La narración y la descripción en el futuro

AP Spanish

Review of the Future

Endings: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án Irregulars:

caber: cabr- querer: querr-

decir: dir- saber: sabr-

haber: habr- salir: saldr-

hacer: har- tener: tendr-

poder: podr- valer: valdr-

poner: pondr- venir: vendr-

Review of Future Perfect

habré habremos

habrás habréis + past participle

habrá habrán (pg 46)

means: will have…

Present Subjunctive- emotion, feelings, and judgment

The subjunctive is used after verbs and expressions of emotion, feeling, and judgement:alegrarse de que to be happy thateperar que to hope thatestar contento (triste) de que to be happy/sad thatparece mentira que to seem a lie thatpuede ser que to be able to be thatsentir de to feel sorprenderse de que to be surprised thattemer que to fear thattener miedo de que to fear thatvaler la pena que to be worthwhile that

Present Subjunctive- impersonal expressions

es absurdo que It’s absurd thates curioso que It’s curious thates escandaloso que It’s scandalous thates imposible que It’s impossible thates increíble que It’s incredible that es indispensable que It’s essential thates justo que It’s just thates una lástima que It’s a shame thates posible que It’s possible that

Present Subjunctive- impersonal expressions

es preferible que It’s preferable thates probable que It’s probable thates ridículo que It’s ridiculous thates sorprendente que It’s surprising thates triste que It’s sad that

Remember that if the subject of both verbs is identical or the subject is understood but not expressed (impersonal), use the infinitive.

Present Subjunctive- doubt, denial, and uncertainty

The subjunctive is also used after verbs and expressions of doubt, denial, uncertainty, and negation:

¿Creer que…? To believe that?no creer que to not believe thatno estar seguro(a) de que not sure thatdudar que to doubt thatno pensar que to not think thatnegar que to refuse thates dudoso que It’s doubtful that

Present Subjunctive- doubt, denial, and uncertainty

Note: that expressions which indicate certainty require the indicative.

es cierto que It’s certain thates obvio que It’s obvious thatno hay duda de que There’s no doubt

thates claro que It’s clear thates seguro que It’s sure thatestar seguro(a) de que to be sure thates evidente que It’s evident thates verdad que It’s true that

Present Subjunctive- Conjunctions

conjunctions that require the subjunctive:a condición de que provided thata fin de que so that, in order thata menos que unlessa no ser que unlessantes de que beforecon tal (de) que provided thaten caso de que in case thatpara que so that, in order thatsin que without

Present Subjunctive- Conjunctions

Certain conjunctions can be used with either the indicative or the subjunctive.

They require subjunctive if the action or event has not yet occurred.

They require indicative if the action or event has already occurred or is customary.

Present Subjunctive- Conjunctions

Conjuctions that use either subjunctive or indicative:

de manera que so, so that

de modo que so, so that

mientras que while

en cuanto as soon as

tan pronto como as soon as

así que as soon as

después (de) que after

Present Subjunctive- Conjunctions

Conjuctions that use either subjunctive or indicative:

luego que as soon as

hasta que until

cuando when

una vez que once

cada vez que each time that

Present Subjunctive- Conjunctions

Aunque is used with the indicative when it refers to a factual event or situation. (aunque translates to even though or although)

Aunque is used when the 2nd clause refers to a hypothetical event or situation, unknown or unclear to the speaker. (aunque translates to even if)

Present Subjunctive- relative clauses

The subjunctive is used after a relative pronoun (usually que) when the clause the pronoun introduces: refers to a person, place, or thing which may

not exist or may not be found. (NOTE: no personal a is used except when using alguien, nadie, alguno, and ninguno when referring to people)

refers to a negative antecedent such as nadie, nada, or ninguno. Example: No conozco a nadie que sepa hablar experanto.

(sepa refers to antecedent nadie)

Present Subjunctive- relative clauses

The indicative is used after a relative pronoun when the clause the pronoun introduces refers to a person, place, or thing which definitely exists.

Alejandro busca una computadora que no cueste mucho. (doesn´t exist yet)

Elena tiene una computadora que costó poco. (it exists because she has it)

Present Subjunctive- Other Uses

-quiera can be added to certain words to form indefinite expressions:adondequiera to wherevercomoquiera howevercuandoquiera wheneverdondequiera whereverquienquiera, quinesquiera whoevercualquier, cualquiera, cualesquiera

whatever, whichever

Present Subjunctive- Other Uses

These conjunctions are followed by the subjunctive if uncertainty is implied and the indicative if something is known.

Subjunctive: Yo compraré cualquier coche que me guste.

Indicative: Samuel compra cualquier coche que le gusta.

Present Subjunctive- Other Uses

The subjunctive is used in the construction:

por + adjective/adverb + que + subjunctive

Por difícil que sea el examen, saldré bien.

No matter how difficult the exam may be, I will do well.

Present Subjunctive- Other Uses

The subjunctive is used in the following construction:

subjunctive + lo que + subjunctive

Venga lo que venga, le daré la bienvendia.

Present Subjunctive- Other Uses

Tal vez (perhaps), quizás (maybe), a lo mejor (probably), and posiblemente (possibly) can be followed by either the indicative or the subjunctive depending on the degree of certainty of the statement.