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Lab 12.1

Evaluating Fundamental Locomotor Skills12Purpose

Procedures

Practice in learning to observe and evaluate locomotor skills from video performance.

Listed below are several websites showing children performing locomotor skills. Your task is to review each video and perform an evaluation of their locomotor skills using the worksheets provided.

Skill 1: Running

Watch the video and analyze the performance of either runner A or B

Human Motor Development

based on the developmental sequences for running, stopping and starting the video as needed: component approach and whole body approach, using Worksheets 12.1A and 12.1B.

Lab 12.1

Procedure, continued

Human Motor DevelopmentLab 12.1

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Skill 2: Horizontal jumping

Watch the video and analyze the performance based on the developmental sequences for horizontal jumping, stopping and starting the video as needed: component approach and whole body approach, using Worksheets 12.1C and 12.1D.

Lab 12.1

Procedure, continued

Human Motor DevelopmentLab 12.1

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Skill 3: Hopping

Watch the video and analyze the performance based on the developmental sequences for hopping, stopping and starting the video as needed: component approach and whole body approach, using Worksheets 12.1E and 12.1F.

Materials Needed

• Internet Access

WORKSHEET 12.1 ARunning Checklist: Component Approach

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ____________________

Human Motor DevelopmentLab 12.1

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Leg Action

Step 1 Flat-footed run with minimal flight.

Swing leg is slightly abducted as it comes forward.

Path of the swing leg curves out to the side during its movement forward.

Foot eversion gives a toeing-out appearance to the swinging leg.

Angle of the knee of the swing leg is greater than 90° during forward motion.

Step 2 Swing thigh moves forward with greater acceleration.

90° of maximal flexion in the knee.

Foot is not toed-out.

Thigh not abducted.

Sideward swing of the thigh.

Foot crosses the body’s midline.

Flight time increases.

Contact flat-footed.

Support knee flexes more as the weight rides over the foot.

Step 3 Foot contact is with the heel or the ball of the foot.

Forward movement of the swing leg is in the sagittal plane.

Flexion of the thigh at the hip carries the knee higher at the end of the forward swing.

Support leg moves from flexion to complete extension by takeoff.

WORKSHEET 12.1 ARunning Checklist: Component Approach

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ____________________

Human Motor DevelopmentLab 12.1

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Arm Action

Step 1 The arms do not participate in the running action.

Arms held in high guard position.

Hands are held about shoulder high.

Hands ride even higher if the laterally rotated arms are abducted at the shoulder and the

elbows flexed.

Arms held in middle guard position.

Lateral rotation decreases.

Hands held waist high.

Hands remain motionless, except in reaction to shifts in equilibrium.

Step 2 Spinal rotation swings the arms bilaterally to counterbalance rotation of the pelvis and swing leg.

Frequently oblique plane of motion.

Continual balancing adjustments

Arms appear to flail.

Step 3 Spinal rotation moves the arms.

Elbow of the arm swinging forward begins to flex, then extends during the backward swing.

Combination of rotation and elbow flexion results in arm rotating forward crossing the

body’s midline.

Arm rotating back to abduct, swinging obliquely outward from the body.

Step 4 Humerus (upper arm) drives forward and back in the sagittal plane independent of spinal

rotation.

Arm movement is in opposition to the other arm and to the leg on the same side.

Elbow flexion is maintained,

Elbow oscillates at about a 90° angle during the forward and backward arm swings.

CONTINUED

Based on Roberton, M. A., and Halverson, L. E. (1984). Developing children—their changing movement. Lea & Febiger.

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WORKSHEET 12.1 BRunning Motor Skills Inventory: Whole Body Approach

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ____________________

Human Motor DevelopmentLab 12.1

Student Name: Date:

RUN

Stage 1

Arms in high guard—shoulder high

Short stride (shoulder width)

Flat-footed contact with surface

Little knee flexion

Feet remain near surface

Stage 2

Arms in middle guard—waist high

Stride longer than in stage 1; approaches midsagittal line

Usually flat-footed contact with surface

Greater knee flexion than in stage 1

Swing leg flexed with anterior–posterior movement

Stage 3

Arms—low guard

Arm opposition—elbows nearly extended

Heel–toe contact

Stage 4

Heel–toe foot contact with surface at slow speeds

Foot contact on metatarsal arch when sprinting

Arm action in direct opposition to leg action

Swing leg flexes, nearly contacts buttocks during recovery phase

Student’s Stage: Comments:

Based on the following sources: Fountain et al. (1981); Seefeldt and Haubenstricker (1982); Seefeldt, Reuschlein, and Vogel (1972). All material used with permission of Dr. John Haubenstricker.

