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Labor Unions
Page 450-454 in Textbook
Introduction
As business leaders merged and consolidated their forces, it seemed necessary for workers to do the same. Although northern wages were generally higher than Southern wages, exploitation and unsafe working conditions drew workers together across regions in a nationwide labor movement. Laborers joined together in unions to improve their job situations.
Questions to consider:
1. Why did labor unions form? 2. What did unions fight for? 3. If the government had supported
unions instead of management during the 19th century, how might the lives of workers had been different?
4. What have unions accomplished today?
Textbook Reading
Read 450-454 in your textbook and answer the questions on the worksheet
Working Conditions
a. Seamstresses worked 12 or more hours a day, 6 days a week.
b. Employees did not get vacation, sick leave, unemployment insurance, or reimbursement for injuries on the job.
c. Factories were dirty, poorly ventilated and workers had to perform repetitive or mind dulling tasks sometimes with faulty or broken equipment.
d. An average of 675 laborers were killed in work related accidents each week.
e. Everyone in the family was required to work because the wages were so low.
f. Children were anywhere from 5-15 years old when they went to work. They had to give up their education.
g. People, especially women and children often didn’t have the skills to work in paces other than sweatshops, so they had to put up with the conditions.
h. Children were paid 27 cents for a 14 hour day; women received $267 a year, and men approximately $498 a year.
i. Andrew Carnegie made $23 million dollars, and didn’t pay income tax (because they didn’t have income tax back then).
Highlight or star this on your worksheet
Poor working conditions and low wages forced workers to organize into unions to demand fair treatment.
A union is: An organization of workers in a particular job that join together to protect and further their rights and interests.
Some types of unions are police unions, electrical unions, teachers unions, construction unions, actors unions.
Many types of Unions developed in the late 1800s.
National labor UnionColored National Labor UnionKnights of LaborAmerican Federation of LaborAmerican Railway UnionIndustrial Workers of the WorldSugar Beet and Farm Laborer’s UnionState Federation of Labor (miners)
Strikes turn violent
Workers went on strike (stopped working) to try to get better wages, more reasonable work hours, safer working conditions.
Industry and government responded forcefully to union activity, which they thought to be a threat to free enterprise.
Great Strike of 1877 Who was
involved in the strike
What did the workers want
What was the impact of the strike
What was the result of the strike
Great Strike of 1877
Railroad workers from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Better wages
Train traffic covering 50,000 stopped for one week
The president used the authority of the Interstate Commerce Act to send troops to stop the strike
The Haymarket Affair Who was
involvedWhat did the workers want
What was the impact of the strike
What was the result of the strike
Great Strike of 1877
Protesters who wanted to stop police brutality; a striker had been killed by police the day before
More fair treatment by the police
A bomb was thrown at the police workers, and the police fired back at the workers
7 police officers and several protesters died.
The public began to turn against the protesters because the protests were violent
The Homestead Strike Who was
involvedWhat did the workers want
What was the impact of the strike
What was the result of the strike
Great Strike of 1877
Steelworkers that worked for Andrew Carnegie’s Steel plan in PA
Better wages.
The plant was closed from July – November. The National Guard ended the strike
The steelworkers union lost support. It took 45 years for another steelworker union to form.
The Pullman Strike Chicago, 1894
Interior of a Pullman Sleeper Car
Pullman Palace Car CompanyRailway car company owned by
George PullmanOver 6,000 workers Workers had lived in “company town”Rent was 25% higher than other areas
Pullman, Illinois
Origins of the Strike
Historical Context: Depression of 1893
Pullman cuts workers’ wages
But doesn’t cut rent for apartments
Strike Begins
May 10, 1894- Workers walk out
ARU Supports Pullman Workers
American Railway Union is a NATIONAL union of railway workers
Eugene Debs, ARU leader, decides to support Pullman strikers
Across the nation, railway workers refused to run trains that had Pullman cars attached to them
The country is paralyzed
President Grover Cleveland sends in troops
Violence Erupts
Presence of Federal troops sets off riots
Rioters burn buildings, troops kill 4 and wound 20
End of Strike
By August, strike fall apart
1000 union workers fired
New workers have to sign contracts promising not to join a union
Debs arrested and jailed for 6 months
Reading Like a Historian
How did the newspapers report on what happened that day?
Read the two articles that you are assigned.
Take notes in the appropriate boxes. Based on your close reading of the
articles, determine which paper supported the workers and which supported Pullman.
Accomplishments of Labor Unions
End child labor Establish the legal right of workers to form unions and
collectively bargain for wages, benefits and working conditions
Establish the 8 hour work day and paid overtime Win workers' comp benefits for workers injured on the job Secure unemployment insurance for workers who lose their
jobs Secure a guaranteed minimum wage Win health care insurance for workers Win paid sick leave, vacations, and holidays as standard
benefits for most workers