LABORATORY-MEASURED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES · 2007. 5. 8. · sound velocity, 2-minute GRAPE wet-bulk density, gravimetric wet-bulk density, wet-water content, and porosity on the same

APPENDIX I. METHODS FOR LABORATORY-MEASURED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES,GEARHART-OWEN WELL LOGS, AND THE UYEDA DOWN-HOLE TEMPERATURE

PROBE, LEG 61, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT1

Robert E. Boyce, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Deep Sea Drilling Project, La Jolla, California

LABORATORY-MEASUREDPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Introduction

In the laboratory, we measured heat conductivity,sound velocity, 2-minute GRAPE wet-bulk density,gravimetric wet-bulk density, wet-water content, andporosity on the same sample, when possible.

An attempt was made to obtain an undisturbed sam-ple. This is a serious problem in the upper 200 meters ofthe hole, where the sediments are soft, as the drill bit is25 cm in diameter, with the ~ 6-cm-diameter coring holewithin this cutting bit. Most soft sediments are literally"squirted" into the core barrel and completely dis-turbed.

Because of this core disturbance, few discrete sam-ples for physical-property measurements were taken inthe upper part of the hole; however, the continuous-analog GRAPE was always run. Also as a result of thedegree of core disturbance in the upper part of the hole,and stiffness of samples which were not disturbed, vaneshear strength could be measured on only a small num-ber of "semi-soft" samples.

The criterion for an undisturbed sample is undis-torted bedding or laminae in the sample. The obviousproblem with this criterion is that a completely homoge-neous soft-sediment core would not be sampled, even ifit were undisturbed.

In general, sediment remained in the core liner forabout 2 hours. The core section was split, and sampleswere selected immediately for heat-conductivity meas-urement, which was done immediately (2-5 minutes).Then a D-shaped sample was cut for the sound-velocitymeasurement, and a smear slide was made; this samplewas wrapped in plastic and placed in a small plastic boxwith a wet sponge. The sample was then removed fromthe plastic wrapper, and its surface cleaned with either aspatula or file. Distilled water was squirted on these sur-faces, and the velocities were measured; then theGRAPE 2-minute wet-bulk-density determination wasmade. Afterward, a sub-sample was cut for gravimetricdetermination of wet-water content, wet-bulk density,and porosity; this sample was cleaned and wrapped inplastic, then sealed in a plastic vial with a wet towel. Thevial was placed in a refrigerator above freezing until itcould be processed.

Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 61.

Basalt samples were handled differently, because ofDSDP's official curatorial process. Basalt was not in aplastic liner; therefore, it was necessary to select sound-velocity samples when the cores arrived on deck andwere brought into the laboratory. These core segmentswere wrapped in plastic until the samples were processedby the DSDP curator and eventually split. After the coresegment was split, heat conductivity was measured im-mediately (2-5 minutes) on the split core. Then a mini-core (~2 cm diameter) was drilled out of this 1/2 coresegment. This mini-core was wrapped in plastic andplaced in a plastic vial with a damp sponge until velocityand a 2-minute GRAPE were measured. Velocity wasmeasured across the axis of the mini-core, and 2-minuteGRAPE was measured parallel to the axis of the mini-core. The mini-core was then wrapped in plastic andsealed in a vial with a wet sponge and placed in a refrig-erator (slightly above freezing) until its wet-bulk den-sity, wet-water content, and porosity were gravimet-rically determined.

A variation on the basalt sampling method was asfollows: in some cases we measured the velocity of thebasalt when the core first arrived on deck. The velocityof the basalt was measured across the 6.6-cm diameterof the core after filing and wetting with distilled water.This core sequence was then wrapped with plastic untilcuratorial procedures were completed and it was split.The remaining physical properties were measured as dis-cussed in the mini-core method. This method gives bet-ter and significantly higher velocities than the mini-coremethod. This is true because (1) sample size is larger,which reduces the error, and (2) the sample will never bemore saturated with water than at that time.

The mini-core method was used at Hole 462 in Cores60 through 66, and the full-core-diameter method wasused on Cores 66 through 69. At Hole 462A, the full-core-diameter method was used from Core 15 throughCore 74. From Core 75 to 92, new shipboard physical-property scientists, who were not satisfied with thewhole-core-diameter method, again used the mini-coretechnique; occasionally velocity was measured acrossthe radius of a split core. Because of these differenttechniques, it will not be possible to precisely compareall these data, as in scatter diagrams, etc.

Heat Conductivity

Heat conductivity is the quantity of heat per secondwhich will flow between opposite faces of a cube whenthere is a 1°C temperature difference between opposite

865

R. E. BOYCE

faces of the cube. For a 1-cm cube, heat conductivity isa coefficient in units of cal 10~3/(cm °C s).

Heat conductivity was measured with a Quick Ther-mal Conductivity Meter (QTM). This device uses a rec-tangular pad with a heater and thermocouple, which isplaced on a flat rock sample,2 and the thermal conduc-tivity is "automatically" measured (over a 20-secondperiod; thus, drift is small) calculated, and displayed ona panel. The device has known standards which are runwith measurements. Deviation from these standards isslight, and correction factors (Tables 1, 2, and 3) are ap-plied to all conductivities after they are adjusted to21 °C (Table 4). The principle is that described in VonHerzen and Maxwell (1969), except that the heater andthermocouple are between a pad (on the surface of thesplit core) and the rock; in the Von Herzen and Maxwell(1969) technique, the needle is centered in a complete,round sediment core. Because the needle is placed on thesample surface then, the formula used by Von Herzenand Maxwell (1969) is divided in half and a new em-pirical correction factor is inserted that empiricallycalibrates the data for the probe, etc.

However, to be certain that we were getting gooddata, we ran as many standards as possible and, in addi-tion, inserted our own correction factor. One of thereasons for doing this is that the only working needlepad was not waterproof; therefore, we inserted a thinfilm of plastic between the needle pad and flat rock sur-face.

The conductivity standards are accurate only to± 5 % and the precision of the QTMR data is ± 10%. Allraw thermal-conductivity data are presented in Table 4;

The thermal conductivity pad is of very soft, pliable, cheesecloth-like fibers; the heat-ing element is a ~ 2-mm-wide, pliable metal foil. A very thin pliable film of plastic was placedover the water-saturated sample. A weight on the soft pad molded the heating foil and padfibers; therefore, any error resulting from a slightly irregular surface to the slightly irregularsample surface is probably relatively small compared to the ± 10% precision of the QTM.However, future testing should be done to verify this assumption. The pad was placed on thesample at least 2 minutes prior to measurement.

the temperature of the core was estimated from the timeelapsed between the time of measurement and the timethe core arrived on deck. This was done by using Figure1, which is a plot of temperature of water in a core linerversus time, as it rises for ~ 2 to ~ 24°C while setting atroom temperature (~24°C) for 5 hours. This curveshould be the maximum time required by the cores. OnCore 36 of Hole 462, we measured the temperature ofthe soft core and noted the time elapsed after the corearrived on deck. Therefore, by entering this temperatureinto the temperature-time curve of Figure 1, we can ex-trapolate backward to that time when the core arrivedon deck. By this technique, we found the temperature ofthe core to be about 14.2°C when it arrived on deck.Therefore, knowing this temperature and knowing whattime had elapsed before the thermal-conductivity meas-urement, we could use the upper time axis in Figure 1 toextrapolate this amount of time from 14.2°C on Figure1 forward through time to find the temperature of thecore during the thermal-conductivity measurements andsound-velocity measurements.

All assumptions, adjustments and correction factorsare in Table 4. Temperature corrections to 21 °C assumea + 1% change in thermal conductivity for every +4°Cchange in temperature (Clark, 1966). This is typical ofwater and is used here for simplicity. The temperatureof the thermal-conductivity measurement was the coretemperature plus the average temperatures during thered and green lights. The red and green lights indicatethe beginning and end of the thermal-conductivitymeasurement, and these temperatures were measuredfrom the QTM machine after the QTM was zeroed atcore temperature.

The conductivity data from measurements on stand-ards were corrected to 21 °C before calculating cor-rection factors (Tables 1-3). All thermal-conductivitydata were corrected to 21 °C before multiplying by theappropriate correction factor derived from the stand-

Table 1. Leg 61 QTM thermal-conductivity values for the 1.16 (kcal/mh°C) standard, whilethe QTM is set at 20 sec, heater = 8, and mode = high.

Date

9 July 19789 July 19789 July 19789 July 19789 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 1978

Qiivi sellingsTime

(s)

20202020202020202020

Heater

8888888888

Notes: Number of Samples =Mean at 45Mean at 21

°C =

°c =Range = + 2 . 3 %

E rical Cmpm

Mode

HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh

0.

RoomTemperature

CO

23232323232424242424

1.193 kcal/mh°Cat ~45°C.1.121 kcal/mh°C

-3.7%.

