Lab Manual Analytical Organic Chemistry CLB 10803

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ANALYTICAL &ANALYTICAL &ORGANICORGANICCHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

CLB 10803CLB 10803

Laboratory GuideLaboratory Guide

This module provides guidelines forThis module provides guidelines forsfe!"# L$or!or" Repor! nd no!esfe!"# L$or!or" Repor! nd no!e$oo% I!'s lso providing s!uden!s (i!h$oo% I!'s lso providing s!uden!s (i!hL$or!or" mnul for su$)e*! ofL$or!or" mnul for su$)e*! ofAnl"!i*l & Orgni* Chemis!r" +CL,Anl"!i*l & Orgni* Chemis!r" +CL,-./.01-./.01

2IRST E3ITION 4 5.-.Revie( 5.-5

6NI7ERSITI 86ALA L6M96R6NI7ERSITI 86ALA L6M96RMalaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology

Section of Chemical Engineering Technology



Laboratory Information

Before each lab session, you should prepare by reading the lab manual, referencebook and summarized it in a jotter book. We expect you to have a good

understanding of the purpose, details of the procedure, the use of all chemicals

and any signicant hazards, and the underlying science of the experiment !hen you come to lab.

2





PREFACE

This manual ro1ides laboratory guidelines safety declaration form Chemistry Lab %eort

guidelines and Laboratory manual for sub3ect of +nalytical & .rganic Chemistry 4CLB'(5(*67

The rimary urose of this manual is to comile all necessary information regardinglaboratory comonent in one manual7

Students are comulsory to read and understand all the laboratory guidelines ro1ided in this

manual7 The safety declaration form should be submitted to the lecturer8instructor before you

start the first e9eriment7

In the laboratory reort format there are reort :riting guidelines and re;uirements that youha1e to follo: to roduce a good ;uality of lab reort7

Laboratory <otter /otes = you are re;uired to reare a 3otter note for each e9eriment7 In the 3otter note you ha1e to :rite the basic information of the e9eriment the rocedure and all

rimary data and obser1ations during the e9eriment7 >ou should reare the 3otter note

BE#.%E coming to the lab and submit to the lecturer8instructor BE#.%E you lea1e the labon the day of e9eriment7



LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDELINES

General Guidelines

'7 Conduct yourself in a resonsible manner at all times in the laboratory7

27 Be familiar :ith your lab assignment before you come to the lab7 #ollo: all :ritten and

1erbal instructions carefully7 If you do not understand a direction or art of a rocedureas- the instructor before roceeding7

*7 /o student may :or- in laboratory alone7 The lab instructor or co?coordinator grant

e9cetions on a case by case basis77 @hen first entering a laboratory do not touch any e;uiment chemicals or other

materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so7

!7 "o not eat drin- be1erages or che: gum in the laboratory7 "o not use laboratory

glass:are as containers for food or be1erages7

,7 Smo-ing is not allo:ed in any indoor area707 /o music allo:ed in the laboratory7 %adio 4including :al-man6 and other entertainment

de1ices are not ermitted757 /o cellular hone is allo:ed in this laboratory7

$7 Perform only those e9eriments authoriAed by the instructor7 /e1er do anything in the

laboratory that is not called for the laboratory rocedures or by your instructor7 Carefullyfollo: all instructions both :ritten and oral7 nauthoriAed e9eriments are rohibited7

'(7 .bser1e good house-eeing ractices7 @or- areas should be -et clean and tidy at all

times7

''7 orselay ractical 3o-es and ran-s are dangerous and rohibited7'27 +l:ays :or- in a :ell?1entilated area7

'*7 Bring only your laboratory instructions :or-sheets and reort to the :or- area7 .ther materials 4boo-s urses bac-ac-s etc6 should be stored in the cabinet7'7 Dno: the locations and oeration rocedures of all safety e;uiment including the first

aid -it eye:ash station safety sho:er sill -it and fire e9tinguisher7

'!7 Be alert and roceed :ith caution at all times in the laboratory7 /otify the instructor immediately of any unsafe condition you obser1e7

',7 Label and e;uiment instructions must be read carefully before use7 Set u and use the

rescribed aaratus as directed in the laboratory instructions ro1ided by your instructor7'07 E9eriments must be ersonally monitored at all times7 >ou :ill be assigned a laboratory

station at :hich to :or-7 "o not :ander around the room distract other students or

interfere :ith laboratory e9eriments or others7

'57 @rite your name and e;uiment use e1ery time you come in to the laboratory in the log boo-7

'$7 "efeating safety de1ices or using e;uiment in a manner other than that :hich is intended

:ill be grounds for dismissal from the lab7

!



