Lagundi (Vitex negundo)

Lagundi(scientific name:Vitex negundo) is a shrub that grows in the Philippines. It is one of theten herbal medicines endorsed by the Philippine Department of Healthas an effective herbal medicine with proven therapeutic value. Commonly known in the Ilocos region as dangla, lagundi has been clinically tested to be effective in the treatment of colds, flu, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pharyngitis. Studies have shown that Lagundi can prevent the body's production of leukotrienes, which are released during an asthma attack. Lagundi contains Chrysoplenol D, a substance with anti-histamine and muscle relaxant properties. Even in Japan, lagundi is becoming recognized as an effective herbal medicine, especially since researches have shown that it contains properties that make it an expectorant and it has been reported to function as a tonic as well. More than that, most of the parts of the lagundi plant have medicinal value.

The roots of this shrub are also used as treatment for rheumatism, dyspepsia, boils, and leprosy. The leaves, flowers, seeds, and root of Lagundi can all be used as herbal medicine. A decoction is made by boiling the parts of the plant and taken orally. Today, Lagundi is available in capsule form and syrup for cough. For its part, the flowers are recommended as a cardiac tonic, as cure for liver diseases, and other internal disorders such as diarrhea and cholera. The lagundi plant also has anti-inflammatory functions, and its cooling effects are ideal as treatment for skin diseases such as leprosy.

Plant Description: The Lagundi plant can grow up to five meters tall. It can be described as a cross between a shrub and a tree with a single woody stem (trunk). One of Lagundi's distinctive features is its pointed leaves with five leaflets set like a hand.

Lagundi tablets (300 mg) are available from the Department of Health's Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC) Telephone # (632) 727-6199.

Herbal Benefits of Lagundi:

Relief of asthma & pharyngitis Recommended relief of rheumatism,dyspepsia, boils, diarrhea Treatment of cough, colds, fever and flu and other bronchopulmonary disorders Alleviate symptoms of Chicken Pox Removal of worms, and boils

Preparation & Use:

Boil half cup of chopped fresh or dried leaves in 2 cups of water for 10 to 15 minutes. Drink half cup three times a day. For skin diseases or disorders, apply the decoction of leaves and roots directly on skin. The root is specially good for treating dyspepsia, worms, boils, colic and rheumatism.

A decoction (boiling in water) of the roots and leaves of Lagundi are applied to wounds, and used as aromatic baths for skin diseases. Boiled seeds are eaten in order to prevent the spreading of toxins and venom from bites of poisonous animals. Juice extracted from the flowers of Lagundi plant is taken in as an aid for disorders like fever, diarrhea, liver disorders, and even cholera. While a decoction of the plant leaves is suggested to be taken by individuals to help increase the flow and production of milk, as well as to induce menstruation.

Luyang Dilaw - Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Luyang Dilaw, or Ginger Root (scientific name:Zingiber officinale) belongs to the family of, as its scientific name signifies,Zingiberaceae. The rootstocks of this erect, smooth plant are thick, and have strong aromatic qualities. Its edible roots, tops, and even its leaves are found to have medicinal value. The taste of luyang dilaw is distinct, brought about by the zingerone and shogoal substances that it has, giving the plant its pungent properties. As an herbal medicine, Luyang Dilaw has long been used as a cold, cough, fever, and sore throat remedy.

Ginger helps in the digestion and absorption of food, lowering of cholesterol, alleviating nausea and vomiting. Luyang dilaw has antifungal, antiseptic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties as well. In the same way, it has been found to contain potent anti-oxidant qualities, which come from the extract and active constituents of the plant. These uses are separate and distinct from the nutritional value of luyang dilaw.

The rhizomes of luyang dilaw is mainly associated as the main ingredient in a very popular local beverage, which is salabat. Recent studies have shown that luyang dilaw had been found with traces of antiemetic properties. Thus, it is now being recommended to be taken half an hour before ones travel to avoid being travelsick and experience nausea during the voyage. Pregnant women should take precautionary measures in taking luyang dilaw for medicinal purposes although it has been proven that none of the plants substances triggers adverse side effects, even when it interacts with other drugs. This herbal plant is not recommended for expectant mothers for the very reason that there is a possibility of inhibition of testosterones that binds the fetus, as a result of some of the properties that luyang dilaw contains.

In India, ginger is widely used to reduce inflammation and pain with those with arthritis. Researchers have found that ginger lowers pain-causing prostaglandin levels. They advise taking 500 to 1,000 milligrams a day. The higher the intake of ginger, the greater the relief.

Ginger also helps prevent hair loss. Pound an inch square of ginger and extract the juice. Massage the fresh ginger juice directly on to the scalp and leave on for at least 15 minutes before rinsing, but for best results, leave on overnight to better stimulate the hair follicles and induce hair growth.

Medicinal Benefits of Luyang Dilao (Ginger Root):

Relieves rheumatic pains & muscle pains Alleviates sore throat, fever and colds Ease nausea and vomiting Intestinal disorders and slow digestion Relief from tympanism and flatulence Treat intestinal worms Hinder diarrhea, gas pains Relieve indigestion (dyspepsia), toothaches Lower cholesterol levels Aids treatment of tuberculosis

Preparation & Use:

Boil the ginger root in water and drink. The more concentrated the better. For sore throat and tooth ache, remove the skin and chew small portions. For cuts & bruises, apply the juice of luyang-dilao directly to the skin or use dried rhizomes with 70% alcohol then apply to afflicted areas. For rheumatism and muscle pains, pound roasted or fresh ginger and apply to painful areas -can be mixed with oil for easy application.

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lam.)

The malunggay plant is known to different parts of the world under various names including, but not limited to, horseradish tree, drumstick tree, and dool in some regions. It is one of the more popular and publicized plant that is acknowledged to have nutritional, as well as, medicinal value. It is rich in vitamins A, B & C, minerals such as iron and amino acids. Fortunately, the plant is easily accessible as it can be found not only as part of the wild life, but also in the backyards of many Filipino homes. Malunggay proves to be a low-maintenance plant to grow, and is able to propagate in almost all kinds of soil. Most of the parts of the malunggay had been proven to be useful, both for consumption and for its preparation as a medicinal plant. Its flowers, leaves and young pods are associated and perceived to be important because of the health benefits that it provides.

The malunggay plant, which belongs to theMoringaceaefamily, can grow as high as nine meters. The bark of this tree has a gummy quality in it, and when peered closely, is comprised of white wood that is soft in nature. It derives one of its names, horseradish, from the taste of its roots. The malunggay leaves, which are used in certain Filipino viands, have a very distinct shape that makes it easily recognizable. They are circular, thin sheets that are attached to a main stalk. The malunggay flowers are white fragrances that produce the pods, which are also used for medicinal purposes.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF MALUNGGAY

As have been mentioned earlier, there are various parts of the malunggay plant which are being used for health reasons. For one, the leaves of this plant proved to be a good source of calcium, iron, ascorbic acid and phosphorus. Its other parts such as the seeds, the young pods, and the flowers have been established to benefit individuals as far as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, circulatory stimulations, and such other activities that are most beneficial to mankind, are concerned. There have been claims that malunggay can be used to lower blood pressure, aid in pains caused by rheumatism, headaches and migraines, as well as its being an anti-tumor plant. Malunggay is also used for purgative and anti-fungal purposes, as well. All these prove the claim that this plant is indeed multi-purpose.

There are various ways to derive the benefits from malunggay plant. Aside from the natural and direct means, wherein one is going to prepare the concoctions at home by picking the necessary parts from the plant itself, one can also purchase the commercial extractions of malunggay. There are malunggay capsules that are now available in the market, which contain 250mg dried young leaves of the malunggay plant. In the same way, there are commercial oil extracts of the malunggay flowers which are also in the market. Because of the popularity that has been associated with this plant, commercial establishments have exploited the malunggays marketable qualities. For simple preparations however, as when the concoction would be used for uncomplicated ailments like hiccups, as a means to end constipation, or as wound cleanser, one may eat the cooked leaves of the malunggay plant during his last meals of the day. This should be accompanied by water, especially when the ailment to be addressed is constipation. Now, as wound cleanser, the leaves may be crushed and applied to the affected area directly. In all instances, cleanliness should be observed to avoid complications.

Bayabas or Guava (Psidium guajava)

Bayabas or guava is a tropical plant, which is locally known for its edible fruit. In the backyards of Filipino homes in the country, this plant is commonly seen, and grown because of its many uses as fruit and as traditional remedy to treat various ailments. As shown by many research studies, almost all of the parts of this plant have medicinal qualities and value, and thus, making it as one of the most popular therapeutic plants in the Philippines. Bayabas is a small tree that can grow up to 3 meters tall with greenish-brownish smooth bark. The round globular bayabas fruit starts as a flower and is usually harvested and eaten while still green. The fruit turns yellowish-green and soft when ripe.

