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Laminated Veneer Bamboo: Structural and Curtain Wall ApplicationsPresented By: Lamboo®, Inc.

510 East Adams StreetSpringfield, IL 62701

Description: Compares the structural and mechanical properties of common building materials and composites, and illustrates how laminated veneer bamboo (LVB) components can be fully integrated into structural or curtain wall designs and meet the requirements of today’s sustainable built environment.

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The American Institute of Architects · Course No. AEC548 · This program qualifies for 1.0 HSW/SD/LU hour.

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Learning Objectives

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

• identify and compare the inherent mechanical properties, sustainability attributes, and structural and architectural applications of five common building/construction materials

• discuss why, by its nature (growth cycle, availability, molecular makeup), bamboo is considered one of the world’s most sustainable resources

• discuss how laminated veneer bamboo (LVB) offers enhanced performance, strength and aesthetics over traditional forms of construction materials

• identity applications for laminated veneer bamboo (LVB) with a focus on its ability to meet stability and strength requirements for structural and curtain wall systems, and

• analyze the sustainability benefits, attributes and performance criteria of laminated veneer bamboo (LVB) relative to contributing to credits under the LEED® green building certification program.






Table of Contents

• Exposed Structural Elements 7

• Alternative Structural Building Materials 11• Steel 13• Concrete 17• Masonry 29• Heavy Timber 34• Engineered Wood 37• Laminated Veneer Bamboo (LVB) 43

• Green Building 51• Bamboo: A Sustainable Resource 52• U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) 57

• Applications: Curtain Walls and Storefronts 60• LVB Curtain Wall Systems 63• Overview: LVB Applications 73

• Resources 74

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Exposed Structural Elements






Exposed Structures

A building’s structural elements can be much more than just the load bearing aspect of the design. Architecturally exposed structural systems can greatly add to the intrigue a building design offers.

However, the decision to expose structural elements should not be made lightly. There are several advantages and disadvantages to consider.






Exposed Structural Elements: Advantages

By leaving the structural elements of a building exposed, the designer is able to create a more spacious interior environment, and showcase connections and material finishes. Lighting and mechanical equipment can be easily accessed and maintained. In addition, shorter construction times are probable, and lower construction costs result due to the lack of finishing materials required.






Exposed Structural Elements: Disadvantages

Possible disadvantages to exposing a building’s structural elements include:• some spaces may suffer acoustically due to the lack of finishing materials (although, in

some cases this affect may be desired), and• the costs of design may fluctuate, especially for materials such as steel, due to the

excess fabrication requirements for detailing, finishes, connections, and coatings. However, the cost of finishing materials is avoided.






Alternative Structural Building Materials






Introduction

Each building material, including composites, in today’s marketplace harbors its own desirable performance characteristics, but the choice of which product is best suited for the structural portion of your building depends on the requirements of the project.

This section of the course reviews the inherent mechanical properties, sustainability attributes, and structural and architectural applications of the following building materials:• steel• concrete• masonry• heavy timber• engineered wood, and• laminated veneer bamboo.






Steel

Steel is an alloy made from iron. Common structural grades include A992 and A36. It can be used for many aspects of a building structure including, but not limited to, beams, columns, girders, floor and roof decking, and web joists.

Structural steel is known for its strength, prefabrication processes, and quick assembly and installation times. The two main types of structural steel are hot-rolled and cold-rolled. The primary difference between cold-rolled and hot-rolled steel is that hot-rolled steel is molded with rollers while the material is still hot enough to scale, while cold-rolled steel is molded well below scaling temperatures. As a result, cold-rolled steel is often stronger.






Steel

Almost all steel building materials are manufactured using recycled, pre- and post-consumer material, and structural steel products are also 100% recyclable themselves. However, the manufacturing of steel requires a large amount of energy, which may offset the benefits of recyclability when compared to other building materials.

Although steel is not combustible, it performs poorly in fires unless properly treated with a retardant coating. This material’s inherit thermal conductivity could create heat bridging within a structure. As long as steel members are protected from rusting, they have the possibility of a very long life cycle. One other drawback to using steel is its constantly fluctuating price.






Steel: Case Study

This 1000-square-foot all steel home was built using light-gauge, cold-formed, high-tensile, galvanized steel. The galvanization of steel helps prevent corrosion. The home’s design made it possible for minimal site disturbance due to the six steel column supports on small concrete footings. All of the structural materials for the project were prefabricated, making for minimal site waste and also aiding in the quick building erection time. The added up-front cost of steel is partially offset by the reduced labor costs that a one-day structure erection time led to.

Source: Blue Sky Building Systems & o2 Architecture, http://blueskybuildingsystems.com/example-projects/o2/graham-residence-yucca-valley// (accessed May 10, 2012)

http://blueskybuildingsystems.com/example-projects/o2/graham-residence-yucca-valley/






Steel: Case Study

Here are some images of the finished product. Despite expansive windows, the house is able to achieve high thermal insulation due to high-performance glazing, framing, and premanufactured steel thermal efficient panels.






