L3 THEORY OF ICC

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CHAPTER 3 :

THEORIES IN ICC

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Theorizing about ICCOverview

Many theorists who tried to explain communicationbetween members focuses on intergroup

communication generally rather than ICC specifically .

These theorists assume that :

(1) culture is one of the many group membership

influencing communication(2) The processes occurring in intercultural, interethnic

and intergenerational communication are SIMILAR

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The theories in ICC7 categories in ICC :

(1)Theories that integrate culture with

communication processes

(2)Intergroup/ intercultural theoriesfocusing on effective outcomes

(3)Intergroup/ intercultural theories

focusing on accommodation andadaptation

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(4) Intergroup/ intercultural theories focusing

on identity management and negotiations

(5) Intercultural theories focusing on

acculturation and adjustment

(6) Theories explaining cultural variability incommunication

(7) Intergroup/ intercultural theories focusing

on communication networks

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Theories in whichculture and

communicationare integrated

(1) ConstructivistTheory

(2) Cultural

Communication

(3) Coordinated

management of \Meaning

Intergroup/

interculturaltheories focusing

on accommodation

and adaptation :

(1) Communication

Accommodation

(2) InterculturalAdaptation

(3) Co-cultural

theory

Intergroup/ intercultural

theories focusing oneffective outcomes :

(1) Cultural

Convergence

(2) Anxiety /

Uncertainty

Management ( AUM)

(3) Effective decision

making(4) Integratedtheoryof

interethnic

communication

THEORIES IN ICC

Theories focussing

on acculturation

and adjustment

(1) cross-cultural

adaptation

(2) Interactive

acculturation

model

(3) Anxiety /

Uncertainty

Management

(4) Assimilation ,

Deviance and

alienation

(5) Schema theory


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Theories in which culture and communication

are integrated :

CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY ( Applegate and Sypher)

The assumptions :

(1) Theory should be interpretive

(2) Detailed accounts for everyday interaction are needed

(3) The focus of the study should be the relationship

between culture and communication

(4) Value judgments should be made(5) Theory and training should be linked closely

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.. CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY

According toApplegate and Sypher:(1) Communication occur when individuals have a mutually

recognize interaction to share and exchange messages

(2) View complex behavior as leading to person-centered

communication(3) Believed that culture defines the logic of

communication in which different culture emphasizedifferent goals and ways to achieve these goals.

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Theories in which culture and communicationare integrated :

CULTURAL COMMUNICATION (Philipsen)

His argument :

(1) Cultural communication involves a negotiation ofcultural codes through communal communication ( howindividuals negotiate how they will conduct their livestogether)

(2) He proposes speech code theory which suggestcommunal conversation imply distinctive codes of comm

(3) The communal functions involves how individuals are tolive as members of a community

(4) Communication is heuristic and performative.

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Theories focusing on effective outcomes :

Cultural Convergence (Kincaid & barnett)

y Kincaid argues that mutual understanding can be approached

BUT never perfectly achieved. This applies at individual level

phenomenay Cultural Convergence Modelis used to develop a Mathematical

theoryof the effects of communication on cultural differences (

Kincaid & Barnett) . This applies at in-group level phenomena.

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Theories focusing on effective outcomes :

Anxiety / Uncertainty Management (Gudykunst)

y Theory explains intercultural adjustment through :Uncertainty( the ability to predict attitudes, behaviorand feelings) and anxiety( feelings of being uneasy,

tense and worried) in order to explain interpersonaland inter group communication ( ie handlingmisunderstandings)

y Gudykunst expanded the theory using a competency

framework and assume that individuals communication is influenced by their cultures andgroup membership BUT they can choose how theycommunicate when they are mindful.

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y Gudykunst / Lieberson argue that effectivecommunication were found in 2 types :

(1) basic cause ( that is anxiety and uncertainty

management & mindfulness)(2) superficial variables ( ie attraction, ability toemphatize) are mediated through anxiety anduncertainty management

The extend of being mindful ( awareness) of onesbehavior moderates the influence of their anxiety anduncertainty management on their communication

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Theories focusing on accommodation and adaptation :

Communication Accommodation Theory ( CAT)

y Theory incorporates cross-cultural variability inaccommodative process

y Components of theory studied:

(1) sociohistorical context

(2) the communicators accommodative orientation

(3) immediate situation

(4) evaluation and future intentions

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(1) sociohistorical contextCAT begins with the sociohistorical context of theinteraction which include these components:

(i) relations between groups

(ii) social norms(iii) cultural variability

(2) Thecommunicators accommodative orientation

There are 3 aspects of accommodative orientation :(i) interpersonal factors

(ii) intergroup factors

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(3)immediatesituationThere are 5 aspects to immediate situation and it is interelated :

(i) sociopsychological states

(ii) goals and addressee focus

(iii) sociolinguistic strategies

(iv) behavior and tactics

(v) labeling and attributions

(4)evaluationand futureintentions

- which focuses one n communicators perception on the other personsbehavior in the interaction

- Positive or negative perception affects communication accomodation

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Theories focusing on accommodation and adaptation :

Intercultural Adaptation ( Ellingsworth)

yAssumes that all communication involves somedegree of cultural variability and therefore

understanding ICC must begin from interpersonalcommunication and the need to incorporate culturalfactors

y Discusses the functional factors in adaptive

communication and its implications

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L3 THEORY OF ICC