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This study gives an insight view about the solid waste management system in Lahore, the project which has been started by the government to dispose off the city waste.
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Key terms used in the Document
CDGL City District Government Lahore
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
USWM Urban solid waste management
SWM Solid waste management
MSWM Municipal solid waste management
LCL Lahore compost Pvt limited
TPD Tons per day
UC Union Council
ROI Return on Investment
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Urban Solid Waste Management in Lahore
Pakistan is one of the most urbanized countries in South Asia region with the 35% of its
population living in urban area as compared to the 29% regional average. In the same way,
the annual urban growth rate is 3.5% as compared to the average of 2.4%. With a growing
population like other cities, Lahore city faces the urban problem of inadequate SWMS. The
basic problems with the SWMS can be broadly categorized as
a) Insufficient official garbage collection points
b) Insufficient waste collection equipment
c) Non-availability of a final disposal site
d) Lack of funds, for equipment, operations, maintenance and personnel
e) Community reluctance to pay for the solid waste collection fees
f) Hygiene issues
The Lahore city Government (LCG) (“Implementation Agency”), comprising an area of
approximately 1.772 square kilometers and a population of approximately 6.5 million (1998
census) divided into 8 townships (Union Councils) intends to rectify the above situation
through the private sector participation in an integrated SWMS implemented under the PPP
modality.
Objectives of the Project
A typical solid waste management system in a country displays an array of problems, including low
collection coverage and irregular collection services, crude open dumping and burning without air
and water pollution control, the breeding of flies and vermin, and the handling and control of
informal waste picking or scavenging activities. These public health, environmental, and
management problems are caused by various factors which constrain the development of effective
solid waste management systems. It is envisaged that the proposed SWMS will address the above
issues and comprise of the following salient features:
1) Labor intensive system, so as to assist in job creation
2) Low cost system, as residents are not prepared to pay for the alternative
3) Low technology equipment, as high technology equipment would be difficult to maintain
4) System that makes collection points readily available to a majority of residents.
The Project also includes improvements to the existing Solid Waste Management system by
incorporating better mechanisms of waste management. It is envisaged that the proposed system
would be built under the Public-Private Partnership modality. The development of infrastructure for
this would also provide a commercial opportunity in the form of advertising, and thus pay for
themselves for their construction.
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SWMS Planning
Inadequate collection and disposal of solid waste continues to pose a serious health risk to
Pakistan’s population of approximately 160 million people and is an obvious cause of
environmental degradation in most cities as well as well as smaller towns. Mixed municipal
solid waste is dumped either indiscriminately in the neighborhoods or, if collected by a
waste collection service, disposed of in uncontrolled dumpsites.
Sources of Waste
There are various sources of pressure on solid waste management techniques in Pakistan.
Some of these are associated with sources of waste generation and treatment at
generational stages while other pressures relate to lack of available technology in managing
the huge volumes of solid waste. There are two main sources of solid waste discharge in
Pakistan.
Municipal waste - Consisting of organic and inorganic waste (plastics, paper, glass, metal,
polythene bags etc).
Industrial or hospital waste - Industrial hazardous waste generated in most Pakistani cities
is not separated at the source of generation and requires special methods for collection,
treatment and disposal. Hazardous medical waste is a problem in every city of Pakistan.
Approximately 250,000 tons of medical waste is annually produced from all sorts of health
care facilities. Mixing of most of the hospital waste with municipal solid waste worsens the
problem. Some hospitals and municipalities burn their wastes, which results in the
production of large amount of highly toxic gases.
The present condition of collection and disposal services
Based on a survey conducted in 2004, Pakistan generated 54,888 tons of solid waste per
day—25,780 tons from urban areas and 29,108 tons from rural areas. This amounts to a
total of 20 million tons per year. It is projected that the population of Pakistan in 2014 will
be 197.77 million and based on the current annual population growth rate of 2.61 percent it
is estimated that the country’s solid waste will go up to 71,000 tons per day, which amounts
to 25 million tons per year.
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In cities such as Lahore and Karachi, waste disposal typically accounts for 20-25% of
municipal expenditures. Solid waste collection by government owned and operated services
in Pakistan’s cities currently averages only 50% of waste quantities generated. About 12,500
tons per day waste remains uncollected. Demand for services will grow by about 4% per
year as urban populations grow. Demand will also grow as per capita waste generation rates
grow at the anticipated rate of one to three percent per year based on increased domestic
production and income.
Disposal of Waste
Public compliance with municipal laws is poor. Littering and clandestine dumping is evident.
Solid waste collection services are also hampered by the improper discharge of household
wastes. All residential, industrial, institutional, and commercial solid waste streams are
mixed. Only construction and demolition debris is kept separate during the collection and
transportation stages, although they are co-disposed with the other solid wastes. Disposal is
by open dumping, primarily on flood plains and into ponds, at sites that typically have less
than one year of capacity. Few official disposal sites are used on a long-term basis.