'_

„ true conductivity at 21 °C

Average ofRed and GreenTemperatures

ΔTCO

(21 + 24)/2 = 22.5(22 + 24)/2 = 23.0(21 + 24)/2 = 22.5

(20.5 + 23)/2 = 21.75(21 + 24)/2 = 22.5(22 + 24)/2 = 23.0(22 + 25)/2 = 23.5(22 + 25)/2 = 23.5(21 + 24)/2 = 22.5(24 + 22)/2 = 23.0

Temperature ofMeasurement(room temp.

+ ΔT)CO

45.54645.544.7545.547

47.547.546.547.0

it ~21°C (temperature correction = -0.25% per °C).

1.1339 kcal/mr

1.12 kcal/mh1 0124

C

QTM

Measurementof StandardConductivity(kcal/mh°C)

1.1491.1791.2201.1901.2121.1811.1891.1991.2031.207

TheoreticalConductivity

Value ofStandard

(kcal/mh°C)

: .16.16.16.16.16.16.16.16.16.16

measured conductivity at 21 °C

It is assumed that the value of 1.16 kcal/mh°C for the QTM conductivity standard corresponds to a temperature of 30°C (Tabata,personal communication, 1979), and this corresponds to 1.1339 kcal/mh°C at 21 °C (correction of -0.25% per C°).Kis used with conductivity data measured with the QTM at these settings: time (sec) = 20, heater = 8, and mode = high. The QTMmeasures conductivity in units of kcal/mh°C. This value is (1) adjusted ( - 0.25% per °C) to 21 °C, (2) adjusted by multiplying withthe proper correction factor, K, and (3) converted to units of (cal 10-3)/(cm s °C) by using a conversion factor of 2.778.

866

METHODS FOR LABORATORY-MEASURED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Table 2. Leg 61 thermal conductivity standard values for the 1.16 (kcal/mh°C) standard, while the QTM isset at 20 sec, heater = 4, and mode = high.

Hole

_

———————————_——

—_—

462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A

Core

_

———————————

_

_

—1416283739484950515255575859606465676869

78

H-49

17182832383940454651525961626465656768707174767778798081848587888990

Q i ivi sellingsTime(sec)

202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020

Heater

444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

Mode

HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh

RoomTemperature

CO

23.523.523.523.523.523.523.523.523.523.52424242424232323232323.523.5242424.52424242424242424242424242424232424242424?24242424242423242424232424242424242424242421.521.521.521.521.521.5212222222222

Average ofRed and GreenTemperature

ΔT( ° Q

(10? + 11.5)/2 =(9? + ll)/2 =

(10? + 11.3)/2 =(10? + 12)/2 =(10? + 12)/2 =(10? + 12)/2 =(10? + 12)/2 =(10? + 12)/2 =(10? + 12)/2 =

(10? + 11.3)/2 =(12 + 13)/2 =(11 + 13)/2 =

(11 + 12.5)/2 =(11 + 12.5)/2 =(11 + 12.5)/2 =

(16 + 18)/2 =(11.5 - 13)/2 =(11 - 12.5)/2 =

(12 + 13)/2 =(11 + 12.5)/2 =

1212?12?13.513.5?13.5?11.011.510.510.5?10.5?10.5?10.5?10.5?10.5?11.010.511.011.012.512.5?12.5?121212?121313?13?13?13?13?13?13?1211.0121212111212?11.51211.513.511.5?11.5?11.5?11.5?11.5?11.5?12?11?11?11?11?I P

10.751010.7511111111111110.7512.51211.7511.7511.751712.7511.7512.511.75


+ ΔT( ° O

34.2533.534.2534.534.534.534.534.534.534.2536.53635.7535.7535.754035.2534.7535.534.7533.533.5?34?34.25?34.25?34.25?33.535.534.534.5?34.5?34.5?34.5?34.5?34.5?3534.53535.035.535.5?35.5?363636363737?37?37?37?37?37?37?3634363636353636?35.53635.537.533?33?33?33?33?33?33?13?

33-33?33?33?

QTMMeasurementof StandardConductivity(kcal/mh°C)

::

:

.136

.117

.132

.172

.182

.169

.168

.161

.158

.154

.130

.100

.100

.107

.099

.092

.119

.100

.094

.074

.141

.186

.135

.148

.150

.213

.140

.14

.139

.155

.155

.136

.154

.136

.133

.130

.159

.135

.265

.179

.115

.194

.103

.084

.094

.104

.096

.075

.089

.038

.116

.019

.118

.125

.101

.110

.123

.110

.137

.091

.097

.057

.135

.076

.107

.072

.166

.152

.154

.161

.160

.1601.1541.1551.1541.1661.1571.150


Value ofStandard

(kcal/mh°C)

1.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.161.1601.1601.1601.161.161.161.161.16

Date

28 May 197828 May 197828 May 197828 May 197828 May 197828 May 197828 May 197828 May 197828 May 197828 May 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19789 July 19789 July 19789 July 19789 July 19789 July 1978

——

————————————————

———_—————————————————————————————

Notes: Number of samples = 78.Mean at -35°C = 1.131 (kcal)/(mh°C).Mean at ~21°C = 1.096 (kcal/mh°C) (temperature correction = -0.25% per °C).Range = +7.0%, -9.8%.

Empirical correction factor = K\1.1339 (kcal/mh°C)

1.096 (kcal/mh°C)= 1.035.

A: =true conductivity at 21 °C


It is assumed that the value of 1.16 kcal/mh°C for the QTM conductivity standard corresponds to a temperature of 30° (Tabata, personal communica-tion, 1979), and this corresponds to 1.1339 kcal/mh°C at 21°C (correction of -0.25% per °C).(•K0.196STD + *1.16STD) / 2 = (1.030+ l.O35)/2 = 1.0325 = averaged A", which is used with the conductivity data measured with the QTM at thesesettings: time (sec) = 20, heater = 4, and mode = high. The QTM measures conductivity in units of kcal/mh°C. This value is (1) adjusted (-0.25%per °C) to 21 °C, (2) adjusted by using correction factor, K, and (3) converted to units of (cal 10~3)/(cm sec °C) by using a conversion factor of2.778.

867

R. E. BOYCE

Table 3. Leg 61 QTM thermal-conductivity values for the 0.196 (kcal/mh°C) standard, while the QTM is set at 20 sec, heater = 4, and mode =high.

Hole

—————————

462462462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A

Core

————————_4855

9323840516465676874

Q i ivi aeumgsTime(sec)

20202020202020202020202020?20?20?20?20?

20?20?20?20?20?

Heater

4444444444444444444444

Mode

HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh

RoomTemperature

( ° Q

24242424242323232323242424?242424242424242424

Average ofRed and GreenTemperatures

ΔT(°C)

(21 + 28)/2 = 24.5(21 + 27)/2 = 24(21 + 28)/2 = 24.5(21 + 28)/2 = 24.5(21 + 28)/2 = 24.5(22 + 28)/2 = 25(22 + 27)/2 = 24.5(21 + 27)/2 = 24.5(21 + 27)/2 = 24.5(21 + 27)/2 = 24.5

24?24?

(22? + 27)/2 = 24.524.5?24.5?24.5?24.5?242424.5?2424


+ ΔT( ° Q

48.54848.548.548.54847.547.547.547.548?48?48.548.5?48.5?48.5?48.5?484848.5?4848

QTMMeasurementof StandardConductivity(kcal/mh°C)

0.1950.1960.2000.2000.2000.2020.2060.2020.2010.1990.1920.2010.1940.1960.2030.2020.1990.2000.2030.2000.2010.200


Value ofStandard

(kcal/mh°C)

0.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.1960.196

Date

8 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19789 July 19789 July 19789 July 19789 July 19789 July 1978

————————————

Notes: Number of samples = 22.Mean at 48 °C = 0.1996 (kcal/mh°C).Mean at 21 °C = 0.1861 (kcal/rmVC) (temperature correction = -0 .25% perRange = + 3 . 2 % , - 2 . 8 % .

' Q .

Empirical correction factor = K =0.1916 (kcal)/(mh°C)

0.1861 (kcal/mh°C)= 1.030.

IStrue conductivity at 21 °C


It is assumed that the value of 1.16 kcal/mh°C for the QTM conductivity standard corresponds to a temperature of 30° (Tabata, personal com-munication, 1979), and this corresponds to 1.1339 kcal/mh°C at 21 °C (correction of -0 .25% per °C).(^0.196 STD + ^1.16 S T D ) / 2 = (1-030 + 1.035)/2 = 1.0325 = averaged K, which is used with the conductivity data measured with the QTM atthese settings: time (sec) = 20, heater = 4, and mode = high. The QTM measures conductivity in units of kcal/mh°C. This value is (1) adjusted( - 0.25% per °C) to 21 °C, (2) adjusted by using correction factor, K, and (3) converted to units of (cal 10 ~ 3)/(cm sec °C) by using a conversionfactor of 2.778.

ards. The correction factors are (1) 1.0325 for the datadetermined at equipment settings of time (s) = 20,heater = 4, and mode = high; and (2) 1.0124 for thedata determined at equipment settings of time (s) = 20,heater = 8, and mode = high.

Acoustic Velocity

Handling of sample is as discussed above, in the in-troduction to this appendix.