Concrete

Concrete is a building material which is made from a combination of cementitious compounds (10–15%), coarse and fine aggregates (60–75%), water (15–20%), and air (3–5%). Admixtures are often present, but typically comprise less than one per cent (< 1%).

Cement, one of the main ingredients of concrete, is responsible for roughly 5% of man-made CO2emissions around the world. Luckily, in recent history there have been several advancements in the abilities and makeup of most concrete mixtures.

In modern-day concrete, regular Portland cement is often partially replaced by supplemental materials, and a wide variety of chemical admixtures is added to mixtures to control various characteristics of the concrete, from set time to freeze-thaw protection.






Concrete

Due to its plastic characteristics, concrete can be formed into just about any shape imaginable. Its high compressive strength makes it ideal for foundations and other structural elements. The material can be utilized as a thermal mass as long as the project is designed correctly. A case study discussed on a following slide makes good use of concrete’s thermal properties.

High-strength, lightweight, floating, and colored mixtures are just some of the examples of the capabilities of concrete. Concrete is able to meet the requirements of all sorts of jobs, and is most likely produced at a local facility close to the project jobsite. One drawback is that the material typically requires the addition of reinforcing members if it is to be used in tension. Reinforcement typically comes from steel, but it can come from other materials such as glass and metallic fibers.






Concrete: Standard

Portland cement does not come from Portland. It is named for its resemblance to Portland stone, which is also not from Portland.

Portland cement is produced in a very energy dependent process which requires temperatures of 2,500–4,000 degrees Fahrenheit and creates large amounts of CO2.

Portland cement is made from a combination of materials which are heated to form clinker, a small, pebble-like material (top photo) which is then ground up with gypsum and limestone (up to 70–90% of the total volume) to a powder (bottom photo). Several other materials have been used to supplement certain amounts of cement in concrete mixtures.






Concrete: SCM

Slag cement, fly ash, and silica fume are three common supplementary cementitiousmaterials (SCMs) used in concrete.

Fly ash is a by-product of the coal burning process, typical for electricity production in the United States. Fly ash is considered a pollozan. Pollozans are a group of materials commonly used in concrete mixtures; they react chemically with the calcium hydroxide produced by the hydration of the Portland cement to form calcium silicate hydrates, which bind the concrete together. Pollozans can also be naturally occurring, such as volcanic ash. There are two classes of fly ash which are characterized by the sum of oxides of silica, iron, and alumina: The oxides must comprise at least 50% of the total mass of Class C fly ash, and 70% of Class F fly ash.

Class FClass C






Concrete: SCM

Slag is a by-product of the steel manufacturing process. If it is cooled slowly and allowed to crystallize, it has almost no cementitious capabilities. But, if it is rapidly cooled and crystallization is prevented, it forms a granular-like material which can then be used to replace certain amounts of cement. Slag can replace 50% of cement in typical projects and up to 80% in large projects.

Slag cement typically leads to longer set times for the concrete mixture, but concrete made with slag has higher compressive and flexural strengths than concrete made with Portland cement. Slag more closely resembles the chemical make-up of Portland cement than fly ash does.






Concrete: SCM

Silica fume is a by-product of the manufacture of silicon metal and ferro-silicon alloys. It is a highly reactive pozzolan due to its very fine grain size, large surface area, and high silicon dioxide content. Concrete containing silica fume has a high strength and can be very durable.






Concrete: Case Study

The San Francisco Federal Building by Morphosis Architects utilized a concrete mixture containing 50% slag in place of Portland cement. The design features an electronically controlled ventilation system that utilizes the curved concrete ceilings as thermal masses to help cool the various spaces. The profile of the ceilings increases the surface area and adds a unique texture to the office experience. Each floor features a full 13-foot ceiling height, which aids in daylight penetration into the inner portions of the building. With the lighting and cooling loads being reduced, the building is able to save approximately 85% of the energy used by a typical California office building.

Source: Morphosis Architects, Inc. Morphopedia: The Online Encyclopedia of Morphosis.http://morphopedia.com/projects/san-francisco-federal-building/ (accessed May 10, 2012)

http://morphopedia.com/projects/san-francisco-federal-building/






Concrete: Case Study

With close to 5000 tons of slag used, the building saved 5000 tons of CO2 emissions. That 5000 tons of CO2 saved is the equivalent of 830 car emissions for 1 year.

SF Federal Building uses blast furnace slag to replace 50% of Portland Cement in concrete.

=

=total savings 5,000 tons of CO2SF Federal Building saves CO2 amount equivalent to 830 cars emissions






Concrete: Photocatalytic Cement

After the American architect Richard Meier specified photocatalytic cement for the Dives in MisericordiaChurch in Rome, Italy, the true performance capabilities of the project began showing off. Photocatalytic cement was originally chosen simply for the need of white concrete that would not stain, but the material’s ability to decompose certain organic materials in the atmosphere made it an even more viable solution.

Although this project used solid photocatalyticpanels, a more efficient use of the product is as a coating on a more cost-effective concrete core, since the inner portions of a slab do not have direct contact with the air or sun. This material’s key component is titanium dioxide.