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WORKSHEET 12.1 CStanding Long Jump Motor Skills Checklist: Component Approach

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ____________________

Human Motor DevelopmentLab 12.1

DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCE DECISION RULE CHECKLIST—STANDING LONG JUMP (Adapted from Clark & Phillips, 1985; Haywood & Getchell, 2005)

Observer ______________________________ Performer Observed _________________ Media ____________________

Observing the Standing Long Jump using movement component developmental sequences: For each observation question, circle Y for YES; N for NO (see additional instructions at bottom)

COMPONENT OBSERVED

OBSERVATION CRITERIA/DECISION RULE (circle best choice)

Y

N

DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL NAME

EVALUATIVE COMMENTS

Arm action Do the arms swing forward at any time during jump?

If yes, do the arms swing backward before moving forward?

If yes, do the arms swing forward in the sagittal plane and reach a point of full (180°) shoulder flexion and full (180°) elbow extension?

If yes, then most advanced level: #4, arms extend, then full flex

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

1. No arm action

2. Arms swing forward

3. Arms extend, then partially flex

4. Arms extend, then fully flex

Leg action

Does the takeoff occur with two feet simultaneously?

If yes, do the knees and hips both extend simultaneously?

If yes, do the heels rise off the ground before the knees extend?

If yes, then the most advanced level: #4, heels up first

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

1. One-foot takeoff

2. Knee extension first

3. Simultaneous extension

4. Heels up first

Please note that an answer of NO (N) to any question assesses a performer’s developmental level for that component at the level on the adjacent line in the 5th column. When you answer YES (Y), then use the next question to evaluate that component further, until you either answer NO (N) or reach the last question in that component.

References

Clark, J. E., & Phillips, S. J. (1985).  A developmental sequence of the standing long jump.  In J. Clark & J. Humphrey (Eds.), Motor development: Vol. 1. Current selected research (pp. 73–85). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Book.

Haywood, K. M. & Getchell, N. (2005). Life span motor development. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Used with permission of Dr. Stephen Langendorfer.

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WORKSHEET 12.1 DStanding Long Jump Motor Skills Inventory: Whole Body Approach

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ____________________

Human Motor DevelopmentLab 12.1

Student Name: Date:

STANDING LONG JUMP

Stage 1

Vertical force greater than horizontal force (more upward than forward movement)

Angle of takeoff is above 45°

Arms move backward acting as a brake as legs extend forward

Stage 2

During preparatory phase arms move in anterior–posterior direction

In-flight arms move sideward (chicken wing)

Knee and hip flexion is greater than that exhibited in stage 1

Angle of takeoff still above 45°

Landing made with center of gravity above base of support

At landing thighs are perpendicular to surface

Stage 3

Arms move forward then backward during prep phase

Knees and hips flex fully prior to takeoff

At takeoff arms extend forward but do not exceed head height

Possible full knee extension at takeoff

Angle of takeoff remains above 45°

At landing thigh remains less than parallel to landing surface

At landing center of gravity is near base of support

Stage 4

At takeoff, arms vigorously extended forward and upward, above head level

At takeoff, hip and knees fully extended

Angle of takeoff is 45° or less

In preparation for landing, arms brought downward and legs thrust forward, thighs parallel to surface

At landing, center of gravity far behind base of support at foot contact, knees flex, arms thrust forward to maintain momentum

Student’s Stage: Comments:

Based on the following sources: Haubenstricker, Seefeldt, and Branta (1983); Seefeldt and Haubenstricker (1982); Seefeldt, Reuschlein, and Vogel (1972). All material used with permission of Dr. John Haubenstricker.