Acoustic velocity is the compressional velocity at 400kHz through wet-saturated geologic material, reportedin units of km/s.

Velocity was measured with a Hamilton Frame ve-locimeter, which is accurate to ±2°Io. The basic equip-ment and technique are described in Boyce (1973) andtherefore will not be described here, except for calibra-

tion procedures with corresponding data, and samplingtechniques.

Oscilloscope Calibration andVelocity-Correction Factors

The oscilloscope used on Leg 61 was the Tektronix485. The correction factors listed in Table 5 were used tocalculate the sound-velocity data for all holes on Leg 61.The sound-velocity measurements on the lucite, brass,and aluminum semi-standards, assuming the true veloc-ities, are the Schreiber sound velocities listed in Table 6(Boyce, 1973 and 1976a). In addition, distilled water,whose acoustic velocities at given temperatures areknown, is also used as a standard. Apparent-velocitymeasurements are averaged for each semi-standard for agiven µs/cm setting on the oscilloscope (Tables 7-11).

868


Deviations of the averages of apparent velocities meas-ured on the velocimeter from the true velocities of thesemi-standards are used to calculate a set of correctionfactors (K) for each µs/cm setting on the oscilloscope,as follows:

average apparent velocity (K) = true velocity ofsemi-standards

Vane Shear StrengthVane shear strength is the shearing force (kg) per unit

area (cm2), for water-saturated clayey sediment. ForLeg 50 data, it represents primarily clayey cohesion ofthe material, and not (theoretically) friction of thecoarser grains.

Vane shear measurements were attempted on rela-tively undisturbed clay samples. Vane shear strength isdefined as the maximum torque applied to a vane in aclayey sample before failure. Failure theoretically oc-curs around the cylindrical surface area of the vane, andthe final shear strength is the force (kg) per unit area(cm2) of the cylindrical vane. The sample is consideredto be in an undrained condition. Theoretically, shearstrength is made up of cohesion and friction compo-nents, and the vane shear device theoretically (not com-pletely, in reality) measures the cohesional componentof the total shear strength of the sediment.

On Leg 61, vane shear measurements were done withthe DSDP Wykham Farrance Laboratory Vane Appara-tus. All equipment, techniques, and calibrations are dis-cussed in Boyce (1976b) and will not be discussed fur-ther here, except for changes from Boyce (1976a) andother pertinent information. The 1.279 cm (height) ×1.281 cm (diameter) vane (number 2) was used, and itwas buried about 0.5 cm on top and bottom of the sam-ple. Because it was necessary to measure the shearstrength on a split core (in order to find a proper litho-logic sample), the vane was inserted parallel to bedding.The torque to the spring (number 4) was applied at arate of 89°/min. The remolded test was done immedi-ately after rotating the vane 10 times (while it is in thesample).

WET-BULK DENSITY

Introduction

During Leg 61, we used the Gamma Ray AttenuationPorosity Evaluator (GRAPE) device which was devel-oped and described by Evans (1965) and modified asdiscussed by Boyce (1976a). See Boyce (1976a) for cali-bration, discussion, interpretation precautions, andderivation of the shore-based computer calculations ofthe techniques which will be discussed here.

Analog GRAPECalipers were not available for the Leg 61 analog

GRAPE system; thus, diameters were measured byhand. All diameter adjustments to be geometric prob-lems discussed by Boyce (1976a) have been applied. Wewill present only enough information here to show how,

and by which equations in Boyce (1976a), the data werecalculated.

The analog GRAPE data include for each core: (1) a6.61-cm-diameter aluminum standard in liner, (2) a2.54-cm-diameter aluminum standard in liner, and (3)the geologic core in liner. These data were processed (onthe ship) through Equation 15 of Boyce (1976a) (assum-ing a constant attenuation coefficient of 0.1 crnVg anda constant thickness of 6.61 cm for both standards andthe core sample). Then, at the shore-based computer fa-cilities, the resulting data were processed through Equa-tion 25 (Boyce, 1976a); the corrected density of the6.61-cm aluminum standard (ρac) is 2.6 g/cm3, and a1.00-g/cm3 density is assigned to the 2.54-cm aluminumstandard. The latter is substituted for the corrected den-sity (QfC) of the water standard. The Evans (1965) "cor-rected" wet-bulk density (ρbc), obtained from Equation25, is then adjusted for (1) the diameter of the core (theinvestigator may obtain diameters from the core photo-graphs or the DSDP repository if he wishes to manipu-late the data), (2) the "corrected density" of the air,water, sediment, or breccia around the core (see Tables12 and 13), where the diameter of the core is aligned tothe gamma-ray beam (see Table 12). These geometricadjustments are applied by placing ρbc in Equations 32through 36 of Boyce (1976a). The new, geometricallyadjusted ρbc is processed through Equation 27 (Boyce,1976a) to adjust for the anomalous 1.128-g/cm3 "cor-rected" density of sea water. The following parametersare used in Equation 27: grain density (ρg) = 2.7 g/cm3

for sedimentary rock and 3.0 g/cm3 for basalt; "cor-rected" grain density (ρgc) = 2.7 g/cm3 for sedimentaryrock and 3.0 g/cm3 for basalt; fluid density (ρf) = 1.025g/cm3; and "corrected" fluid density (ρfc) = 1.128g/cm3. The final wet-bulk density (ρb) derived fromEquation 27 is the "true" wet-bulk density (± 11% pereach 3.17 mm length along the core), which assumesthat all mineral grains have (1) a quartz attenuation co-efficient, and (2) true and (3) corrected grain densities of2.7 g/cm3.

Static 2-Minute GRAPE

The static mode of the GRAPE allows individualsamples to be counted for a 2-min period with a preci-sion of ± 2 % . These samples are labeled as "GRAPESpecial 2-Minute Count Wet-Bulk Density."

Numerous different-diameter aluminum standardswere run prior to Hole 415, and a set of 2.54-cm and6.61-cm aluminum standards were processed with eachdata sheet. The standards were used to calculate the ap-parent quartz attenuation coefficient (µa), using Equa-tions 22 and 23 in Boyce (1976a). The results of the alu-minum standards, which were run prior and betweencores, are listed in Table 13.

The data in these tables indicate that there is a signifi-cant difference in "apparent" quartz attenuation co-efficients (µa) for different diameter standards, as dis-cussed in Boyce (1976a). Therefore, we calculate our2-minute count GRAPE data as did Boyce (1976a), inthat when we use Equation 24 (Boyce, 1976a) to calcu-

869

oo Table 4.

Hole

462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A

Core

141619191924282837393948494950505051515152545455555657585858595960616262636364656566666666666767676768686869697

H-3H-4H-4H-4H-4

899

171718

Thermal-conductivity calculations and correction factors.

Section

6555556611112354212211313131441121122331212456121223312122233314122

Interval(cm)

16-260-100-10

120-130139-149

0-1044-54

139-14920-30

1-1148-5825-35

117-12853-61

140-1501-11

128-13895-10560-7095-1050-103-13

78-8880-9050-6095-10045-4765-7571-78

128-13843-5360-7055-6550-6080-90

107-11732-34

117-12045-5534-446-16

20-3056-7070-9050-602-127-19

125-1357-19

125-13562-7211-2098-11820-3034-4438-506-14

25-35107-11738-4864-74

131-141125-13712-2186-9548-5811-21

TimeCoreUp(hr)

2050021607000700070018350255025522150133013319182100210022552255225500250025002502341230

14451445164519002100210021002315231504251127155015502046204600530400040009420942094209420942141014101410141020102010201000050005125516000135013501350135182505500550081008101525

TimeMeas.(hr)

052005001020102010202030064506450210073007300900

?

?04370437043707000700070008451502150217001700

77

01000100010002300230083513001700170022152215043006450645?10401100114017001210150015301600163021452200221501150115151518000340034003400340

777

09000900

7

RoomTemp.(°C)

23.523.523232323.524242424.524.5242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424232324242424242424 (estimate)24?24?24?24?24?

Est.Core

Temp.( ° Q

23.521.521.521.521.519.523232323242323?23?23.523.523.523.523.523.523.521.521.5212121?21?23232323232319.218.618.61919232323181920.521.321.517.618.620.221.319.520.220.818.618.621.420.62121212120?212117.517.520?

Temp.Red(°C)

9 (est.)19 (est.)23 (est.)23 (est.)23 (est.)9 (est.)

10 (est.)9 (est.)

12 (est.)9 (est.)

11.5 (est.)11 (est.)9 (est.)

10 (est.)10 (est.)9.5 (est.)

13 (est.)9 (est.)

11 (est.)8.5 (est.)9 (est.)

14 (est.)14 (est.)16 (est.)1517 (est.)10 (est.)10.5 (est.)10.511 (est.)12.5 (est.)10.510.5 (est.)16 (est.)17 (est.)18 (est.)17 (est.)17 (est.)8.5 (est.)

16 (est.)20 (est.)18 (est.)16 (est.)16 (est.)17 (est.)18 (est.)17 (est.)20 (est.)14 (est.)14 (est.)16 (est.)16 (est.)15 (est.)13.5 (est.)14 (est.)17 (est.)17 (est.)19 (est.)17 (est.)9 (est.)9 (est.)

