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© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
LABORATORY TESTING: SAFETY PARAMETERS
Technical base
Resources
Competence
DECEMBER 2020
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Laboratory organization (example)
MAIN DIRECTIONS / Types of analysis
CONTAMINANTS
MOLECULAR GENETICS
QUALITYSYSTEMS
Pesticides, Mycotoxins,
Dioxins/ PCBs,
Heavy metals, etc.
GMO, Allergens, Identification
of type (plant / animal origin)
PROXIMATE CHEMISTRY
Moisture, Protein,
Wet gluten, Oil content, Fiber,
Ash, etc.
MICROBIOLOGY
Food & feed microbiology
PHYTOSANITARY/QUARANTINE
Ento-, Herbo-, Myco-, Bacterio-,
Phytohelmintho- & Virological
expertise's
ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Research and Development
Department
ISO17025/ILAC accreditation example
NB. Check sphere of accreditation
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Laboratory assurance program (example)
* Limit of detection/quantification
QUALITY SYSTEMS
LEVEL 2
ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 4
INTER-LABORATORY
CONTROL
LEVEL 3
INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL
Unique laboratory number
of the sample on all steps
• Sample registration
• Sample preparation
• Analytical process
• Reporting
Validation parameters
• Linearity
• Selectivity
• LOD/Q*
• Precision
• Accuracy
• Uncertainty
Additional parameters
• System suitability
• Robustness
• Others (on request)
Multiplex control
• Spiked Sample• Calibration curve• Quality Control sample• “Blind samples”• Analysis in doubling• Reagent blank• Solvent calibration vs
Matrix calibration
International and local
proficiency tests
• GAFTA• FOSFA• FAPAS• Bipea• Local providers
TRACKING SYSTEM
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Food safety parameters in terms of priority*
# TESTFOOD FEED
ANALYTMETHOD
Testing importance CHROMATOGRAPHY OTHERS
1 Pesticides + +Organochlorine, Organophosphorus,
Pyrethroids, Carbamates, Glyphosate /
Glufosinate, Diquat, Mepiquat etc.
GC/MS, GC/MS/MS,
HPLC/MS/MS-
2 Mycotoxins
+ +
Aflatoxins (B1,B2,G1,G2 and summ) HPLC/RF, LC/MS/MS ELISA
Ochratoxin А HPLC/RF, LC/MS/MS ELISA
Zearalenone HPLC/RF, LC/MS/MS ELISA
DON (+ 3-Ас-DON, 15-Ac-DON) LC/MS/MS ELISA
Т2/НТ2 toxins and summ LC/MS/MS ELISA
Optional Optional DAS LC/MS/MS -
Maize only Fumonisins LC/MS/MS ELISA
3Toxic elements
(“Heavy metals")
+ + Lead (Pb) - ААС / ICP
+ + Cadmium (Cd) - ААС / ICP
Optional + Mercury (Hg) - ААС / ICP
Optional + Arsenic (As) - ААС / ICP
4Sanitary
microbiologyOptional +
Bacteria (Salmonella, E.coli etc.) - Culture medium
Yeast & Molds - Culture medium
5 Dioxins and PCBs Optional Optional PCDD/F & PCBs APGC/MS/MS -
6 PAHs Optional Optional Benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 HPLC/RF -
Regulations: CODEX, EU Reg 32 (feed); 1881 (food), 396; other* As per IFIA Bulletins 11-01 and 14-01
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Chromatography detectors
1. Gas Chromatography (GC):
№ Detectors Tests
1 FID (flame ionization)FAC, Solvent residues, Waxes,
Mineral oils (MOSH/MOAH), Sterols, Phthalates
2 MS or MS/MS (mass-spectrometric) Thermostable pesticides, Dioxins
2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC):
№ Detectors Tests
1 SPD (spectrophotometric, UV) Glucosinolates, Antioxidants
2 RF (fluorescent) Mycotoxins (Afla, Ochra, Zeara), BaP, PAHs, tocopheroles
3 MS or MS/MS (mass-spectrometric) Thermo-sensitive and polar pesticides, Mycotoxins
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Mycotoxins
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
MycotoxinsMycotoxins are fungal metabolic products.