Cl!"in#

'7 Safety goggles and safety 3ac-et must be :orn :hene1er you :or- in lab7

27 Glo1es should be :orn :hene1er you use chemicals that cause s-in irritations or need to

handle hot e;uiment7*7 Mas- should be :orn e1ery time you reare the chemicals7

7 Safety shoes and hard hat should be :orn at all times :hile in the laboratory7

!7 Contact lenses should not be :orn in the laboratory unless you ha1e ermission from your instructor7

,7 "ress roerly during a laboratory acti1ity7

07 Long hair dangling 3e:elry and loose or baggy clothing are a haAard in the laboratory7Long hair must be tied bac- and dangling 3e:elry and loose or baggy clothing must be

secured7

57 Sandal oen?toed shoes high heels or shoes :ith holes in the sols :ill not be :orn in thelab7

$7 Short and s-irts are not ermitted7'(7 Instructor and laboratory assistant ha1e a right dismiss to you from the laboratory if they

found that you are not :earing roer safety clothing7

$andlin# C"e%i&als

'7 Treat chemicals :ith resect and understand the chemicals you are using :ith Material

Safety "ata Sheet 4MS"S67 The MS"S are a1ailable in the analytical room727 +ll chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous7 "o not touch taste or

smell any chemical unless secifically instructed to do so7

*7 Chec- the label on chemical bottles before remo1ing any of the contents7 Ta-e only muchchemical are you need7 Smaller amounts often :or- better than larger amounts7

7 Label all containers and massing aers holding dry chemicals7

!7 /e1er return unused chemicals to their original containers7,7 /e1er use mouth suction to fill a iette7 se iette bulb or iette filler7

07 +cids must be handled :ith e9treme care7 +l:ays add acids slo:ly to :ater :ith slo:

stirring and s:irling being careful of the heat roduced articularly :ith sulfuric acid7

57 andle flammable haAardous li;uid o1er a an to contain sills7 /e1er disenseflammable li;uids any:here near a flame or source of heat7

$7 /e1er ta-e chemicals or other materials from the laboratory area7

'(7 Ta-e good care :hen transferring acids and other chemicals from one art of thelaboratory to another7 old them securely and in the method demonstrated by the

instructor as you :al-7

''7 +ll :astes generated during the course of an e9eriment must be disosed of according tothe lab instructors directions7

'27 /e1er mi9 chemicals in sin- drains7

'*7 Sin-s are to be used only for :ater and those solutions designated by the instructor7

,



'7 Solid chemicals metals matches filter aer and all other insoluble materials are to be

disosed of in the roer :aste containers not in the sin-7

'!7 Chec-s the label of all :aste containers t:ice before adding your chemicals :aste to thecontainer7

',7 Crac-ed or bro-en glass should be laced in the secial container for Fbro-en glass7

'07 Dee hands a:ay from your face eyes mouth and body :hile using chemicals7 @ashyour hands :ith soa and :ater after erforming all e9eriments7

Persnal $'#iene

'7 @ash hands before lea1ing the lab and before eating7

27 Glo1es should be remo1ed before lea1ing the lab using telehones or entering common

areas7

A&&iden!s and In(uries

'7 %eort any accidents 4sill brea-age etc6 or in3ury 4cut burn etc6 to the instructor immediately no matter ho: tri1ial it may aear7

27 If you or your lab artners are hurt immediately tell to the instructor7*7 If a chemical should slash in your eye4s6 immediately flush :ith running :ater from the

eye:ash station for at least 2( minutes7 /otify the instructor immediately7

7 Sills should be cleaned u immediately7

$andlin# Glass)are and E*ui+%en!

'7 Inserting and remo1ing glass tubing from rubber stoer can be dangerous7 +l:ays

lubricate glass:are 4tubing thistle tubes thermometer etc6 before attemting to insert it

in a stoer7 +l:ays rotect your hands :ith to:er or cotton glo1es :hen inserting glasstubing into or remo1ing it from a rubber stoer7

27 @hen remo1ing an electrical lug from its soc-et gras the lug not the electrical cord7

*7 ands must be comletely dry before touching an electrical s:itch lug or outlet77 E9amine glass:are before each use7 /e1er use chied or crac-ed glass:are7

!7 /e1er use dirty glass:are7

,7 "o not immerse hot glass:are in cold :aterH it may shatter7

07 %eort damaged electrical e;uiment immediately7 Loo- for things such as frayed cordse9osed :ires and loose connections7 "o not use damaged electrical e;uiment7