16 (est.)18 (est.)19 (est.)17 (est.)16 (est.)

—

Temp.Green(°C)

11212525251112.511141113.51311121211.515111310.51016161817191212.512.51314.512.512.5181920191910.5182220181819201922161618181715.51619 (est.)19 (est.)21 (est.)19 (est.)11 (est.)11 (est.)18 (est.)20 (est.)21 (est.)19 (est.)18 (est.)

_

Average ofRed and Green

Temp. (°C)

Actual Estimate

— 10— 20— 24— 24— 24— 10— 11— 10— 13— 10— 12.5— 12— 10— 11

11 —10.5 —14

— 10— 12— 9.5— 9— 15— 15— 17— 16— 18— 11— 11.5— 11.5— 12- 13.5— 11.5— 11.5— 17— 18— 19- 18— 18— 9.5— 17— 21— 19— 17— 17— 18— 19— 18— 21— 15— 15— 17— 17— 16— 14.5- 15— 18— 18— 20- 13.5— 10— 10— 17— 19- 20— 18— 17

18 —

Est.Real

Meas.Temp.a

(°C)

33.543.545.5?45.5?45.5?29.534333634363533?34?34.53437.533.535.53332.536.536.5383739?32?34.534.53536.531.531.536.236.637.6373732.54044373647.539.340.535.639.635.236.336.537.236.833.133.639.438.641?39.5313137?404135.534.538?

QTM Settings

Time(s)

20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020

Heater

4444444444444444444448888444444448888848888888888888888448844888888

Mode

HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh

Apparent ThermalConductiv

(kcal/mh °C) \

1.0780.6650.4330.9941.0450.990

(

.089

.027

.006

.1241.837.434.120.419.099.003.017.526.071.581.184.891

1.5181.6391.5720.9011.0700.9741.1681.4021.0901.0451.3561.7632.587

.602

.536

.292

.4982.710.761.774.882.789.723.951.667.900.518.993.585.470.870

2.5151.947.101.899

1.9012.0181.620.653.451

1.5241.423.728

1.8961.667

ity

cal l O " 3 \m sec °C/

2.9951.8471.2032.7612.9032.7503.2942.8532.7973.1222.3253.9843.1113.9423.0532.7862.8254.2392.9754.3923.2895.2534.2174.5534.3672.5032.9722.7063.2453.8953.0282.9033.7674.8987.1874.4504.2673.5894.167.5284.8924.9285.2284.9704.7865.4204.6315.2784.2175.5374.4034.0845.1956.9875.4093.0595.2755.2815.6064.5004.5924.0314.2343.9534.8005.2674.631

ApparentConductivityCorrected to

21°Cb

(kcal/mh °C)

1.0440.6310.4060.9330.98!0.9691.0540.9960.9681.0870.8061.3841.086?1.3731.0620.9700.9751.4781.0321.5341.1501.8181.4591.5691.5090.8601.0410.9411.1291.3531.0481.0181.3201.6962.4861.5361.4751.2401.4552.5811.6601.7031.8111.6701.6441.8561.6061.8121.4641.9171.5241.4101.7962.4391.8861.0501.8151.8061.9251.5801.6121.3931.4521.3521.6651.8321.596?

CorrectionFactor,

&

1.03251.03251.03251.03251.03251.03251.03251.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0124.0124.0124.0124.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0325.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0325.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0325.0325

1.0124.0124

1.0325.0325.0124.0124

1.01241.01241.01241.0124

True^ ThermalConductivity6 at 21 °C

(kcal/mh °C)

1.0780.6510.4190.9631.0131.0001.0881.0290.9991.1220.8321.4281.121?1.4181.0961.0021.0071.5261.0661.5841.1871.8401.4781.5891.5270.889?1.0740.9721.1651.3961.0811.0511.3631.7172.5171.5551.4931.2561.5022.6131.6801.7241.8341.6921.6641.8791.6261.8341.4821.9411.5421.4281.8192.4691.9091.0841.8741.8281.9491.6311.6641.4101.4701.3691.6861.8551.615?

/ca l I 0 " 3 \\cm sec °C/

2.9981.8111.1662.6782.8162.7813.0242.8592.7803.1212.3123.9713.11-8?3.9403.0472.7862.7984.2432.9624.4033.3015.1164.1074.4174.2472.470?2.9872.7013.2393.8833.0072.9203.7904.7746.9974.3214.1503.4914.1767.2654.6714.7935.0984.7014.6275.2234.5215.0994.1205.3944.2883.9695.0556.8645.3073.0135.2105.0825.4174.5354.6263.9214.0873.8064.6875.1564.490?

pr)coO•"*ol-p

462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A

2020242428282828292930303030323838393939404045454646464648484949505050515252585959596161626465656666666666666767676868687071747474747575767777787879797980

12121234241234212123121312451413166312112414221212456713712411123522112121251

23-322-12

12-226-15

115-12585-9571-81

135-145113-12366-7638-4830-4016-267-17

42-4589-91

6-8137-147101-111115-12595-10542-44

100-1101-11

115-125108-118

9-2076-86

105-11560-7074-840-10

15-242-12

120-13063-73

126-136113-12350-6058-6853-6345-5528-3856-6650-60

3-136-16

89-99138-148123-13390-10053-6363-73

1-10112-122

0-1010-2044-5470-80

103-113115-12544-54

1-1175-85

119-13090-10028-38

7-1740-5018-2868-7888-9879-89

134-144?131-141?38-48?26-36?

16451645142014200825082508250825175017500315031503150315100021132113045004500450083008300300030010301030103010300130013005500550115011501150192103210321123422452245224509400940152511451710171023402340234023402340234005150515051512561256125602270550084508450845084522002200090016121612001700170615061506151112

——

160016000930095009500950095020100430043004300430111522302230060006000600100010000430043011301150115013050300030007300800155016001630211504310431

124002400030011351200162013001100110000450045004500450045004506300630063013501400151504000700

7

79

9

03000300120017301730053005301015101510151630

242424242424242424242323232324242424?24?24?24242323242424242323232324242424242424232323242424?24^242424242424242424242424242424242424242421.521.521.521.521.521.521.521.521.521.521.5

242419.6 (est.)19.6 (est.)1819 (est.)19 (est.)19 (est.)17.5191919191919191919.519.519.519.219.219.219.21818182019.219.219.82123.523.523.720.4181819 (est.)19192020.421.41818.823.823.818.318.318.318.318.318.318.818.818.817.818.221.319.318.618.618.618.618.621.521.52016.516.520.520.520.520.520.521

16171618

1817161719

16151617172317

19.517.51616.516.51516.514.516

1816

8

88.58

8.58

—_

—

————

—

_—

——_

19191820

———

2018.5181821

—_

1717191918.52519

2119.517.51818171816.518

_—

2018

——

—9

—9.59.59

—9.5

10

19.5 —18 —24 —19 —19 —19 —18 —20 —18 —20 —18 —16.5 -18.5 —17.5 —21 —19 —18 —18 —19 —18 —21 —20 —20.5 -19 —17.5 —18 —17 —19 -18.5 -20.5 —23.5 —19 —17.75 —17 —17.5 —20 —17 —18 —17.5 —16 —18 —18 —17.75 —24 —18 —17.5 —

— 20?— 20?

20 —18.5 -16.8 —17.3 —17.3 —16 —17 —15 —17 —17 —18 —18 —19 —17 —18 —16 —18 —17 —

— 8.5— 8.58.5 —— 9— 98.8 -9 —8.5 —8.5 —9 —9 —

43.54243.638.63738373935.5393634.536.535.540383737.538.537.540.239.239.738.235.536353937.739.743.34041.340.541.240.4353636.535373838.245.43636.343.843.838.336.835.135.635.634.335.833.835.834.836.239.338.335.636.634.636.635.6303028.525.525.529.529.529293030

2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020204040202020202020202020

888888888888888888888888

8888888888888888888888888888888888888888844444444444

HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh ;HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh

1.614.698.569.433.610.763.669.710.786.896.786.979.469.910.243.618.761.339

1.144.683.281.623.657.679.369.788.600.515.019.610.580.401.727.888.980.695.609.638

High 2.012HighHighHighHighHighHigh

.797

.662

.687

.591

.519

.615High 2.106HighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHighHigh

.777

.728

.839

.627

.910

.886

.873

.767

.745

.904

.727

.892

.781

.855

.649

.553

.591

.780

.895

.534

.737

.907

.719

.613

.673

.650

.614

.579

.590

.740

.221

4.4837.7174.3593.9844.4734.8984.6364.7504.9625.2674.9625.4984.0815.3063.4534.4954.8923.7205.9564.6753.5594.5094.6034.6643.8034.9674.4454.2095.6094.4734.3893.8924.7985.2555.5004.7094.4704.5505.5894.9924.6174.6864.4204.2144.4865.854.9374.8005.1094.5205.3065.2395.2034.9094.8485.2894.7985.2564.9485.2364.5814.3144.4204.9455.2654.2613.0883.3914.7754.4814.1484.5844.4844.3864.4174.8343.392

