Lab Equipment Overview

beakers Erlenmeyer flask

Graduated cylinders Test tube

funnel wash bottle test tube brush

scoopula microspatula glass stirring rod

test tube holder Beaker tongs Crucible tongs

wire gauze

ring clamp ring stand test tube clamp

bunsen burner clay triangle test tube holder

crucible evaporating dish mortar and pestle

watch glass thermometer rubber stoppers

Bell RingerWrite down 5 things that come to

mind when you hear the word chemistry.

Write down 2 “jobs” that someone could have that uses chemistry.

What is Chemistry?

ChemistryThe study of the composition and

structure of matter (anything that has mass) and the chemical reactions by which substances are changed into other substances.

Where did chemistry begin???◦100,000 years ago (Earth Dwellers

discovered fire)◦Egyptian

used wine making (chemical fermentation process) Metals Dyes, glass, pottery, embalming fluids

ChemistryChemistry has 5 major divisions

◦Physical chemistry (uses theories of physics such as

thermodynamics)

◦Analytical chemistry (identifies what substances are present in

materials)

◦Organic chemistry (study of compounds that contain carbon)

◦Inorganic chemistry (study of non-living compounds)

◦Biochemistry (uses theories of biology and living organisms

(respiration, digestion, photosynthesis))

ObservationsVisual Information

◦Colors, movement, light intensity, etc..

Audible Information◦Sounds, bubbling, fizzing, etc…

Olfactory Information◦Smells, aromas, etc…

Tactile Information◦Texture, hardness, temperature, etc….

Inferences are hypotheses based on observations

Inferences

ExampleInference

◦“The material looks like grass.”

Observation◦“The material is

green.”

Candle Mini-Lab

Make observations about the following situations:

1. Lights on, not lit2. Predict what will happen when we

light the candle3. Lights on, light candle4. Lights off, candle lit5. Lights off, blow out candle

What is Matter???

Phases of MatterIdentify which box represents a

solid, liquid or gas.

Solid

-Holds Shape

-Fixed Volume

Liquid

-Shape of container

-Fixed Volume

Gas

-Shape of Container

-Volume of Container

ParticlesSubmicroscopic particles are able to vibrate about their fixed positions.

What happens when we add heat???◦Vibrations increase◦At a certain temp they have enough energy

to disrupt the fixed positions (changing the phase)

◦Adding heat: Solid Liquid Gas

What is Matter???

18

Systems• System–Well-defined group of objects or materials

• Open System–System that continuously interacts with its

environment

• Closed System–System in which no mass may be

transferred outside or inside the system boundaries

MASS

• Is mass a reliable measurement?• Can we be certain of it?• Is mass more reliable than

volume?• Does it change?• Lets find out?

Water freezes?What happens to

the volume of water as it freezes into ice?

It expands.Volume increasesWhat if ice melts, does it’s volume decrease?

Does its MASS increase or decrease?

When salt

dissolves in water,

the volume

decreases!

Why?Where

does the water go?

What happens to the mass of our system

when we mix substances?

23

Salt & Water Lab

• Purpose: to determine what happens to the mass of the system when salt is added to water.• Hypothesis:

I predict that the mass will ________

• Procedure:

Mass Before Mix (g) Mass After Mix (g)Container & Water Salt & Dish Beaker & Water & Salt

Mass of Container:______ Mass of Dish:_________ Mass of Container:____________

Mass of Water:_______ Mass of Salt:__________ Mass of Mixture:___________

Total Mass Before Mix Total Mass After Mix

Mass of Water + Salt = __________ Mass of Water + Salt = ________

Calculate Change in Mass (Δm = mf - mi)

Δm =____________________

Lab Group # Change in Mass (Δm)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Mass Before Mix (g)

Mass After Mix (g)

With Balloon On

(Closed System)

Mass After Mix (g)

With Balloon Off

(Open System)

Container &

Water

Alka Seltzer &

Balloon

Container, Water, Alka

Seltzer, & balloon

Container, Water, Alka

Seltzer

Mass of

Container:______

Mass of

balloon:_____

Mass of Container &

balloon: ____________

Mass of

Container:____________

Mass of

Water:_______

Mass of Alka

Seltzer:_____

Mass of

Mixture:___________

Mass of

Mixture:_____________

Total Mass Before Mix Total Mass After Mix

Mass of Water + Alka Seltzer =

__________

Mass of Water + Alka Seltzer

= ________

Mass of Water + Alka Seltzer

= ________

Calculate Change in Mass

(Δm = mf - mi)

Δm (closed system)

=_______________

Δm (open system)

=_______________

Lab Group # Change in Mass (Δm)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Physical & Chemical Changes

Physical Change

□A change in the physical property of a substance□The chemical properties remain the

same□Ex: ice to water, carving wood…

Any characteristic that can be observed or measured is a

physical property.

                   Length can be measured.

Physical Physical Properties□ Def: Properties that

can be seen without changing the identity of the substance.

□ Ex: color, shape, hardness, odor, density, dissolvability, mass, weight, volume, texture

□ Def: changes from one phase to another (solid, liquid, gas), without changing the substance

□ Ex: □ Chopping, slicing, sawing,

grinding, dissolving□ Melting/ Freezing□ Vaporizing (Boiling)□ Condensation□ Sublimation□ Evaporation

Physical Changes

Chemical Change□A substance is transformed into a

new substance□Involves a chemical reaction□Ex. Iron rusting (with oxygen) to form

iron oxide, chemical explosions, burning of wood

Signs of a Chemical Change

□ Signs of a chemical change include the production of bubbles, heat, light, smoke, sounds or color changes.

□ Chemical changes are not reversible using physical means.

□ http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/scienceclips/ages/10_11/rev_irrev_changes_fs.shtml

Example Chemical Reaction

□Before

During (fire,smoke)

□After change

ChemicalChemical Properties□ Def: Properties that

describe how a substance changes into a new substance

□ Ex: flammability (burning)

Chemical Changes□ Def: The process by which a

substance changes to a new substance

□ Ex:□ Combustion (burning)□ Respiration□ Digestion□ Leaves changing color□ Rusting□ Photosynthesis□ Baking/cooking□ Gasoline burning□ Alka seltzer in water reacting