57 If you do not understand ho: to use a iece of e;uiment as- the instructor for hel7

$7 Be careful :hen lifting hea1y ob3ects7 Lift comfortably a1oid unnecessary bendingt:isting reaching out and e9cessi1e :eights lift gradually and -ee in good hysical

shae7

'(7 "o not transfer a glass:are form one laboratory to another :ithout ermission frominstructor7

0



$ea!in# Su,s!an&es

'7 "o not oerate a hot late by yourself7 Ta-e care that hair clothing and hands are a safe

distance from the hot late at all times7 se of hot late is only allo:ed in the resence of the teacher7

27 eated glass:are remains 1ery hot for a long time7 They should be set aside in a

designated lace to cool and ic-ed u :ith caution7 se tongs or heat rotecti1e glo1esif necessary7

*7 /e1er loo- into a container that is being heated7

7 "o not lace hot aaratus directly on the laboratory des-7 +l:ays use an insulated ad7+llo: lenty of time for hot aaratus to cool before touching it7

!7 If lea1ing a lab unattended turn off all ignition sources and loc- the doors7

Ended !"e E-+eri%en!s

'7 +t the end of the laboratory sessions you shouldH'7 Shut?off main gas outlet

27 Turn?off the :ater inlet

*7 "es- to floor area and sin- are clean7 +ll e;uiment is cool clean and arranged

27 +ll e;uiment use should be flushed using deioniAed :ater7

5



SAFETY DECLARATION FOR.

The "ean8ead of Camus

ni1ersiti Duala Lumur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology

Lot '$55 endor City Industrial +rea

Taboh /aning 05((( +lor Ga3ahMalacca

"ear Sir

SAFETY DECLARATION

I JJJJJJJJJJJJ77JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ7 I"

/o JJJJJJJJJ7 declare that I ha1e read and understood the safety rules and

regulations in niDL MICET7 I hereby agree to abide by all the rules and regulations stated in

the safety guidelines7

I hereby understood the contents and :ill discilinary action :ill be ta-en against me if I do

not abide by the stated rules7

I am fully resonsible for all my actions during laboratory sessions7

Than- you7

>ours faithfully

JJJJJJJJJJJJ7

/ame)

Matri9 /o)

Sub3ect)

"ate)

$



C$E.ISTRY LAB REPORT FOR.AT

>our lab reort should be in hand :ritten7 Ma-e sure that you chec- your document for anyselling errors7 Each lab reort is :orth '(( oints7 >ou should also read the student handboo-

on the sub3ect of lagiarism7 >our data and obser1ations :ill be similar but your interretationsshould not be :ritten identically7 >ou may not coy another students lab reort in art or in its

entirety7 If you are found guilty of this infraction you and the erson from :hom you coied :ill both lose oints or shared total mar-s7 In e9treme cases or reeated offenses both students may

recei1e a /er for the lab7

Ti!le

se a searate title age7 Include the title of the e9eriment >.% /+ME and the date7 +lso

clearly indicate the name4s6 of your lab artner4s67

Su%%ar'A,s!ra&! n! %re !"an 1 +a#e2

It should be :ritten after conclusion of e9eriment OR ro3ect7 Its co1er ,riel' about the

Introduction .b3ecti1es Methodology %esult & discussion and Conclusion7

O,(e&!i4es

State the ob3ecti1es of the e9eriment or reort 4oint form6

E9amle)

The objective of the experiments was …….

In!rdu&!in

Bac-ground to the :or- 8 e9eriment

E9amle)

The purpose of this experiment was to identify the present of heavy metal in river water by using

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS. AAS is ………….

Theory 8 formula used in the e9eriment7 "o not 3ust coy :ord for :ord from the lab handout7The introduction should be of '= * ages7

.a!erials

List the chemicals and e;uiment needed to erform the e9eriment7

'(



Pr&edure

@rite the rocedure in chronological order7 +gain DO NOT COPY DIRECTLY from the lab

handout7 %earrange your rocedure become a assi1e sentence7

E9amle)

!repare ".#$ %a&' solution (from manual".#$ %a&' was prepared (your report

Resul! 5 Dis&ussin

+nalyAe all data ;ualitati1e and ;uantitati1e7 Then transfer finding into Table Grah istogramand Pie chart if necessary7 This includes any obser1ations7 Ma-e sure that your grahs ha1e

titles labeled a9es :ith units and legends7 >ou should include the roer units :ith any

numbers as :ell as use the roer number of significant figures based uon the lab e;uimentused7 DO NOT +la&e any calculations or data analysis in this section7 It may be a good idea to

reroduce here any data tables that you comleted during the lab7 Base on abo1e oint discuss

on your findings and relate to your theory and ob3ecti1e of e9eriment7

E9amle)