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WORKSHEET 12.1 EHopping Checklist: Component Approach

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ____________________

Human Motor DevelopmentLab 12.1

Leg Action

Step 1 Support knee and hip quickly flex.

Foot pulled (rather than projected) from the floor.

Flight is momentary.

Only one to two hops achieved.

Swing leg is lifted high and held in an inactive position to the side or in front of the body.

Step 2 Forward lean.

Minimal knee and ankle extension.

Body “falls” forward of the support foot and then quickly catches itself again.

Swing leg is inactive.

Repeated hops achieved.

Step 3 Perceptible pretakeoff extension in the support leg, hip, knee, and ankle.

Little delay in changing from knee and ankle flexion on landing to takeoff extension.

Swing leg pumps up and down to assist in projection.

Range of swing leg is insufficient to carry it behind the support leg.

Step 4 Weight on landing is smoothly transferred along the foot to the ball before the knee and ankle

extend to takeoff.

Range of the pumping action in the swing leg increases.

Swing leg passes behind the support leg.

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WORKSHEET 12.1 EHopping Checklist: Component Approach

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ____________________

Human Motor DevelopmentLab 12.1

Arm Action

Step 1 Arms held bilaterally, usually high and out to the side.

Arms held in other positions behind or in front of the body.

Arm action usually slight and not consistent.

Step 2 Arms swing upward briefly.

Arms then medially rotated at the shoulder in a winging movement prior to takeoff.

Winging movement seems to occur from loss of balance.

Step 3 Arms pump up and down together, usually in front of the line of the trunk.

Arm downward and backward motion occurs after takeoff.

Arms move parallel to each other.

Arms held at different levels as they move up and down.

Step 4 Arm on the side opposite the swing leg swings forward with that leg and back as the leg moves

down.

Position of the other arm is variable, often staying in front of the body or to the side.

Step 5 Arm opposite the swing leg moves forward and upward in synchrony with the forward and

upward movement of that leg.

Other arm moves in the direction opposite the action of the swing leg.

Range of movement in the arm action may be minimal unless the task requires speed or

distance.

Based on Halverson, L., and Williams, K. (1985). Reprinted with permission from Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56, 37–44. Copyright © 1985 by the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 1900 Association Drive, Reston, VA 20191.

CONTINUED

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WORKSHEET 12.1 FHop Motor Skills Inventory: Whole Body Approach

Human Motor DevelopmentLab 12.1

Student Name: Date:

HOP

Stage 1

Nonsupport knee flexed at 90° or less, thigh parallel to surface

Nonsupport foot in front of body

Body upright with arms flexed at elbows

Hands held near shoulders, slightly to side

Limited force production, little height or distance achieved in a single hop

Stage 2

Nonsupport knee fully flexed so foot is near buttocks

Thigh of nonsupport leg nearly parallel to surface

Truck slightly flexed at hip, causing slight forward lean

Considerable height achieved by flexing and extending support leg

Arms participate vigorously in force production, moving up and down bilaterally

Thigh of nonsupport leg aids force production by flexing at hip joint

Flexion at hips and support knees absorbs force of landing

Can generally perform two to four hops before losing balance

Stage 3

Nonsupport thigh vertical with knee flexed at 90° or less

Greater forward body lean than in stages 1 and 2, hips further in front of support leg at takeoff

Greater distance achieved in relation to height of hop

Arms moved upward during the force production phase

Stage 4

Nonsupport knee flexed 90° or less

Nonsupport leg swings forward and backward like pendulum to aid force production

Arms positioned close to sides of body, elbows flexed at 90°

As nonsupport leg increases force production, force production of arms diminishes

Student’s Stage: Comments:

Based on the following sources: Haubenstricker, Henn, and Seefeldt (1975); Haubenstricker et al. (1989); Seefeldt and Haubenstricker (1974, 1982). All material used with permis-sion of Dr. John Haubenstricker.

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Discussion

Human Motor Development

2. If agreement was not reached, reanalyze as a group and try to determine where disagreements exist and why.

1. Compare your analysis with those of three classmates. Denote whether or not you were each in agreement concerning the level of maturity exhibited in the videos.

Human Motor Development

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Lab 12.1