The bayabas fruit bark and leaves are used as herbal medicine. Its leaves decoction is recognized for its effectiveness to cure several ailments, including the treatment of uterine hemorrhage, swollenness of the legs and other parts of the body, of chronic diarrhea, and gastroenteritis, among others. The most common use of the leaves is for cleaning and disinfecting wounds by rinsing the afflicted area with a decoction of the leaves. In the same way, such leaves are being used to aid in the treatment of dysentery and the inflammation of the kidneys. The bark and leaves can be used as astringent. It can also be used as a wash for uterine and vaginal problems, and is good for ulcers. The medicinal uses of Bayabas appear infinite, as it is also a suggested natural cure for fevers, diabetes, epilepsy, worms, and spasms. The fruit, aside from being delicious, contains nutritional values with a very high concentration of vitamin A and vitamin C.

Uses of Bayabas :

Antiseptic, astringent & anthelminthic Kills bacteria, fungi and ameba Used to treat diarrhea, nosebleeding For Hypertension, diabetes and Asthma Promotes menstruation

The fresh leaves are used to facilitate the healing of wounds and cuts. A decoction (boiling in water) or infusion of fresh leaves can be used for wound cleaning to prevent infection. Bayabas is also effective for toothaches. Note: Bayabas can cause constipation when consumed in excess.

Preparation:

Boil one cup of Bayabas leaves in three cups of water for 8 to 10 minutes. Let cool. Use decoction as mouthwash, gargle. Use as wound disinfectant - wash affected areas with the decoction of leaves 2 to 3 times a day. Fresh leaves may be applied to the wound directly for faster healing. For toothaches, chew the leaves in your mouth. For diarrhea, boil the chopped leaves for 15 minutes in water, and strain. Let cool, and drink a cup every three to four hours. To stop nosebleed, densely roll Bayabas leaves, then place in the nostril cavities.

Carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Carrot (Karot in Filipino) is an outstanding trait of this flowering plant, which belongs to the family ofApiaceae, is that it is self-fertile. By nature, carrot's flowers have both male and female organs, and are usually pollinated primarily by beetles and flies. In order to facilitate the cultivation of this plant, it is necessary to place it in an area where it can receive light. It has a strong rate of survival, because it can withstand strong winds. However, the carrot plant cannot bear to be exposed to salty water and soil. It is a biennial plant, which means that it usually takes two years for it to complete its life cycle. However, it is not uncommon for plants of this nature to complete its biological life cycle in a few months time, especially when subjected to extreme climate conditions.Carrot is classified as a root vegetable, which grows as tall as one (1) meter. The wild carrot, from which the modern carrots cultivation is based, has flowers that are rounded, which are bright white in color when it is in full bloom. Such flowers have the width of 3 to 7 centimeters, and the vegetable itself is known to have various colors, such as orange, red, purple, yellow or white.Carrots are extremely popular because of its numerous uses, and because of the many vitamins and minerals that it contains. For instance, its roots are edible, whether cooked or raw, and are used as an ingredient to soups and salad bowls. It has been found that carrot root juice is very rich in carotene, which in turn is converted to vitamin A by our liver, and is one of the vitamins that the body needs. Regular intake of carrot roots, in any manner, though recommended to be taken in juice form, improves eyesight. Particular substances that are contained in the roots have been discovered to be anti-cancer. That is the primary reason why carrot juice has become a popular drink, as it is associated with a wealth of health benefits. The roots of the carrot plant, when roasted, are also being used as a substitute for coffee. Extractions from the roots, known as carotene, are also being used commercially as a food dye. The leaves of this plant, which have high vitamin E content, are also being used as flavorings for soup. From the derived uses of this plant, it is evident that its roots, seeds, and leaves have particular functions which are known to be utilized by many.Carrots have been known to have medicinal properties that allow it to be used as an astringent and antiseptic substance. Carrot has been used as a cleansing medicine, because of its activities which basically helps the kidney in the removal of waste in the body. It also aids in the stimulation of ones menstruation because of the same properties. For children, raw carrot roots are a safe and recommended treatment for threadworms. In the same manner, regular intake of cultivated carrot roots allows the stimulation of urine flow. It manifests activities that help the skin, by virtue of its anti-oxidant contents.Carrot Health Benefits: Body cleanser, and is a medication for kidney problems Treatment for cough and chest pains Anti-inflammatory and antiseptic function helps solve burns, ulcer and infected woundsPreparation & Use: Boil with milk, and drink for cough Poultice of carrots may be applied to infected wounds and to the chest, in case it is going to be used to aid in an individuals chest pains Ground seeds of the plant may be taken as tea, in order to increase urine flow

Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn)

ABOUT GUMAMELAGumamela is a shrub that grows from one meter up to 4 meters high. Gumamela is also known as: Hibiscus, China Rose and Shoeflower. In the Philippines, gumamela is cultivated as an ornamental plant. The gumamela flower comes in many colors: red, yellow, orange, white, purple, pink and other color combinations.

Gumamela leaves, usually blended with Rose Hip has long been used in the Middle East and Okinawa as herbal tea. Today, the use of gumamela tea is gaining worldwide popularity - including Asia. Gumamela (Hibiscus) is associated with longevity.Gumamela as Herbal MedicineAs herbal medicine, gumamela flower, leaves and roots are used. Gumamela has the following medicinal characteristics: expectorant, diuretic, emollient, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anodyne and refrigerant.Preparation & Use of Gumamela:There are two ways to utilize gumamela as herbal medicine. One is dried and the other is fresh. For Dried gumamela, collect the flower, leaves and/or roots. Wash, then cut into small pieces and sun dry. To use as decoction, boil the dried gumamela parts (1/4 cup dried gumamela in 1 glass of water)

To make a decoction from fresh gumamela, Wash gumamela flower and/or leaves, cut into small pieces and boil (1/3 cup in 1 glass of water), let cool and drink.Use Gumamela as Poultice:Poultice is the use or fresh or dried herbs that is mashed, crushed or pounded - often heated (boiled in water to soften and heat the herb) and applied directly to the skin. A clean cloth or gauze can be used to help the poultice stay in place.

Gumamela is used for the treatment of:

Bronchitis - as an expectorant Coughs, sore throat Fever - as refrigerant drink Treats dysentery Urinary tract infection, bladder infections High blood pressure Prevention of constipation Headaches Boils, swelling & abscesses, mumpsApplication & Use of Gumamela: Decoction is used to treat: Bronchitis, coughs, fever, dysentery, urinary and bladder infections, high blood pressure and constipation. Poultice is applied externally on the afflicted area. This is used to treat: headaches (on the forehead), boils, swelling, abscesses and mumps. Intake of gumamela (alone or mixed with papaya or papaya seeds) specially in large quantities can be an abortifacient.

Mabolo (Diospyros blancoi)Velvet Apple

A member of theEbenaceaefamily, mabolo is known for its value as an ornament, rather than for its fruit. Its wood is commonly known in the Philippines as kamagong, and it is the fruit that goes by the name of mabolo. It is an evergreen forest tree that is medium-sized, and has an oval or conical-shaped crown. Depending on the way it was planted, a mabolo tree may have long, straight stems or short trunks. Its leaves are oblong-shaped, which are big and rounded but are pointed and narrow at the top. The mabolo fruit has a round, velvety outer cover which contains the seed in a pulp. From green, it becomes light brown and eventually, turns to magenta as this fruit berry ages and ripens. It is somewhat unpopular because of the strong cheesy odor that it emits, once the fruit is opened. When eaten, though, the mobolo fruit has an edible and sweet taste. The concern about its smell may be remedied by peeling its outside cover, and storing it in the refrigerator for several hours, so that the smell will already dissipate. Studies have shown that it is worthy to endure the odor of the fruit, because it has been found to contain several vitamins and nutrients. It is known to be an ideal source of calcium, vitamin B, iron, and protein. Thus, several ways of preparing the mabolo fruit has been constantly discovered. It is served as dessert, by mixing the fruit with lemon juice or lime. It is also used in salad preparations, by dicing the fruit. In the same manner, it is used as ingredients in soups, where it changes texture and becomes tough when stewed. This is ideal especially when served with ham and other meats that have a spicy quality in it.

Mabolo is grown commercially, but at a small scale only, as it can be found along the seashores by the locals in the Philippines. There are several uses for the mabolo plant and fruits, because of its commercial value. It is a very useful plant, in such a way that not only does it have ornamentation significance; but it also contains nutritional benefits and medicinal functions as well. The parts that are being utilized for this purpose are the leaves, bark, and the roots. Its bark is being utilized in such a manner that it is being decocted and prepared to address skin ailments like eczema, fever and cough. Now, some of the uses vary depending on the country. For instance, in countries in the Southeast Asia, diarrhea and dysentery are being remedied extracting the juice of the unripe mabolo fruit. In Bangladesh, preparations of the mabolo leaves and bark are being used as cleanser, particularly as eyewash and also used as an antidote for snakebites. In the Guianas, besides the already mentioned uses, mabolo preparations also function to address heart ailment and hypertension. Spider bites, stomach aches and diabetes are also three of the other health issues that mabolo has been found to help remedy.