Source: ESSROC, Italcementi Group, www.italcementigroup.com/ENG/Architecture/Dives+in+Misericordia+Church/(accessed May 10, 2012)

http://www.italcementigroup.com/ENG/Architecture/Dives+in+Misericordia+Church/






Concrete: Photocatalytic Cement

Standard concrete does exhibit some oxidizing characteristics, but photocatalyticconcrete speeds up the process by incorporating titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is commonly used in products such as paints, inks, coatings, plastics, papers, foods, medicine, sunscreen, and toothpaste. The graph below shows typical performance of photocatalytic concrete (yellow) as compared to the natural oxidation process that typical concrete (green, pink, and orange) exhibits. The photocatalytic concrete removes nitrogen oxide from the surrounding air much faster than typical concretes do.

Source: ESSROC, Italcementi Group. “Concrete That Cleans Itself and the Environment.” 2010. www.aecdaily.com/sc.php?node_id=1652392&tabidx=education&company=Essroc (accessed May 10, 2012)

http://www.aecdaily.com/sc.php?node_id=1652392&tabidx=education&company=Essroc






Concrete: Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Fiber reinforced concrete exhibits extraordinary tensile strength. The Sakata Mirai Footbridge in Japan features a 168-foot span, and the SeonyuFootbridge in Korea features a 394-foot arched span.

Due to its fluid-like consistency, fiber reinforced concrete can be utilized in combination with complex formwork. The coarse aggregate found in most concrete mixtures is replaced by finer aggregates and metallic and organic fibers, helping make these mixtures fluid-like. Compressive and tensile strengths are increased as well as the elastic modulus.

Source: Ductal®, www.ductal-lafarge.com,www.ductal-lafarge.com/wps/portal/ductal/2_3-Footbridges (accessed May 10, 2012)

http://www.ductal-lafarge.com/wps/portal/ductal/2_3-Footbridges

http://www.ductal-lafarge.com/






Concrete: Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Fiber reinforced concrete greatly outperforms ordinary concrete in terms of its bending strength. Micro cracks can occur, but brittle failure is replaced by ductile performance.

Source: Ductal®, www.ductal-lafarge.com/wps/portal/ductal/6_5-Mechanical_performances#editoEncartVide0000000000021235 (accessed May 10, 2012)

Displacement in microns

Ordinary concrete

Ben

ding

str

engt

h in

MPa

http://www.ductal-lafarge.com/wps/portal/ductal/6_5-Mechanical_performances






Masonry

Masonry construction can be noted for its modularity and ease of erection. Masonry is typically only used as a structural element in low-rise buildings, with high-rise buildings requiring either deep foundation walls or other primary structural materials.

Standard masonry bricks are made from clay or shale which must be mined, formed, and fired to produce the final product. By increasing the perforations and coring in bricks, some material use can be reduced without a considerable reduction in strength. Several alternatives to clay and shale are available. Here, we will showcase some of those alternatives.






Masonry

A brick wall can act as a great thermal mass, and aside from the mortar required to bond the brick, no finishes are typically required. Brick construction can be extremely durable, with some of the oldest structures in the world being constructed using bricks. Bricks offer good fire protection, but their strength-to-weight ratio is not favorable. The firing process in brick production is a major producer of CO2 emissions and requires a large amount of energy. Some efforts have been made to reduce environmental impact of brick production such as using alternative fuels for kilns, but the effects of such efforts often vary and come with their own drawbacks.






Masonry: Clay Alternatives

Clay is not the only material that can be used to create masonry bricks. However, most of the alternatives still require firing. Examples include: cathode ray tubes and plate glass, recycled glass and ceramics, and processed sewage waste.

Fly ash bricks and concrete masonry units (CMUs) can be cured using steam, but in the case of CMUs, that fact is offset by the use of cement— which, as discussed previously, is another high embodied energy product. Fly ash bricks are made from a by-product of coal burning industries, and thus the use of this material is seen as a viable solution.






Masonry: Fly Ash Bricks

Fly ash bricks are the energy efficient supplement to standard clay bricks. The USA produces more than 72 million tons of fly ash annually, which means that there are resources in place for a large volume of brick production. As seen in this graphic, the embodied energy, as well as the CO2 emissions, in each unit are greatly decreased. Fly ash bricks also provide a slightly higher R-value for a better thermal performance. Fly ash bricks cure in a sauna-like environment for 6–12 hours, a process which replaces the energy required for normal bricks to be fired in a kiln.

Fly Ash Brick Clay Brick

Materials 40% recycled <7% recycled

Low embodied energy ~1000 BTUs 6000 BTUs

Low CO2 emissions ~0.1 lbs. ~0.9 lbs.






Masonry: Fly Ash Bricks: Case Study

Fly ash bricks do not require any special mortar or tiebacks, so construction methods are identical to that of typical clay brick construction.

Spartan Hall, designed by architects of the LedyDesign Group, is a student residence on the campus of the University of Michigan. It is a great example of how fly ash bricks are able to reduce the embodied energy and CO2 emissions in a typical building.

257 million BTU in energy, 21 tons of CO2, and 40 tons of landfill waste were saved by replacing clay bricks with fly ash bricks.