Alternatives available for Disposal
Most of the cities have no system of recording all the loads of refuse as they are delivered to
the disposal site, so clandestine dumping on open lots or paid landfill of privately owned
land is substantial.
Alternative 1: Organic waste composting
Methane production would be avoided by breaking down organic matter through aerobic
processes. Composting activity includes processes of municipal waste classification,
composting and automation monitoring, which require high technology. It demands high
initial capital investment and operational & maintenance costs. The sales of generated
compost faces marketing risks and the ROI (return on investment) cannot reach the
minimum hurdle rate expectations. Considering the financial barrier sand market risks
composting without CDM support is not feasible.
Alternative 2: Waste incineration
Waste incineration is suitable for low humidity and high caloric value wastes. A study was
carried out on the municipal solid waste of Lahore metropolitan to ascertain whether the
waste of Lahore municipality is suitable for incineration or not. The study reviled no
installation of incinerator at any landfill site in Lahore due to higher moisture content
varying from 50% to 70%, high ash content ranging between 15% to 25% and volatile
combustible content of only 15% to 20% in the Lahore MSW. This NESPAK study was
conducted under the orders of the Honorable Lahore high Court where the residents
challenged the project. Moreover installation of incinerators at landfill site would be an
expensive option, technically more challenging to operate and environmentally undesirable.
Thus, incineration at present is not a viable option for waste disposal in Lahore.
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Alternative 3: Disposal of the waste on a landfill with electricity generation
Sanitary landfill or the controlled tipping involves the disposal of the waste in the prepared
trenches or cells. It is a biological process in which number of microorganism generates
different products. Vents are kept for the escape of gasses like Carbon Dioxide and
Methane. An extensive investment is required for landfill gas collection system for possible
generation of electricity. High investment, technical challenges and lack of capacity in the
local market renders this option unfeasible at present.
Alternative 4: Composting (Break down) of Organic Material
It is most feasible process for the waste disposal as in this method organic matter is broken
down through uncontrolled anaerobic processes, releasing all produced methane into the
atmosphere. There are no technical and investment barriers to this option. It is a feasible
option but with severe environmental consequences. Stated alternatives 2 and 3 are not
acceptable owing to the technological and financial reasons.
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Composting of Organic Content of Municipal Solid Waste in Lahore
The Solid Waste Management Department (SWMD) of City District Government Lahore
(CDGL) is the sole authority responsible for the management of Solid Waste generated in
the city. The responsibility of the SWMD consists of the whole process of collection of waste
to its satisfactory disposal. However, due to high population growth and the lack of
resources, the waste management has become a challenge for CDGL. Accordingly, SWMD
prioritized the need to address this issue including the possibility of private sector
participation through which waste can be managed and used in an economically beneficial
manner. This arrangement would address the need to dispose of solid waste in economically
beneficial ways without putting extra burden on the Lahore SWMD.
Lahore Compost (Pvt) Limited (LCL)
LCL, a group company of Saif Group, is a private limited company under the laws of Pakistan
especially set up to operate composting facilities in Pakistan. The company started
developing the composting project back in 2001. The company has set up its first
composting plant at Mahmood Booti under an agreement with the City District Government
Lahore (CDGL). The project has been setup on Build-Operate-Transfer basis, whereby the
project will be transferred to CDGL after a period of 25 years. This is the first public-private
project in Pakistan on such a large scale in the area of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
recycling.
SHL defines and reviews business and investment activities of the Saif Group and provides
consultancy and other related services to associated companies in addition to provide local
support and other representative services to leading transnational corporations. SHL is also
the primary implementation authority of the Saif Group for programs in Human Resource
Development and Administrative Support. SHL is tasked with:
Building networks with project partners and achieving shared objectives through the
utilization of synergies.
Managing network and alliance development
Nurturing an enterprise culture throughout the organization
Establishing the benchmark for recruitment and human resource development
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MSW project allocation
Lahore Compost (Pvt) Limited (LCL) has received the concession from the City District
Government, Lahore (CDGL) to process up to a 1,000 ton per day (TPD) of municipal solid
waste (MSW). This will be achieved in incremental phases over time until 1,000 tons per day
is achieved. Available statistics suggest that around 1,900 tons of solid waste per days is
generated in Aziz Bhatti Town, Ravi Town and Shalimar Town every working day; out of
which around 1,200 tones is collected and dumped at the Mahmood Booti Open Dumping
Site. All of this solid waste is available for processing and composting. Various studies
conducted in the past on the quality and composition of the solid waste suggests that the
waste delivered to the project company includes over 55% organicmaterials.