Mabolo Health Benefits: Cough, stomach pains, fever, and skin ailments are treated by preparations of the mobolo leaves and bark. Used as medicine for diarrhea, dysentery, heart ailments, hypertension and diabetes.

Preparation & Use: Decoctions of the bark and leaves of mabolo are used for all the health concerns that have been listed on the left.

Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl)

The makabuhay plant is a clinging vine, and the name itself suggests the primary purpose of such plant. Makabuhay is a Filipino translation of the English term pro-life or to give life. It is commonly known as the paliahan in the Visayas region. The plant belongs to the family ofMenispermaceae, and can grow, or rather climb, up to fifteen meters long. The makabuhay leaves are thin sheets that are heart-shaped, and its flowers look distinct as they only have three petals. The makabuhay plant is known for its bitter nature, and the fruits of this plant are held in clusters, which can be as long as two centimeters. This plant may be propagated by planting its stem, which contains a bitter sap. However, it is important to note that makabuhay can be found in most forests all over the Philippines. It grows in tropical areas, and it is of little wonder why it is abundant in a country like the Philippines. The fruits of this plant have not been utilized nor established to have medicinal values. Only the leaves and the stems of makabuhay have been found to cure particular health concerns. For the stems, both the dried and the fresh stems are found to be beneficial.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF MAKABUHAY PLANT

The stem of makabuhay plant is a primary ingredient used to concoct preparations that would prevent spread of malaria, and may be used as cleanser for skin ulcer and skin wounds. Clinical tests have shown that the decoction of this plant cures diarrhea, indigestion and scabies. Also, it is an effective ointment for pains caused by rheumatism. However, young children below the age of three, pregnant women, patients with typhoid fever, those who are suffering from pneumonia, and people diagnosed with heart problems, should not in any way take decoction that contains makabuhay, because their weak state will be in conflict with the strong medicinal effects that it manifests.

Preparation and Use of Makabuhay

It has been mentioned earlier that this plant have several medicinal uses. Thus, the form, preparation, and manner of intake also vary according to the purpose for which it will be taken. For instance, when makabuhay is going to be used as an ointment for rheumatism, its preparation is different in such a manner that the stems have to be chopped. It is suggested that the chopped stems amount to one-half glass and such stems are supposed to be fried for five minutes in a glass of coconut oil, under low fire. Then, the stems are to be separated after frying, after which glass of grated candle wax should be incorporated to it. As soon as the wax have already dissolved and cooled down, the prepared ointment can already be applied to the body, except for the face, for three successive nights.

A similar preparation is to be observed when makabuhay is to be used to eradicate intestinal worms, and cure fever brought about by malaria. However, instead of sauting, the stems are supposed to be boiled. In preparing this particular decoction, 30 grams of fresh makabuhay stems, or 25 grams of dried ones, are supposed to be boiled for twenty minutes in three cups of water. The extracts can be derived by subjecting the boiled preparation in a strainer, therefore removing the stems from the substance that are necessary to address the health concern discussed. The preparation should be taken and drank in half a cup, twice a day before the first and last meals of the day. Like any other medicinal plant preparation, should there be complications suffered or no marked improvements seen after administering the said preparation, treatment should be discontinued and a physician is to be consulted.

Niyog-Niyogan(Quisqualis Indica L.)

Niyog-niyogan or Rangoon Creeper is an excellent vine for outdoor gardens. This ligneous plant, scientifically calledQuisqualis indica L.It is also known as Burma or Rangoon Creeper, Liane Vermifuge and Chinese honeysuckle. Niyog-niyogan is perfect for covered walkways as it grows at least 2.5m long and reaches up to 8m long when it matures. This active climber, which belongs to thecombretaceaefamily grows best in tropical areas and demands constant sunlight. Perhaps due to its tropical characterization that it is found in primary and secondary forests of countries like Africa, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Papua New Guinea and other Asian regions.

Niyog-niyogan is cultivated in greenhouses and can be naturalized in tropical areas. This vine starts as a shrub about 3-feet tall with branches growing from all directions. The mother shrub seizes to grow and dies after six months allowing the creeper to rapidly climb walls, trees, and the like. The branches of niyog-niyogan are filled with oblong-shaped leaves growing on opposite sides attached to 6mm to 10mm long petioles. The leaves of niyog-niyogan can grow up to 15cm long and more than 5cm wide with a pointed tip. Its flowers grow in clusters and it blossoms year-round. Its flowers open at night with five bright red petals and gives out a distinct perfume. The young flowers of niyog-niyogan start with white-colored petals that turn pink then red as it matures. It also bears fruits, which can grow up to 3cm long with five angles on its sides.

The niyog-niyogan plant grows in haste during the rainy season, hence constant pruning is especially recommended during this time. It is advised to place this plant in spacious areas to avoid crowding with a temperature of at least 60F with evenly moistened soil to produce flowers. Niyog-niyogan can thrive in almost all kinds of soil and can even tolerate moderate amount of drought in cold seasons.

Benefits & Treatment of Niyog-Niyogan:

Almost all of its parts are used individually, or mixed with other ingredients, as remedy to different ailments. In the Philippines, these are taken to rid people of parasitic worms. Some also use these to help alleviate coughs and diarrhea. Medical experts, advice patients to consult their doctors as improper dosing may cause hiccups. Niyog-niyogans leaves are used to cure body pains by placing them on specific problematic areas of the body. Compound decoctions of the leaves of niyog-niyogan are used in India to alleviate flatulence.

Preparation & Use:

Seeds of niyog-niyogan can be taken as an anthelmintic. These are eaten raw two hours before the patients last meal of the day. Adults may take 10 seeds while children 4 to 7 years of age may eat up to four seeds only. Children from ages 8 to 9 may take six seeds and seven seeds may be eaten by children 10 to 12 years old.

Decoctions of its roots are also sometimes used as a remedy for rheumatism while its fruits are used as an effective way to relieve toothaches.

AmpalayaBITTER GOURD / BITTER MELON

Ampalaya is a climbing vine, nearly or quite smooth, annual vine. Tendrils are simple, up to 20 centimeters long.Leaves are 2.5 to 10 centimeters in diameter, cut nearly to the base into 5 to 7 lobes, oblong-ovate, variously toothed, and heart-shaped at the base. Male flower is about 12 millimeters long, and is peduncled, with a rounded, green, and about 1 centimeter long bract approximately at the middle. Female flower is yellow flower, about 15 millimeters long, long-stalked with pair of small leaflike bracts at middle or toward base of stalk. Fruit, in cultivated form, is green, fleshy, oblong, cylindric, 15 to 25 centimeters long, pointed at both ends, ribbed and wrinkled, bursting when mature to release seeds; in wild forms, ovoid, about 2 to 4 centimeters long. Seeds are oblong, compressed 10 to 13 millimeters long, and corrugated on the margins.

UsesEdibility / Nutritional- Both wild and cultivated forms are edible.- Fruit of wild form usually roasted over fire and eaten with salt or "heko."- The leaves and fruit - used as vegetables - are excellent sources of Vit B, iron, calcium, and phosphorus. It has twice the amount of beta carotene in broccoli and twice the calcium content of spinach.Characteristically bitter-tasting, slight soaking in salty water before cooking removes some of the bitter taste of the fruit.- In India, fruit eaten in curries.Folkloric- In the Philippines, juice expressed from the green fruit is given for chronic colitis: also used for bacillary dysentery.- Astringent powdered leaves or root decoction can be applied to hemorrhoids.- Leaf juice for cough and as a purgative and anthelminthic to expel intestinal parasites, and for healing wounds.- Seeds also used to expel worms.- The vine or the juice of leaves used as mild purgative for children.- In large doses, the fresh juice is a drastic purgative.- Decoction of roots and seeds used for urethral discharges.- Juice of leaves used for chronic coughs.- Leaves and shoots used as vulnerary.- Sap of leaves used as parasiticide.- Fruit macerated in oil used as vulnerary.- Fruit considered tonic and stomachic; used in rheumatism, gout, and diseases of the spleen and liver.- Pounded leaves used for scalds.- Infusion of leaves or leaf juice used for fevers.- Used for chronic stomach ulcers.- Root sometimes used as ingredient in aphrodisiac preparations.- Decoction of root used as abortifacient.

Philippine News: Diabetes MellitusAPhilippine herb that has recently gained international recognition for its possible benefits in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Despite its bitter taste, it has also become a popular nutritional drink for a boost of vim and vigor. In fact, the more bitter, the better, as it is believed that the bitterness is proportionate to its potency. Studies have suggested that ampalaya contains a hypoglycemic polypeptide, a plant insulin responsible for its blood sugar lowering effect. Other benefits suggested were body detoxification (including removal of nicotine), strengthening of the immune system and fertility regulation.It is increasingly recommended as an adjunct or supplement to traditional therapeutic regimens for diabetes mellitus.

