Upload
erin-crowley
View
221
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
LABEC, FlorenceLaboratory of Nuclear Techniques for Environment and Cultural Heritage
F. LucarelliF. Lucarelli
From mid 1980’s its “research goals” were changed to applications, mainly Ion Beam Analysis, IBA (mostly Particle-Induced X ray
Emission, PIXE)
In Florence....• Long-time tradition with PIXE (and IBA
in general) applied to Cultural Heritage This activity started in the middle of This activity started in the middle of
the Eighties with an old Van de the Eighties with an old Van de Graaff single-ended accelerator...Graaff single-ended accelerator...
Until mid 1980’s a local activity of nuclear physics with the 3 MV van de Graaff accelerator
3
Ion Beam Analysis (IBA)• Material composition analysis through beam particle bombardment
typically proton or alpha beams at some MeV energy
particle accelerator
radiation detection and spectral analysis
particle beam
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
EX (eV)
Con
tegg
i
Mg
Al
Si
Ca
Fe
emission of radiation of characteristic energies (X-rays, -rays, particles…)
move of the Physics Department to the new campus in Sesto Fiorentino
• INFN and University create a new lab
• new 3 MV Tandetron, designed from the beginning to perform both IBA and
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
• The new laboratory, LABEC, is operational in May 2004
2002-2003
Tandetron, 3 MV max. terminal voltage
3 independent ion sources (single-cahode Cs sputter, 59-cathode Cs sputter, Duoplasmatron)
6 beamlines for Ion Beam Analysis (IBA)
1 beamline for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
Copyright foto Luca Casonato, 2009
The Tandetron facility at LABEC
IBA dualsource
3 MV Tandetron
chopped beam line
multi-angle scattering chamber
multipurpose IBA vacuum chamber
external beam(Cultural Heritage)
high-energyAMS
spectrometer
multi-sampleAMS source
externalmicro-beam
external beam(Environment)
technological developments (electronics and process automation, data acquisition systems, detection setups, further beamlines)
methodological developments (test of new ideas for application procedures)
measurements in the framework of both:
interdisciplinary research projects in collaboration with other Institutions (CNR, Cultural Heritage safeguard Institutions,
Environmental Protection Agencies) and University Departments other than Physics Dpts
“internal” collaborations supporting other nuclear physics groups (detector tests, radiation damage measurements, etc.)
Activities at LABEC
25-30% AMS
30% IBA aerosol
30-35% IBA for Cultural Heritage and other applications
10% neither AMS nor IBA
Beam time
at LABEC AMS 14C14C, in turn, mainly for archaeological dating
AMS at LABECThe low-energy and high-energy AMS lines are equipped with the necessary hardware to implement the measurement of 14C, 10Be, 26Al and 129I.
Standard precision < 0.5% (< 0.3% when required)
Overall background: ~ 50000 y equivalent
AMS 14C dating at LABEC about 300 samples analysed per year (home-prepared)
+ 100 prepared outside
Distribution of analysed materials
Relics of St. Francis (tunics and other) kept in the church of St.Francis in Cortona and in the Basilica of Santa Croce (Florence)
Archaeological diggings in downtown Florence (Palazzo
Vecchio and surroundings)
Etruscan site diggings in Southern Tuscany
River sediments – the Abak Creek layers in Ethiopia
The Artemidor’s papyrus
The Rosano Crucifix
The icon in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome
Atmospheric aerosols
Impact on the environment Impact on
human health Impact on cultural heritage
Solid or liquid particles with a diameter from 10-3 to 102 μm• natural or anthropogenic sources
• primary or secondary origin
What do we need to study aerosols
Many good data concerning:• PM concentration and composition• size distribution• optical properties• time and space evolution
OUTPUT
Quantification and
identification of PM emissions
sources through receptor models
Contribution to climate models to assess the role of atmospheric aerosols in radiative forcing
Contribution to pollution abatement policies to improve air qualitity
Higher-Z elements Higher-Z elements X ray detector X ray detector
(Si(Li))(Si(Li))
Light elements X ray Light elements X ray detector (SDD)detector (SDD)
Faraday cupFaraday cup
Gamma ray det. HPGeGamma ray det. HPGe
He
PIXE-PIGE PIXE-PIGE externalexternal set-upset-up at LABEC at LABEC for aerosol composition measurementsfor aerosol composition measurements
LABEC aerosol group research projectsLocal impact:• Study of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 in Tuscany (PATOS, PATOS 2) and in major Italian towns, Barcelona, Sevilla, Elche, Alicante, London, Japan
Global impact:• EPICA - European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica• TALDICE - TALos Dome Ice CorE• ANDRILL - Antarctic Geological Drilling• AMMA - African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis• MAIL - Marine Aerosol in the Island of Lampedusa• DIRIGIBILE ITALIA (multidisciplinary study of climate change
in Arctic region)
Environmental monitoring at cultural heritage sites
Indoor pollution/Personal exposure:• HEARTS - Health Effects And Risks of Transport Systems
Average source apportionment
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
06
/09
/05
20
/09
/05
04
/10
/05
18
/10
/05
01
/11
/05
15
/11
/05
29
/11
/05
13
/12
/05
27
/12
/05
10
/01
/06
24
/01
/06
07
/02
/06
21
/02
/06
07
/03
/06
21
/03
/06
04
/04
/06
18
/04
/06
02
/05
/06
16
/05
/06
30
/05
/06
13
/06
/06
27
/06
/06
11
/07
/06
25
/07
/06
08
/08
/06
22
/08
/06
05
/09
/06
19
/09
/06
03
/10
/06
con
cen
trat
ion
(m g
/m3 )
marine aerosolbiomass burningtrafficsecondary nitratesecondary sulphatesoil dust
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
06
/09
/05
20
/09
/05
04
/10
/05
18
/10
/05
01
/11
/05
15
/11
/05
29
/11
/05
13
/12
/05
27
/12
/05
10
/01
/06
24
/01
/06
07
/02
/06
21
/02
/06
07
/03
/06
21
/03
/06
04
/04
/06
18
/04
/06
02
/05
/06
16
/05
/06
30
/05
/06
13
/06
/06
27
/06
/06
11
/07
/06
25
/07
/06
08
/08
/06
22
/08
/06
05
/09
/06
19
/09
/06
03
/10
/06
PM10
soil dust18%
traffic25%
secondary nitrate12%
secondary sulphate
17%
marine aerosol
5%
biomass burning
23%
Remote areasAntarctic dust Desert aerosol
dust particles deposited over the Antarctic ice sheet and archived in ice core samples (spanning the last 220 kyr), to investigate global climate changes
collected during the AMMA project(African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses)
S. Szidat, Science 323 (2009), 470
14C fraction with respect to modern carbon:~ 0 in the aerosols produced by fossil fuels~ 1 in the aerosol of biogenic origin or from biomass burning
Marker of pollution from fossil fuels burning
AMS 14C measurements in aerosols
LABEC – LABEC – LLaboratorio di Tecniche Nucleari per l’aboratorio di Tecniche Nucleari per l’AAmbiente mbiente e i e i BeBeni ni CCulturaliulturali
Ion Beam Analysis techniques for Cultural Heritage
Using external beam set-ups
we can investigate
in a totally non-destructive way
the complete quantitative
composition of any kind of artwork
...glazed terracottas,
External PIXE analysis of the “Ritratto di fanciullo” by Luca Della
Robbia – before restoration at the Opificio delle Pietre Dure in
Florence
Analysis of ancient glass,
External PIXE-PIGE analysis of the glass tesserae from Villa Adriana
External-beam PIXE analysis of the frontispiece of Pl.16,22 (XV century, Biblioteca Laurenziana in Florence)
...ancient illuminated manuscripts,
...historical documents,
Inks in Galileo’s manuscripts (Florence National Library) analysed by external PIXE
…ancient embroideries,
Micro-PIXE and –PIGE analysis of gold threads of a Renaissance
embroidery based on a cartoon by Raffaellino del Garbo
…early photographs,
PIXE-PIGE analysis of a print on metal plate of the XIX century
...drawings,
PIXE-PIGE analysis of a drawing on prepared paper, by Leonardo or his school
PIXE-PIGE analysis of a drawing on prepared paper, school of Verona, XVI cent.
...paintings on wood or canvas
Micro-PIXE and -PIGE analysis of the “Ritratto Trivulzio” by Antonello da Messina
Differential PIXE and PIGE analysis of the Madonna dei Fusi by Leonardo
Giorgio Vasari
Tavoletta with S.Lucia, from Pala Albergotti, Arezzo
Andrea Mantegna
Madonna col Bambino, oil on canvas, Accademia Carrara di Bergamo
…manufacts in semi-precious stones,
“Disc with star” from the “Collezione Medicea di Pietre Ornamentali” of the Natural History Museum in Florence ( mineralogy and lithology division)
Two dedicated external beamlinesbeam size defined by collimation
(Ø 0.2 ÷ 1 mm)strong focusing system,
quadrupole doublet (Ø 8÷10 mm)
External microbeam line
magnetic scan of areas within the window aperture
list-mode (E,x,y) DAQ
includes detection systems for PIXE, PIGE, backward and forward particle scattering,
< 10 mm beam size on target
ion induced luminescence (IBIL)
beam
Au LAu Lαα Pb LPb Lαα
Sn KSn K FeFe
Elemental mappingThe eye of the Virgin
The veilAu LAu Lαα
AlAlSiSi Pb LPb Lαα
2 mm2 mm
2 mm2 mm
External microbeam line
full control of beam currents from a few nA down to ultra low (hundreds of particles/sec)
higher beam intensities
elemental PIXE –PIGE maps also for trace elements (of great interest e.g. for geologists)
ultra-low currents
possibility of scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM)
tests of detectors response as a function of position (through IBICC, ion beam induced charge collection)
Ion lithography (with protons or even heavier
ions) through beam-induced alteration of material
properties (optical, electrical, etc.) on selected
zones “drawn” by the microbeam scan (material
properties are selectively altered in depth thanks
to the Bragg peak)
Another achievement, exploiting IBMM
(Ion Beam Modification of Materials)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
14012010080604020
MeV
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Beam bunches with different particle multiplicity can be delivered directly to a detector for response tests to particles
3 MeV protons
5 MeV protons
Not only accelerator-based techniques at LABEC
Design, construction and applications of an
innovative transportable XRF system
with superior performance, in particular for
low-Z elements detection
The transportable XRF spectrometer
● 2 X ray tubes (30 kV max, 1 mA max) with two different anodes (typically Mo e Ti; W if needed)
● SDD detector (active area 10 mm2, 450 μm thickness, FWHM 139 eV @ 5.9 keV)
● helium flow in front of both tubes and detector
● telecamera
● 2 laser beams for accurate positioning
● interchangeable collimators; typical beam diameter 0.5 mm
Measurement head
Controller
● independent PS for the two tubes
● data acquisition, He flow, X-Y-Z displacement and video camera are remotely controlled (via Ethernet) by the same computer
Stesura oltremare artificiale
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
energia (eV)
con
teg
gi
Mo 22kV
Na
Al
Si
S (+Mo)
K
Ca
Ca Fe
ultramarine blue layer
Ultramarine blue layer on chalk XRF spectrum with our spectrometre
“Head of a Prophet” by Lorenzo Ghiberti (part of the Paradise Gate of the Florence Baptistery)
Gilded bronze
LABEC – chi ci lavora
Luca CararresiMassimo ChiariLorenzo Giuntini (tec)Franco LucarelliPier Andrea Mandò
Marco Manetti (tec.)Silvia NavaFrancesco Taccetti (tec.)
yellow INFNwhite UniFi
Silvia Calusi (post doc)Giulia Calzolai (post doc)Mariaelena Fedi (ricerc. tempo det.)
Lucia Caforio (phd st.)
S.Francesco Church at Cortona
It was build by Padre Elia a few years after the death of St- Francesco (1226). Three important relics are kept there :
The frok; according to tradition, the one used to cover the Saint’s body at the moment of his death.
A pillow, on which tradition tells St.
Francis was leaning his head while passing away
un evangeliario
Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2004);OxCal v3.10 Bronk Ramsey (2005); cub r:5 sd:12 prob usp[chron]
600CalAD 800CalAD 1000CalAD 1200CalAD 1400CalAD 1600CalAD
Calibrated date
tonaca Cortona 857±18BP
cuscino 1 915±40BP
cuscino 3 885±30BP
Tonaca S.Croce 666±18BP
cingolo S.Croce 852±34BP
Identification of fugitive
emissions from industries
Traffic emissions
No chemical analysis is
possible!
1 Hour
0
1
2
34
5
3.00
15.0
03.
0015
.00
3.00
15.0
03.
0015
.00
3.00
15.0
03.
0015
.00
3.00
15.0
0
As
Na
K
m g/m
3
Montelupo Fiorentino: artistic glass industry
Continuous streaker sampler
ghiaccio
SiO2
68%
MgO2%
K2O3%
TiO2
1%
Fe2O3
8%MnO0%
Al2O3
15%
CaO1%
Na2O2%
Composizione media del mineral dust durante le ultime ere glaciali
SiO2
52%
CaO1%
Fe2O3
16%
K2O3%
Na2O0%
MgO5%TiO2
1%
MnO0%
Al2O3
22%
K2O4%
MnO0%
CaO1%
Fe2O3
17%
TiO2
1%
Al2O3
27%
Na2O1%
SiO2
44%
MgO5%K2O
3%
MgO3%
Na2O1%
MnO0%
Fe2O3
10%
CaO2%
TiO2%1%
Al2O3
20%
SiO2
60%Confronto con composizione sedimenti nelle possibili zone
sorgenti per studiare i fenomeni di trasporto
Ice-dust and PSA-sediments Ice-dust and PSA-sediments compositioncomposition