Table ') K 1s7 >

Sa%+les 6 uni!2 Y uni!2

+

BC

"

#igure ') %elationshi bet:een K and >

''



Cn&lusins

This is the most imortant section7 Please include the summary of the results and relate in brief

the findings 8 results :ith the theory7 +ns:er the ;uestions F@hat did you learn F"id Iaccomlish the urose Fo: :ould I imro1e the e9eriment ne9t time7 %ecommendation

is otional7 The conclusion should be one aragrah of ! = 0 sentences7

Reeren&es

@rite do:n any sources such as your te9tboo- the Internet electronic

encycloedia boo-s etc7 that you used7

• + list of lab manuals boo-s reorts 3ournal :orld :ide :eb 4:::6 etc7

• +rrangement 4year alhabetical order6

• +uthor title ublisher year chater or age number

E9amle)

Smith <7M and an ess 7C7 ntroduction to )hemical Engineering Thermodynamics

.&Gra)7$ill Ne) Yr9 :001 +::;<

A++endi-

ere is :here you attach any material that you thin- is ertinent to the lab reort such as

summary of calculation in1ol1ed7 +lso ans:er any ;uestions here that are in the lab reort7 >ou

do not ha1e to re?:rite the ;uestions but label and number them aroriately7

'2



E6PERI.ENT 1

SAPONIFICATION REACTION OF FAT= SOAP PRODUCTION

OB>ECTI?E

• To synthesiAe a samle of hard soa

• To test the soa roduced

INTRODUCTION

The rocedure of ma-ing soa in1ol1es the basic hydrolysis 4saonification6 of a fat7

Chemically fats are referred to as triglycerides7 They contain ester functional grous7

Sa+nii&a!in in1ol1es heating fat :ith an al-aline solution7 The al-aline solution hydrolyAes

the fat to alcohol and the salt of a long chain carbo9ylic acid 4soa67@hen common salt is added

the soa reciitates7 The soa is :ashed free of unreacted al-aline solution and molded into

bars7

'*

* /a.

* % C

O

O Na

HO

CH2

HO CH

HO CH2

#at

Sodium salt of an acid 4soa6

glycerol

C O

O

CH2R

CH

CH2

OCR'

O

OC

O

R''



.ATERIAL AND .ET$ODS

.a!erials

C"e%i&als=

/a. !(N :ater8ethanol mi9ture /aCISolution

$!N ethanol Trisodium hoshate

N calcium chloride solution #at

A++ara!us=

Conical #las-s irsch 8 Buchner funnel

Bea-er @atch glass

#ilter funnel

.e!"ds=

Pre+ara!in Sa+

1< Pre+are a NaO$ slu!in 4about (72! g sodium hydro9ide

dissol1ed in a mi9ture of '7( ml of distilled :ater and '7( ml of $!N

ethanol67

:< Place about (72! g of fat in a !( ml conical flas- and add the

reared sodium hydro9ide solution to the flas-7

3< eat the mi9ture in a in a bath of '((oC7

@< Co1er the flas- :ith some aluminum foil to hel reduce

e1aoration7 S:irl the Erlenmeyer flas- e1ery fe: minutes7 se

tong to do this7

< The soa :ill reciitate from the boiling mi9ture :ithin :0

%inu!es7

< I 'u ,ser4e !"a! s%e al&"l and )a!er is e4a+ra!in# r%

!"e las9 you may add u to (7 ml of a !( N :ater8alcohol

mi9ture to relace the sol1ent7

< eat the mi9ture for a %a-i%u% !i%e : %inu!es<

8< Place ml of /aCI solution in a '! ml bea-er and transfer the

saonified mi9ture from flas- to bea-er7

'