Bawang/GARLICBawang is a low herb, 30 to 60 centimeters high. True stem is much reduced. Bulbs are broadly ovoid, 2 to 4 centimeters in diameter, consisting of several, densely crowded, angular and truncated tubers. Leaves are linear and flat. Umbels are globose, many flowered. Sepals are oblong, greenish white, slightly tinged with purple.Stamens are not exerted from the perianth.

Distribution- Extensively grown in Batangas, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos Norte, Mindoro, and Cotobato.- A native of southern Europe.- Now widely cultivated in most parts of the world.Properties Antibacterial, antihelminthic, antimycotic, antiviral, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant, fibrinolytic, hypotensive, promoting leucocytosis, lipid lowering and platelet aggregation inhibition.UsesEdibility / Culinary- Widely used by Filipinos for flavoring dishes.Folkloric- In the Philippines, bulbs used for hypertension. Also used as diuretic, and eaten fresh or burned for coughs in children.- Arthritis, rheumatism, toothaches: Crush several cloves and rub on affected areas.- Crush clove applied to both temples as poultice for headache.- Crush garlic or cut clove crosswise and rub directly to areas of insect bites.- Decoction of leaves and bulbs for fever and as hypotensive, carminative, expectorant, and antihelmintic.- Juice from freshly crushed garlic used for colds, cough, sore throat, hoarseness, asthma and bronchitis.- Decoction use for tonsillitis.- Steam inhalation of chopped garlic and a teaspoon of vinegar in boiling water used for nasal congestion.- Fresh garlic has been used as a complement to INH therapy for tuberculosis. In Mexico, fresh bulb is eaten as a preventive for tuberculosis.- In India, garlic juice diluted in water, applied externally to prevent hair from turning grey.- Diluted juice used for earaches and deafness.- In the Antilles, used as vermifuge.- Also used for menstrual cramps.- Used for digestive problems and gastrointestinal spasms.- Infusion of a peeled broiled clove used for gas pains.- Juice of bulb with common salt applied to bruises and sprains; also used for neuralgia and earache.- Rubbed over ringworm for soothing effect.- In WWI, fresh raw juice was used as antiseptic for control of wound suppuration.

Studies Antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic: Topically, ajoene 0.4% cream, has been found 70% effective in certain dermatologic fungal infections. A 0.6% gel was effective in tinea corporis and tinea cruris.Anticandidal: Study on the mode of action of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) against Candida albicans showed garlic treatment affected the structure and integrity of the outer surface of the yeast cells. Growth was affected in a number of ways: decreased total lipid content, higher phosphatidylserines and lower phosphatidylcholines, and decrease oxygen consumption of AGE-treated C. albicans. AGE exerts its effect by oxidation of thiol groups causing enzyme inactivation and subsequent microbial growth inhibition.Hypertension:Studies suggest a beneficial antihypertensive effect but blood-lowering effects probably not dramatic. Other studies show a vascular benefit through improvement of aortic elasticity and possible slowing of the rate of atherosclerosis progression.Anti-cancer / Chemoprotective:(1) Possible anticarcinogenic properties, specifically colon, stomach and prostate cancers. In stomach cancers, probably through its inhibitory effect on H. pylori. In epidemiologic studies on stomach and colorectal cancer prevention, the garlic use was 3.5 grams to 30 grams of fresh or cooked garlic per week. (2) Study showed garlic may have an adjuvant effect on various defense mechanisms against DMBA-induced carcinogenesis in sub-maxillary salivary glands of rat through increased availability or utilization of beta-carotene.Hepatoprotective / Hematologic Effects:Study results on female Wistar rats suggest garlic and vitamin C have some hepatoprotective and hematological effects.Antidiabetic:Study results of ethanolic extracts of AS in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats suggest that A. sativum can be considered an excellent candidate for future studies on diabetes mellitus.

Yerba Buena / MINT, PEPPER MINT

Hierba buena is a prostrate, smooth , much-branched, usually purplish, strongly aromatic herb, with stems growing up to 40 centimeters long, with ultimate ascending terminal branches. Leaves are elliptic to oblong-ovate, 1.5 to 4 centimeters long, short-stalked with toothed margins, and rounded or blunt tipped. Flowers are hairy and purplish to bluish, borne in axillary headlike whorls.Calyx teeth are triangular or lanceolate and hairy; the corolla is also hairy.

Distribution- Native of Europe.- Introduced by the Spaniards.- Widely cultivation to some extent in all parts of the Philippines.- Thrives well at high elevations; rarely flowers in lowlands.

Constituents- Plant yields a volatile oil (0.22%) containing pulegone, menthol, menthene, menthenone and limonene.- Study showed the shoot leaf gave the highest yield of oil, 0.62%; while the stems had negligible yield. Menthol was the major component of all the oils. Other oils identified were: B-caryophyllene oxide, a-phellandrene, terpinolene, limonene, menthone and pulegone.- Phytochemical screening of powdered plant samples (root, stem, and leaves) yielded alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and diterpenes.Properties- Carminative, stimulant, stomachic, aromatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, sudorific, emmenagogue.- Oil is rubefacient and stimulant.- Tops and leaves are carminative.

Parts utilizedLeaves and stems.UsesNutritional- Cultivated as a spice for cooking.- Leaves used for tea.- Used in salads to provide flavor.- Used as a flavoring in confections and dentrifices.Folkloric- One of the oldest household remedies known.- In the Philippines, tops and leaves are considered carminative; when bruised used as antidote to stings of poisonous insects.- Mint is used in neuralgic affections, renal and vesical calculus.- Used for stomach weakness and diarrhea.- Decoction and infusion of leaves and stems used for fever, stomach aches, dysmenorrhea, and diuresis.- Pounded leaves for insect bites, fevers, toothaches, headaches.- Crushed fresh plants or leaves are sniffed for dizziness.- Powdered dried plant as dentrifice.-Crushed leaves are applied on the forehead and temples for headaches.- For toothaches: (1) Wet a small piece of cotton with juice expressed from crushed leaves; apply this impregnated cotton bud to the tooth. (2) Boil 6 tbsp. of leaves in two glasses of water for 15 minutes; strain and cool. Divide the decoction into 2 parts and take every 3 to 4 hours.- For flatulence: Boil 4 tbsp of chopped leaves in 1 cup water for five minutes; strain. Drink the decoction while lukewarm. Facilitates expulsion of flatus.- Alcohol or ether extract used as local anesthetic for affections of the nose, pharynx, and larynx.- Used for obstinate vomiting of pregnancy.- An alcoholic solution of menthol has been used as inhalation for asthma. Menthol is also used as local anesthesia for headache and facial neuralgia.- Decoction or vapor from menthol used with lemon grass as febrifuge. Also used in hiccups.- Plant used as emmenagogue; also used in jaundice.- Dried plant used as dentrifice.- Leaves and stems used as carminative, antispasmodic, and sudorific.- Infusion of leaves used for indigestion, rheumatic pans, arthritis and inflamed joints.- For coughs, boil 6 tbsp of chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 mins; cool and strain. Divide the decoction into three parts; take 1 part 3 times a day.- Diluted essential oil used as wash for skin irritations, burns, pruritus, scabies, ringworm and as mosquito repellent.- For arthritis, warm fresh leaves over low flame; then pound. Apply pounded leaves while warm on the painful joints or muscles.- As mouthwash, soak 2 tbsp chopped leaves in 1 glass of hot water for 30 minutes; strain. Use the infusion as mouthwash.

Sambong / BLUMEA CAMPHOR

Sambong is a half woody, strongly aromatic shrub, densely and softly hairy, 1 to 4 meters high. Stems grow up to 2.5 centimeters in diameter. Leaves are simple, alternate, elliptic- to oblong-lanceolate, 7 to 20 centimeters long, toothed at the margins, pointed or blunt at the tip, narrowing to a short petiole which are often auricled or appendaged. Flowering heads are stalked, yellow and numerous, 6 to 7 millimeters long, and borne on branches of a terminal, spreading or pyramidal leafy panicle. Discoid flowers are of two types: peripheral ones tiny, more numerous, with tubular corolla; central flowers few, large with campanulate corolla. Involucral bracts are green, narrow and hairy. Anther cells tailed at base. Fruits are achenes, dry, 1-seeded, 10-ribbed, hairy at top.