Source: Calstar Products, http://calstarproducts.com/projects/bricks (accessed May 10, 2012)

http://calstarproducts.com/projects/bricks






Heavy Timber

Heavy timber (i.e. Douglas fir, western red, cedar, spruce, larch, eastern white pine) construction has been around for centuries. The main change throughout its time has come in the fastening methods used to join members. Early heavy timber construction featured lapped joints, which were followed by pegged mortise and tenon joints. Many modern examples are fastened using metal bolts, rods, and plates. Heavy timber construction differs from standard wood construction, because typically, the timbers used are larger and a building design requires fewer members. Heavy timber structural members are often left exposed to view for aesthetic purposes, as discussed in earlier slides.






Heavy Timber

Wood is the only major structural building material which is renewable, along with non-major materials such as laminated veneer bamboo. Forests which are grown and managed to produce timber for the construction industry are beneficial for the environment. In addition to being renewable, wood has the ability to sequester carbon dioxide. That same carbon dioxide is only released back into the environment if the timbers are burned or disposed of in a landfill. Most decommissioned heavy timber can easily be reused for similar structural applications, or other applications such as furniture building. Wood exhibits exemplary acoustic and thermal performance due to its cellular structure, but, of course, actual figures vary based on species and growth environment. Some drawbacks to heavy timber construction are the appearance of unsightly checking and cracking, as well as possible deformation and warping.






Heavy Timber: Fire Safety

Although combustible, heavy timber does not simply burn straight through, as some people may think. Heavy timbers actually perform better than unprotected steel in many fire conditions. The outermost layers of the timber are charred in a fire, which creates a protective, insulating layer, thus lengthening the amount of time it takes for heavy timbers to fully burn. Many times, after a fire has devastated a structure, the lumber can be planed and repurposed for use within another product. In North America, heavy timber is recognized in Building Type IV for its fire resistant capabilities.






Engineered Wood

“By combining engineered strength with the warmth and beauty of wood, structural glued laminated timber (engineered wood) offers designers a multitude of options for large, open spaces with a minimum number of columns.” This is how the American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC, http://www.aitc-glulam.org) characterizes engineered wood.

Engineered wood is manufactured by laminating several layers of high-strength, kiln-dried lumber together using waterproof adhesives. It can be produced using softwood or hardwood species. The engineering process allows companies to manufacture members in a quality controlled manner to meet all sorts of size and shape requirements. If a naturally growing wood is not abundantly available at a certain length or depth, engineered wood is able to step in and fill the job. Its capabilities range from commercial to residential construction.

http://www.aitc-glulam.org/






Engineered Wood

Various species (i.e. Douglas fir, larch, southern pine, Alaskan yellow cedar) can be used to create an engineered wood member. Oftentimes, the outermost laminations in the compression and tension regions are made of a higher quality species, while the inner laminations may be made of a more cost-effective species. In what is called an unbalanced member, the tension region will have a higher grade species than the compression region, giving the member different bending stresses for the two zones. These members must be installed according to the“top” compression region and “bottom” tension region.In a balanced member, the two zones feature the same grade material. Unbalanced sections are moreefficient, but certain applications such as cantileversmay require balanced sections. There are endless applications for engineered wood lumber, but one of the most notable is for curved and arched members.It may also be used for ridge beams, headers, beams, and bridges and infrastructure.






Engineered Wood

Unique designs are easily fabricated due to the engineering capabilities that engineered wood allows. Members can be made to exact specifications for strength and size (limited only by issues related to transportation). Members can be prefabricated to reduce onsite material waste and labor times, but again, transportation limitations may impede the amount of offsite fabrication that can be completed.

Several finished appearances are available, depending on the needs of the project. Architectural appearance is the standard for stock products because it has a smooth, attractive finish for case members that are to be exposed, which they typically are.






Engineered Wood

Exceptionally long spans, without the need for intermediate columns, can be attained using engineered wood.






Engineered Wood: Fire Safety

Engineered wood performs similarly to hardwoods in fire tests, but the addition of another tension layer is necessary to meet code requirements for one-hour fire protection.

Standard beams typically only exhibit .75 of an inch of charring in a half hour, and the adhesives used burn at a similar rate. The image on the next slide shows the performance difference between a loaded engineered wood beam and an unprotected loaded steel beam after 30 minutes of fire exposure.

Standard Beam Layup

One-Hour Rated Beam

Layup

Compression lam at top

Core lams in center

Tension lam at bottom

One core lam removed from center

One tension lam added at bottom






Engineered Wood: Fire Safety

The steel beam buckled, while the engineered wood beam only showed 19mm of exterior charring. The engineered wood beam far outperformed the steel beam in this test.






Laminated Veneer Bamboo (LVB)

Structural grade, laminated veneer bamboo (LVB) is a material which combines the renewability of the bamboo grass with the innovation of laminated lumber to create a truly inspirational product. LVB manufacturers have initiated drafting and revisions of internationally recognized standards within the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM, www.astm.org) and the International Code Council (ICC, www.iccsafe.org) for use of LVB within the construction market worldwide.