- EC Regulation 1881/2006
- Directive 2002/32/EC
- EU Recommendation 2006/576/EC
- EU Recommendation 2013/165/EU
MycotoxinsType of
producer
Cargoes, prone to
affection
Method
(+ LOQ, ppb)
Max allowed
for FOOD by ЕС Reg., ppb
Max allowed
for FEED by ЕС Reg., ppbMax allowed
as per
GMP+, ppbCereals Maize Cereals Maize
Aflatoxin B1
Aspergillus Cereals (esp. Corn)
HPLC/RF (0,8 ppb);
ELISA (1 ppb);
HPLC/MSMS (0,5 ppb)
2 5 20 5
Aflatoxin total
(B1, B2, G1, G2)
HPLC/RF (2 ppb);
ELISA (2 ppb);
HPLC/MSMS (1 ppb)
4 10 NL NL
OchratoxinAspergillus &
PenicilliumCereals (esp.Oat)
HPLC/RF (0,4 ppb);
ELISA (2 ppb);
HPLC/MSMS (1,6 ppb)
5 250 600
Zearalenone Fusarium Cereals (esp. Corn)
HPLC/RF (5 ppb);
ELISA (25 ppb);
HPLC/MSMS (5 ppb)
100 350 2000 100
DON (Vomitoxin) FusariumCereals (esp. Wheat,
Corn)
ELISA (250 ppb);
HPLC/MSMS (50 ppb)1250 1750 8000 1000
Т2/НТ2 Fusarium Cereals (esp. Corn)ELISA (25 ppb);
HPLC/MSMS (10 ppb)50 100 100
200
Maize and
Barley
200
Fumonisin Fusarium Cereals (esp. Corn)ELISA (250 ppb);
HPLC/MSMS (60 ppb)NL 4000 NL 60000 60000
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
percentage of tested samples with the presence of a pest percentage of tested samples with mass defeatin green In blue
Region
Pest
Reg
ion
1
Reg
ion
2
Reg
ion
3
Reg
ion
4
Reg
ion
5
Reg
ion
6
Reg
ion
7
Reg
ion
8
Reg
ion
9
Reg
ion
10
Reg
ion
11
Reg
ion
12
Reg
ion
13
Reg
ion
14
Reg
ion
15
Reg
ion
16
Reg
ion
17
Percentage of samples with the presence of a pest
Fusarium moniliforme 6 13 4 94 2 52 36 40 23 29 46 5 74 52 49 17 22
Fusarium graminearum 11 12 17 12 16
Fusarium culmorum 5 6 13 20 2
Sorosporium reilianum 12 21 30 13 21 7 7 14
Cladosporium herbarum 26 12 8 22 13 25 25 36 26 12 23 16 42 50 16 36 13
Alternaria alternata 44 76 80 64 87 90 65 25 66 98 99 92 81 70 87 60 60
Helminthosporium maydis 11 2 8 13 2 21 14
Ustilago zeae 12 17 6 11 16 29 33 50
Epicoccum neglectum 11 62 12 40 16 42 10 24
Puccinia maydis 5 3 1 3
Nigrospora oryzae 20 9 3 12 2 5 7
Cephalosporium maydis 1 1
Cercospora zeae-maydis 2 3
Ascochyta maydis 2 5 4 3 3
Curvularia lunata 1
Aspergillum spp. 15 13 7 8 10 7
Mycological monitoring before harvesting (example)
not detected in the tested samples
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Mycotoxins in Corn (2019; 2020) (example)
crop 2019
crop 2020 Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin Sum(B1, B2, G1, G2)
Ochratoxin A Zearalenone DON T2/HT2 Fumonisins B1+B2
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Aflatoxins
Aflatoxins form one of the main groups of mycotoxins.
Aflatoxin is produced by two kinds of fungi: Aspergillus flavus produces B1 and B2, andAspergillus parasiticus produces all 4 types of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. They are verytoxic even at low concentrations. In addition, they are among the strongest naturalcarcinogens.