1.5231.6091.4801.3701.5461.6881.6021.6331.7211.8111.7191.9121.4121.8411.1841.5491.6911.2842.050?1.6141.2201.5491.5801.6071.3191.7211.5441.4471.9351.5351.4921.3341.6391.794?1.8801.6131.5531.5771.9341.7341.5961.6151.5231.4261.5542.0251.6761.6301.7591.5631.8431.8171.8051.7081.6801.8431.6631.8271.7131.7991.5781.4961.5291.7191.8211.4781.6981.8641.6871.5951.6541.6151.5801.5471.5581.7011.194

1.01241.01241.01241.01241.01241.01241.01241.01241.01241.01241.01241.01241.01241.0124.0124

1.01241.01241.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124.0124

1.01241.01241.01241.03251.03251.0325.0325.0325

1.03251.03251.03251.03251.03251.0325

1.5421.6291.4981.3871.5651.7091.6221.6531.7421.8331.7401.9361.4301.8641.1991.5681.7111.3002.0761.6341.2341.5681.5991.6271.3361.7421.5631.4651.9581.5541.5111.3501.6591.8171.9041.6331.5721.5961.9581.7561.6151.6351.5411.4441.5732.0501.6961.6501.7801.5821.8651.8401.8271.7301.7011.8651.6841.8491.7351.8221.5971.5151.5481.7401.8441.4961.7531.9241.7411.6461.7081.6671.6311.5981.6081.7561.232

4.2874.5284.1653.8554.3524.7514.5104.5964.8445.0964.8385.3813.9745.1813.3324.3604.7583.6145.7704.5413.4324.3604.4454.5223.7134.8434.3464.0725.4454.3194.1993.7554.6135.0495.2924.5394.3704.4365.4434.8804.4904.5454.2854.0144.3785.7004.7164.5864.9514.3985.1865.1155.0794.8084.7305;i874.6815.1414.8225.0634.4384.2124.3044.8395.1254.1604.8735.3504.8424.5784.7484.6354.5354.4424.4714.8823.426

3Xo

s3>o

o

k

R. E. BOYCE

E •jg 5 E

„ 1 S

2 X

<

ö -

.1 s;s2

P u :

o o o o o o o o o o o o o ö o o o o o o o

O fN O >̂ O ""> OO

Q O O O O O O O O O O O O O Q O O O O O O

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

i — O"\ O ON O "― ON 0N O Q"1 O~ Q\ O O ON — O O O (

I (N fS — —

O O O O O O O O | O O O O O O. fS <N O O O O. fN r^l — —i —i ~

v̂ v vo

o o o — — i Ov CK Ch Φ

late true density we have to determine /ia by linear inter-polation between the 6.61-cm aluminum standard and2.54-cm aluminum standard, based on the thickness ofthe sample. We will assign a value of 0.1080 cmVg tothe 6.61-cm aluminum standard and 0.1104 cmVg tothe 2.54-cm aluminum standard (averages are in Table13) for Site 462.

The 2-minute GRAPE technique and calculationsused on Leg 61 are summarized as follows: for eachGRAPE 2-minute count determination we measured thegamma count (2 min) through the sample, with a newgamma count (2 min) in air for each sample, and mea-sured the sample's thickness. We then used these val-ues in Equation 24 (Boyce, 1976a) to calculate the Evans(1965) corrected wet-bulk density (ρbC)» using a µa de-rived from linear interpolation (as discussed in Boyce,1976a) between (1) 0.1080 cmVg assigned to the6.61-cm aluminum standard and (2) 0.1104 cmVgassigned to the 2.54-cm aluminum standard. We thentook this ρbc, derived from Equation 24, and placed itinto Equation 21 (Boyce, 1976a) to calculate ''true"wet-bulk density. The following numerical data wereused in Equation 21: (1) grain density (ρg) = 2.7 g/cm3

for sedimentary rock and 3.0 g/cm3 for basalt; (2) cor-rected grain density (ρgc) = 2.7 g/cm3 for sedimentaryrock and 3.0 g/cm3 for basalt; (3) fluid density (ρf) =1.025 g/cm3; and (4) corrected fluid density (ρfc) =1.128 g/cm3. This final "true" wet-bulk density derivedfrom Equation 21 is the value published in the Leg 50volume. See Boyce (1976a) for discussions of errors andassumptions of these formulas.

The GRAPE data assume that the sediments androcks have a 35%O interstitial-water salinity.

Gravimetric Wet-Bulk Density, Wet-WaterContent, and Porosity

On the Glomar Challenger 20- to 30-gram sampleswere processed by the shipboard technicians to deter-mine gravimetrically the wet-bulk density, wet-watercontent, and porosity.

Wet-bulk density is the ratio of the "mass of wet-saturated geologic sample" to "its volume," in units ofgrams per cubic cm (g/cm3). Wet-water content is theratio of the "weight of sea water in a geologic sample"to the "weight of the wet-saturated geologic sample,"expressed as a percentage. Porosity is the ratio of "thevolume of pore space in a geologic sample" to the "vol-ume of the wet-saturated sample," reported as a per-centage.

On board the ship, the 20- to 30-gram samples wereweighed in air and weighed after submersion in water,using an OHAUS Centrogram Triple Beam (311 gram)Balance, then dried in the oven at 110°C for 24 hours,cooled in a desiccator for at least 2 hours, and then re-weighed. Salt corrections for 35%O salinities (as de-scribed in Boyce, 1976a) are applied to the valued wet-water content, and porosity. See Rocker (1974) fordiscussion of this technique.

Tables 14 and 15 show the reproducibility of methodin terms of wet-bulk density (±0.005 g/cm3), which isabout ±0.2% (absolute) precision for the porosity andwater-content values:

872

26

24

22

20

o 18

£ 16

! i 4

o

| 12

|iθ

ε£ 8

6

4

20.0


Hours after Site 462 cores were brought on deck

J 2 3

Temperature ofcore when itarrived on deck

1.33 hr

"At Hole 462, Core 36, the soft corewas on deck for 1.33 hours and hada temperature of 19°C; therefore,the temperature of the core when itarrived on deck was approximately 14.2°C.

19'C

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0Hours after test-water core sat in room with temperature of 25°C

5.0 6.0

Figure 1. The upper time-versus-temperature curve used to determine minimum core temperatures of the thermal con-ductivity (Table 4) and sonic-velocity time-temperature measurements.

Table 5. Correction factors for the Tektronics 835 oscil-loscope, DSDP Leg 61.

Scope Settingµs/cm K

1.0 Apparent velocity × 1.0108 = true velocity2.0 Apparent velocity × 1.0095 = true velocity5.0 Apparent velocity × 1.0077 = true velocity

Table 6. Predetermined sound velocities of lucite, brass, andaluminum semi-standards, as listed in Boyce (1973).

Author Lucite Brass Aluminum

2.741 km/s(±0.84%)2.745 km/s

4.506 km/s(±0.45%)4.529 km/s

6.293 km/s(±1.29%)6.295 km/s

Boyce (1973)

Schreibera

(± 0.006 km/s) (± 0.004 km/s) (± 0.008 km/s)

a Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (pers. comm., 1971).Schreiber used the modified pulse-transmission method (Mottaboniand Schreiber, 1967).

1) Wet-bulk density (with pan weights removed) isequal to the weight of saturated sample in air, dividedby its volume. Volume is equal to weight in air minusweight in water, divided by 1.00 g/cm3.

2) Wet-water content (with pan weights removed),without salt correction is equal to the weight ofevaporated water divided by the weight of the saturatedsample. The weight of evaporated water is equal to theweight of the saturated sample minus the weight of thedried sample.

Salt corrected wet-water content (%) is:

(weight evaporated water)(0.965)

weight saturated sample× 100

Table 7. Uncorrected velocities (km/s) throughdistilled water at 23 °C.

Scope Settinga>b'c

Thickness of Water

Average

Range + %

Range _ %

2.0 µs/cm

0.957 cm

1.480b

1.4951.4911.4861.4971.4981.4981.5001.4781.480

1.490

+ 0.7%- 0 . 8 %

1.0081

5.0 µs/cm

2.50 cm

1.486b

1.4921.4761.4931.4951.4881.4891.4941.4891.486

1.488

+ 0.4%-0 .8%

1.0094

The best precision is obtained when the entirerange on the µs/cm delay dial is used:

a Good use: 6-10 range.° Fair use: 3-6 range.c Poor use: 0-3 range.^ K = true velocity/average apparent velocity.

True velocity = K × average apparent veloc-ity = 1.502 km/s.

where the weight of sea water is equal to the weight ofthe evaporated water divided by 0.965.

3) Porosity (%) without salt corrections (with panweights removed) is:

(weight evaporated water)1.00 g/cm3

× 100(volume of saturated sample)

where sample volume is equal to the weight of the

873

R. E. BOYCE

Table 8. Uncorrected velocity (km/s) through lucite sonic semi-stand-ards.