The product has already appeared in the window and door industry where structural stability is a must, and through their current partners, manufacturers are capable of producing structural members that meet just about any project’s needs. Due to the aesthetic characteristics of the material, LVB is best utilized in situations where it is left exposed.

http://www.iccsafe.org/

http://www.astm.org/






LVB: Options and Uses

With several standard color and grain options to choose from, LVB can set the aesthetic mood for any space. The standard colors are created by thermal treatment, so that the coloration you see carries through the entire material. A variety of stains are also available, should a project require a specific tone. The material was chosen for use in the University of Illinois’ Solar Decathlon project in 2010, for its renewable characteristics and superior structural performance.

LVB can be used to create beams, columns, and trusses, as well as prefabricated layups and curtain wall systems. A project could potentially meet almost all of its structural needs by using LVB.






LVB: Performance

Testing has proven that LVB performs exceedingly well structurally and is capable of long spans.

• Compressive strengths (ASTM 3501-86A)• Exceeding 13,000 psi (parallel to grain) • 30% more than softwoods

• Tensile strengths (ASTM 3500-90)• Between 21,000–55,000 psi (parallel to grain), 10 times that

of other woods

• High dimensional stability (ASTM D 1037)• On average, 20% more stable than wood in temperature and

moisture changes

• Anti-microbial and anti-pest characteristics• The silica content and arrangement within the material ensures the product will not suffer from

termite or mold damage. (Source: Report Title: “Resistance of Two Bamboo Species Treated with Borates to Formosan Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes Formosanus) in a No-Choice Test.” Test Date: December 2, 2004. Testing Facility: St. Louis Testing Laboratories Incorporated)






LVB: Fire Safety

Like engineered wood, LVB performs exceptionally well under fire conditions. Structural members have been tested and meet the requirements for:• Class 1 ASTM E 648 Critical Radiant

Panel tests, and • Class A ASTM E 84 Surface Burning tests.

Dimensional members of LVB produce a similar charring layer to that seen in heavy timbers and glulam members.






LVB: Engineering Process

LVB, as an engineered material, allows for minimal knots and voids. The manufacturing process behind laminated veneer bamboo involves the following five steps:1. Of the over 1600 species of bamboo worldwide, four are identified and chosen for

performance products. 2. Bamboo grass culms are harvested at 6 to 8 years in age. 3. The culms are cut into sections longitudinally, creating pie-shaped slats which are

them planed to approximately 1/4" x 3/4".4. The slats are individually cured using various techniques depending on the needed

color and application.5. The cured slats are then aligned for either vertical or horizontal products and adhered

under pressure to form panels or members.






LVB: Engineering Process

The LVB engineering process is proprietary to each manufacturer. Look for processes that:• do not use formaldehyde • emit low volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and • use type one adhesive selection (to reduce mold or delamination).






LVB: Types and Aesthetics

Structural grade materials are available in a vertical grain, with carbonized coloration being standard. All structural members are certified for exterior grade applications.

Carbonized vertical grain• Solid bamboo strips are vertically pressed against

each other and laid up on the wide 3/4" side of the strip and glued to create one uniform 3/4"-thick panel. Vertically pressed strips allow for the nodes to not be as aesthetically prevalent and have a slightly tighter grain pattern. This grain pattern is more contemporary in nature.






LVB: Aesthetics and Maintenance

Depending on the LVB manufacturer, stain colors and custom dye matches are available.Solvent-based, low-VOC stains or dyes with a low-VOC or water-based, ultraviolet protective top coat finish are suggested.

With the solvent-based low-VOC, ultraviolet protective finishes recommended, the refinishing interval is approximately every 20 years. As for cleaning power, washing every two to three years is recommended, similar to the maintenance requirements of a traditional wood deck. Finished materials will retain consistent color, as long as the finish is maintained.






Green Building






Bamboo: A Sustainable Resource

Bamboo as a resource is the most sustainable plant used in the manufacturing of structural and architectural systems. Bamboo, in comparison to timber, takes 6 to 8 years to fully mature, whereas timber, on average, takes 25 to 50 years. Additionally, LVB has 3 times the structural capacity of timber, achieving longer spans, which allows for the use of less raw material.







Unlike other crops, bamboo can be harvested without replanting and requires little or no pesticides to grow because of a natural bio-agent that is bound to the plant at the molecular level. The silica content in bamboo makes it too hard for termites or ants to eat. Its dual root structure and grass-like features help to eliminate soil erosion.

There is no comparison as far as yield per acre; bamboo can be harvested at a rate of 14 tons of usable fiber per acre every 6 to 8 years. In comparison, 8 tons of usable fiber per acre can be harvested from timber every 25 to 30 years, meaning that bamboo produces more than 6 times the usable fiber/acre when compared to timber.







There are approximately 1600 known species of bamboo, and some grow up to one meter per day. A typical bamboo forest sequesters around 35% more carbon than a like-sized timber forest, and replaces 30% of its biomass per year, compared to a timber forest that replaces only 3% to 5% per year.

Timber is and has been an excellent fiber source, but bamboo is a great alternative that cannot be ignored.







Bamboo grows in much of the world, primarily in zones 7 and warmer. Bamboo can grow in the southernmost states of the U.S., but due to the climatic conditions and bamboo’s natural growing cycle, species selection is limited.