• Cereals
• Corn
• Sunflower seeds
• Soybeans
• Peanut
These compounds are slightly soluble in water (10 - 20 μg /l), insoluble in nonpolar
solvents. They are not subject to destruction under the influence of temperatures.
Complete destruction of aflatoxins can be achieved by treating them with ammonia or
sodium hypochlorite.
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Afla G2
Afla G1
Afla B2
Afla B1
DIRECTIVE 2002/32/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 7 May 2002 on undesirable substances in animal
feed
Chromatogram of the sample containing Aflatoxins
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins that are formed as secondary metabolites of moldfungi of the Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus genus, as well as some otheraspergillus species, including A.carbonarius and A. niger.
Ochratoxin is usually formed when the grain is not properly stored in moist and warmconditions (> 20 °C), therefore they are called mycotoxins of storage.
It is readily soluble in polar organic solvents and aqueous solution of sodiumhydrogencarbonate, slightly soluble in water. In its pure form it is unstable, sensitive to lightand oxygen, it is stable in solutions.
Ochratoxin A
• Corn
• Barley
• Wheat
• Rice
• Coffee
• Grape
Ochratoxin A
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) belongs to the toxic mycotoxins of thetrichothecene group formed as a result of the activity of mold fungi of the Fusariumgraminearum and Fusarium culmorum genus, affecting plants on the field.
DON is less toxic than other trichothecenes (e.g., than T-2 toxin)
DON, like related metabolites, is readily soluble in polar organic solvents –acetonitrile, acetone, chloroform.
• Wheat
• Corn
• Barley
Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin)
Vomitoxin
Fusarium graminearum
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Zearalenone
• Corn
• Barley
• Wheat
• Oats
Zearalenone (ZON) is produced by some species of Fusarium graminearum and F. roseum.
Zearalenone itself is not toxic, but as a result of metabolism, its end products show estrogenic
activity.
Attack by microscopic fungi of the Fusarium genus occurs both in the field, on the root, and
during storage.
Heat treatment in neutral or acidic medium does not destroy zearalenone, but in alkaline
medium at 100 °C for 60 minutes about 50% of toxin is destroyed. Treatment of contaminated
corn with 0.03% ammonium persulphate solution or 0.01% hydrogen peroxide solution also
leads to the destruction of zearalenone.
zearalenone
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Trichothecene T-2 is formed as a result of the activity of various Fusarium fungi,
including F. Sporo trichioides, F. poae and F. Acuinatum, which can grow on
different crops during their storage, especially in regions with a cold climate and
high humidity.
HT-2 toxin is a derivative of T-2 toxin, and its effect on the animal body is largely
similar to that of T-2.
T-2 toxin - non-volatile, resistant to the action of various factors, chemically stable
in air.
Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) - the greatest amount of DAS on average is formed byF. langsethiae strains.
Out of all the trichothecenes, T-2 toxin and DAS attract special attention becauseof their high toxicity.
• Wheat
• Corn
• Barley
• Oat
• Soybeans
T-2/HT-2
DiacetoxyscirpenolFusarium poae
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Fumonisin is a mycotoxin, which is a product of the activity of the fungusFusarium moniliforme, which affects plants on the field.The most common and dangerous is mycotoxin fumonisin B1.
Fumonisin is readily soluble in water and polar solvents. At a temperature of +125 °C, only 25-30% of these toxins are destroyed, and more than 90% isdestroyed when heated above + 175 °C.
Fusarium moniliformae
Fusarium contaminated wheat grains
• Wheat
• Corn
• Barley
Fumonisin
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Pesticides
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
№ Name of pesticide Type of biological effect Method Units
Max allowed for
Wheat
по ЕС. Reg.
396/2005
LOQ Result
Organochlorine pesticides
… ….
