:

Somonte and the current occupations are not longer of a symbolic character, as we carried them out

years ago; faced with the present situation, theres no option left but to occupy land with the purpose

of staying on it, because what we need is work, to live with dignity. If there are public lands that can

generate employment and feed families, we, the labourers, will work them by the sweat of our brow,

which is what we do(tvw wth l vz, u f saTc, 2012).


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We occupied the lands of the Duchess of Alba, the Duke of Infantado and all this bourgeois aristocracy

of landlords always symbolically, trying to get our voices heard, and to restate our claims for the

long-promised Agrarian Reform. But now we know there is no political will and everything was deceit

and lies: since our occupations were symbolic, they did not care, they just would sign a complaint and

that was it. Then we decided that we no longer would occupy lands symbolically, we decided to occupy

lands like in Marinaleda, and start working on them, and we would not come back to the farms of thearistocracy to perform parades, but to occupy them for good(tvw wth Jv bt, u saT mm, 2012).

Th pp f th pp upy smt35 pu tth mt t t th pp f-y, uh th mmtmt t mt, put t f-uffy ftt f th fm u. ctv f th fm u mptt ftu fth pjt. Thy m tht th fm t t mpymt tht t w m y mpy mt wth th gvmt f au, pfy th autu Mmt

Fh ay, whh h ft pt t utvt -fu xpmt p thth uutvt f mth t th tm f th upt.

Figure 9. Members of Somonte working in the pepper field

Thy pp ttv m f mmt, t y pp t th put-vvw f th au gvmt, ut pt th tt mmtmt f th Uptv t pt utu put t mt th mpymt w m.

Th f h 359 h f y 41 h f t . a t smt mm, th tt

u pv ut 50 j y tt up vt pt f ut 3,000 m 2 t w ppp,pu, th vt, th ptt f v p f tv t, uh .

Our idea is to cultivate first to meet our own needs and the remaining products will be distributed as

we are already doing in local markets, village markets, knocking on peoples doors and in social mar-

kets. For example, we have the social market of La Tejedora in Cordoba, which operates according to


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41

the principles of fair trade and solidarity, far from the capitalist model of distribution. The idea is to work

in a communitarian way to eat healthily and live healthily, and have at least a guaranteed access to our

food rights(tvw wth Jv bt, u saT mm, 2012).

Th Ptfm f suppt f smt, t um f au t v,

th xp th mty tm f t th put, th f La Tejedora, wh pt f smt put .

a th xmp hw, th ut th vu ym t f th pt tu au pt tht th t th tu f y tht t th m-mt m t put p th u pt t.

Conclusions

l t th put ft f th au my, th y t u muv qut ty. but wh t m p u, th pm f t m y pu pt t.

Th tut mpu y th mpt f th caP u y au tt w, y v f pt. Th tut v t f th y v hw t w u f wht pup th h f fw, th tf mpymt u f put f mt. at th m tm, fm tut th m pt f u th caP ytm w ty t th tt thy u t m th fm pft.

T m f th ut m tut, t y t ut th wmhm y whh whp f m m tt. aft 26 y f th caP,au t uppy xt mt. l f pt, uh cfu M, v caP u mp putv t thf-uppy h. Th f th ptv HUMar-M, vu xpmt mpymt t, xmpf th ym: t u m y ut t tht t mp y th upmt h.

dpt th mtt, th xt fmw p wy t t t ,

wh w tt tumt m tht t tth th ht f ptfm, uh th Fao Vuty gu. l t t f t pu utht hu u f utu pup. o th , ut hu th m t ftt,f xmp, f yu pp up tt tu t utu, t t utth vmt vu f .

i tt, th pu p pmt y th au gvmt hv f t p t thw pm f umpymt. rp t th m f u th fmpymt thuh pv j t t f put. Hwv, whp m

m tt pu pvy pvt, f t thuh th pt ut fm th 20,000 h, fmy w y iara, pt y th saT.

dpt th v p ft th saT, t ty ptt tu h u thtmy f t vpmt pjt ufu. by vfy t tt, fm ymt putv upt, th saT h m t th u f u th tt ptht.