As an example, to ensure sustainability throughout the life cycle of laminated bamboo product lines, manufacturers may:• use species of bamboo in their products that are

not used as a food source or habitat for any animals

• use only mature plants (6th to 8th year of life)• promote the growth of renewable bamboo farms

and work with surrounding communities to limit any impact on the environment, and

• source materials from the nearest possible location to suit a client’s needs (sourcing may be available from Africa, Central and South America, China, India, and Vietnam).







A number of bamboo product manufacturers chose to use Forest Stewardship Council (FSC, www.fsc.org) certification as a demonstration of sustainability. However, FSC was designed for timber forests and not bamboo grass farms. Accordingly, some laminated bamboo manufacturers chose to go above and beyond FSC, and utilize the global expertise of The Forest Trust (TFT, www.tft-forests.org) to maintain a transparent system to ensure bamboo is obtained from sustainably managed sources.

The Forest Trust:• is active in 14 countries • provides information about the origin (farm,

forest, or factory) of the materials that are in wood products or those wooden in nature, and

• ensures the harvesting and manufacturing processes of the raw materials is respectful ofthe environment and improves the lives of people in the community at all stages of the supply chain.

http://www.tft-forests.org/

http://www.fsc.org/






U.S. Green Building Council

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization composed of leaders from every sector of the building industry working to promote buildings and communities that are environmentally responsible, profitable and healthy places to live and work. USGBC developed the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) green building certification program, the nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction, and operation of high performance green buildings.

For detailed information about the council, their principles and programs, please visit www.usgbc.org.

http://www.usgbc.org/






LEED® Green Building Certification Program

The LEED® green building certification program is a point-based system where points are awarded for actions taken during design, construction, and use phases to reduce the impact a project and its construction will have on the environment and natural resources. The program has five main categories:• Sustainable Sites (SS)• Water Efficiency (WE)• Energy & Atmosphere (EA)• Materials & Resources (MR), and • Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ).

Two additional categories, Innovation in Design (ID) and Regional Priority, apply to actions not specifically addressed in the five main categories.

LEED credit requirements cover the performance of materials in aggregate, not the performance of individual products or brands. Therefore, products that meet the LEED performance criteria can only contribute toward earning points needed for LEED certification; they cannot earn points individually toward LEED certification.






LEED Credits

Consult individual manufacturers for specific information about LEED programs and relevant credits, but as listed here, LVB may help a building project satisfy the requirements of earning LEED credits in the following categories:

• MR Credit 6: Rapidly Renewable Materials

• IEQ Credit 4.4: Low-emitting Materials

• ID Credit 1: Environmentally Preferable Material

• ID Credit 2: Life Cycle Assessment/Environmental Impact






Applications: Curtain Walls and Storefronts






Curtain Walls and Storefronts

One instance where structure is not only exposed but also highlighted is in curtain wall design.

Curtain walls rely directly upon a structural system to remain stable and in place, and provide an effective exterior envelope.

Although curtain walls themselves are non-load bearing, they do require enough structure to support their own self-weight as well as resist lateral loads. Oftentimes, the structure which supports larger curtain walls can be left exposed as well.

The term “curtain wall” refers to a non-load bearing exterior wall enclosure anchored to a building’s structure. Although non-load bearing, curtain walls must support self-weight and effectively transfer that weight back to the structure. Several methods and materials can be utilized to create various sustainable curtain wall designs.






Curtain Walls and Storefronts: Glazing Methods

The manner in which the glazing is secured to the back-up system can vary. Vertical mullions and horizontal rails, structural silicone glazing, or a point-supported system may be used.

captured glazing structural silicone glazing point-supported glazing

(mullion + cap) (mullion without cap) (spider fitting, no mullion)






LVB Curtain Wall Systems

Laminated veneer bamboo’s inherit structural capabilities and dimensional stability allow it to function very effectively in curtain wall and storefront systems. The raw materials necessary for production of the material can be easily and sustainably resourced, making it an ideal choice for environmentally conscious projects. The product’s antimicrobial properties allow it to resist moisture build-up and mold, and the silica content of the material acts as a natural insect deterrent. Mullion caps can be made from profiled aluminum (shown at right) or from LVB materials.

It is ideal in both commercial and residential applications, bringing warmth and longevity to all buildings.







LVB can replace a large portion of the aluminum that is prominent in most storefront and curtain wall systems. It can also replace the steel back-up supports, making for a consistent material pallet throughout the entirety of the system.







LVB can also be utilized in sunscreens and shading devices.












Reduced Profile Curtain Wall Systems: Steel

Reduced profile systems have come into existence in an effort to reduce visible joinery lines and component interference through glass façades. However, a reduction in structural materials leads to an increased reliance on the structural importance of the glass panels these systems incorporate. A substantial amount of market demand for these systems comes from Europe, due in part to a lack of understanding in the Americas of the somewhat unexpected fracture points that glass can exhibit.

Point-supported glass provides a modern look with decreased visible barriers. It also reduces the amount of materials required.

Corner clamped glass offers extremely transparent design capabilities. It also reduces the amount of materials required.