Lindane (HCH, gamma) Insecticide, Acaricide BS EN 15662:2018 (GC/MSMS) ppm 0,01 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Endrin Insecticide, Rodenticide BS EN 15662:2018 (GC/MSMS) ppm 0,01 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Organophosphorus pesticides
…
Bromophos-ethyl Insecticide BS EN 15662:2018 (GC/MSMS) ppm 0,05 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Butamifos Herbicide BS EN 15662:2018 (GC/MSMS) ppm 0,01 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Cadusafos Insecticide, Nematocides BS EN 15662:2018 (GC/MSMS) ppm 0,01 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Pyrethroids
…
Cypermethrin Insecticide BS EN 15662:2018 (GC/MSMS) ppm 2,00 0,01 0,09
Carbamates
…
Methomyl Insecticide, Acaricide BS EN 15662:2018 (GC/MSMS) ppm 0,02 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Termostable pesticides (Laboratory report example)
Chemical classes, Biological effect, Limits
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
№ Name of pesticide Type of biological effect Method Units
Max allowed for
Wheat
по ЕС. Reg.
396/2005
LOQ Result
Triazoles/ Triazines
…
Triasulfuron HerbicideBS EN 15662:2018
(HPLC/MS/MS)ppm 0,05 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Others
…
Benomyl FungicideBS EN 15662:2018
(HPLC/MS/MS)ppm 0,10 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Polar pesticides
Glufosinate Herbicide (HPLC/MS/MS) ppm 0,03 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Glyphosate Herbicide (HPLC/MS/MS) ppm 10,00 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Diquat Herbicide (HPLC/MS/MS) ppm 0,02 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Mepiquat Growth regulator (HPLC/MS/MS) ppm 3,00 0,01 ND, (< 0,01)
Termo-sensitive pesticides (Laboratory report execution)
Chemical classes, Biological effect, Limits
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Max allowed limits for Pesticides as per EU Regulationshttps://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/products/?event=details&p=240
Oil soluble
* means MRL = LOQ
https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/products/?event=details&p=240
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Pesticides in Wheat 2020 (example)
0.0
1
0.0
89
0.0
1
0.0
16
0.0
1
0.0
82
0,5
72
0.0
36
2
0,0
1
0,67
EU Regulation limits, ppm
2 10 5 0,3
12 2
23
2 0,5
0,0
1
3
USA limits, ppm
0,2 30
0,0
1
0,1
5
2 0,5
0,0
1
2
CODEX limits, ppm
2
0,0
1
0,0
1
0,1
5
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Heavy metals
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Toxicity of heavy metals
• Heavy metals are toxic to human health
• Most common heavy metals are lead (Pb), mercury (Hg),cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As)
• They are mainly produced by industrial activities, and depositslowly in the surrounding water and soil
• Mercury is highly toxic in vapor form but lead, cadmium andarsenic are more toxic in their cationic form
• Toxicity arises from strong affinity of the heavy metal cationsfor sulfur
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Toxicity of trace heavy metals
Metal Toxicity Effect
ArsenicIrritation of respiratory system, liver and kidney damage, loss of appetite, nausea and
vomiting etc
Cadmium Lung, liver and kidney damage; irritation of respiratory system
Chromium Lung damage and irritation or respiratory system
Mercury Irritation of respiratory system; lung, liver and kidney damage
Lead Lung and liver damage; loss of appetite, nausea etc
Nickel Lung, liver and kidney damage
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Methods for measurement of trace metals
Most common method of collecting particulate matter
is through filters Identification and concentration of
individual trace metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic,
mercury and chromium is determined by:
• Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS);
AAS detects elements through the application of
characteristic wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
from a light source. AAS takes advantage of the different
radiation wavelengths that are absorbed by different
atoms.
• Inductively coupled plasma (ICP);
ICP is an analytical technique, used to identify and quantify
chemical elements present within a certain sample. It uses
ionized Argon gas, which is called plasma. An Argon
plasma can reach a temperature of 10000K that allows it to
ionize all the elements present in the material, quantifying
themAtomic absorption spectrophotometer ContrAA800 (Analytik Jena)
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Heavy metals limits by EU requirements
Metals
Max allowed
for FOOD
by EC Regulation 1881/2006
and
CODEX STAN 193-1995
Max allowed
for FEED
by Directive 2002/32/EC, ppm
Wheat Corn Feed materials
Lead, ppm 0,2 10
Cadmium, ppm 0,2 0,1 1
Arsenic, ppm No limits 2
Mercury, ppm No limits 0,1
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
crop 2019
crop 2020
Statistics for Heavy metals in Wheat (2019; 2020) (example)
Arsenic (As) Mercury (Hg) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb)
Ave
rag
e, p
pm
LOQ, ppm
2,0 0,1 1,0 10,0EU Reg, ppm
Feed (32)
NL NL 0,1 0,2EU Reg, ppm
Food (1881)
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Microbiology Testing
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Express-testing Classic Microbiology ELISA PCR-analysis
Methods of microbiology testing
Total bacterial count, Mold and Yeast, E. coli and Coliform, Salmonella, Listeria and etc.