Distribution- Common in open fields, grasslands and waste areas at low and medium altitudes.- Flowering from February to April.- Propagation by cuttings and layering.- Also occurs in China, Hainan, Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.Constituents Volatile oil, 0.1 - 0.4% - l-borneol, 25%, l-camphor, 75%, limonene, saponins, sesquiterpene and limonene, tannins, sesquiterpene alcohol; palmitin; myristic acid. Yields flavonoids, terpenes (borneol, limonene, camphor, a-pinene, b-pinene, 3-carene, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, triteroenes, and cryptomeridiol), lactones (blumealactone A, B, C).- Fractionation of ethylacetate extract of leaves isolated nine flavonoids.- Main essential oil components are 1,8-cineole (20.98%), borneol (11.99%), -caryophyllene (10.38%), camphor (8.06%), 4-terpineol (6.49%), -terpineol (5.91%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.35%).Properties- Considered anthelmintic, antidiarrheal, antigastralgic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, stomachic, and vulnerary.Parts utilizedLeaves (fresh or dried) and young roots before flowering.Mature, healthy, fully expanded leaves are harvested while senescent leaves are discarded. Air-dry until they crumble when crushed with the fingers. Store in amber colored bottles in a cool, dry place.UsesEdibility- Leaves used a flavoring ingredient.Folkloric- Leaves as poultice for abscesses.- Decoction of roots and leaves for fevers, kidney stones, and cystitis.- Decoction of leaves used to induced diuresis for purpose of treating kidney stones.- Sitz-bath of boiled leaves, 500 gms to a gallon of water, for rheumatic pains of waist and back.- Used in upper and lower respiratory tract affections like sinusitis, asthmatic bronchitis, influenza.- Applied while hot over the sinuses. Used for wounds and cuts.Fresh juice of leaves to wounds and cuts.- Poultice of leaves applied to the forehead for relief of headaches.- Tea is used for colds and as an expectorant; likewise, has antispasmodic and antidiarrheal benefits.Postpartum baths.Others-Pesticide: Roots and leaves used as natural pesticides against storage pests and leaf hoppers in rice.

PreparationsFever: decoction of roots; boil 2 - 4 handfuls of the leaves. Use the lukewarm decoction as a sponge bath.Headaches: apply pounded leaves on the forehead and temples. Hold in place with a clean piece of cloth.Gas distention: boil 2 tsp of the chopped leaves in 1 cup of water for 5 minutes. Drink the decoction while warm. Also used for upset stomach.Postpartum, for mothers' bath after childbirth.Boils: Apply pounded leaves as poultice daily.Diuretic: Boil 2 tbsp chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. Take 1/2 of the decoction after every meal, 3 times a day.

StudiesSesquiterpenoids and Plasmin-Inhibitory Flavonoids:Study yielded two new sesquiterpenoid esters 1 and 2. Compound 2 showed to be slightly cytotoxic. Nine known flavonoids were also isolated, two of which showed plasmin-inhibitory activity. (2)Anticancer / Hepatoma:Study of methanolic extract of BB suggest a possible therapeutic potential in hepatoma cancer patients. (1)Anticancer / Growth Inhibitory Effect / Hepatoma:Study of B balsamifera extract induced growth-inhibitory activity in rat and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells without cytotoxicity. Findings suggest a possible therapeutic role for the B balsamifera methanol extract in treatment of hepatoma cancer patients. (6)Urolithiasis / Calcium Stones:Study shows sambong to be a promising chemolytic agent for calcium stones. (3)Antispasmodic / Cryptomeridiol:Study isolated cryptomeridio from the dried leaves. Results showed antispasmodic activity from various plant parts.Antifungal / Antibacterial:Phytochemical study of leaves yielded icthyothereol acetate, cyptomeridiol, lutein and -carotene. Antimicrobial tests showed activity against A niger, T mentagrophytes and C albicans. Results also showed activity against P aeruginosa, S aureus, B subtilis and E coli. (7)Dihydroflavonol / Abrogation of TRAIL Resistance in Leukemia Cells:Study shows combined treatment with a dihydroflavonol extracted from Blumea balsamifera exhibited the most striking synergism with TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and suggests a new strategy for cancer therapy. (8)Antibacterial:Study of 12 crude alcoholic and aqueous extracts from 5 medicinal plants, including B balsamifera, showed potential antibacterial effect against S aureus.Radical Scavenging:Study of Blumea balsamifera extracts and flavonoids showed the methanol extract exhibiting higher radical scavenging activity than the chloroform extract.

Makopa / MALAY APPLE, TERSANA ROSE APPLE

Makopa is a tree reaching a height of 10 meters. Leaves are pinkish when young. Older leaves are large, drooping, elliptic-oblong to broadly oblong-lanceolate, 15 to 30 centimeters long, 7 to 15 centimeters wide, narrowed and pointed at both ends. Flowers are large, showy, crimson, 5 to 6 centimeters in diameter, borne on the branches below the leaves, clustered on short, few-flowered racemes, 6 centimeters long or less. Fruit is shiny, oblong or pear-shaped, 5 to 7.5 centimeters long, either white splashed, striped with pink, or wholly crimson to purplish, and slightly shiny, seedless or one-seeded. Flesh is white, pithy, juicy. Although rather tasteless, some varieties have a pleasant flavor.Distribution- Cultivated for its edible fruit.- Nowhere naturalized.- Also occurs in Indo-Malaya.- Now planted in most tropical countries.Parts used and preparationLeaves.Constituents Leaf oil largely composed of monoterpenes (30% sesquiterpenes, 9 % caryophyllene).Properties- Considered diuretic, emmenagogue, abortifacient, febrifuge.

UsesNutrition/CulinaryFruit is eaten raw but may be prepared with flavoring.InPuerto Rico, used for making of table wines.InIndonesia, flowers eaten in salads. Young shoots and leaves eaten, raw or cooked.Folkloric- Not known in the Philippines for its medicinal properties.- In the Moluccas, the astringent bark is used for making a mouthwash for thrush (dapulak).- A root-bark decoction used for dysentery and amenorrhea.- Malays applies the dried, powdered leaves for cracked tongues.- Root applied to itches.- For sore throat, the inner bark is scraped or the whole bark is decocted.- Root-bark used as abortifacient; also for amenorrhea and dysentery.- InHawaii, juice of salted pounded bark used for wounds.- InMolucca, decoction of bark used for thrush.Malayansuse powdered dried leaves for cracked tongues. Root preparations for itching.- InCambodia, decoction of fruit, leaves and seeds used for fever. Juice of leaves used for baths and lotions. The root is considered diuretic.- InBrazil, used for diabetes, cough, headaches, constipation.- InMalaysian Borneo, Malaysian Borneo, decoction of stem and bark for diarrhea.OthersWood is used for construction, bowls and boards.

StudiesAntiinflammatory:Flavan-3-ols isolated from some medicinal plants inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis: S malaccense was one of four plants tested that were traditionally used for inflammatory conditions.(2)Antioxidant:Study of 58 underutilized Malaysian fruits of 32 different species, showed fruits from some genera, including Syzygium, had higher antioxidant capacity compared to other genera.(3)Leaf Oil Analysis:Study of hydrodistilled essential oil from the fresh leaves of SM grown in Nigeria showed the oil to be largely composed of monoterpenes (61.1%) characterized mainly by a-pinene, b-pinene, p-cymene and a-terpineol. The sesquiterpenes constituted 30.8% of the oil with b-caryophyllene as the major component.(4)Essential Oils / Non-Ichthyotoxic:Study yielded three compounds ursolic acid, B-sitosterol, and sitos-4-en-3-one. None of the compounds gave any significant ichthyotoxicity.(6)Aldose Reductase Inhibition / Cataract Prevention:Cataractogenesis is a common complication in diabetes, and aldose reductase in a lens enzyme involved in its development. In a study, S malaccense was one of the best four plant extract inhibitors with a preventive effect on cataract formation.(7)Hypoglycemic / Antidiabetic:Study of SM aqueous and alcoholic bark extracts in STZ-induced diabetic rats showed reduction of blood sugar and improvement in hyperlipidemia and liver glycogen depletion. The alcohol extract was more effective than the aqueous extract and equivalent to that of glibenclamide.

Atis / SUGAR APPLE

Atis is a small tree 3 to 5 meters in height. Leaves are somewhat hairy when young, oblong, 8 to 15 centimeters long, with a petiole 1 to 1.5 centimeters long. Flowers occur singly in the axils of the leaves, about 2.5 centimeters long, pendulous, hairy, three-angled, light green to yellow. Fruit is large, somewhat heart-shaped, 6 to 9 centimeters long, the outside marked with knobby polygonal tubercles. When ripe, the fruit is light yellowish-green. Flesh is white, sweet, soft, and juicy, with a mild and very agreeable flavor.

Distribution- Cultivated throughout the Philippines; occasionally spontaneous.- Introduced from tropical America by the Spaniards.- Now pantropic.

Constituents- The leaves yield an alkaloid, chloroplatinate.- Anonaine, an alkaloid, is found in the bark, leaves and seeds.- Seed yields an alkaloid, neutral resin, fixed oil.- Seed contains a yellow, non-drying oil and an irritant which kills lice.Properties- The leaves, fruit and seeds are vermicidal and insecticidal.- The unripe fruit is astringent, used for diarrhea and dysentery and dyspepsia.- The bark is astringent and tonic.- Roots make a drastic purgative.- Leaves are emmenagogue, febrifuge, tonic- Insecticide, antiovulatory, abortifacient.Parts usedLeaves, fruit and seeds.

