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Naturalflake
graphite
Hard host rock Soft host rock - graphite streak in sand
Natural graphite in clean technologies
Energy requirements of primary production
Martin Cermak1, Claire McCague, and Majid Bahrami2
Laboratory for Alternative Energy Conversion, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
Conclusions
LAECLaboratory for
Alternative EnergyConversion
Martin Cermak, Claire McCague, and Majid Bahrami, "Graphite in clean technologies: the importance of availability of material production data," presented at Resources for Future Generations, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 2018.
Graphite in clean technologies: The importance of availability of material production data
Lightweight heat sinks for cooling of electronics in cars, planes, chargers, power supplies, and electricity distribution systems
(smart grid)
Many technologies rely on parts with high thermal conductivity; aluminum and copper are typically used.
intercalationand
exfoliation
Natural graphite flakes Exfoliated flakes Natural graphite sheet
Compressionwithoutbinder
Corrosion resistant heat exchangers for flue gas heat and water
recovery, and geothermal energy
Heat sinks Heat exchangers Bipolar plates Air conditioningCost effective bipolar plates for fuel
cells in cars and energy storage systems
Parts for fast heat conduction in adsorption cooling systems
Why natural graphite sheet?
Ther
mal
con
duct
ivity
[Wm
-1K-1
]
Natural graphite
sheet
600
throughplane
Aluminum
inplane
Copper
high densitylow density
High thermal conductivity
Mat
eria
l cos
t [U
SD/d
m3 ]
Naturalgraphite
sheet
40
Aluminum Copper
Low material cost
low density - 0.7 high density - 2.7
43.5
4.8
Den
sity
[g/c
m3 ]
Natural graphite
sheet
2
Aluminum Copper
Low weight
4
6
8
10
Elec
tric
al c
ondu
ctiv
ity[S
m-1
]
Natural graphite
sheet
throughplane
Aluminum
inplane
Copper
high densitylow density
Electrical conductivity
101
103
105
107
high densitylow density
High density Low density
in-plane
through-plane
Simple manufacturing
Corrosion resistanceChallenges:
Low mechanical strengthComprehensive life cycle analyses (LCA) are needed to compare technologies and support long term planning
Electricity or fuels
LCA can answer prac�cal ques�ons such as: "Are electric vehicles cleaner than internal combus�on ones?" or "Is the carbon footprint of wind turbines higher than that of coal power plants?"
Energy
Natural resourcesEmissions
Electricity generation
A clean technology is truly clean only if the overall environmental footprint is low
Copper
Graphite oremining
Bayer process Al2O3
(Alumina)
Aluminum ingots
Bauxitemining
Benefication Purification Graphiteflakes
Naturalflake
graphite(Crushing, flotation, drying) (acid leaching, caustic roasting, ..)
Reported energy requirement [MJ/kg]
Copper
Graphite flakesGraphite flakesin host rock
Hall-HeroultProcessBauxite
Data source
Copper oresmining
Sulfides
Oxides
Pyrometallurgical processing
Hydrometallurgical processingCathodecopper
65.4 MJ/kg
9.0 MJ/kg
Energy requirement metric
Data sources are not consistent in the reported energy metricsElectricity generation may or may not be included - caution required to avoid mistakes in comparisons
(>99% fixed carbon)
50 100 150 200
Balomenos et al. (2011) [14]
Aluminum association (2013) [15]
Norgate et al. (2006) [16]
Int. Copper Association [17]
Alvarado et al. (2002) [18]
Gao et al (2018) [20]
Battery minerals [21]
Norgate et al. (2006) [16]
Total energy consumption [MJ/kg]
Primary energy demand [GJ/ton]
Gross energy requirement [MJ/kg]
Gross energy requirement [MJ/kg]
Primary energy demand [GJ/ton]
Specific energy consumption fuels [MJ/kg] specific energy consumption electricity [kWh/t]
Life cycle energy consumption [GJ/t]
"Energy required to produce 1 ton" [kWh/t]
HydroelectricCoal power
HydroPyro
EcoInvent [19] Diesel [MJ/kg], electricity [kWh/kg], heat [MJ/kg] 0.23 MJ/kg
Graphite studies: vary in the energy requirement metric, vary in the scope (e.g. only mining and benefication; purification omitted), are foused on graphite for anodes in Li-ion batteries, and show low reliability.