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it twthy tht th saT m t tw t whp ut th tfm w ptv, y th U. Th saT h pmt th ptv y pt pw vpmt p f t w myt, th fM. Th fftv f th ut p, f u, th U ty t ty pw.i t, pjt hv w t utmy t vp - put ttv,

t th xt m f mpymt, th ht t hthy f th vv f mt. Th ht tu m f y au pt fm w mpmt y w - mvmt, t xpmt uh um pu ptv, uu xh tw, ht mt h ptptytf put.

Figure10. Javier Ballesteros, member of the SAT in Somonte, during an interview

Recommendations

At the local level:

T tth th th f mupt th mmt f th mm thptpt f v ty th p;

T ftt th t f w ptv, w t puy w thuh-tm m y utu t u;

T vp pu p m t th th uu th

t f f vty, uh tut tw, v f hft, mt, -y, t.

At the national level:

T t mhm tht w t (.. tv f , mt fu, xppt);


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T ut u f tut, whp u;

T mpv th w t f y u, pmt p mpymt hmtht ut th quty mpymt f t t fu mth y.

At the EU level:

T y th py, th wth th eU t ppt th ffteup ;

T mt p u (.. f v put) wth th m f t mpymt ut fm mth u vpmt p ut t h ;

T v pty t u mh ptv tht th mm tt;

T vtt mt u t wth w;

T u vpmt p pppt t th txt, pt vmt,, m f uty t.

References

az ct, J.l. (1978) e pp t tv mt t h p, Revista de Estudios Agrosociales 205.

b s. y F J. (2012) g l g Tjt f a ch:a Pmy ay, Journal of Agrarian Change 12(1): 3459 [, tv 2nvm 2012]. av t: http://www.fian.org/resources/documents/others/global-land-grabbing-and-trajectories-of-agrarian-change-a-preliminary-analysis/pdf .

ct etu ivt p t r a y Mmt (ceigraM)(2010) Estudio sobre la reforma de la PAC y la agricultura espaola, M [, tv 12 Juy2013]. av t:http://www.ceigram.upm.es/sfs/otros/ceigram/Contenido%20Divulgaci%C3%B3n/Contenido%20Publicaciones/Contenido%20Working%20Papers/CEIGRAM_WP%20NO%20001.pdf .

cft py (2007) Bilan de la rforme de la PAC 2003 [, tv 12 Juy 2013].

av t: http://rhone.confederationpaysanne.fr/bilan-de-la-pac-2003_480.php .cft Py (2010) PAC 2013. Une PAC pour la souverainet alimentaire en Europe et dansle monde. Contribution de la Confdration paysanne au dbat sur la PAC aprs 2013. av t: https://www.google.es/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&ved=0CFMQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lafranceagricole.fr%2FDownload%2Fvar%2Fgfa%2Fstorage%2Ffichiers-pdf%2FDocs%2F100412PAC_positionnement_cpdefinitive.pdf&ei=IiZOUZj2LYWIhQf2xoGwAQ&usg=AFQjCNGL-_Fok3AmNM2lQNjglMqbwTDZgg&bvm=bv.44158598,d.ZG4.

Flix de San Andrs, M. (2012) El opaco negocio de la PAC Poltica Agraria Comunitaria en Espaa,c Ppu. June [online, retrieved 11 January 2013]. Available at: http://www.cronicapopular.

es/2012/06/el-opaco-negocio-de-la-pac-politica-agraria-comunitaria-en-espana .Fian (2004) Derecho a la alimentacin. Informe alternativo sobre el estado de los DESC en Espaa presen-tado ante el Comit DESC de NNUU, pp. 127187 [, tv 12 Juy 2013]. av t: http://www.descweb.org/files/INFORME-PARALELO.pdf .

F M. (2012)Acceso a la tierra en Andalusia: realidades y resistencias en el siglo XXI. Tj f mt. Unia/Uco/UPo Mt ituvt : a; u fqu p uttu, cu 2011-2012.
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fhttp://www.fian.org/resources/documents/others/global-land-grabbing-and-trajectories-of-agrarian-change-a-preliminary-analysis/pdf


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iz M, a. (1996) La reforma agraria andaluza desde la Constitucin espaola, V: Tt lbh.

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l ruz, a. (1988) e inc tumt pt F, Cuadernos geogrficosde la Universidad de Granada, n. 16 &17: 5778.