Due to their appearance, point-supported glass systems are often referred to as spider supports. The glass panels are joined using a sealant. The back-up support can be provided by many different means, depending on the design specifications. Tensioned cables, space frames, and trusses are a means by which to decrease the visual interruption of the back-up support.







Corner-supported glass systems also reduce the amount of visual interference from the framework.






Curtain Wall Systems: Aluminum

Aluminum has been an industry standard material for use in curtain walls and storefront designs for years. Manufacturers have integrated thermal breaks to overcome the material’s thermal conductivity, but some thermal bridging may still occur. Intricate, compartmentalized shapes are able to be produced, but there are environmental costs of manufacturing raw aluminum.

Most aluminum production is done using recycled materials in an effort to counteract these high environmental impacts. Aluminum is most commonly utilized in stick-style curtain wall systems.







Although mullions and rails are highly visible when a cap system is used, the effect of the linear patterns can aid in the design aesthetics.

Please remember the exam password CURTAIN. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the on-line examination.







Here, a combination of capped and structural silicon panels break the pattern at an entry point within a curtain wall.






Overview: LVB Applications

Architectural LVB has many applications, including:• structural beams and members for exposed aesthetic structural, curtain wall and

storefront systems• structural, curtain wall, and storefront complete systems• window and door panels or component material for high-performance sustainable

window and door systems • interior panels, veneer, and dimensional components for architectural or design

applications• exterior panels or components for outdoor

furnishings or weather-bearing applications, and

• aviation and nautical panels, veneer and components for new builds or re-fits.






Resources






Resources: Course Content

Web (all accessed May 10, 2012)• AEP Span, www.aepspan.com (slides 15-16)

• AEP Span Press Release, June 2009 www.aepspan.com/files/Sustainable%20ASC%20Steel%20Home%20Release.pdf

• American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC), www.aitc-glulam.org (slides 37-42)• AITC Publication, 2007 AITC, http://aitc-glulam.org/shopcart/Pdf/aitc_lam_timber_arch_us_final.pdf

• American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), www.astm.org• Architectural Record, http://archrecord.construction.com (slides 17-22)

• Building Even Better Concrete, by Joann Gonchar, AIA. December 2007, http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=381&P=1 (slides 17-22)

• Reducing Embodied Energy in Masonry Construction, by Peter J. Arsenault, FAIA, NCARB, LEED-AP, February 2012 http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=219&C=878 (slides 29-33)

• Blue Sky Building Systems & o2 Architecture (slides 15-16)• Graham Residence,

http://blueskybuildingsystems.com/example-projects/o2/graham-residence-yucca-valley/• Butler Manufacturing, www.butlermfg.com• CalStar Products, http://calstarproducts.com (slides 29-33)

• Fly Ash Brick, Sustainable Construction, by Gene Guetzow, LEED AP, and Julie Rapoport, PhD, PE, LEED AP. Vol 5 No 1 MASONRY EDGE / the storypole Sustainability | Adaptive Reuse.

• Ductal®, www.ductal-lafarge.com • Ductal Solutions, Lafarge DuctaL® NewsLetter - JULY 2010 - N°9 (slides 27-28)

• ESSROC, Italcementi Group, www.txactive.us (slides 25-26)• Concrete That Cleans Itself and the Environment,

www.aecdaily.com/sc.php?node_id=1652392&tabidx=education&company=Essroc• TX Active Brochure, 2008 Essroc Italcementi Group, http://txactive.us/images/txactive_brochure.pdf

http://txactive.us/images/txactive_brochure.pdf

http://www.aecdaily.com/sc.php?node_id=1652392&tabidx=education&company=Essroc

http://www.txactive.us/

http://www.ductal-lafarge.com/wps/portal/ductal/2_3-Footbridges

http://calstarproducts.com/

http://www.butlermfg.com/

http://blueskybuildingsystems.com/example-projects/o2/graham-residence-yucca-valley/

http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=219&C=878

http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=381&P=1

http://www.archrecord.construction.com/

http://www.astm.org/

http://aitc-glulam.org/shopcart/Pdf/aitc_lam_timber_arch_us_final.pdf


http://www.aepspan.com/files/Sustainable ASC Steel Home Release.pdf

http://www.aepspan.com/







Web (all accessed May 10, 2012)• Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), www.fsc.org• Hamill Creek Timber Frame Homes, www.hamillcreek.com (slides 34-36) • Holcim Incorporated, www.holcim.us (slides 17-22)

• “Cementitious Materials in Concrete: Performance & Sustainability,”www.aecdaily.com/sc.php?node_id=1639078&tabidx=education&company=Holcim+%28US%29+Inc

• International Code Council (ICC), www.iccsafe.org• Kawneer North America, www.kawneer.com (slides 71-73) • Lamboo, Inc., www.lamboo.us• Morphosis Architects, Inc., Morphopedia, http://morphopedia.com (slides 23-24)• Novum Structures LLC, www.novumstructures.com (slides 68-70)

• “Glazing Systems,” www.novumstructures.com/novum/resources/brochures/pdfs/glazing.pdf• Slag Cement Association, www.slagcement.org (slides 20-21)