Composting, in scientifically designed plants, would improve the local environment by
reducing health hazards created by the present practice of dumping of waste in open dump
sites and also sequester the emission of methane generated in the process of anaerobic
decomposition of biodegradable matter. The Project will also result in the production of
compost, which will be used as a soil conditioner/ fertilizer for improving the quality of soil
in and around Lahore.
There are various forms of composting, e.g., aerobic windrow type, anaerobic trench type,
in-vessel high rate composting, vermi-composting etc. LCL has been operating and plans to
extend capacity of an aerobic windrow type composting technology. The capital investment
in this composting plant is primarily for the
Civil structures and equipment for material handling
Turning and screening the composting material at different stages
The composting technology is relatively simple but in absolute terms the capital investment
is still high. Additionally, the operation and maintenance cost including the cost of debt
servicing is fairly high compared to the low market price of compost. Therefore, additional
support is necessary to make the urban waste based compost plant viable and sustainable.
It also requires specific technical knowledge to manage the biological composting process,
which was introduced for the first time in Pakistan as a result of this project.
Due to a number of reasons, it is very difficult to make waste management projects
commercially viable in Pakistan. As in many other countries, available resources from the
Government of Pakistan and revenue accrual in terms of municipal taxation are not
adequate. In Pakistan, there is little experience with the use of compost on a large scale and
it is challenging to make commercially viable a composting project such as the likes of
Lahore Compost. The concept of commercial soil conditioner is still not widely known
amongst the farmers, the largest client/ user group. This coupled with the low levels of
certain plant nutrients on a per tonnage basis in comparison to the chemical fertilizers leads
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to a relatively low market price of compost. CDM revenues could make a very positive
impact in making such projects sustainable and would also open up possibilities for private
sector participation.
Benefits of Composting
The LCL project is first of its kind under Public Private Partnership and is contributing
towards sustainable development of the municipality. The following are the environmental,
economic and social benefits of implementing the project in the area:
1. Environmental Benefit
The project would prevent uncontrolled GHG generation and emission from waste that
would have been disposed off at the open dumping site. Additionally it would reduce the
amount of waste going into the open dumping site thus increasing the lifespan of the waste
dumping site.
2. Economical Benefits
Production of soil improver (compost) to battle soil degradation, boost the farm crop
production, thus promoting farmers’ income and contributing to economic sustainable
development of the region.
3. Social Benefits
This project will help to Creation of around 80 jobs for locals and staff training to improve
skills of the local residents. The project would also promote sustainable development of
Lahore Municipality by improving the environment quality and demonstrate the
commercialized practice of composting that could assist Pakistan’s central and southern
regions and other countries in meeting the objectives regarding re-use of waste.
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Technical Description of the Project
Lahore compost Pvt limited is responsible for the overall implementation of the composting
project in Lahore. The project will be implemented in incremental phases until 1,000 tons
per day is achieved.
Location Mahmood Booti, Bund Road, Lahore
Region Lahore city district, Punjab
City Lahore city
The composting plant is located within the boundaries of Lahore city. The site is adjacent to
Mahmood Booti MSW dumping site. The latitudes and longitudes of the project site are
Latitude: 31.610o N, Longitude: 74.382o E. The map below describes the exact location of
the site:
Project Location
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Technology to be employed
Aerobic windrow type composting is considered to be the most suitable technology. The
project involves the production of compost from the organic solid waste using European
Technology from Belgium. This is a sophisticated method of composting which complies
with the EU regulations and is being introduced for the first time in Pakistan.
In the aerobic windrow type composting, the incoming garbage is weighed, inspected and
then subjected to preliminary sorting of large non-compostable items followed by crushing
to harmonize the input for composting. Next is stacking in windrows (100-120 m long piles
with a base width of about 4m and height of 2m). These windrows are turned mechanically
at consistent intervals. At the end of about 6 weeks of windrowing, the material is fairly
stabilized and is ready for screening through a train of rotary sieves having increasingly
smaller openings. Additional equipment is also applied for removing small stone and grit.
Smaller pieces of plastics, glass, rags etc. are removed during this process. At each stage,
some rejects are screened out, which are either picked up by recyclers or more commonly,
sent to an open dumping site.
Compost is dark brown, free-flowing, rich in humus and has a faint musty odor. The humus
content makes it a healthy soil conditioner. Additionally, compost contains a small
percentage of plant nutrients – macro (nitrogen, phosphorus and potash) as well as micro.
Finished compost is classified as a 100% organic fertilizer containing primary nutrients as
well as trace minerals, humus and humic acids, in a slow release form.
Process flow diagram below further clarifies the processes involved and technology
employed.
Source- Lahore composting Pvt ltd, 2004
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The Figure below shows the waste dumping site along with the existing composting facility
and proposed expansion of windrow pad.