UsesFolkloricSalted bruised leaves used to hasten suppuration.Bark decoction is used as tonic and to stop diarrhea.Root has purgative action.Leaf decoction used for rheumatic baths to alleviate pain.For fainting and hysteria, crush fresh leaves and place over nose.For infected insect bites, pound and extract the juice from one unripe fruit and apply the juice directly to the affected areas, 3 times daily.For lice infestation of the head, atis has a herbal treatment regimen:(1) Shampoo hair with gugo bark or any commercial shampoo daily for one week; with "suyod" combing twice daily.(2) For lice eggs (nits), apply hot vinegar for half an hour after shampooing; then "suyod" (fine combing) thoroughly.(3) Bedtime, pound 1/2 cup of atis seeds and mix with 1/4 cup of oil. Apply mixture thoroughly to the scalp and hair. Wrap the hair and head overnight. Shampoo in the morning and follow with fine tooth combing. Do daily for 3-5 days.(4) Paste of the crushed seeds in water, applied to the scalp. The same used as abortifacient applied to the os uteri.InNorthern India, young leaves used for diabetes.InMalaysia, used for skin infections, diarrhea, dysentery and UTIs.NutritionEaten raw or makes a delicious ice cream.The fermented fruit used to make cider.OthersThe blackened aborted atis fruit is a preferred by some healers as an ingredient in the making of the "unton," used for bales.

StudiesAnti-Inflammatory / Cyclic Peptides:Study yielded two new cyclic peptides, cyclosquamosin H and I, together with six known cyclic peptides, squamin A, squamin B, cyclosquamosin A, D E and cherimolacyclopeptide B from the seeds. Compound 7 showed an inhibitory effect on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.Cytotoxicity / Anticancer:Extracts of A squamosa fruit pericarp was tested for cytotoxic activity against Dalton's lymphoma cells and HeLa cells. The chloroform extract was found cytotoxic to the different cell lines tested and suggests the potential for AS fruit pericarp for the development of treatment for cancers.Antidiabetic:(1) Beneficial effects of Annona squamosa extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Study results showed that A. squamosa extract has an antihyperglycemic effect and alleviated liver and renal damage associated with STZ-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. (2) Study of aqueous leaf extracts were investigated on STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. The diabetic groups treated with aqueous leaf extract were compared with standard glibenclamide.Anti-Cancer / Squadiolins:Mono-tetrahydrofuran Annonaceous Acetogenins from Annona squamosa as Cytotoxic Agents and Calcium Ion Chelators: Squadiolins A and B showed potency against human Hep G2 and 3B hepatoma and MCF-y breast cancer cells.

Niyog / COCONUT

Coconut isone of the most useful plants in the world, providing a multitude of uses, from arrack to food staple, sugar to vinegar, fibers and fodder, thatching and lumber, and virgin coconut oil among many others. In addition, it yield 3 to 4 tons of copra (nut meat) per hectare and over two tons of oil.Coconut is an unarmed, erect, tall palm reaching a height of 25 meters. Trunk is stout, 30 to 50 centimeters in diameter, thickened at the base; marked with annular scars. Leaves are crowded at the apex of the trunk, 3.5 to 6 meters long, with a stout petiole, 1 meter or more in length. Leaflets are bright green, numerous, linear-lanceolate, flaccid, 60 to 100 centimeters long. Spadix is about 1 meter long, erect, drooping, straw-colored, simply branched. Male flowers are small and yellowish with small, ovate, valvate sepals and oblong, valvate petals. Female flowers are much larger, rounded, with imbricate sepals and shorter convolute petals. Fruit is variable in size, shape and color, obovoid to subglobose, often obscurely 3-angled, 15 to 25 centimeters long. Endosperm forms a thick white layer of fleshy fibrous substance adherent to the membranous testa which is adherent to the stony-black shell. The shell is covered by a fibrous husk.The embryo is opposite one pore.

Distribution- Extensively cultivated in the Philippines, especially in regions where the dry season is not too prolonged.- Native of Polynesia.- Pantropic in cultivation.- Introduced during prehistoric times.

Constituents Fixed oil, 57.5 - 71%; volatile oil, wax containing the myricyl ester of cerotic acid. Coconut oil is composed mostly of triglycerides of saturated fatty acids - Lauric (dodecanoic acid, 40 to 55%) and myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid, 15 to 20%), and other fatty acids at concentrations of 5 to 10 %. High-grade coconut oil is nearly colorless, bland tasting, with a peculiar odor of coconuts, consisting largely of glyceyl ester of lauric and myristic acids, and glyceryl ester of other fatty acids as caproic, capryllic, capric, and oleic. Meat: protein, 6.3%; vitamins A, B, and C; nonyl alcohol; methyl heptyl ketone; methyl undecyl ketone; capronic, decylic, caprylic, lauric and myristic acids; lecithin; stigmasterin, phytosterin; choline; globulin; galactoaraban; galactomannan. Water, 93%; protein, 0.5%; ash, 1%; saccharose; oxidase; catalase, diastase.Phytochemical screening of constituents of endosperm showed the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, resins, glycosides and steroids. Macronutrient analyses yielded carbohydrates, proteins, reducing sugar, fats and oil.Coconut water vs coconut milk: Coconut water is the aqueous part of the coconut endosperm; coconut milkgatain the Philippines,santanin Malaysia and Indonesiais the liquid product obtained by grating the solid endosperm, with or without the addition of water. Coconut water is mainly water (about 94%) while coconut milk yields about 50% water, fat and protein.(31)

Coconut Water:-Coconut water contains sugar, fiber, proteins, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals with an isotonic electrolyte balance.

Properties- Considered antitumor, antidotal, antiseptic, aperient, aphrodisiac, astringent, bactericidal, depurative, diuretic, pediculicide, refrigerant, stomachic, styptic, suppurative, vermifuge.- Roots considered antiscorbutic, astringent, and diuretic.- Fresh coconut water considered astringent and possibly vermifuge. Also considered demulcent, and aperient in large doses.- Endosperm cocomilk is considered refrigerant, nutrient, aperient, diuretic and anthelmintic.

Parts usedRoots, bark, "bloom" of the leaf, the cabbage, flowers, and the fruit (husk, shell, water, endosperm, oil.)

UsesEdibility / Culinary / Nutrition- Use oil for cooking; take meat and/orgata(cream) as food.- Theubodpart is a delicacy used in a variety of preparations:lumpia,achara, salads.- A good source of iron and calcium.- The cocomilk, the juice expressed from the grated endosperm was a popular substitute for cow's milk during World War II.- Fresh coconut juice is considered astringent; allowed to stand, it loses astringency.- The endosperm is eaten in its various stages of development: (1)malauhog- the early mucoid stage (2)tagop- the stage betweenmalauhogandmalakanin(3)malakanin, a consistency best used for salads. (Alagan is the mature stage of the endosperm, not suitable for culinary use.) The coconut water of malauhog is mildly sweet, becoming increasingly acidic as the coconut matures.Folkloric- Myriads of use in the traditional systems worldwide: abscesses, asthma, baldness, burns and bruises,, cough and colds, kidney stones, scabies, ulcers, among many others.- Constipation: Take 1 to 2 tablespoons ofgata(cream).- Dandruff: Massage oil on scalp, leave overnight, and wash hair.- Diarrhea and/or vomiting: Drink water of young fruit, as tolerated. Water from the young coconut has been used as a substitute for dextrose infusion in emergent situations during World War II.- Dry skin: Apply oil and massage into affected area.- Young roots astringent for sore throats.StudiesAnalgesic / Antioxidant: Antinociceptive and free radical scavenging activities of Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae) husk fiber aqueous extract: The study demonstrated the analgesic and radical scavenging properties of CN aqueous extract from the husk fiber. Topical treatment of rabbits with the extract did not induce significant dermic or ocular irritation. (1)Antioxidant: In vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of Cocos nucifera Linn. water: The antioxidant activity as most significant in fresh samples of coconut water, diminishing with heat. Maturity also drastically decreased the scavenging ability. The scavenging ability may be partly attributed to the ascorbic acid, an important constituent of coconut water. (3)Hypertension: The control of hypertension by use of coconut water and mauby: two tropical food drinks provided significant decreases, approximately double the largest values seen with single interventions. (5)Anti-neoplastic / Husk Fiber: Study of aqueous extracts of the husk showed antitumoral activity against a leukemia cell line. Study suggests a very inexpensive source of new antineoplastic and anti-multidrug resistant drugs.(6)Burn Wound Healing Property: Study concluded that the oil of Cocos nucifera is an effective burn wound healing agent. There was significant improvement in burn wound contraction in the group treated with the combination of CN and silver sulfadiazine. It suggests C nocifera can be a cheap and effective adjuvant to other topical agents.(8)Anti-Ulcerogenic: A study of warm water crude extract of coconut milk and a coconut water dispersion showed that coconut milk and water had protective effects on ulcerated gastric mucosa. The coconut milk provided stronger protection on indomethacin-induced ulceration than coconut water in rats.(9)Anthelminthic: A study of the liquid extracted from the bark of the green coconut and butanol extract on mice showed that the Cocos nucifera extracts may be useful in the control of intestinal nematodes. (10)Protein Content: Study showed native coconut proteins consisted of four major polypeptides. The proteins had a relatively high level of glutamic acid, arginine and aspartic acid.