• “Slag Cement and Fly Ash,” www.slagcement.org/pdf/no11%20Slag%20Cement%20and%20Fly%20Ash.pdf

• Softwood Export Council, www.softwood.org (slides 36, 41-42)• The Engineered Wood Association, www.apawood.org (slides 37, 42)

• Glulam Basics, APA Form No. X440D, 2008 APA• The Forest Trust (TFT), www.tft-forests.org (slide 57)• Timber Holdings USA, www.ironwoods.com• U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), www.usgbc.org (slides 58-59)• Walsh Industries, www.walsh-industries.com (slides 37-42) • Western Structures Incorporated, www.westernstructures.com (slides 37-42)

http://www.westernstructures.com/

http://www.walsh-industries.com/

http://www.usgbc.org/

http://www.ironwoods.com/

http://www.tft-forests.org/

http://www.apawood.org/

http://www.softwood.org/

http://www.slagcement.org/pdf/no11 Slag Cement and Fly Ash.pdf

http://www.slagcement.org/

http://www.novumstructures.com/novum/resources/brochures/pdfs/glazing.pdf

http://www.novumstructures.com/

http://morphopedia.com/


http://www.kawneer.com/

http://www.iccsafe.org/

http://www.aecdaily.com/sc.php?node_id=1639078&tabidx=education&company=Holcim+(US)+Inc

http://www.holcim.us/

http://www.hamillcreek.com/

http://www.fsc.org/







Other• Reifsteck, Charles – UIUC 2010. Architecture 233 presentation. (slides 13, 14, 63)• Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. “Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering material.” Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL–GTR–

113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 463 p. (slide 45)• Hamill Creek Timber Frame Homes. “Sustainable Benefits of Timber Frame Construction,” August 2011 (slides 34-36) • “Resistance of Two Bamboo Species Treated with Borates to Formosan Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes

Formosanus) in a No-Choice Test.” Testing Facility: St. Louis Testing Laboratories Incorporated. Test Date: December 4, 2004 (slide 45)

• Charleson, Andrew W.. “Structure as Architecture,” 2005.






Resources: ImagesWeb (all accessed May 10, 2012)• AEP Span, www.aepspan.com (slides 11-16)• American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC), www.aitc-glulam.org (slide 39)• Architectural Record, www.archrecord.construction.com• Blue Sky Building Systems, http://blueskybuildingsystems.com/ (slides 11-14)• Blue Sky Building Systems & o2 Architecture, http://blueskybuildingsystems.com/architects (slides 14-16) • CalStar Products, http://calstarproducts.com (slides 11-12, 29-33) • Duratherm Window Corporation, www.durathermwindows.com (slide 67)• Ductal®, www.ductal-lafarge.com (slides 27-28)• ESSROC, Italcementi Group, www.txactive.us (slides 18, 25-26) • Hamill Creek Timber Frame Homes, www.hamillcreek.com (slides 11-12, 34)• Holcim Incorporated, www.holcim.us (slides 17, 19-20, 22)• Kawneer North America, www.kawneer.com (slides 62, 71-73)• Lamboo, Inc., www.lamboo.us (slides 1, 7-9, 40, 43-45, 47-56, 61, 64-67, 74-75)• Morphosis Architects, Inc., Morphopedia, http://morphopedia.com (slides 23-24)• Novum Structures LLC, www.novumstructures.com (slides 68-70)• Raico, www.raico.de/en/ (slide 66)• Slag Cement Association, www.slagcement.org (slide 21)• Softwood Export Council, www.softwood.org (slides 36, 42)• The Engineered Wood Association, www.apawood.org (slide 41) • Walsh Industries, www.walsh-industries.com (slides 7, 35, 38) • Western Structures Incorporated, www.westernstructures.com (slides 7, 11-12, 37, 46)

Other• Architecture 233 Presentation, Scott Murray – UIUC 2010 (slide 63)

http://www.westernstructures.com/

http://www.walsh-industries.com/

http://www.apawood.org/

http://www.softwood.org/

http://www.slagcement.org/

http://www.raico.de/en/

http://www.novumstructures.com/

http://morphopedia.com/


http://www.kawneer.com/

http://www.holcim.us/

http://www.hamillcreek.com/

http://www.txactive.us/

http://www.ductal-lafarge.com/

http://www.durathermwindows.com/

http://calstarproducts.com/projects/bricks

http://blueskybuildingsystems.com/architects

http://blueskybuildingsystems.com/

http://www.archrecord.construction.com/


http://www.aepspan.com/






Course Evaluations

In order to maintain high-quality learning experiences, please access the evaluation for this course by logging into CES Discovery and clicking on the Course Evaluation link on the left side of the page.

http://www.aia.org/education/ces/AIAB086302






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©2012 Lamboo®, Inc. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced by Lamboo®, Inc. and remains its property. “LEED” and related logo is a trademark owned by the U.S. Green Building Council and is used by permission. Questions or concerns about the content of this course should be directed to the program instructor.

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Documents

Laminated Veneer Bamboo: Structural and Curtain Wall ... · Laminated Veneer Bamboo: Structural and Curtain Wall ... will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation