Lab Manual for VTU MTECH in MANET

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NetSimTM

Experiment Manual

2

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3

Simulation Experiments

1. Develop MAC Protocol using any suitable Network Simulator for MANETs to send the

packet without any contention through wireless link using the following MAC

protocols;(CSMA/CA (802.11)). Analyze its performance with increasing node density

and mobility. ……..( 4 )

2. Develop and Analyze

a. The performance of TCP connection when it is used for wireless networks You

will find performance of TCP decreases dramatically when a TCP connection

traverses a wireless link on which packets may be lost due to wireless

transmission errors.

b. Make use of Active Queue Management Technique to control congestion on

Wireless Networks and analyze performance of FIFO and WFQ over wireless

networks.

……..( 15 )

3. Simulate MANET environment using suitable Network Simulator and test with various

mobility model such as Random walk, Random way point and Group mobility. Analyze

throughput, PDR and delay with respect to different mobility models.

……..( 24 )

4. Develop unicast routing protocols using any suitable Network Simulator for (Mobile Ad

hoc Networks) MANET to find the best route using the any one of routing protocols from

each category from table-driven (e.g., OLSR) on demand (e.g., DSR, AODV), hybrid

(e.g., ZRP, contact-based architectures). Understand the advantages and disadvantages of

each routing protocol type by observing the performance metrics of the routing protocol.

……..( 32 )

4

Experiment 1

Objective: Develop MAC Protocol using any suitable Network Simulator for MANETs to send

the packet without any contention through wireless link using the following MAC

protocols;(CSMA/CA (802.11)). Analyze its performance with increasing node density and

mobility.

Introduction:

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring network of mobile nodes connected by

wireless links to form an arbitrary topology without the use of existing infrastructure. The nodes

are free to move randomly. Thus the network's wireless topology may be unpredictable and may

change rapidly.

Mobility and node density are the two major factors which influences the performance of any

routing protocol of mobile ad hoc network. The mobility of the nodes affects the number of

connected paths, which in turn affect the performance of the routing algorithm.

The node density also has an impact on the routing performance. With very sparsely populated

network the number of possible connection between any two nodes is very less and hence the

performance is poor. It is expected that if the node density is increased the throughput of the

network shall increase, but beyond a certain level if density is increased the performance

degrades.

Performance metrics:

The different parameters used to analyze the performance are explained as follows:

• Throughput: It is the rate of successfully transmitted data packets in unit time in the network

during the simulation.

• Average Delay: It is defined as the average time taken by the data packets to propagate from

source to destination across a MANET. This includes all possible delays caused by routing

discovery latency, queuing at the interface queue, and retransmission delays at the MAC,

propagation and transfer times.

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• Packet Delivery Ration (PDR): This is the ratio of the number of data packets successfully

delivered to the destinations to those transmitted by sources.

Packet Delivery Ratio = Total_Packets_Received/ Total_Packets_Transmitted

Procedure:

How to Create Scenario & Generate Traffic:

• Create Scenario: Please refer “Help � NetSim Help � Running Simulation via

GUI�Advanced Wireless Networks �MANET �Create Scenario”.

Part A: Performance of a MANET network as node density is increased

Sample 1:

Step 1: Go to Simulation � New � Advanced Wireless Networks �MANET

Step 2: Click & drop 4 Wireless Nodes onto the Simulation Environment. To edit the position,

change the (x, y) co-ordinates in Global Properties as shown:

Arrange the positions of the nodes as per the following table:

Wireless Node X-Coordinate Y-Coordinate

1 50 100

2 100 50

3 150 100

4 100 150

To change

Co-ordinates,

click & edit

6

Step 3:

Node Properties: Disable TCP in all nodes in Transport layer by unchecking TCP as shown:

Step 4:

Right click on the properties in the environment and edit the following properties:

Channel Characteristics Line of Sight

Path Loss Exponent (n) 2

Step 5:

Application Properties:

To add application, drop the Application icon. Add 2 Applications by clicking on Add in Left

pane and edit the properties as given in table. All other properties are default.

Application Properties Application 1 Application 2

Application Type Custom Custom

Source ID 1 3

Destination ID 2 4

Note: Click on the Run Simulation icon and set simulation time only after doing the following

tasks:

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• Set Environment properties,

• Set the properties of Nodes and

• Configure Applications.

Simulation Time- 100 Seconds

Output:

• After running the simulation, save the experiment (Please Refer at the end of experiment)

• Export to .csv (.csv is comma separated value format, which is one of the format used by MS

Excel) by clicking as follows:

• Obtain the performance metrics as explained in theory earlier.

To Calculate Performance metrics from.csv:

• Go to Application metrics at the end in metrics file (.csv) and compute the sum of all column

wise values of throughput.

Throughput = Sum of throughputs obtained from all Applications

• Go to Application metrics at the end in metrics file (.csv) and compute the Average delay by

taking average of all column wise values of Delay.

Delay = Average delay obtained from all Applications


wise values of Packets Received and Packets Transmitted.

PDR = (Sum Total of Packet Received)/ (Sum Total of Packet Transmitted)

Click and

Export to .csv

(MS Excel)

8

Sample 2:

Perform the same steps as in Sample 1 with following changes:

Change1: Click & drop 6 Wireless Nodes onto the Simulation Environment. Arrange the

positions of the nodes as per the following table: (Note: The first 4 nodes are at same positions)


1 50 100

2 100 50

3 150 100

4 100 150

5 75 75

6 125 125

Change 2:

Add 3 Applications by clicking on Add in Left pane and edit the properties as given in table. All

other properties are default. (Note: The first 2 Applications are same in Sample 1)

Application

Properties

Application 1 Application 2 Application 3

Application Type Custom Custom Custom

Source ID 1 3 5

Destination ID 2 4 6

Node Properties: Disable TCP in all nodes in Transport layer

Obtain the output for Sample 2 also as obtained in Sample 1.

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Sample 3:


Change1: Click & drop 8 Wireless Nodes onto the Simulation Environment. Arrange the

positions of the nodes as per the following table: (Note: The first 6 nodes are at same positions)


1 50 100

2 100 50

3 150 100

4 100 150

5 75 75

6 125 125

7 125 75

8 75 125

Change 2:

Add 4 Applications by clicking on Add in Left pane and edit the properties as given in table. All

other properties are default.

Application

Properties

Application 1 Application 2 Application 3 Application 4

Application

Type

Custom Custom Custom Custom

Source ID 1 3 5 7

Destination ID 2 4 6 8


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Comparison Chart:

Note: Open the saved experiments (Please Refer at the end of experiment) to obtain the various

Performance metrics and plot them.

To draw these graphs, open a new Excel sheet and type the throughput, delay or PDR results

obtained from each sample. Select the values in Excel for which graph is to be plotted and then

use “Insert �Chart” option and then select chart type as “Line chart”.

a. Plot the throughput obtained from the above 3 samples with respect to number of nodes and

the graph which is obtained follows the pattern as below:

b. Plot the average delay obtained from the above 3 samples with respect to number of nodes

and the graph obtained is similar to:

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

4 6 8

Th

rou

gh

pu

t (M

bp

s)

Number of Nodes

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c. Plot the PDR (Packet delivery ratio) obtained from the above 3 samples with respect to

number of nodes and the following graph is obtained.

Inference:

As the number of nodes increases (4 � 6 � 8) the throughput of the network increases because

the channel is able to handle additional network traffic. However, if the number of nodes is

increased further (6 � 8), the throughput decreases as the network traffic is too high, and this

leads to collisions.

As the number of nodes increases, the delay also increases as it takes more time for a packet to

reach its destination. The packet delivery ratio decreases with the increase in nodes, as collisions

are higher leading to lower number of packets successfully reaching the destination.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

4 6 8

Av

era

ge

De

lay

(S

eco

nd

s)

Number of Nodes

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

4 6 8

Pa

cke

t D

eli

ve

ry R

ati

o

Number of Nodes

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Part B: Performance of a MANET network as node mobility is increased

Sample 1:


Step 2: Click & drop 6 Wireless Nodes onto the Simulation Environment. Arrange the positions

of the nodes as per the following table:


1 250 100

2 200 150

3 300 150

4 250 200

5 225 125

6 275 175

Step 3:

Node Properties:

• Disable TCP in all nodes in Transport layer by unchecking the TCP checkbox.

• Change Mobility model to RANDOM_WALK and set velocity 60 m/s for all nodes.

Step 4:

• Right click on the properties in the environment and edit the following properties:


Path Loss Exponent (n) 3.5

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Step 5:


To run the simulation, drop the Application icon. Add 3 Applications by clicking on Add in Left

pane as shown and edit the properties as given in table. All other properties are default.

Application

Properties

Application 1 Application 2 Application 3

Application Type Custom Custom Custom

Source ID 1 2 5

Destination ID 4 3 6



tasks:




Output:

After running the simulation, save the experiment (Please Refer at the end of experiment) and

obtain the performance metrics as explained in theory earlier.

Sample 2: With all properties same as in Sample 1 change

• Node Properties: Mobility of all nodes to 70 m/s under RANDOM_WALK mobility

model.

Sample 3: With all properties same as in Sample 1 change

• Node Properties: Mobility of all nodes to 80 m/s under RANDOM_WALK mobility

model.

14

Comparison Chart:



Plot the throughput obtained from the above 3 samples with respect to number of nodes and the

following graph is obtained.




Inference:

As the mobility of nodes increases, the throughput decreases. This is because as the velocity

increases, more packets get lost in lieu of ad hoc movement of the nodes. The packet delivery

ratio decreases as the sum of total packets received decreases with increased mobility.

NOTE: The results are highly dependent on position/velocity/ traffic etc given the inherent

characteristics of MANET protocols. Any modifications with the above mentioned input

parameters will change the final output result.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

60 70 80

Th

rou

gh

pu

t (M

bp

s)

Mobility Velocity (m/s)

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Experiment 2

Objective: Develop and Analyze

1. The performance of TCP connection when it is used for wireless networks You will find

performance of TCP decreases dramatically when a TCP connection traverses a wireless

link on which packets may be lost due to wireless transmission errors.

2. Make use of Active Queue Management Technique to control congestion on Wireless

Networks and analyze performance of FIFO and WFQ over wireless networks.

Introduction:


wireless links to form an arbitrary topology without the use of existing infrastructure. The nodes

are free to move randomly. Thus the network's wireless topology may be unpredictable and may

change rapidly.

In MANETs, random wireless errors and mobility serves as primary contributor to losses as well

as congestion. More than 80% of the losses in the network are due to link failures. Essentially,

most losses in ad-hoc networks occur as a result of route failures

TCP uses the occurrence of losses to detect congestion. If TCP enters congestion control state

because of packet losses caused by random wireless errors and mobility, then the throughput of

TCP can be degraded significantly.

TCP maintains a congestion window, which is an estimate of the number of packets that can be

in transit without causing congestion. The congestion window starts at one packet, with new

acknowledgments causing it to be incremented by one, thus doubling after each RTT. This is the

slow start phase (exponential increase). When a loss is detected by a timeout, slow start threshold

is then set to half the value of the congestion window, the congestion window is reset to one

packet, and the lost packet is retransmitted.

Subsequently, in the congestion avoidance phase (linear increase), the congestion window is

incremented by one packet per RTT. When losses are detected by duplicate acknowledgments,

16

indicating that subsequent packets have been received, TCP retransmits the lost packet, halves

the congestion window, and restarts with the congestion avoidance phase. The TCP assumption

that all losses are due to congestion becomes quite problematic over wireless links. Multiple

losses may repeatedly reduce the slow start threshold, causing the slower congestion avoidance

phase to take over immediately, leading to large throughput degradations.

The IEEE 802.11 is a set of media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications

for implementing wireless network. The 802.11 MAC works with a single first-in-first-out

(FIFO) transmission queue while 802.11e MAC has multiple transmission queues, where each

queue maintains its own Backoff Counter.

First-in, first-out (FIFO) queuing is the most basic queue scheduling discipline. In FIFO queuing,

all packets are treated equally by placing them into a single queue, and then servicing them in the

same order that they were placed into the queue. FIFO queuing is also referred to as First-come,

first-served (FCFS) queuing.

Weighted fair queueing (WFQ) is a data packet scheduling technique allowing different

scheduling priorities to statistically multiplexed data flows.


The parameter used to analyze the performance are explained as follows:



Procedure:


Please refer,

• Create Scenario: “Help � NetSim Help � Running Simulation via GUI�Advanced

Wireless Networks �MANET �Create Scenario”.

17

Part 1: Sample 1:





1 50 50

2 100 100

3 150 50

4 50 150

5 150 150

Step 3:

Node Properties: Right click on the properties of all the devices and edit the following in the

interface properties:

Velocity(m/s) 0

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Step 4:



Path Loss Exponent 2

Step 5:




Application

Properties

Application

1

Application

2

Application

3

Application

4

Application

5

Application

Type

Custom Custom Custom Custom Custom

Source ID 1 2 3 4 5

Destination

ID

2 3 4 5 1


tasks:





Output:

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• After running the simulation, save the experiment (Please Refer at the end of experiment).

• Export to .csv by clicking on left pane in metrics window.






Part 1: Sample 2:



Comparison Table:


Performance metrics and note the values obtained to compare as shown in table.

Medium Properties Path Loss Exponent = 2

TCP Enabled Disabled

Throughput (Mbps) 0.732103 0.91431

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Inference:

TCP uses the occurrence of losses to detect congestion. If TCP enters congestion control state

because of packet losses caused by random wireless errors and mobility, then the throughput of

TCP can be degraded significantly.

Hence you will find performance of TCP is lower when it is enabled. This is because when a

TCP connection traverses a wireless link on which packets may be lost due to wireless

transmission errors.

Part 2: Use Active Queue Management Technique to control congestion on Wireless

Networks and analyze performance of FIFO and WFQ over wireless networks.

Part 2: Sample 1:

Perform the same steps as in Part 1: Sample 1 with following changes:



Path Loss Exponent 2


Click on the Interface property of all the devices and edit the following properties:

Velocity(m/s) 0

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Application Properties: Set 2 Applications by clicking on Add in Left pane and edit the

properties as given in table. All other properties are default.

Application Properties Application 1 Application 2

Application Type Custom Voice

Source ID 1 1

Destination ID 5 5

Packet Size

Value(Bytes) 1460 1460

Inter Arrival Time

Value(µs) 2000 2000


tasks:





Output:

• After running the simulation, save the experiment (Please Refer at the end of experiment).

• Export to .csv by clicking on left pane in metrics window.


22





Part 2: Sample 2:

Perform the same steps as in Part 2: Sample 1 with following changes:

Right Click on properties of all devices and set the following value:

Data Link Layer

802.11e Disabled

Comparison Table:



WFQ FIFO

Application Type Custom Voice Custom Voice

Throughput(mbps) 0.00000 1.468176 0.734672 0.733504

Inference:

As the Inter-arrival time is less in each application, the throughput is higher, thereby causing

congestion in the wireless network. In the first case, because of weighted fair queuing, Voice

packets get higher priority and hence has a higher throughput compared to Custom packets.

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But in the second case, because of FIFO(First-in-First-out), equal number of both Voice and

Custom packets are transmitted, thereby having same throughput.




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Experiment 3

Objective: Simulate MANET environment using suitable Network Simulator and test with

various mobility model such as Random walk, Random way point and Group mobility. Analyze

throughput, PDR and delay with respect to different mobility models.

Introduction:


wireless links to form an arbitrary topology without the use of existing infrastructure. The

movement of the nodes can be defined by various mobility models like Random walk, Random

way point and Group mobility .

Random walk: In this mobility model, a mobile node moves from its current location to a new

location by randomly choosing a direction and speed in which to travel. Each movement in the

Random Walk Mobility Model occurs in either a constant time interval t or a constant

traveled d distance, at the end of which a new direction and speed are calculated.

Random way point: The Random Way Point Mobility Model includes pauses between changes

in direction and/or speed. A Mobile node begins by staying in one location for a certain period of

time (i.e pause). Once this time expires, the mobile node chooses a random destination in the

simulation area. The mobile node then travels toward the newly chosen destination at the

selected speed. Upon arrival, the mobile node pauses for a specified period of time starting the

process again.

Group mobility: In case of Group Mobility, the mobile nodes belonging to the same group will

move with same properties i.e velocity and direction.



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• Packet Delivery Ration (PDR): This is the ratio of the number of data packets successfully

delivered to the destinations to those transmitted by sources.

Packet Delivery Ratio = Total_Packets_Received/ Total_Packets_Transmitted

Procedure:




Sample 1:




To change

Co-ordinates,

click & edit

26



1 250 100

2 200 150

3 300 150

4 250 200

Step 3:


27

Set the Mobility Model as GROUP_MOBILITY, Group ID as 1 and Velocity(m/s) at 30.

Step 4:




Step 5:




Application

Properties

Application 1 Application 2

Application Type Custom Custom

28

Source ID 1 3

Destination ID 2 4


tasks:





Output:












Click and

Export to .csv

(MS Excel)

29


wise values of Packets Received and Packets Transmitted.

PDR = (Sum Total of Packet Received)/ (Sum Total of Packet Transmitted)

Sample 2:


Change 1: Node Properties:

Set the Mobility Model as RANDOM_WAY_POINT and Velocity(m/s) at 30.


Sample 3:


Change 1: Node Properties:

Set the Mobility Model as RANDOM_WALK and Velocity(m/s) at 30.


Comparison Chart:






a. Plot the throughput obtained from the above 3 samples with respect to the type of mobility

model and the graph which is obtained follows the pattern as below:

30

b. Plot the average delay obtained from the above 3 samples with respect to the type of mobility

model and the graph obtained is similar to:

c. Plot the PDR (Packet delivery ratio) obtained from the above 3 samples with respect to the

type of mobility model and the following graph is obtained.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Group Random Waypoint Random Walk

Th

rou

gh

pu

t (m

bp

s)

Mobility Models

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

14000000

16000000

18000000

20000000

Group Random

Waypoint

Random Walk

Av

era

ge

De

lay

(µ

s)

Mobility Models

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Inference:

As the mobility model is changed (Group � Random Waypoint � Random Walk) the

throughput of the network decreases because the relative change in location of the devices

increases. Throughput is maximum in case of Group mobility as all the nodes belong to the same

group and hence the relative velocity among the nodes is zero. Throughput of Random Waypoint

is less compared to Group mobility as the relative velocity among the nodes is zero only during

pause time. Throughput of Random Walk is least as the nodes are always moving randomly.

The packet delivery ratio decreases as collisions are higher for higher relative velocity leading to

lower number of packets successfully reaching the destination.




0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Group Random

Waypoint

Random WalkPa

cke

t D

eli

ve

ry R

ati

o

Mobility Models

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Experiment 4

Objective: Develop unicast routing protocols using any suitable Network Simulator for (Mobile

Ad hoc Networks) MANET to find the best route using the any one of routing protocols from

each category from table-driven (e.g., OLSR- optimized link state routing) on demand (e.g.,

DSR, AODV), hybrid (e.g., ZRP). Understand the advantages and disadvantages of each routing

protocol type by observing the performance metrics of the routing protocol.

Introduction: The various kinds of unicast routing protocols available in MANET are

Table-driven (proactive) routing: This type of protocols maintains fresh lists of destinations

and their routes by periodically distributing routing tables throughout the network. The main

disadvantages of such algorithms are:

1. Respective amount of data for maintenance.

2. Slow reaction on restructuring and failures.

Examples of proactive algorithms are: Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR).

On-demand (reactive) routing: This type of protocols finds a route on demand by flooding the

network with Route Request packets. The main disadvantages of such algorithms are:

1. High latency time in route finding.

2. Excessive flooding can lead to network clogging.

Examples of on-demand algorithms are: Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector(AODV),Dynamic

Source Routing

Hybrid (both proactive and reactive) routing: This type of protocol combines the advantages

of proactive and reactive routing. The routing is initially established with some proactively

prospected routes and then serves the demand from additionally activated nodes through reactive

flooding. The choice of one or the other method requires predetermination for typical cases. The

main disadvantages of such algorithms are:

1. Advantage depends on number of other nodes activated.

2. Reaction to traffic demand depends on gradient of traffic volume.

33

Examples of hybrid algorithms are: ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol)









Procedure:




Sample 1:




34



1 50 100

2 150 100

3 250 100

4 350 100

5 450 100

Step 3:


To change

Co-ordinates,

click & edit

35

Step 4:




Step 5:

Go to Network Layer of node 1 property, Select DSR as a Routing Protocol.

Wireless Node Wireless Node 1

Routing Protocol

(Network Layer)

DSR

Step 6:




Application Properties Application 1

Application Type Custom

Source ID 1

Destination ID 5

36


tasks:





Output:












Click and

Export to .csv

(MS Excel)

37

Sample 2:


Change1: Go to Network Layer of node 1 property, Select AODV as a Routing Protocol.


Routing Protocol

(Network Layer)

AODV


Sample 3:


Change1: Go to Network Layer of node 1 property, Select AODV as a Routing Protocol.


Routing Protocol

(Network Layer)

OLSR


Sample 4:


Change1: Go to Network Layer of node 1 property, Select ZRP as a Routing Protocol.


Routing Protocol

(Network Layer)

ZRP


Comparison Table:

38



DSR AODV OLSR ZRP

Throughput(mbps) 0.023827 0.043216 0.019272 0.034222

Average Delay(s) 4.685572676 8.801139346 3.759932844 9.519191003

Inference:

Being a proactive protocol, OLSR imposes large control traffic overhead on the network.

Maintaining an up-to-date routing table for the entire network calls for excessive communication

between the nodes, as periodic and triggered updates are flooded throughout the network. This

traffic overhead also consumes bandwidth. But in case of On-demand (reactive) routing

protocol(DSR,AODV), the reactiveness is more sensitive to resource usage. As control traffic is

almost only emitted during route discovery, most of the resource and bandwidth consumption is

related to actual data traffic. Hence throughput is higher in case of On-demand (reactive) routing

protocol(DSR,AODV)compared to Table-driven (proactive) routing(OLSR).

When a node in a network running the Table-driven (proactive) routing(OLSR) wished to find

the route to a host, all it has to do is do a routing table lookup, whereas in a On-demand

(reactive) routing protocol(DSR,AODV) network, a route discovery process need to be

initialized unless no valid route is cached. It goes without saying that a simple table-lookup takes

less time than flooding the network, making the OLSR protocol performance best in delay-

sensitive networks. Hence the average delay in OLSR is least compared to rest routing protocols.

Hybrid (both proactive and reactive) routing protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of

proactive and reactive routing. Hence throughput of ZRP protocol is better than OLSR even

though its average delay is relatively high.




39

How to Save and Open Saved Experiment (Help):

Saving Experiments:

Step 1: Just before simulating the network, enter the Experiment name with which you want to

save the experiment and any additional comments (optional).

Step 2: Click on save button after completing the simulation, browse the path where the

experiment needs to be saved and click OK. The configuration file and metrics file associated to

this experiment is saved in the location provided.

Opening Saved Experiments:

Select Network from Simulation ��Open menu to open saved experiments. The following steps

need to be followed:

• Select the User (Note: This option is available in Admin login only)

• Select the Network. (Advanced Wireless Networks)

• Select the Protocol (MANET)

Experiment

will be

saved in this

name. The

file location

can be set

after

simulation

40

• Select the Config File of the particular Experiment that needs to be opened using

Browse button.

• Click on Ok button to open the specified Experiment. User can modify the existing

Scenario, Simulate and Save it. Else Click on Cancel button to Exit the screen.

Documents

Lab Manual for VTU MTECH in MANET