;< Stir the mi9ture :hile cooling the bea-er in an ice?:ater bath7

10< Collect the reared soa on a irsch funnel of ice cold distilled

:ater to remo1e e9cess /a.7

11< Continue to dra: air through the filter for a fe: minutes to artially

dry the roduct7 Test your soa :ith the rocedure belo:7

Anal'sis Da!a

1< %emo1e about (7(' g of soa from the filter aer and laced it in a

clean '( ml graduated cylinder

:< +dd * ml of distilled :ater close the cylinder :ith your thumb and

sha-e the mi9ture 1igorously for about '! sec7 +fter about *( sec

standing Re&rd 'ur ,ser4a!in< N!e d)n !"e le4el !"e

a%<

3< +dd ! = '( dros of N calcium chloride solution to the soa

mi9ture from a Pasteur iette7 Sha-e the mi9ture for '! sec and

allo: it to stand for *( seconds7 Re&rd 'ur ,ser4a!in n !"e

ee&! addi!in !"e &al&iu% &"lride<

@< Then add (7! g of trisodium hoshate and sha-e the mi9ture again

for '! seconds7 +fter *( sec7 A#ain ,ser4e and re&rd !"e resul!<

Pre La,ra!r' ues!in

'7 Gi1e a definition of saonification7

27 E9lain ho: soa can function as Fdirt remo1er7

*7 Synthetic detergent functions in the same :ay as soas7 Gi1e the

ad1antages of synthetic detergent o1er soas7

Ps! La,ra!r' ues!in

'!



'7 %eaction of fat :ith /a. :ill roduced long chain carbo9ylic

acid 4soa6 in form of Bar7 @hat :ould be haen if sodium

ydro9ide 4/a.6 is relaced by Potassium hydro9ide 4D.67

E6PERI.ENT :

ANALYSIS OF FOOD COLOUR

OB>ECTI?E

4'6 To determine λma9 of Colourant 4:a1elength scan6

426 To reare a serial dilution and generate a standard calibration

grah for samle ;uantitation 4hotometric scan6

INTRODUCTION

Fd &lrin# 4colouring6 is any substance that is added to food or drin-

to change its color7 S'n!"e!i& Fd Clurs also -no:n as +rtificial

#ood Colours are manufactured chemically and are the most commonly

used dyes in the food harmaceutical and cosmetic industries7 Besides

that a gro:ing number na!ural d d'es are being commercially

roduced artly due to consumer concerns surrounding synthetic dyes7

Some e9amles include Caramel coloring 4E'!(6 made from carameliAed

sugar used in cola roducts and also in cosmetics7 +nnatto 4E',(b6 a

reddish?orange dye made from the seed of the +chiote7 + green dye made

from chlorella algae 4chlorohyll E'(6 and etc7

+ll those colourant can be analyAe by using an ultra1iolet81isible

sectrohotometer7 #igure '7( belo: gi1es a schematic diagram of a

double beam sectrohotometer7 Instruments for measuring the

absortion of 77 or 1isible radiation are made u of the follo:ing

comonentsH Sources 4 and 1isible6 @a1elength selector

',



4monochromator6 Samle containers "etector Signal rocessor and

readout7

Fi#ure 1<0 S&"e%a!i& dia#ra% du,le ,ea% U? ?is

s+e&!r+"!%e!er

@hen a beam of arallel radiation asses through a layer of solution of

thic-ness b 4cm6 and a concentration C 4moles er liter6 of an absorbing

secies absortion of radiation occurs7 The transmittance 4T6 of the

solution is the fraction of incident radiation transmitted by the solution7

Transmittance is often e9ressed as a ercentage7 The absorbance 4+6 of a

solution is defined as the negati1e log of the transmittance 4T6 of the

solution7 The absorbance is directly roortional to the ath length of the

radiation through the solution and the concentration of the absorbing

secies7

A = b c

@hereH A O absorbance 4no unit6

O molar absorti1ity coefficient 4M?' cm?'6

, O athlength 4cm6

& O concentration 4M or mol8L6

This relationshi bet:een absorbance + and ε bc is -no:n as Beers

La:7 Beers La: is successful in describing the absortion beha1ior of

'0



dilute solutions only7 +t high concentrations absorbance of the solution

does not obey Beers La: and is no longer roortional to C7

In this e9eriment you are going to conduct t:o main alications :hich

are :a1elength scanning and hotometric scanning7

.ATERIALS AND .ET$ODS

.a!erials

C"e%i&als=

'(( m colorant stoc- 4'(( ml6 n-no:n 4t:o6 "istilled :ater

A++ara!us=

Per-in = Elmer 8is Sectrohotometer Lambda E2'( Samle

cu1ettes ath length ' cm olumetric flas- !( ml 4fi1e6 Piette !