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Mt M amt y M ru y M (MarM) (2012)Agricultura Ecolgica Estadsticas2011, M[, tv 5 Mh 2013]. av t: http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/alimentacion/temas/la-agricultura-ecologica/INFORME_NACIONAL_2011_190912_tcm7-220494.pdf .

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P, J.d. (2008) The New Peasantries. Struggles for autonomy and sustainability in an era of empire andglobalization, l: eth.

rh ittut f o autu (Fbl) itt Ft f o autuMvmt (iFoaM) (2012) The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2012, F:Fbl.

shz az, c. (1932) La reforma Agraria ante la Historia, pp. 6772, t lpz otv, a.(1986) Propiedad de la tierra y problema en Andalucia, sv: Puh, p. 83.

sv guzm, e. (2006) Perspectivas Agroecolgicas. Desde el pensamiento social agrario,c:Uv c.
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s M. (2005) l Pt a l U eup, et a [, tv 11Juy 2013]. av t: http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/article1347.html.

suh, F. (2011) Mp tu y t t et p, p u p,Revista Soberana Alimentaria, Biodiversidad y Cultura 4. av t: http://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.wordpress.com.

Tmh e. (2011) l Pt a cm: u hmt p mt?, RevistaSoberana Alimentaria, Biodiversidad y Culturas, n 7: 6-11. av t: http://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/sabc7listo-para-internet.pdf .

U eup, Pmt eup (2009) ru Pmt eup, 10 mz 2009, t put mt: mz mt mutu m(2008/2220(ini)) 10 mz [o, tv 8 Juy 2013]. av t: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2009-0098&language=ES.

Vt s Ft y Ptfm ru (2012) Una injusticia llamada PAC[, tv 18Juy 2013]. av t: http://www.veterinariossinfronteras.org/news/2011/06/08/0001.

VVaa (2009) imp -m tu oMg m p u utv,ayt umt y F f th eth, coag, et a, gp cecU [,tv 12 Juy 2013]. av t: http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/IMG/pdf_Informe_impli-caciones_socioeconomicas_transgenicos.pdf .

Endnotes1. eup ct V cmp mm t sp : Ptfm ru, c

oz aut y g (coag), eu H nz etu (eHne), stl g (slg), st o cmp - st auz Tj (soc-saT). dtv t:http://www.eurovia.org.

2. s Instituto Nacional de Estadstica (ine) (nt ittut f sttt) t, v t: http://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_agricultura.htm .

3. Th s Pymt shm (sPs), tu y ec cu rut 1782/2003, y ftu f th 2003fm f th caP th pp utu uy hm th eU. it jtv t u fmt pu t mt m t uppt th m. Th t pymt up (..pt) fm utu put tf. Th f f th sPs fm utu

tvty hv t th p. Hwv, th f p ft f th tm thppt f th t pv h w p tt wth y m utu tvty t -v sPs pymt. i 2009, th sPs w pp 17 f th 27 eU Mm stt t t f 28.8 . Th sPsftht v t: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/direct-support/pdf/factsheet-single-payment-scheme_en.pdf,http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:030:0016:0099:en:PDF .

4. Th m f re-peasantisation , m xp f th fht f utmy uvv txt f pvt py (P, 2008: 6).

5. Th h fty th 1970.

6. cmmu u th t mmt f t f t p -tt ppt.l u mmu mmt t f th xuv u f vu ttut.Th mmu hm h xt sp th th tuy tut f th gm w, u t y mt th m putv ym f u t. cuty, mmu

mmt u t mut, xp f ft vt ptu. Mt u u p uytm m ty y t. it ff fm th mup ytm, u whh mmtp vmt.

7. Th um f vt ff vty tw th f l rj au.

8. s: http://europa.eu/pol/agr/index_en.htm.