Scope Settinga>b'c 2.0 µs/cm 5.0µs/cm

Thickness of semi-standards 2.54 cm 5.00 cm 2.54 cm 5.00 cm

Average

Range + %

2.740b

2.7372.7372.7282.7452.7272.7172.7252.7252.728

2.731

+ 0.5%- 0 . 5 %

- 2.720c

— 2.748— 2.748— 2.755— 2.769— 2.739— 2.747— 2.711— 2.711— 2.748

— 2.740

— +0.5%— -1 .0%

2.720b

2.7332.7352.7262.7232.7372.7292.7282.7232.730

2.728

+ 0.3%- 0 . 3 %

1.0048 1.0015 1.0059

a The best precision occurs when entire range on the µs/cm delay dial is used:a Good use: 6-10 range." Fair use: 3-6 range.c Poor use: 0-3 range.d K = true velocity/average apparent velocity. True velocity = K × average ap-

parent velocity = 2.744 km/s.

saturated sample in air minus the weight of the satu-rated sample in water, and 1.00 g/cm3 is the density ofwater.

Salt corrected porosity (%) is:

(weight evaporated water ÷ 0.965)1.0245 g/cm-

(volume of saturated sample)× 100

where 1.0245 g/cm3 is the fluid density of the sea-watersalt, and the weight of sea water is equal to the weight ofthe evaporated water divided by 0.965.

Four of the samples were processed by the cylindertechnique. This technique uses a cylinder (~3-cmradius, 2-cm height, and ~l-mm thickness, with bev-eled edges), which is inserted into the soft sediment; it is

then cut from the core, and the excess sediment is care-fully cut off the cylinder. Then plastic plates are on thetop and bottom of the cylinder. With rubber bandsplaced around it, the plastic plate and the sample isplaced under sea water and shipped to the DSDP shorelaboratory. There, the pre-weighed cylinders and platesplus the saturated sample are weighed; then the cylinderand plate are placed in an oven at 110°C for 24 hours,then placed in a desiccator to cool for at least 2 hours,then reweighed. Wet-water content, wet-bulk density,and porosity are calculated. The volume used in wet-bulk density and porosity measurement is that of thecylinders.

Salt corrections are applied as discussed above. Pre-cision is about ±0.5%.

One advantage of the cylinder technique is that thecylinder-technique sample also can be processed by theGRAPE 2-minute count method.

This is done as discussed for the GRAPE 2-minutewet-bulk density, but substituting the gamma-ray countthrough the two plastic plates for the air count. Thenthe cylinder with sample and the two plastic plates iscounted for 2 minutes through the cylinder axis andthrough the two plastic plates. A 2-minute GRAPE wet-bulk density can be calculated.

GEARHART-OWEN WELL-LOG EQUIPMENTUSED DURING LEG 61

IntroductionDuring Leg 61, we used Gearhart-Owen Industries

wire-line well-logging tools. Gearhart-Owen logs weregrouped in each single lowering in Hole 462 as follows:

1) Absolute3 and differential temperature log,4 3.65cm in diameter (successful).

This is not "absolute temperature," i.e., Kelvin, in the scientific sense, but the formalname of the tool.

4 Measured temperature on the way down and GR on the way up through the pipe to thesea floor.

Table 9. Uncorrected velocities (km/s) through brass sonic semi-standards.

Scope Settinga b ' c

Thickness of Semi-standards

Average

1 + %R a n g e 1 - %

Kd =

1.0 µs/cm

2.54 cm 5.00 cm

4.549b —4.497 —4.492 —4.483 -4.464 —4.407 —4.439 —4 4444.485 —4.493 —

4.475 —

+ 1.6%- 1 . 5 % —

1.0121 —

2.0 µs/cm

2.54 cm

4.474C

4.4354.4604.4894.4474.4584.5004.5154.4614.447

4.469

+1.0%- 0 . 8 %

1.0134

5.00 cm

4.468b

4.4714.4654.4444.4634.4564.4874.4714.4754.476

4.468

+ 0.4%- 0 . 5 %

1.0137

5

2.54 cm

4.622C .4.4724.6274.6014.5524.4724.5634.4924.5844.581

4.557

+ 1.5%-1 .9%

0.9939

.0 µs/cm

5.00 cm

4.496C

4.4614.4824.5304.4584.4834.4484.4864.5954.450

4.489

+ 2.4%- 0 . 9 %

1.008S

The best precision occurs when entire range on the µs/cm delay dial is used:a Good use: 6-10 range." Fair use: 3-6 range.c Poor use: 0-3 range." K = true velocity/average apparent velocity. True velocity = K × average apparent velocity = 4.529

km/s.

874


Table 10. Uncorrected velocities (km/s) through aluminum sonic semi-standards.

Scope Settinga 'b c


Average

(+%ange 1 - %

Kd =

1.0 µ.s/cm

2.54 cm 5.00 cm

6.215b —6.261 —6.227 —6.253 —6.207 —6.265 —6.180 —6.197 —6.253 —6.303 —

6.236 —

+ 1.1% —- 0 . 9 % —

1.0095 —

2.0 µs/cm

2.54 cm

6.212C

6.1696.0646.1906.2936.1836.1786.2156.1926.163

6.186

+ 1.7%- 2 . 0 %

1.0176

5.00 cm

6.246b

6.2696.2336.2666.2066.1526.2156.2106.2496.208

6.225

+ 0.7%- 1 . 2 %

1.0112

5.

2.54 cm

6.271C

6.3106.0766.3086.1936.3006.2946.1956.3586.276

6.258

+ 1.6%- 1 . 0 %

1.0059

0 µs/cm

5.00 cm

6.186C

6.1586.3456.3166.2566.3506.2916.2496.2916.213

6.266

+ 1.3%- 1 . 7 %

1.0046

The best precision occurs when entire range on the µs/cm delay dial is used:a Good use: 6-10 range." Fair use: 3-6 range.c Poor use: 0-3 range.

K = true velocity/average apparent velocity. True velocity = K × average apparent velocity = 6.295km/s.

Table 11. Calculation of final correction factors (K) for each µs/cm setting on DSDP oscil-loscope (data from Tables 7 through 10).

Scope Settinga>b 'c


Water (0.957 cm)Water (2.5 cm)LuciteBrassAluminum

Ea. avg. K =

Meand K =

1.0 µs/cm

2.54 cm 5.00 cm

— —

1.0121b —1.0095b —

1.0108b —

1.0108b

2.0 µs/cm

2.54 cm 5.00 cm

1.0081b —— —

1.0048b —1.0134c 1.0137b

1.0176c 1.0112b

(1.0064b) 1.0125b

(+1.0095b)

5.0 µs/cm

2.54 cm

1.0094b

1.0015c

0.9939c

1.0059c

(1.0094b)

5.00 cm

—1.0059b

1.0089c

1.0046c

(1.0059b)

(+1.0077b)

The best precision of the data occurs when using the full range of the µs/cm delay dial:a Good use: 6-10 range.b Fair use: 3-6 range.c Poor use: 0-3 range.d These mean K for each "microsecond per cm" setting of the DSDP oscilloscope were used to calculate

all Leg 51 sonic data. These sets of data averages do not include data labeled by superscript " c . "

2) Sonic log (bore-hole compensated system, 9.21 cmdiameter); caliper; and gamma-ray log (GR) (unsuccess-ful)5.

3) Density log (bore-hole compensated) (CDL), 6.99cm in diameter; caliper; and GR6 (successful). Loggingspeed was 8.63 m/min. Time constant was 3 seconds.

4) Induction log and 16-inch (40-cm) normal resistiv-ity, 9.21 cm in diameter; and GR (successful). Loggingspeed was 12.2 m/min. Time constant was 4 seconds.

5) Guard log, 8.9 cm diameter, and neutron log(thermal neutron, single detector and centered, there-fore, qualitative), GR (unsuccessful)5. Logging speedwas 12.2 m/min. Time constant was 2 seconds.

6) Temperature log (successful).The following two suites of Gearhart-Owen logging

tools were attempted in Hole 462A (both semi-success-ful):

1) Neutron log (thermal neutron), single detectorand no positioning devices (free, therefore qualitative),

^ These tools could not be lowered through a bad hole in order to reach the un-washed-out portion of the hole.

6 The GR on the density log is offset by about 0.30 cm higher than the density reading.

and GR (4.29-cm diameter) were run through the pipe,drill-collars (>6737 m) and bumper subs (6074 to 6084m). Logging speed was 12.2 m/min. Time constant was2 seconds.

2) Sonic log (bore-hole compensated system), caliper,and GR. Logging speed was 15.2 m/min. Time constantwas 2 seconds.

The GR tool is run with each logging run for strat-igraphic control. As an example, the GR also allows thedensity and velocity on two different logging runs to becorrelated, as the depths are not accurate enough.

In general, when interpreting any of these logs, oneshould consult Lynch (1962) and a Gearhart-Owenmanual to determine what precautions and data correc-tions are necessary, and to find the proper charts in vari-ous manuals and perform any needed corrections.