ml '( ml and 2! ml 4one each6 %ubber bulb 4three6 Bea-er '(( ml

4one6 Graduated cylinder !( ml 4one6 "roer 4one6 Labeling

stic-er & Tissue aer7

.e!"ds=

'5



'7 Preare serial dilutions 4! m '! m 2! m *! m and

! m6 in !( ml 1olumetric flas- from the '(( m

carmoisine stoc-7

27 +fter rearing the serial dilutions your instructor :ill brief

on the standard oerating rocedure of Per-in = Elmer 8is

Sectrohotometer Lambda E2'(7

*7 #ill a cu1ette :ith ! m dilution and another cu1ette :ith

blan- solutionH insert them in the samle comartment7 @ie

clean the sides of the cu1ettes and remember not to touch on

the clear surface7 D !"e )a4elen#!"s s&an and ,!ain !"e

%a-7 %ecord your data77

7 #or hotometric scan fill the cu1ette as ste no * but use the

serial dilution reared and scan one by one7 %ecord the

absorbance readings and loo- at the standard calibration grah

roduced7

!7 +lso determine the concentrations of n-no:n Q' and

n-no:n Q27

Anal'sis Da!a

The urose of :a1elength scan is to determine at :hat :a1elength the

carmoisine able to absorb in the range of 2(( nm to 0(( nm7 #rom

sectrum obtain +lease iden!i' %a- <

The urose of hotometric scan is to determine the concentration 4single

comonent6 of an un-no:n samle after generating a :or-ing Rstandard

cur1eR from a series of -no:n standards 4-no:n concentration67 Re&rd

!"e a,sr,an&e readin#s for a series of reared dilution #enera!e

s!andards &ali,ra!in &ur4e and iden!i' &n&en!ra!in of un-no:ns7

+ll calculation must sho: in detail7

'$



Pre La,ra!r' ues!in

'7 State the Beers Lambert la:7

27 @hat is the 1olume needed to reare a !( m of carmoisine

from a '(( m of carmoisine in '(( ml 1olumetric flas-

Ps! La,ra!r' ues!in

'7 @hy :e need to :ie the sides of the cu1ette clear surface

27 "escribe the function of :a1elength scanning and hotometric

scanning7

E6PERI.ENT 3

DETER.INATION OF CAFFEINE IN SOFT DRIN

OB>ECTI?E )

'7 To Identify the resent of BenAoic acid8 Caffeine in soft drin-

samle

2(



27 To determine amount of caffeine in soft drin- samle7

INTRODUCTION=

igh Performance Li;uid Chromatograhy 4PLC6 is a chemistry based

tool for ;uantifying and analyAing mi9tures of chemical comounds7 It

can be used to searate comounds that are dissol1ed in solution7 PLC

instruments consist of a reser1oir of mobile hase a um an in3ector a

searation column and a detector7 Comounds are searated by in3ecting

a lug of the samle mi9ture onto the column7 The different comonents

in the mi9ture ass through the column at different rates due to

differences in their artitioning beha1ior bet:een the mobile li;uid hase

and the stationary hase7

The area of this ea- 4in relation to the area of other ea-s6 is

roortional to the concentration of that articular secies in the samle7

The identity can also be found by comaring the samle ea-s to

standards7 Identical substances 4ea-s6 :ill ha1e identical retentiontimes7


.a!erials=

2'



Isocratic PLC system :ith detector C'5 column acuum #unnel

(7! m filter aer

(7! m filter syringe'(( L syringe,( mL syringeolumetric flas-

C"e%i&als=

Caffeine '((( m standard 4stoc- solution6 Methanol 4PLC grade6

"ouble distilled :ater 4filtered :ith (7! m filter aer6 Soft drin-

samle

.e!"ds=

*. !reparation of caffeine standards

⇒ Preare standard caffeine samles of 2( m ( m ,( m 5(

m and '(( m by diluting ortions of the '((( m solution:ith distilled :ater7

+. !reparation of soda samples

⇒ .btain a soft drin- samle7

⇒ "egas the samle by lacing it in a 1acuum flas- and connecting

the flas- to a 1acuum um or :ater asirator7 Lea1e it under

1acuum until no more bubbles aear in the soda samle7 4If no

1acuum is a1ailable allo: the soda to stand oen o1ernight6

⇒ #ilter the degassed soda through Q2 filter aer7

*7 +fter rearing the serial dilution and samle your instructor :ill brief on standard oerating rocedure of PLC7

Anal'sis da!a

'7 se standard caffeine retention time ! iden!i' !"e &aeine +ea9

and then re&rd !"eir re!en!in !i%e<

27 By using abo1e information clarify and 3ustify the resent of

&aeine in !"e sda sa%+le<

*7 %ecord different concentration of standards +ea9s area and

construct a s!andard &ali,ra!in &ur4e &n&en!ra!in 4s +ea9

area2<

7 Measure the caffeine ea- in the soda samle chromatograh and

use s!andard &ali,ra!in &ur4e &n&en!ra!in 4s +ea9 area2 !

de!er%ine !"e &n&en!ra!in &aeine in !"e sda sa%+le<

%ote, All raw data must be record in table form.