9. it h 71% f eU xptu 1984, wh t h th mm p hv vp, w w t ppxmty 40%. In 2013, t mt w ut f 32% uvpmt 7.3%.
http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/article1347.htmlhttp://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.wordpress.com/http://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.wordpress.com/http://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.wordpress.com/http://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/sabc7listo-para-internet.pdfhttp://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/sabc7listo-para-internet.pdfhttp://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2009-0098&language=EShttp://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2009-0098&language=EShttp://www.veterinariossinfronteras.org/news/2011/06/08/0001http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/IMG/pdf_Informe_implicaciones_socioeconomicas_transgenicos.pdfhttp://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/IMG/pdf_Informe_implicaciones_socioeconomicas_transgenicos.pdfhttp://www.eurovia.org/http://www.eurovia.org/http://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_agricultura.htmhttp://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_agricultura.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/direct-support/pdf/factsheet-single-payment-scheme_en.pdf,%20http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:030:0016:0099:en:PDFhttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/direct-support/pdf/factsheet-single-payment-scheme_en.pdf,%20http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:030:0016:0099:en:PDFhttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/direct-support/pdf/factsheet-single-payment-scheme_en.pdf,%20http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:030:0016:0099:en:PDFhttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/direct-support/pdf/factsheet-single-payment-scheme_en.pdf,%20http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:030:0016:0099:en:PDFhttp://europa.eu/pol/agr/index_en.htmhttp://europa.eu/pol/agr/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/direct-support/pdf/factsheet-single-payment-scheme_en.pdf,%20http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:030:0016:0099:en:PDFhttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/direct-support/pdf/factsheet-single-payment-scheme_en.pdf,%20http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:030:0016:0099:en:PDFhttp://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_agricultura.htmhttp://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_agricultura.htmhttp://www.eurovia.org/http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/IMG/pdf_Informe_implicaciones_socioeconomicas_transgenicos.pdfhttp://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/IMG/pdf_Informe_implicaciones_socioeconomicas_transgenicos.pdfhttp://www.veterinariossinfronteras.org/news/2011/06/08/0001http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2009-0098&language=EShttp://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2009-0098&language=EShttp://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/sabc7listo-para-internet.pdfhttp://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/sabc7listo-para-internet.pdfhttp://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.wordpress.com/http://revistasoberaniaalimentaria.wordpress.com/http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/article1347.html


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10. Th utu xptu f y tw fu, whh fm pt f th eU ut: th eupautu gut Fu (eagF) f t pymt t fm mu t ut utumt uh tvt xpt fu, wh th eup autu Fu f ru dvpmt(eaFrd) f th u vpmt pmm f th Mm stt. s: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/fin/index_en.htm.

11. F m fmt th caP sp, th Mty f autu, F evmt wp, t:http://www.fega.es/PwfGcp/es/ .

12. s: http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/EspanayUE/Politicascomunitarias/Paginas/Polticas%20Comunitarias%2015.aspx.

13. s:http://www.ceigram.upm.es.

14. s:http://www.fega.es/PwfGcp/es/noticias/?notUris=tcm:5-34567 .

15. F xmp, f y 2008, th duh f a h h v m th 2 m thuh thu uh euxpt a eut a (gu, 2009).

16. a hw y VsF (2012), 2010, th m pt w: azu e (u: 61 m), T sy (-vtv f , wt -fu t fm u : 30 m), Zum V Mt s.a. (xpt f tu th put u th muftu mt f fut ju:6.9 m), Fxt (w: 5 m), ct lh atu (m: 1,743,937.02 ), nt sp (259,437.39) kft (11,427.62 ).

17. eup Pmt ut f 10 Mh 2009 u f quty, u hmt mutut f t (2008/2220(ini)). s: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2009-0098+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN.

18. cj ah Mup bu (211,117.80 ), cj ru nv (146,956.08 ), cj ru a(96,135.52 ), cj g ah c (66,880.75 ), cj ct l Mh (34,625.13 ), cj ru extmu s. cp. (16,183.38 ) cj ru su (10,214.08 ).

19. am l Mh s.a.(715,235.31 ), cmp auz rt im (217,414-78 ), cmpa im Zz s.l. (240,693.02 ), cj im Pv T (24,941.50 ), cj aquttu y Um (8,023.65 )

20. s: http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/biotecnologia/organismos-modificados-geneticamente-omg-/consejo-interministerial-de-ogms/superficie.aspx.

21. Wth pt t th mpt f th tut f ty mf mz sp, f xmp th tuy: http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/IMG/pdf_Informe_implicaciones_socioeconomicas_transgenicos.pdf .

22. s:http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-1112_es.htm.

23. s:http://ec.europa.eu/news/agriculture/111012_en.htm .

24. s: http://foropac.es/content/coag-subraya-que-la-reforma-de-la-pac-refleja-el-fracaso-del-gobierno-espa%C3%B1ol

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