https://faculty.weber.edu/coberg/class/3853/3853%20Microbial%20Testing%20Procedures.htm
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Maximum allowable microbiological limits for grain and feed materials by country
Country / Document CargoMolds,
CFU/g
Salmonella,
in 25 gr
E. coli,
CFU/g
Coliforms,
CFU/g
S. aureus,
CFU/g
APC*,
CFU/g
Europe / Customs Union
No. 299
Cereal grains
Oilseeds- - - - - -
Europe / GMP+BA1 Feeding stuffs 1x106 Absent - - - -
Spain / Info list Raw materials for feeds - Absent Free - < 10 -
USA, Philippines / FDA Cereal grains 1x104 Absent 1x104 1x104 - 1x106
Egypt / ESS:1683 Corn - - Free - - -
China / GB 13078Corn, wheat bran
Feeding stuffs
4x104
4,5x104Absent
Absent
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Jordanian /Tech Reg 1200 Wheat 1x105 - - - - -
Iran / ISIRI 1445-2018 Corn 1x103 Absent ˂ 10 - - -
Sudan / SDS 2013 Cereal grains 1x104 - - - - -
Lebanon / NL 242 Wheat 1X105 Absent - - - -
“-” no limits
* CFU/g – a colony-forming units per gram
** Aerobic Plate Count
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Dioxins and PCBsand
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons
(PAHs)
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
PAHs vs Dioxins/PCBs: main sources PAHsAnthropogenic human activity: - Heating - combustion products of wood, coal or other biomasses- Operation of mechanisms - exhaust from motor vehicles, products of
incomplete combustion of diesel and solid fuel engines- Chemical and oil refining industry- Road surfaces - asphalt, bitumen
Human activity:- Some food products - smoked meats, fried meats, coffee/chocolate - as
a result of surface charring- Tobacco smokeNatural sources and natural disasters- Volcanoes- Forest fires
Benz[a]pyrene Chrysene
NO CHLORINE
Dioxins/PCBs
Anthropogenic human activity:
- Organochlorine industrial synthesis plants
- Pulp and paper industry using chlorine for bleaching
- Incineration of household waste containing obsolete polyvinyl chloride
products
- Production of chlorphenol herbicides, especially, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T;
Human activity:
--
Natural sources and natural disasters- Forest fires after forest treatment with organochlorine pesticides
Dioxin (PCDD)
YES CHLORINE
PAHs
Drying of grain
Dioxins/PCBs
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
Sample preparation consists of three steps 1 – 3 (for solid matrices - grain and oilseeds, cakes/meals):
Dioxins: APGC/MSMS DetectionDioxins: sample preparation
2. Purification of the extract
Cleaning system DEXTech
3. Concentration
Extraction system Velp Concentration system FMS APGC/MSMS system Waters
1. Extraction
and two steps 2 – 3 (for liquid matrices - vegetable oils):
Dioxins/PCBs testing
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
PAH: HPLC/RF DetectionPAH: sample preparation
Sample preparation consists of two steps for vegetable oils:1. Purification 2. Concentration
PAHs testing
© Cotecna Inspection SA All rights reserved. The data herein contained has been prepared for illustrative purposes only and is presented in the context of an informal sharing of information
and views. Neither Cotecna Inspection S.A. nor any of its affiliated companies make any representation or warranty with regards to its accuracy or take any responsibility for any use that any
party may make of it.
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Please contact us for any further questions:
Arina KorchmaryovaMBA, BSc Chemistry and Biotechnology
DECEMBER, 2020