All of the above-given data, except the first tempera-ture log, are available at various scales in analog plotsand on magnetic tape. The first temperature log wassemi-successful, and we have only a photographic copyof unedited raw data, as the magnetic tape collected atthe site was inadequate. (See the Site Summary for dis-cussion of hole conditions, casing, and drill pipe.)

875

R. E. BOYCE

Table 12. Geometric condition of Leg 61 cores as theywere processed through the Analog GRAPE.a

Hole

462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A

Core

1-353636363636373838383940-484949545454545454545455?5656575757575757585858595960-69

1-23?-7?

H-3H-38 to H-4999

1010101010101111121314-424344-7474?-91?

Section

111

2-34

12-4

5

l?-23-51?2223333

12122233

1-45512———1-34—1

2-5612222311

——————

Interval(cm)

0-6565-117

117-150

—

__0-60

60-7171-900-40

40-4747-113

113-150

_

0-2828-6060-1500-60

60-110

0-1515-150

——

0-2525-6868-9090-150

0-3535-150

————

GeometricCondition^

AAC-3AAC-3AC-3AC-3AC-lC-2C-lC-lC-lC-3C-lC-2C-3C-lC-3C-3C-2C-3C-2C-lC-2C-lC-2C-lC-lC-3C-lC-lC-2C-l (out of liner)AC-l?C-lC-2C-lC-lC-2C-lC-lC-3C-2C-3C-2C-C-c-;c-;c-C-

c-c-

__

(out of liner)(in liner)(out of liner)

C-l? (out of liner)?

Table 13. Apparent attenuation coefficients3 determined from the6.61-cm and 2.54-cm aluminum standards.

a Code A = Soft sediment in liner: Soft sediment completelyfilled the core liner, and no diameter adjustments arenecessary.Code C = Hard rock in liner: Hard rock in liner, and it isnoted (by code) whether the rock is surrounded (with "cor-rected density"):Code 1 = air, 0.0 g/cm3

Code 2 = water, 1.1 g/cm3

Code 3 = sediment, 1.6 g/cm3

Code 4 = breccia, 1.8 g/cm3

If rock is surrounded by water or air, then the diameter isoffset from the gamma ray beam axis = 3.305 cm - radiusof the rock.

" The material surrounding the cores at this site was not re-corded consistently onboard ship (because many peoplewere involved); thus, this type of information is susceptibleto errors. Therefore, if any density data appear anomalous,a future investigator may wish to attempt to recalculate den-sities by using different "geometric conditions" as models.The parameters that are listed here were reconstructed fromphotographs and used in the computer program.

Aluminum,2.54 cm(cm2/g)

0.10930.10980.10880.11000.10830.1102.0.10960.11000.11050.10921.10960.11010.10980.10990.10920.10980.10970.10960.10990.10970.11080.11100.11030.11000.11050.11080.11080.11010.11070.11090.10970.10970.10960.11100.11150.11010.11130.11060.11010.11000.11180.11130.11140.11060.11100.11150.11120.11110.11180.11070.11190.11100.1113

L = 5.8491

No. = 53

Avg. = 0.11036

Aluminum,6.61 cm(cm2/g)

0.10730.10770.10700.10760.10780.10770.10740.10770.10790.10790.10750.10790.10780.10780.10780.10790.10780.10770.10740.10790.10760.10770.10770.10840.10860.10840.10850.00850.10870.10820.10810.10780.10840.10820.10820.10810.10840.10810.10850.10850.10860.10810.10810.10800.10820.10830.10810.10830.10800.10790.10800.10760.1081

5.7238

0.10799

a Apparent quartz attenuation

Hole

462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A462A

coefficient

BetweenCores

0-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-1

32-3235-3544-4448-4852-5352-5352-5352-5352-5354-5560-6260-6168-693-8

14-1517-1828-2931-3238-3951-5252-5361-6265-6674-7574-7574-7574-7574-7574-7574-7574-7574-7574-75

In

Date

22 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197822 May 197823 May 197923 May 197923 May 197923 May 197923 May 197928 May 19781 June 19782 June 19782 June 19783 June 19783 June 19783 June 19783 June 19783 June 19783 June 19784 June 19784 June 19785 June 197810 June 197811 June 197812 June 197818 June 197821 June 197822 June 197826 June 197826 June 197828 June 197830 June 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 19788 July 1978

Io/I

d (2.60 g/cm3) 'where

7O = gamma count through air, 2-minute period;/ = gamma count through aluminum standard, 2-minute period;d = thickness of standard (6.61 cm or 2.54 cm).

876


Table 14. Shipboard density determination for a calcitecrystal (density = 2.715 g/cm3) with the OF.AUSCentogram triple-beam balance (311 g).

Weighing

123456789

10

Weight inAir(g)

77.0877.0977.0777.0677.0777.0877.0777.0777.0877.06

Weight inWater

(g)

48.6848.6648.6748.6748.6948.6848.6748.6448.6648.65

Mean

Volume(cm3)

28.4028.4328.4028.3928.3828.4028.4028.4328.4228.41

=

Density(g/cm3)

2.7142.7122.7142.7142.7162.7142.7142.7112.7122.712

2.713

Table 15. Shipboard density determination for a basalt mini-core3 with the OHAUS centogram triple-beam balance(311 g).

Weighing

123456789

10

Weight inAir(g)

34.2434.2334.2434.2434.2434.2434.2334.2434.2434.24

WeightWater

(g)

22.3522.3622.3522.3522.3522.3622.3522.3522.3522.36

inVolume'5

(cm3)

11.8911.8711.8911.8911.8911.8811.8911.8911.8911.88

Mean =

Wet-Bulkc

Density(g/cm3)

2.8802.8842.8802.8802.8802.8822.8792.8802.8802.882

2.881

a Sample 462-62-1, 85-87 cm^ Volume = (weight in air minus weight in water) ÷ 1.00

g/cm3.c Wet-bulk density = weight in air ÷ volume.

Natural Gamma Radiation (various-diametergamma-ray logs)

In general the GR log has a scintillation detectorwhich is 15.2 cm long. The GR data are in AmericanPetroleum Institute (API) units (American PetroleumInstitute, 1959). The GR detects natural gamma radia-tion, emitted primarily from potassium, thorium serieselements, and uranium-radium series elements in theformation. As a generality, carbonate and sandstone,without potassium feldspars, emit very little naturalgamma radiation compared to clay and shale forma-tions, which absorb radioactive isotopes as ions. There-fore, the GR is primarily used to distinguish shale andnon-shale formations. The GR tool, interpretationproblems, and data characteristics, such as time con-stant, logging speed, etc., are discussed in Lynch (1962)and Kokesh (1951).

Sound Velocity

During Leg 61, we ran the sonic log (bore-hole com-pensated system). This tool measures compressional-

sound velocity in units of micro-seconds per foot (30.5cm). The basic principle of the tool and basic data-inter-pretation characteristics are described in Kokesh et al.(1965), Morris et al. (1963); in addition, "noise," "cy-cle skipping," and precautions in data interpretation arediscussed in Lynch (1962). On the BHC tool, the tworeceivers were separated by 61 cm (vertical resolution),and the distance from the transmitter to the firstreceiver was 91.4 cm.

The tool had a centering device-caliper; thus, the toolmay have had too much stand-off from the side of thehole to be accurate (Lynch, 1962) for the low formationvelocities involved.

Since the compensated sonic log is essentially a "two-layer seismic refraction experiment," and with the givengeometry of the tool (centralized), when the formation^velocity approaches that of the fluid in the hole veloci-ties below 1.7 to 1.8 km/s probably are not measurable.

Velocities below 1.7 to 1.8 km/s are severely affectedby tool standoff (Fig. 2A) (distance of transmitters andreceivers from bore-hole wall). For example, the chartin Figure 2B shows that the diameter of the hole must beless than that maximum diameter if that correspondingformation velocity is to be measured.

This diagram clearly indicates that we cannot meas-ure a formation velocity less than 1.67 km/s where thehole is > 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter. Any velocitiesless than 1.67 km/s are partially or completely those ofthe fluid in the bore hole.

Formation Wet-Bulk Density

Leg 61 used the density (bore-hole compensated) log.The source and two receivers were held against the sideof the hole by a motorized eccentralizer, which also actsas a caliper. The density log is calibrated for density inlimestone matrix, with fresh water in pores.

2,0

1•

9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

2.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Maximum Stand-off (inches)

1•

9

J. 1.

1.6

1.5

-Drill bit size

Lynch (1962) p. 275:

1 /1 -£S ~ 2 \1 +l3

Where:

S = Standoff of sonictransmitter andreceiver

I = Distance fromtransmitter tofirst receiver

ß = Ratio of hole-fluidvelocity to formationvelocity

Assumes compensated sonic toolwith I = 3 feet and tool diameterof 3.5 inches.

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17Maximum Hole Diameter (inches)

Figure 2. A. Maximum possible tool stand-off if the correspondingformation velocity is to be measured. B. Mazimum possible holediameter in measuring the corresponding formation velocity.