Assessing the overall energy requirement of a technology requires the material production data
Interdisciplinary collabora�on between the resource extrac�on, material
processing, and technology development sectors is needed to perform reliable
LCA studies
Material produc�on data for natural graphite is limited and varies widely
Energy requirement is only one part of LCA; water requirement, waste
produc�on, emissions, and toxicity of effluents also have to be addressed
400
200
30
10
Data averaged from: [1]-[4]
Data averaged from: [1],[6]-[9],[10]-[13]
Data: [5]
[1] X. H. Wei, L. Liu, J. X. Zhang, J. L. Shi, and Q. G. Guo, “Mechanical, electrical, thermal performances and structure characteristics of flexible graphite sheets,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 2449–2455, 2010.[2] R. Liu, J. Chen, M. Tan, S. Song, Y. Chen, and D. Fu, “Anisotropic high thermal conductivity of flexible graphite sheets used for advanced thermal management materials,” ICMREE 2013 - Proc. 2013 Int. Conf. Mater. Renew. Energy Environ., vol. 1, pp. 107–111, 2013.[3] M. Bonnissel, L. Luo, and D. Tondeur, “Compacted exfoliated natural graphite as heat conduction medium,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 39, no. 14, pp. 2151–2161, 2001.[4] L. W. Wang, S. J. Metcalf, R. E. Critoph, R. Thorpe, and Z. Tamainot-Telto, “Thermal conductivity and permeability of consolidated expanded natural graphite treated with sulphuric acid,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 49, no. 14, pp. 4812–4819, 2011.[5] U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017, vol. 1. 2017.[6] Mersen, “Papyex Flexible Graphite - technical guide.” 2012.[7] M. Polock, “GRAFOIL Flexible Graphite Engineering Design Manual 2nd edition.” 2002.[8] Graftech, “eGRAF SPREADERSHIELD Heat Spreaders - Technical data sheet 321.” 2016.[9] SGL Group, “SIGRAFLEX - Flexible graphite foils and sheets for heat treatment applications,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.sglgroup.com/cms/_common/downloads/products/product-groups/gs/tds/expanded/SIGRAFLEX_TDS-TH_NH_THP_S_HP_UHP_Foil.01.pdf. [Accessed: 14-Dec-2017].[10] P.-H. Chen and D. D. L. Chung, “Thermal and electrical conduction in the compaction direction of exfoliated graphite and their relation to the structure,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 77, pp. 538–550, 2014.[11] X. Luo and D. D. L. Chung, “Electromagnetic interference shielding reaching 130 dE8 using flexible graphite,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 1293–1294, 1996.[12] A. Celzard, J. F. Marêché, G. Furdin, and S. Puricelli, “Electrical conductivity of anisotropic expanded graphite-based monoliths,” J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., vol. 33, pp. 3094–3101, 2000.[13] P. Qian, H. Zhang, J. Chen, Y. Wen, Q. Luo, Z. Liu, D. You, and B. Yi, “A novel electrode-bipolar plate assembly for vanadium redox flow battery applications,” J. Power Sources, vol. 175, no. 1, pp. 613–620, 2008.[14] E. Balomenos, D. Panias, and I. Paspaliaris, “Energy and exergy analysis of the primary aluminum production processes: A review on current and future sustainability,” Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 69–89, 2011.[15] The Aluminum Association, “The Environmental Footprint of Semi- Finished Aluminum Products in North America,” 2013.[16] T. E. Norgate, S. Jahanshahi, and W. J. Rankin, “Assessing the environmental impact of metal production processes,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 15, no. 8–9, pp. 838–848, 2007.[17] Internation Copper Association, “Copper Environmental Profile,” 2017.[18] S. Alvarado, P. Maldonado, A. Barrios, and I. Jaques, “Long term energy-related enviromental issues of copper production,” Energy, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 183–196, 2002.[19] ecoinvent Association, “ecoinvent database.” [Online]. Available: https://v30.ecoquery.ecoinvent.org/Home/Index. [Accessed: 12-Sep-2017].[20] S. W. Gao, X. Z. Gong, Y. Liu, and Q. Q. Zhang, “Energy consumption and carbon emission analysis of natural graphite anode material for lithium batteries,” Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 913, pp. 985–990, Feb. 2018.[21] “Battery minerals: A question of purity?,” Battery Minerals, pp. 41–45, Aug-2015.
Energy requirement during a life cycle
[email protected], [email protected] (corresponding author)
20
50
References
Material production
Energy requirement
Conventional technologyIdeal clean technology
Resources-intensive "clean" technology
Illustrative demonstration of the importance of overall impact
Energy efficiency of the final product is not sufficientfor evaluating the environmental footprint of a technology!
Higher energy requirement despite improved efficiency of the product
Emissions Waste Emissions Waste
Manufacturing Final product Recycling
DisposalService
Aluminum Aluminum
(significant ash content)
Anisotropic and density dependent properties
Some applications such as batteries or fuel cells require high-purity graphite (up to 99.9995% fixed carbon content)Acid, caustic, or high temperature treatments are used to achieve high puritiesPurification is expected to be the major source of pollution in graphite production