22



Pre La, ues!ins=

'7 Briefly e9lain ho: PLC is used as a searation techni;ue7

27 @hat are the uroses of the mobile hase and the stationary hase

*7 @hat is the urose of the caffeine standards

Ps! La, ues!ins=

'7 @hy does the syringe ha1e to be carefully rinsed before each use

27 %etention of caffeine in standards7 o: could you be identify a ea-

in the soda :as caffeine and not another substance by using retention

time

2*



E6PERI.ENT @

ORGANIC SYNT$ESIS= FOR.ATION OF ESTER

OB>ECTI?E

• To synthesis ethyl acetate 4ethyl ethanoate6

INTRODUCTION

Chemist use organic synthesis to ma-e larger amounts of useful natural

comounds and to in1ent totally ne: comounds7 "eending on the

choice of % and % :e ha1e a 1ariety of the final ester %C..%7 Small

chain side grous gi1e 1ery aromatic comound :hile long = chain side

grous form :a9y comounds7

C OH

O

R OR'C

O

R OH2R' OH

heat

+ +

The reaction of a carbo9ylic acid :ith an alcohol to roduce an ester lus

:ater is -no:n as the #isher esterification reaction7 + mineral acid

usually sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst7


C"e%i&al=

Ethanol Glacial acetic acid Conc7 sulfuric acid *(N Sodium carbonate

solution Calcium chloride Granular anhydrous Calcium chloride anti?

buming granules7

2

Ester :ater alcoholCarbo9ylic

acid



A++ara!us=

%ound bottom flas- @ater condenser retort stand searating funnel

.e!"ds

1< Set = u a relu- s's!e%<

:< Mi9 !( ml of $!N ethanol and !( ml of glacial acetic acid thoroughly

in a 2!( ml round = bottomed flas-7 +dd slo:ly :ith cooling and

sha-ing '( ml of concentrated 2S.7 Ensure that the mi9ture is

homogenous and then fit the flas- :ith a reflu9 :ater = condenser

and boil the mi9ture gently for '( minutes7 Cool the flas- and its

content7

3< %earrange the osition of the condenser for dis!illa!in se! u+7

@< Put a fe: boiling chis in the flas-7 + filter flas- :hose side arm is

3oined to a rubber tube leading o1er the edge of laboratory bench is

used as a recei1er7 Ethyl acetate is highly flammable7 Therefore any

1aors should be conducted off the table to:ards the floor7 "istilled

off about 28* of the mi9ture7

< Transfer the distillate to a se+ara!in# unnel and add about 2! ml of

*( N /a2C.* solution7 Stoer the funnel in1ert it and sha-e it

oening the stococ- from time to time7 +llo: the t:o layers to

searate7 Careull' run and re(e&! !"e l)er la'er ensurin#

!"a! !"e sdiu% &ar,na!e is re%4ed as &%+le!el' as +ssi,le<

< Pre+are a slu!in : # &al&iu% &"lride in : %l )a!er7

+dd if to crude ethyl acetate in the funnel7 Sha-e 1igorously7 +llo:

the mi9ture to searate7 Run !"e l)er a*ueus as &%+le!el' as

+ssi,le<

< %un the ethyl acetate into a small conical flas-7 +dd a fe: lums of

granular anhydrous calcium chloride7 Sha-e occasionally until the

li;uid is clear7

8< "ecant the li;uid some anti buming granules7 Arran#e r

dis!illa!in 4:ith a ( = '((oC thermometer in the aaratus67 Pre

2!