Estimation Reduction in CO2
Over the credit period of 7 years, this plant will help to reduce the carbon emission about
760,801 tons.
Source- clean development mechanism, 28 July 2006
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Compliance with the applicable laws and regulations
The most relevant parts of the legal framework for disposal of waste in Pakistan include:
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983
National Conservation Strategy (NCS), 1992;
National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), 1993; and
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA, 1997)
Punjab Solid Waste Management Guidelines, 2007
The Ministry of Environment deals with environment and wildlife issues at the federal level.
Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak- EPA,
are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA 1997. The provincial
environmental protection agencies (EPAs) are the provincial arms of the federal EPA, which
is authorized to delegate powers to its provincial counterparts.
There is no article enforcing landfill gas extraction, organic waste composting or what-so-ever in Environmental Protection Law of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. While the governing laws do not regulate waste disposal practices, there is no prohibition against composting either. The SOPs of LCL are in full compliance with the guidelines of Punjab Solid Waste Management Guidelines, 2007 and to the best international practices of composting across the board.
Costing of the Project
The total project cost has been deduced by surveying the market and by keeping in view the
financial budget. The costing method which has been used in this project is top to down
costing.
Serial Number
Description Amount in US $
1 Plant & machinery 2,791,000.590
2 Civil work & land development 2,481,000.228
3 Furniture & fittings 64,000.956
4 Others 186,000.501
Grand Total 5,522,002.275
Source- Briefing of Composting of Organic Content of Municipal Solid Waste in Lahore, Pakistan, July, 7th 2008
Approximately, it leads to the investment of US $5.52 which is one of the major investments
in composting in Pakistan. The risk involvement in this project is also quite high but the
Lahore composting Pvt limited has several alternatives plan in order to avoid the risk which
can be caused by this project to safe group.
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Estimating benefits of the Project
The estimating financial benefits which can be gained through the Lahore composting
project are based on the figures provides by the safe group as well as from the feasibility
study of World Bank.
Activity Revenue US $million
Sale of Carbon Credits (@ US$ 11/tons of CO2) 0.858
Sale of 5591 Metric tons Compost /Year (@ Rs.250 per 50 kg bag)
0.940
Total Estimating annual Revenue 1.798 Source- Briefing of Composting of Organic Content of Municipal Solid Waste in Lahore, Pakistan, July, 7th 2008
Beside these financial benefits, there are several other benefits which surely contribute
much in overall development of the country as well as the concerned stakeholders. Few of
them are
The project Produces cheap organic fertilizer which improves per hectare yield. Thus
promoting farmers’ income and contributing to economic sustainable development
of the region.
The Project will help in transfer of modern technology (state of art Minaret
technology) and increases skilled labor opportunities and created about 80 full-time
jobs at the project plant.
The project would also promote sustainable development of Lahore Municipality by
improving the environment quality and demonstrate the commercialized practice of
composting that could assist Pakistan’s central and southern regions and other
countries in meeting the objectives regarding re-use of waste.
The project has created new economic activities for everyone involved in the value
chain.
The project activity helps in reducing GHG (methane) emission levels in the
environment. Additionally it would reduce the amount of waste going into the
landfill thus increasing the lifespan of the waste landfill.
The organic fertilizer of Lahore Compost is a substitute of expensive chemical
fertilizer. While reducing the expenditure incurred on chemical fertilizer, it affords
small farm owners same level of crop yield.
The compost produced by Lahore Compost is far less expensive than locally
manufactured as well as imported fertilizer (urea, DAP, etc) and compost. It
complements as well as substitutes chemical fertilizer.
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References
[1]. Syeda Adila Batool and Muhammad Nawaz Ch, Municipal solid waste
management in Lahore City District, Pakistan , Science Direct Journal, 20 January,
2009
[2]. Composting of organic content of solid municipal waste in Lahore, June 12, 2009,
Clean Development Mechanism Authority, Pakistan
[3]. Municipal solid waste management program, united nation environment
program, division of technology, industry and economics, 2009
[4]. Pakistan Country Paper, SACOSAN III, November, 14 2008, Ministry of
Environment-Government of Pakistan
[5]. Lahore Composting, June 3, 2008, Project Information Document- World Bank
[6]. Ata Ul Haq, Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste through Composting, October 29,
2007, Lahore Compost Private Limited
[7]. Briefing of Composting of Organic Content of Municipal Solid Waste in Lahore,
Pakistan, July, 7th 2008
[8]. Clean development mechanism, Estimation of the carbon reduction, 28 July 2006
[9]. LUDP / Solid Waste Disposal Plan 1991and Environment Impact Assessment of
Mahmood Booti Municipal Solid Waste Dumping Site, Lahore by NESPAK in
March 2004
[10]. Solid waste generation in Pakistan, Ministry of Environment Pakistan, 2004