Apatot / INDIAN MULBERRY

Apatot is an erect, smooth shrub or small tree, 3 to 10 meters high. Leaves are broadly elliptic to oblong, 12 to 25 centimeters long, with pointed or blunted tips. Peduncles are leaf-opposed, solitary, 1 to 3 centimeters long. Flowers are not bracteolate, and form dense, ovoid or rounded heads, and are 1 to 1.5 centimeters. Calyx is truncate. Corolla is white, 1 centimeterlong; limb is 5-lobed, 1 centimeter in diameter. Fruit is fleshy, white or greenish white, ovoid, 3 to 10 centimeters long, with the odor of decaying cheese.

Distribution- Found chiefly along or near the seashore throughout the Philippines.- Also occurs in India to Polynesia.Constituents- Fruit contains phytochemicals: lignans, polysaccharides, flavonoids, iridoids, nonisides, scopoletin, catechin and epicatechin, damnacanthal, alkaloids.- Root bark contains a crystal glucoside, morindine (C27H10O15), and a coloring matter, morindine.- Fruit yields a volatile oil, morinda oil.- Studies have yielded scopoletin, octoanoic acid, potassium, vitamin C, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthroquinones, sitosterol, -carotene, vitamin A, flavone glycosides and linoleic acid.- Leaves yield flavanol glycosides, beta-carotene and iridoid glycosides.- Study of methanol extracts of leaves, stems, and fruits yielded 22 constituents. Eight were new compounds: morinaphthalenone, morindafurone, morinaphthalene, morindicone, morinthone, morindicinone, morindicininone, and 5-benzofuran carboxylic acid -6-formyl methyl ester, with 14 known constituents.- Ethanolic extract of leaves and fruit juice yielded eighteen and fifteen compounds respectively. Among them were octanoic acid, cyclopropyl, hexanoic acid, n-decanoic acid, allantoin, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerin and gamma tocopherol.(32)Properties- Fruit is emmenagogue.- Root is cathartic.- Bark, because of morindine, is febrifuge- Tonic.- Leaves considered vulnerary.- Studies have suggested anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anthelmintic, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and immune-enhancing effects.

Parts utilized:Roots, bark, leaves.

UsesEdible- Fruit is edible, which smells like decaying cheese and not great tasting, is eaten raw or cooked, salted or curried.- In Indo-China, fruit eaten with salt.- Fruit occasionally used as pig feed.- In Java, young leaves eaten as vegetable.- Tonic drink is prepared from decoction of pounded leaves and stem bark.Folkloric- In the Philippines, fruit is used as emmenagogue.- Leaves, when fresh, applied to ulcers, facilitates healing.- In Malaysia, heated leave applied to the chest and abdomen for coughs, nausea, colic, enlarged spleen, and fever.- In Indo-China, leaves used as deobstruent and emmenagogue.- In Bombay leaves applied externally for wound healing, and internally, as tonic and febrifuge.- Decoction of charred leaves with mustard for infantile diarrhea.- Juice of over-ripe fruit used for diabetes.- Over-ripe fruit used as poultice and for treating kidney diseases.

Akapulko / RINGWORM BUSH

Akapulko is a coarse, erect, branched shrub, 1.5 to 3 meters high. Leaves are pinnate and 40 to 60 centimeters long, with orange rachis on stout branches. Each leaf has 16 to 28 leaflets, 5 to 15 centimeters in length, broad and rounded at the apex, with a small point at the tip. Leaflets gradually increase in size from the base towards the tip of the leaf.Inflorescences are terminal and at the axils of the leaves, in simple or panicled racemes, and 10 to 50 centimeters long. Flowers are yellow, about 4 centimeters inn diameter, at the axils of thin, yellow, oblong, concave bracts which are 2.5 to 3 centimeters long. Pod is rather straight, dark brown or nearly black, about 15 centimeters long and 15 millimeters wide. On both sides of the pods there is a wing that runs the length of the pod. Pod contains 50 to 60 flattened, triangular seeds.Distribution-Abundant throughout the Philippines in settled areas at low and medium altitudes.- Occasionally planted as ornamental or for its medicinal properties.- Introduced from tropical America; now pantropic.

Additional botanical info Propagated rapidly by seeds (dispersed by waters) or stem cuttings.Basal stem may produce coppices (suckers). Seeds from mature pods can be collected during the season and immediately planted or stored for six months.Constituents Chrysophanic acid (chrysophanol); oxymethyl anthraquinone, 2.2%; aloe-emodin; rhein; cassiaxanthone; tannins; saponins; alkaloids. Study of chemical constituents yielded 12 compounds: chrysoeriol, kaempferol, quercetin, 5,7,4'-trihydroflavanone, kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 17-hydrotetratriacontane, n-dotriacontanol, n-triacontanol, palmitic acid ceryl ester, stearic acid, palmitic acid. Phytochemical studies of crude extract of stem bark yielded important secondary metabolites - tannins, steroids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, terpenes, carbohydrates and saponins. Phytochemicalstudy of leaves yielded 12 compounds viz. chrysoeriol, kaempferol, quercetin, 5,7,4'-trihydroflavanone, kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 17-hydrotetratriacontane, n-dotriacontanol, n-triacontanol, palmitic acid ceryl ester, stearic acid, palmitic acid.(29)Properties Saponin acts as a laxative and expels intestinal parasites. Its fungicide property derives from chrysophanic acid. Plant considered alterative, abortifacient, aperient, purgative, sudorific, hydragogue, diuretic, vermifuge.

Parts utilizedLeaves, seeds, and flowers.UsesFolkloric- The seeds used for intestinal parasitism.- Tincture from leaves reported to be purgative.- Decoction of leaves and flowers for cough and as expectorant in bronchitis and asthma. Also used as astringent.- Crushed leaves and juice extract used for ringworm, scabies, eczema, tinea infections, itches, insect bites, herpes.- Preparation:Pound enough fresh leaves; express (squeeze out) the juice and apply on the affected skin morning and evening. Improvement should be noticed after 2 - 3 weeks of treatment.- Decoction of leaves and flowers used as mouthwash in stomatitis.- InAfrica, the boiled leaves are used for hypertension.- InSouth American, used for skin diseases, stomach problems, fever, asthma, snake bites and venereal disease.- InThailand, leaves are boiled and drunk to hasten delivery.- As laxative, boil 10-15 dried leaves in water, taken in the morning and bedtime.- For wound treatment, leaves are boiled and simmered to one-third volume, then applied to affected areas twice daily.- InIndia, plant used as cure for poisonous bites and for venereal eruptions.- InNigerialocally used for treatment of ringworm and parasitic skin diseases.- In theAntilles, Reunion,andIndo-China, plant is used as hydrogogue, sudorific, and diuretic.- Decoction of roots used for tympanites.- Wood used as alterative.- Sap of leaves used as antiherpetic.- Leaf tincture or extract used as purgative.- Juice of leaves mixed with lime-juice for ringworm.- Leaves taken internally to relieve constipation.- Strong decoction of leaves and flowers used as wash for eczema.- Infusion of leaves and flowers used for asthma and bronchitis.- Strong decoction of leaves used as abortifacient.- Seeds used as vermifuge.Ointment preparation(1) Wash fresh leaves thoroughly and cut in small pieces.(2) Add one glass of cooking oil or coconut oil to one glass of cut fresh leaves.(3) Fry until crispy.(4) Remove from the heat; strain.(5) Cut 2 white candles (Esperma No. 5) into small pieces.(6) In a cooking pot, pour the strained oil together with the candle pieces; stir until the candle has melted.(7) Pour the mixture into a clean container; cover when cool.(8) Apply the ointment to affected areas twice daily.(Source:)

StudiesAntifungal:(1) Crude ethanol and aqueous extract ofCassia alata(GELENGGANG BESAR)leaves and bark were tested for antifungal activity in vitro against three fungi Aspergillus fumigatus,Microsporum canisandCandida albicans. The study showed the C. alata to be effective against C. albicans, confirming its potential as a natural source of antifungal remedy. (2) Ethanolic extract of leaves showed potent activity against dermatophytes without effect on C albicans, A fumigatus or non-dermatophytes. (3) Study yielded an anthraquinone high-yielding Senna alata leaf extract with antifungal activity against dermatophytes Tricophyton rubrum, T mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum. (3) Study of ethanolic extract of CA leaves showed high activity against various species of dermatophytic fungi but low activity against non-dermatophytic fungi. (4) In a study using methanolic, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts to screen for phytochemicals, antibacterial and antifungal activities, the methanolic extract showed the highest activity.Analgesic:(1) Ethanol and hexane extract of Senna alata leaves showed analgesic effect in mice. (2) Study of leaf extract of C. alata in mice showed analgesic activity. Fifty milligrams of kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside was equivalent to 100 mg of the extract.