877

R. E. BOYCE

The tool measures an approximate wet-bulk densityusing a gamma-ray back-scattering technique. Wet-bulkdensity is the ratio of the "mass of wet-saturated (if insitu gas is not present) formation" to its "volume," ex-pressed as grams per cubic centimeter. The general prin-ciples of this technique, similar logging tools, and theirinterpretation characteristics, assumptions, and precau-tions are discussed in Wahl et al. (1964) and Shermanand Locke (1975). Additional discussion of generalprinciples is in Baker (1957) and Lynch (1962). Verticalresolution and penetration are about 30 cm, dependingon formation density and logging speed. The GR on thedensity log is offset by about 0.30 cm higher than thedensity reading.

Formation Porosity (neutron tool)

The neutron tool has a single detector, it is free (notpositioned in the hole); thus, it is a qualitative tool. Itemits thermal neutrons which are primarily (but notcompletely, e.g., Cl) attenuated by collisions with H +

protons (same mass as neutrons) in the pore water. Withthe proper matrix correction, the tool qualitatively is anindicator of porosity. The tool's principal assumptionsand precautions are discussed in Tittle (1961) and Lynch(1962). The depth of investigation and vertical resolu-tion is on the order of 33 cm, depending on loggingspeed, porosity, and type of formation.

Electric-Logging Tools

The induction log (six-coil system; 20,000 cycles/s)has a 100-cm vertical resolution, and about 50% of thesignal has an approximate 155-cm radial depth of inves-tigation; the 16-in (40.6-cm) normal tool has approxi-mately a 40.6-cm vertical resolution and radial depth ofinvestigation. The induction tool is designed primarilyto measure electrical conductivity accurately in high-porosity sediment and rock (with resistivity < 100 ohm-m). The guard log (Laterolog-3) is a focused electrical-resistivity tool designed with a 15-cm vertical resolution,and 50% of the signal has approximately 65 cm of radialpenetration. It is designed to accurately measure elec-trical resistivity of hard rocks (such as basalt with > 100ohm-m resistivity). All of these electrical tools are af-fected by the geometry and resistivity of the formationsand borehole. Therefore, the caliper data should beused from the density log to properly correct these elec-tric logs to true formation resistivities. See Lynch(1962), Doll (1949, 1951), Moran and Kunz (1962), Tix-ier et al. (1959), and Keller and Frischnecht (1966) fordetailed discussions and interpretation precautions.

Temperature Log

On Leg 61, we used the differential and absolute tem-perature log, which is 4.65 cm in diameter and has athermocouple which records temperature continuouslyversus depth. Its precision is better than ±0.05°C, withan accuracy of ±2 or 3% of the calibrated range. Thetool has a platinum-tip resistance thermometer. Tem-perature tools in general are briefly described in Lynch(1962).

The differential tool compares the temperatures im-mediately being measured with an earlier-measuredtemperature (measured with same element), but storedin a memory bank, from which the value is recalled aftera given time. The difference in these two temperaturemeasurements is plotted versus depth.

Uyeda Temperature Probe

The Uyeda temperature probe has a long (~ 30 cm)and thick (~ 3 cm) metal probe that is inserted into thebottom of the drill-hole via attachments through thedrill bit. In the ~ 3-cm-diameter metal tip is a thin( — 0.5 cm) thermistor. On Leg 61, this tool was adjustedto automatically record the temperature every 2 min-utes. With this tool, it is possible to record 128 datapoints over a total period of 256 minutes. Therefore, thedata are in the form of time versus temperature. For ex-ample, the tool is lowered through the pipe, passing theocean-water column and passing the hole while record-ing temperature (every 2 min) on the way down; in addi-tion, while the probe is inserted into the bottom of thehole, where it remains until temperature equilibrium hasobtained maximum temperature after ~ 20 minutes, theprobe is removed and pulled out of the hole while stillrecording temperature every 2 minutes. The ocean-bottom water temperature is measured on the way up(the tool stops at —20 meters above sea floor for — 10min). By plotting time versus temperature we can recog-nize the temperature measurements in the ocean-watercolumn, the sediment at the bottom of the hole, and theocean-bottom water 20 meters above the sea floor.

The temperature tool has a theoretical precision andaccuracy of ±0.05°C.

We attempted six temperature measurements, whoseresults are listed in Table 16, and the temperature-ver-sus-time plots and interpretations for each attempt arein Figures 3 through 8.

Of the results, the first three runs appear to be themore-reliable data. Runs 4 through 6 were done with adifferent thermistor; thus, they may not be completelycompatible with the first three runs. Run 6 has an anom-alous ocean-bottom water temperature; thus, the sedi-ment temperatures probably are not valid.

Table 16. Uyeda temperature probe results for Hole462.

RunNumber

123456

Depth belowSea Floor

(m)

133.5181.0219.0257.0295.0314.5

SedimentTemperature

( ° Q

8.410.712.315 9

18.9 (14.9)b

13.6

Sea WaterTemperature

( ° Q

1.91.91.92.0a

2.1a

4.3a

a Measurement going in; temperature measurements onthese runs used a different thermistor and may not bereliable; run 6 appears to be anomalous.Temperature at first plateau.

878


25

20

15

10

Max. 8.9 C

Check latch inStop pumping \

\ l

30 120 150

Figure 3. Time versus temperature for run 1 of the Uyeda temperature probe. Results are in Table 13.

REFERENCES

American Petroleum Institute, 1959. Recommended Practice forStandard Calibration and Form for Nuclear Logs. Am. Petrol.Inst. RP, 33.

Baker, P. E., 1957. Density logging with gamma rays. Trans. AIME,210:289-294.

Boyce, R. E., 1973. Appendix I. Physical properties summary. InEdgar, N. T., Saunders, J. B., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 15:Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 1067-1068.

, 1976a. Definitions and laboratory techniques of the com-pressional sound velocity parameters and wet-water content, wet-bulk density, and porosity parameters by gravimetric and gammaray attenuation techniques. In Schlanger, S. O., Jackson, E. D., etal., Init. Repts. DSDP, 33: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Of-fice), 931-958.

., 1976b. Deep Sea Drilling Project procedures for shearstrength measurement of clayey sediment using Modified Wyke-ham Farrance Laboratory Vane Apparatus. In Barker, P. F.,Dalziel, I. W. D., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 36: Washington (U.S.Govt. Printing Office), 1059-1068.

Clark, S. P., Jr., 1966. Thermal conductivity. In Clark, S. P., Jr.(Ed.), Handbook of Physical Constants: Geol. Soc. Am. Mem.,97:459-482.

Doll, H. G., 1949. Introduction of induction logging and applicationto logging of wells drilled with oil base mud. Trans. AIME, 186:148-164.

, 1951. The Laterolog: a new resistivity logging method withelectrodes using an automatic focusing system. Trans. AIME, 192:305-316.

Evans, H. B., 1965. GRAPE—a device for continuous determinationof material density and porosity. Transactions of the Sixth AnnualSPWIA Logging Symposium, Dallas, Texas (Vol. 2), B1-B25.

Keller, G. V., and Frischknecht, F. C , 1966. Electrical Methods inGeophysical Prospecting: New York (Pergamon Press).

Kokesh, F. P., 1951. Gamma-ray logging. Oil Gas J., 50:284-290.

Kokesh, F. P., Schwartz, R. J., Wall, W. B., et al., 1965. A new ap-proach to sonic logging and other acoustic measurements. J.Petrol. Techno!., 17:282-286.

Lynch, E. J., 1962. Formation Evaluation: New York (Harper andRow).

Mattaboni, P., and Schreiber, E., 1967. Method of pulse transmissionmeasurements for determining sound velocities. J. Geophys. Res.,72:5160.

Moran, J. H., and Kunz, K. S., 1962. Basic theory of induction log-ging and application to study of two-coil sondes. Geophys.,27:829-858.

Morris, R. L., Grine, D. R., and Arkfeld, T. E., 1963. The use ofcompressional and shear strength amplitudes for the location offractures. Society of the Petroleum Engineers of AIME, 38th An-nual Fall Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, 6-9 October, 1963.Paper number SPE 723, pp. 1-13.

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Tittle, C. W., 1961. Theory of neutron logging. Geophys., 26:27-29.Tixier, M. P., Alger, R. P., and Tanghy, D. R., 1959. New develop-

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Von Herzen, R. P., and Maxwell, A. E., 1969. The measurement ofthermal conductivity of deep-sea sediments by the needle-probemethod. / . Geophys. Res., 64:1557.

Wahl, J. S., Tittman, J., and Johnstone, C. W., 1964. The dual spac-ing formation density log. J. Petrol. Technol., 16:1411-1416.

879

R. E. BOYCE

60Time (min.)

Figure 4. Time versus temperature for run 2 of the Uyeda temperature probe. Results are inTable 13.

25

20

15

10

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60Time (min.)

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Figure 6. Time versus temperature for run 4 of the Uyeda temperature probe. Results arein Table 13.

Time (min.

Figure 7. Time versus temperature for run 5 of the Uyeda temperature probe.Results are in Table 13.

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