)ei#"! !"e re&ei4in# las9< The distilling flas- should be laced in

cold :ater bath :hich is gradually heated7

;< The ether that is al:ays formed in this reaction :ill distill off at *! =

!oC and may be discarded7 Continue to heat and collect the fraction

that boils bet:een 0oC and 0$oC7

10< ei#"! 'ur +rdu&! and &al&ula!e !"e +er&en!a#e 'ield<

11< Run FTIR 'ur +rdu&! and &"ara&!eri/e i! s%ell<

1:< In(e&! su,s!ra!e and +rdu&! in! Gas &"r%a!#ra+"'<

Anal'sis da!a

'7 #rom mass of acid determine the ercent yield of your final roduct

4Sho: all calculation in detail6

27 Interret the #TI% of this comound7 Identify the rinciles ea-s7

*7 Interret Gas chromatograhy result7

Pre La, ues!in

'7 %eaction of acetic acid :ith ethanol to roduce :ill roduce ethyl

ethanoate and :ater7 Based on that the reaction ho: many grams of

ethyl ethanoate :ould be roduced if !( ml of ethanol :ere react

:ith !( ml acetic acid 4gi1en ethanol ) (75 g8ml and acetic acid ) '7(,

g8ml and ethyl acetate) (7$g8ml67 Calculate the ercentage yield if !(7(

g of ethyl ethanoate :as obtained from the e9eriment7

Ps! La, ues!in

'7 @hat are ercent yields o: this can be imro1es

27 Based on result abo1e does the #TI% sho: any contaminant from

initial reactants E9lain7

2,



REFERENCES

1. #rancis + Carey &rganic )hemistry 0th Edition McGra: ill

ISBN ) ((0**''50 8 $05((0**''5!

2. T7@7 Graham Solomon&rganic )hemistry 5th Edition @iley

U"2!*727S,! 2((

3. "ouglas +7 S-oog "onald M7 @est and #7 <ames oller

-undamentals of Analytical )hemistry 5th ed7 Saunders College

Publishing '$$07

U"0!7227#5, 2((*

4. Mohan <ag .rganic +nalytical Chemistry) Theory and Practice

+lha Science International Ltd 2((

ISBN ) (5$**$!2$ 8 $05(5$**$!2*

5. Mohan <ag .rganic Sectroscoy) Princiles and +lications

+lha Science International Ltd7

ISBN ) (5$**$!2$ 8 $05(5$**$!2*

20



APPENDICES

25



.ass Fr&e

' lbm O (7!*!$2 -g ' lbf O 75222 /

' ton O 2((( lbm '/ O (7225($ lbf O ' -g7m8s2

' -g O 272(,2 lbm

?lu%e Densi!'

' ft* O (7(25*'0 m* '-g 8m* O (7(,225 lbm8 ft*

' L H (7((' m*

' m* O *!7*2 ft*

' cm* O (7(,'(2 in*

' gal O(7((*05! m*

' gal8min O ,7*' 9 '(V ! m*8s

Pressure

' ascal 4Pa6 O ' /8m2

' atm O 0,( mmg O 0,( torr' atm O '('7*2! DPa

Ta,le 1<0 C"ara&!eris!i& Inrared A,sr+!in re*uen&ies

Bnd C%+und T'+e Fre*uen&' ran#e &%71

C?+l-anes

2$,(?25!(4s6 stretch

'0(?'*!(416 scissoring and bendin

C* mbrella "eformation '*5(4m?:6 ? "oublet ? isoroyl t/ b

C? +l-enes*(5(?*(2(4m6 stretch

'(((?,0!4s6 bend

C?

+romatic %ings *'((?*(((4m6 stretch

Phenyl %ing Substitution Bands 50(?,0!4s6 bend

Phenyl %ing Substitution .1ertones 2(((?',((4:6 ? fingerrint region

C? +l-ynes

****?*2,04s6 stretch

0((?,'(4b6 bend

COC +l-enes ',5(?',(4m:66 stretch

CC +l-ynes 22,(?2'((4:sh6 stretch

COC +romatic %ings ',(( '!((4:6 stretch

C?. +lcohols Ethers Carbo9ylic acids Esters '2,(?'(((4s6 stretch

CO. +ldehydes Detones Carbo9ylic acids Esters '0,(?',0(4s6 stretch

2$

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.?

Monomeric ?? +lcohols Phenols *,(?*',(4sbr6 stretch

ydrogen?bonded ?? +lcohols Phenols *,((?*2((4b6 stretch

Carbo9ylic acids *(((?2!((4b6 stretch

/? +mines

*!((?**((4m6 stretch

',!(?'!5( 4m6 bend

C?/ +mines '*(?'(2(4m6 stretch

C / /itriles 22,(?222(416 stretch

/.2 /itro Comounds',,(?'!((4s6 asymmetrical stretch

'*$(?'2,(4s6 symmetrical stretch

1 ? 1ariable m ? medium s ? strong br ? broad : ? :ea-

∼T$IS IS T$E END OF T$E LABORATORY .ANUAL


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Documents

Lab Manual Analytical Organic Chemistry CLB 10803