Kalamansi / CHINESE ORANGE

Kalamansi is a smooth and slightly spiny plant, growing to a height of 3 to 5 meters. Leaflets are elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 4 to 8 centimeters long. Petioles are very narrowly or scarcely winged, about 1 centimeter long. Flowers are axillary, solitary, rarely in pairs, white, and short-stalked. Fruit is yellow when ripe, nearly spherical, 2 to 3.5 centimeters diameter, 6- to 7-celled, and thin-skinned. The skin or peel is green to yellowish green or yellow, loosely adhering to the flesh. The flesh contains a few light orange seeds.

Distribution- Widely cultivated in the Philippines.- The species is native to the Philippines.Constituents- Leaves yield volatile oil, 0.9 to 1.06%.- Rind yields aldehydes; sesquiterpenes; beta-pinene; linalool; linelyl acetate; tannin; glucoside; cyanogenetic substances.PropertiesAromatic, antiseptic, antiphlogistic, carminative, deodorant, refrigerant.

Parts usedFruit, leaves, roots.

UsesCulinary and nutrition- It is fairly sour and is a popular seasoning for many local food.- Served with iced-tea, seafoods and meats.- Also used for making juice and marmalade.- Kalamnsi-ade is a rich source of vitamin C- Condiment: Use rind and fruit.Folkloric- Aromatic bath: Mix juice with gogo.- Cough, colds and sore throat: Drink warm kalamansi-ade.- Nausea and fainting: Squeeze rind near nostril to inhale.- Applied externally for itching.- Higaonon tribe of Mindanao use decoction of leaves to lower hypertension. Juice from partly roasted fruits used for coughs and colds. (10)- Fruits crushed with bark of Entada phaseoloides used as hair shampoo, for itching and to stimulate hair growth.- Juice of fruit used forAcne vulgarisandPruritis vulvae.- InMalaysia, used as an antidote for poison.- Poultice of pandanus leaves, mixed with salt and juice of citrus microcarpa, for abscesses.- InMalaya, combined with pepper to help expel phlegm.- Root used at childbirth.- Leaf oil used as carminative, with a effect stronger than peppermint oil.Others- Bleaching agent: Cut fruit and apply directly on freckles.-Stain Remover / Shampoo:Juice is used to remove ink stains from clothes and washing women's hair. Also used for bleaching freckles.- Fruits crushed with bark of Entada phaseoloides used as hair shampoo, for itching and to stimulate hair growth.

StudiesAntimicrobial:Antimicrobial properties of tropical plants against 12 pathogenic bacteria isolated from aquatic organisms: A study on the antibacterial activity of 9 tropical plants against 12 clinical and pathogenic bacterial strains including Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, Vibro parahemolytics, Salmonella and Streptococcus sp. showed activity against one or more species of bacteria. Citrus microcarpa was one of the most active.(1)Antimicrobial:Paper described the potential of A. sativum and Citrus microcarpa extracts as alternative antimicrobial agents for local edible frog culture industry.Antimicrobial / Aquaculture:Study isolated 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid from the crude extract of C microcarpa. The study results suggest that both the crude extract and its bioactive component might have potential as an antimicrobial in aquaculture use.(2)Antianxiety / Antidepressive:Study provides evidence that the smelling of essential oils of C hystrix and C microcarpa confer anxiolytic effect. It concludes that essential oils of the Citrus family may affect behavior.(3)Hepatoprotective:Kalamansi peel extract exhibited hepatoprotective activity against Acetaminophen-induced liver disease in male SD rats, comparable to commercially available silymarin preparations.(5)Expectorant / Seeds:Seeds yield alkaloid, carbohydrates and protein.An alkaloidal extractive was incorporated to the formula of the final product which is an expectorant syrup was based on the ipecac syrup. (7)D-Limonene / Seeds:Study tested the effectiveness of citrus oil d-limonene extracted from calamansi(Citrus microcarpa) rind in dissolving expanded polystyrene foam. (9)Musk Lime Seeds / Oil:Study showed musk lime seeds are a rich source of oil, unusual in having linoleic, ol3ci and palmitic acids dominating the fatty acid composition. The oil is relatively stable to thermal oxidation due to its high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids.(8)Citrus Antioxidants:Study showedC. microcarpa contained a high amount of phloretin-3,5-di-C-glucopyranoside that was shown to possess a high Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Ratio (TEAR) value due to its 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone structure. Essential oils obtained from all citrus fruits showed very high radical-scavenging activity against the DPPH radical, well in excess that in leaves

Palmira / PALMIRA PALM

Palmira is a robust palm that can live up to 100 years, growing to a height of 20 to 30 meters, growing slowly at the beginning and accelerating as it ages. Trunk is large and straight, ringed with leaf scars.Canopy of green-bluish leaves has several dozen fronds spreading 3 meters across. Fruit measures 4 to 7 inches in diameter, has a black husk, and borne in clusters. When cut, the top part of the fruit reveal three sweet, translucent, pale-white jelly seed sockets containing water fluid inside.Distribution- Native to South and Southeast Asia.Constituents- Plant considered a rich source of phytoconstituents: gums, saponins, glycosides, carbohydrates, albuminoids, fats, vitamins A, B, and C.- Male inflorescence yields spirostane-type steroid saponins (Borassosides and dioscin).- Yielded flabelliferrins, a bitter compound of steroidal saponins. Spirosterol is a dominant aglycone in odiyal flour and palmyra inflorescence.- Ungerminated seed embryos was found to be a good source of carbohydrates, fiber, fat, amino acids, protein.PropertiesRestorative, anthelminthic, and diuretic.Parts usedRoots, leaves, and flowering stalks.UsesEdibility Ripened fibrous outer layer of the palm fruit can be eaten raw, boiled, or roasted. The fruit's yellow viscous fluid is made into various sweet dishes.Folkloric Decoction used for gonorrhea and respiratory ailments. Leaf juice used for hiccups, gastric ailments. Bloom on base of leaves used as styptic for external wounds. Juice from flowering stalks used for diabetes. Used with rice as a poultice, fermented, and used for gangrenous and indolent ulcers and abscesses. InIndonesia, the sap is taken as laxative.OthersArrack: Toddy, the sugary sap is obtained from young inflorescences which can be fermented to make an arrack beverage or a concentrated crude sugar called jaggery.Thatching / Basketry: Leaves are used for thatching, for making mats, baskets, fans, hats and umbrellas.Paper: In Indonesia, leaves used in the ancient culture of paper making, known as "lontar."Rope / Fences: In Indonesia, stems of leaves nailed together to make fences, and the skin of stems peeled off and used as rope. Stalksalso used for making fences and cordage.Wood: Black timber is hard and highly valued for construction.

StudiesAntiinflammatory:Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer L. male flowers (inflorescences) in experimental animals: Extract showed dose-dependent antiinflammatory activity and supports it folkloric use as an antiinflammatory agent.Diabetes:New Spirostane-Type Steroid Saponins with Antidiabetogenic Activity from Borassus flabellifer: Methanolic extract studied yielded 6 new steroid saponins: borassosides A-F. Results showed inhibition of increase of serum glucose in sucrose-loaded rats.Neurotoxic Effect:Study on the neurotoxic effect of palmyrah shoot flour on Wistar rats showed a neurotoxic effect that appears to be a tissue non-specific damage reflected at a subclinical level. Neurotoxic effect was eliminated by heating detoxicification. The nutritional status of the diet influenced the manifestation of the toxic effect.Aeroallergen:Study investigated the aerobiologic and allergenic significance of the pollen of palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer). Pollen grains were found present in the air from February to May and June, comprising 7% of total airborne pollen of the study area. The pollen is a dominant aeroallergen that can cause respiratory problems. The pollen extract isolated a 90-kD component, one of the major allergens.Antioxidant:Study showed the leaves and roots to possess antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of leaves to be greater than the roots. The activity was attributed to flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds in the leaf.Cytotoxic / Flabelliferin:Palmyrah flour (Odiyal) is known to yield a number of toxins with mutagenic, clastogenic, immunosuppressive, and mosquito larvicidal effects. A pressure liquid chromatography separation for dengue mosquito larvicide yielded a white amorphous solid. Study on a melanoma cell line showed cytotoxic activity on differentiating cancer lines.Antibacterial:Study of antibacterial activity of a methanol extract of seed coat against Gram-positive bacteria (Staph aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia and Serratia marcescens) showed consistent inhibitory activity on different bacterial species tested.Anticancer / Apoptosis of Human Colon Cancer Ht-29 Cells:An apolar extract from male inflorescence was studied on colon cancer HT29 cells. Phytochemical analysis yielded sterols triterpenes, and saponosids. The extract significantly inhibited cell proliferation by blocking cell population in G0/G1 phase. Results indicated anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities.